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• Yadira Delvalle

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Neoclassicism

Transcendentalism

Naturalism

Realism

Definition

This was a movement of literature in which writers tried to imitate the style of the ancients Greeks and Romans leaving behind the inventiveness and experimentation of the Renaissance and which flourished between 1660 and 1798. This was also known as the Enlightenment period, which emphasized logic and reason.

It was an idealistic literary movement of the mid-19th century. Various visionaries, intellectuals, scholars, and writers would come together regularly to discuss spiritual ideas. As such, they professed skepticism of all established religions, believing that Divinity resided in the individual, and the mediation of a church was cumbersome to achieving enlightenment.

This was a late nineteenth movement of literature which identifies the underlying causes for a person's actions or beliefs. This movement tries to replicate everyday life and reality without giving characters 'special treatment', or extraordinary circumstances like suddenly becoming wealthy.

Realism is a literary movement that developed in the middle of the 19th century. Realism is all about portraying real life. Realist writers write about regular folks—bored housewives, petty government officials, poor spinsters, poor teenagers—living ordinary lives and showing how even ordinary lives are meaningful, and full of drama.

Features

1-Social needs are more important than individual needs 2-Man could find meaning in order religious, social, the order of nature, government... 3-Neoclassical literature was focused on common sense, order, accuracy, and structure. 4-Their characters were feature as self-controlled, and restrained.

1. Nonconformity (Individualism) 2. Self Reliance (Trust yourself/intuition) 3. Optimism (All men have equal possibilities. Man is inherently good.) 4. Nature (Appreciation of the simple life and the natural surroundings) 5. Over-soul (We are all part of something larger than each part. This draws the line between celebrating the self and being selfish.) 6. Carpe Diem (Seize the day).

1-Scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to the study of human beings (characters may seem like the subjects of scientific case studies) 2-Heredity and environment control human actions (rather than free will.) 3-Lower socioeconomic classes 4-Pessimism, determinism, and predetermined fate from the story with an overall objective tone.

1-Focuses on reality 2-Characters are more important than action and plot 3-Characters display real human qualities such as temper, selfishness, and insecurities 4-Social class is important (low, middle, and upper class) 5-Ending might be unhappy 6-Natural diction (word choice).

Thought that influence it

The classical ideals of order and moderation from the style and works of Roman and Greek authors inspired neoclassicists to imitate them.

It was concerned with the thoughts that man could transcend our physical being and understands life by going beyond the five senses to understand life and our place in it.

Naturalistic writers were influenced by the evolution theory of Charles Darwin. They were deeply delighted by Darwin's ideas of constant struggle in nature and the survival of

The moral revolution marked the end of the hypocrisy of the Victorian morality. In the Origin of Species (1859), Darwin suggested for the first time that man descended from apes:

Writers of this period immensely endeavored to follow the footpaths of the writers of the period of Augustus, which produced unparalleled writers as Horace, Virgil and Ovid. Mythologies, Roman and Greek played an important role and influenced most of their works.

They believed that we use something like what we might call our sixth sense, or intuition to figure out those things about life that can’t always be understood through the five physical senses. They valued self-reliance, or a reliance on one's own powers and resources rather than those of others, and trust in one's own heart and thoughts Transcendentalism posited the belief that men can intuitively transcend the limits of the senses and logic and receive higher truth directly from nature. They believed that each person carries the universe within himself as well as the goodness and an intuition. For them everything is connected, so they believed that nature can help us improve spiritually.

Conceptio n of man

In this period man is considered as a limited being, having limited power. It was showed man to be flawed and relatively more human. A large number of satires and works of the period attack the man for his pride and advise him to remain content with his limited power of knowledge.

Author

Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, poet and cleric.

Margaret Fuller (May 23, 1810 – July 19, 1850) was an American journalist, editor, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcende ntalism movement.

Works

*Gulliver’s travels It is a prose satire by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, that is both a

*Woman in the nineteenth century The basis for Fuller's essay is the idea that man will rightfully

the fittest. Even when it was theoretically following a scientific “method,” the fact remains that naturalistic prose works manifested themselves in novelistic form. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes.

there was no need for God, just a struggle for life. Realism is the fact of being faithful to reality. There is the belief that the novel’s function is simply to report what happens, without comment or judgment. Seemingly inconsequential elements gain the attention of the novel functioning in the realist mode.

