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MARCELA FUENTES D.

ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

UCSH

ENGLISH ALLOPHONES The following table lists the 24 English consonants and their main allophones, which have been given an articulatory label. Long and short consonants, glottalised stops and fronter and backer variants have not been included in this table. In the case of sounds whose variations do not differ much from the given form, only the latter has been included.

Phonemes

Allophonic variants

/p /

[ p H]

aspirated

+ accented V

[»pHUt| »pHen t´ »pHe>Ip´]

[p |]

unreleased

+ plosive / affricate

[´ »tHÅp| ten »pl•e˘´]

[p< ]

nasally released

+ nasal C

[»stÅp< »na˘U] [tÅp< mÅd:… ` ]

[p]

unaspirated

after [s]; in unaccented syllables

[»dZQp´»ni˘z sp´>Uk´n]

[b]

voiced

between vd. sounds

[´»ba>Ut ´ »bç˘I ñ ba>I »nIk »hç>mbi]

[b8]

devoiced

before and after vl. Cs and pauses

[»b8Åb8| »tHÅm´s Iz ´t5 D8´ »pH√b8]

[b|]

unreleased

+ plosive / affricate

[hiz ´ »lQb| tekUni ´n »tHIm]

[t|]

unreleased

+ plosive / affricate

[»mi>t| dZe>In ´t| »d8e˘Ivz8]

[ t5]

dental

+ [T, D]

[wi w´®4 ´t5 D8´ »Ti>´t´®4 at5 »TR8i˘]

[ t=]

post-alveolar

+ [®]

[»t=®•a˘I ´»gen]

[t< ]

nasally released

+ nasal C

[a>I »bç>t5 D8´ »kHŒ>tt§ ´ »dŒ’t§ i »sIt§i]

[d ]

voiced

between vd. sounds

[le>Idi da>I»Qn´ da>Id8| »t=®•QdZIkl•i]

[d 8 ]

devoiced

before and after vl. Cs and pauses

[»d8Ån t=®8a˘Id8| t´ »he…p< mi]

[d |]

unreleased

+ plosive / affricate

[Its »bed8|ta>Im]

[d 5 ]

dental

+ [T, D]

[D8´ »tSI…d=®´n »stUd5 De>´]

[d = ]

post-alveolar

+ [®]

[d ddIt ´ »kHQnd:…, pl•i˘z8]

[kH]

aspirated

+ accented V

[D8´ »kHIN »kHe˘Im Int´ hIz8 »kHA>s…]

[k|]

unreleased

+ plosive / affricate

[»Qk|tIN Iz »Qk|tS´li ´»t=®8Qk|tIv8]

[kkdZ´s, »ve®4i »gUd: lUkIN »gŒ˘…]

[g*]

devoiced

before and after vl. sounds and pauses

[»TQNk| »g*Åd8]

[g|]

unreleased

+ plosive / affricate

[´ »lÅg* »kHQbIn]

[gUT]

/tS/

[tS]

voiceless

all positions

[hiz8 »tHe>IkIN ´ »pIk|tS´®4 ´v D´ »tSŒ>tS]

/dZ/

[dZ]

voiced

between Vd. sounds

[»dZ*Ån IM»va>ItId5 D´ »dZ√dZ In »dZu˘n]

[dZ**]

devoiced

before and after Vl. Cs and pauses

[»dZ*QnIs »dZ*´˘Unz8]

/f/

[f]

voiceless

all positions

[»f®8QNks »fla>IIN bQk ´t »fç˘]

/v/

[v]

voiced

between vd. sounds

[ma>I »sIst´ »vIvi´n »lIvz IM »venIs]

[v8]

devoiced

before and after vl. Cs and pauses

[´v8 »kHç>s a>I… vIzIt »v8Ik|t´]

/T/

[T]

voiceless

all positions

[»smIT »Tç>t It ´>Uv´ »T√®4´li]

/D/

[D]

voiced

between vd. sounds

[D8i √D´ »de˘I De>I »went| t´ D´ »mu>viz8]

[D8]

devoiced

before and after vl. Cs and pauses

[D8Is Iz »nÅt5 »D8e˘´z8]

/g/

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MARCELA FUENTES D.

ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

UCSH

/s/

[s]

voiceless

all positions

[ma>I »sIst´ »su>zn ´n h´ »kHQts]

/z/

[z]

voiced

between vd. sounds

[wi »vIzItId5 D´ »zu˘ Ån wenzde>I]

[z8]

devoiced

before and after vl. Cs and pauses

[D8´>Uz8 »tHu˘ »tSe˘´z8]

/S/

[S]

voiceless

all positions

[aIm »Sç˘ »SŒ>li »wÅSt h´ »hQndz8]

/Z/

[Z] 8 [Z]

voiced

between vd. sounds

devoiced

before and after vl. Cs and pauses

[»leZ´®4 ´m »pl•eZ´] 8 [In5 D´ »gQ®4A>Z]

/h/

[h]

voiceless

all positions

[h´»l´˘U h√ni]

/m/

[m]

voiced

all positions

[»mÅm ´m »betsi]

/n/

[n]

voiced

all positions

[a>I »kHA˘nt si> »ne>ITn]

[n5]

dental

+ [T, D]

[Ån5 »TŒ>zde>I]

[M]

labiodental

+ [f, v]

[IM »venIs ÅM »f®8a>Ide>I]

[N]

velar

+ [g, k]

[IN »g®4i>s ´N »kHQn´d´]

[N]

voiced

all positions

[»sININ ´»lÅN]

/N/

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MARCELA FUENTES D.

/l/

/r/

/j/

/w/

ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

UCSH

[l]

voiced clear

+ Vs; + [j]

[»l´U »vQlju˘]

[l•]

devoiced clear

[p, t, k] + [l•]

[»pl•e˘I wID »kl•e˘´]

[…]

voiced dark

[…] + C; + [w]; + pauses

[hi »ç>…we>Iz8 »he…p pi>p…•]

[… 5 ]

dental dark

[… ] + [T , D ]

[»g*Ud8 »he…5T]

[®]

voiced fricative

[d] + [®]

8 [»d==®a˘Iv8 t´ DIs ´»d=®es]

[®4 ]

approximant

before and between Vs; after [b, g, v]

[»b8®4IN ®4ed »®4´>UzIz8]

[®•]

voiceless fricative

after [p, t, k]

[»t=®8a˘I »p®8e>IIN Ån ´ »k®8u˘z8]

[j]

voiced

before vd sounds; after pauses

[j•]

devoiced

after [p, t, k]

[ju »lUk »j√Ng´] • • [»pæ碮4 ´N »kæ8 u>t]

[w]

voiced

before vd sounds; after pauses

[»wet »weD´]

[w8]

devoiced

after [p, t, k]

[»kw8a>It| »kw8Ik]

References Finch, D. & H. Ortiz Lira (1982). A Course in English Phonetics for Spanish Speakers. London: Heinemann. Cruttenden, A. & A. C. Gimson (2007). Gimson’s Pronunciation of English (7th edn.) London: Arnold.

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