Men are, in Emile Zola's phrase, "human beasts”. They suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character they also lead the reader to think that the destiny of humanity is misery in life and oblivion in death and that he/she can do nothing about it. They believe that man in misery and the hunger is cruel and unfair. Theodore Dreiser (August 27, 1871 – December 28, 1945) was an American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school.

Realistic writers think that men are simply human beings and that human beings are in control of their own destiny and they are really superior to their circumstances. Men act on their environment rather than simply reacting to it.

*Sister Carrie It is a novel about a young country girl who moves to the big city where she starts

* Adventures of Huckleberry Finn It is a novel in which the main character is in moral conflict with

Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer.

satire on human nature and the "travellers' tales" literary subgenre. *A tale of a tube The Tale is a prose parody divided into sections each delving into the morals and ethics of the English.

Author

Daniel Defoe (1660 – 24 April 1731) born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer and spy.

Works

*Robinson Crusoe It is a book written in an epistolary, confessional, and didactic form, the book is presented as an autobiography of the title character who is a castaway. * A journal of the plague year This novel is an account of one man's experiences of the year 1665, in which the Great Plague or the bubonic plague struck the city of London.

inherit the earth when he becomes an elevated being, understanding of divine love. *Summer on the lakes It is a nonfiction book based on her experiences traveling to the Great Lakes region. Along the way, she interacted with several Native Americans, who she presented as people in need of sympathy Ralph Walso Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, phil osopher, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement. *Nature It’s an essay in which Emerson put forth the foundation of transcendentalism, a belief system that espouses a nontraditional appreciation of nature and God. *The over-soul It is an essay with the human soul as its overriding subject, several general themes are treated: the existence and nature of the human soul; the relationship between the soul and the personal ego and more.

realizing her the received values of own American dream. the society in which he lives. *An American * The Adventures of tragedy Tom Sawyer It is a novel about the It is a novel about a story of the corruption young boy growing up and destruction of along the Mississippi one man, Clyde River. It is set in the Griffiths, who forfeits 1840s in the his life in desperate fictional town of St. pursuit of success. Petersburg.

Stephen Crane (November 1, 1871 – June 5, 1900) was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer.

Edith Wharton (24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was an American novelist, short story writer, playwright, and designer.

*Maggie: A girl of the streets It is considered the first American naturalistic novel. . The story centers on Maggie, a young girl from the Bowery who is driven to unfortunate circumstances by poverty and solitude. * The Red Badge of Courage It is a war novel which takes place during the American Civil War; the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle.

*The house of Mirth It tells the story of Lily Bart, a well-born but impoverished woman belonging to New York City's high society around the turn of the last century. *The age of innocence This novel centers on an upper-class couple's impending marriage, and the introduction of the bride's cousin, plagued by scandal, whose presence threatens their happiness

Author

Works

Walt Whitman (July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American essayist, p oet, philosopher, abol itionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, yogi, historian and a leading transcendentalist

Frank Norris (March 5, 1870 – October 25, 1902) was an American journalist and novelist during the Progressive Era, whose fiction was predominantly in the naturalist genre

John Steinbeck (February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American author. He has been called "a giant of American letters

*Walden The book is a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings. The work is part personal declaration of independence, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, *The Dunciad and—to some It is a mock- degree—a manual for heroic narrative self-reliance. poem. Pope’s satire is political and *Civil disobedience cultural in very It is an essay, in specific ways. Pope which Thoreau attacks very argues that particular individuals should not degradations of permit governments t political discourse o overrule or atrophy and particular their consciences degradations of the arts.

*Mcteague It is a novel which tells the story of a couple's courtship and marriage, and their subsequent descent into poverty, violence and finally murder as the result of jealousy and greed .

*Of mice and men It is a novella which tells the story of George Milton and Lennie Small; two displaced migrant ranch workers who move from place to place in California.

Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744) was an 18th-century English poet.

*The rape of the lock It is a mock-heroic narrative poem. The poem satirizes a small incident by comparing it to the epic world of the gods.

Made by: Yadira González v-26.958.399

*The octopus: a story of California

It is a 1901 novel which emphasized the control of "forces"—such as the power of railroad monopolies—over individuals.

*The grapes of wrath It is a novel set during the Great Depression; the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work.