Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006 ENGLISH ALLOPHONIC BOOKLET (revised to 2013) Phoneme Place Manner Voici
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Phonetics & Phonology
Lagos & Bittner 2006
ENGLISH ALLOPHONIC BOOKLET (revised to 2013)
Phoneme
Place
Manner
Voicing
Bilabial
Stop (plosive)
Voiced Devoiced
Allophones + Position
Initial / medial Unreleased in syllable-final
Examples
Phonemic Transcription
´back´ ´absent´
Allophonic Transcription
‘club’
‘Bob’
‘dime’ ‘lady’ ‘lady’ ‘dad’ ‘pad Thai’
Before a voiceless consonant or silence ‘guard’ ‘add theirs’ Before dental consonants
position before a consonant Final released (when emphatic) Before a voiceless consonant or silence
*Note: ‘b’ is silent as in ‘climb’, ‘dumb’, ‘comb’, &c.
Alveolar
Dental
Stop (plosive)
Voiced
Tap/Flap
Voiced
Stop (plosive)
Voiced
Stop
Stop (plosive) Velar Fricative Approximant
Palatal
Stop (plosive)
Initial Medial (same as above in RP) Intervocalic (in SAE) Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased in syllable-final position before a consonant
Devoiced Voiced
Voiced
Initial / medial Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased in syllable-final
‘goal’ ‘pig’ ‘fig’
position before a consonant Devoiced Voiced Voiced Voiced
‘gag’ Before a voiceless consonant or silence ‘ghost’ ‘lago’ Initial (Old English) / Intervocalic (Spanish) ‘lago’ Intervocalic (Latin American Spanish) ‘give’ Advanced before front closed vowels
Retracted before back open vowels
‘get’
‘gods’
Phonetics & Phonology
Phoneme
Place
Bilabial
Alveolar
Lagos & Bittner 2006
Manner
Stop (plosive)
Stop (plosive)
Tap/Flap
Voicing
Voiceless
Voiceless
Voiced
Allophones + Position
Examples
Phonemic Transcription
Allophonic Transcription
Initial / medial / final + v (aspirated) After ‘s’ (unaspirated) p + v + n (nasal) Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased in syllable-final position before a consonant Glottal reinforcement
‘pin’ ‘spot’ ‘open’ ‘lap’ ‘pop corn’
‘pop’
Initial / medial / final + v (aspirated) After ‘s’ (unaspirated) t + v + n (nasal) Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased in syllable-final position before a consonant Glottal reinforcement/replacement Intervocalic (in SAE)
‘tin’ ‘stool’ ‘eaten’ ‘pot’ ‘dot com’
‘fighting’ ‘city’
‘cap’ ‘scum’ ‘bacon’ ‘pack’ ‘lack for’
‘doctor’ ‘key’ ‘car’
‘cam’ ‘comfortable’ ‘bottom’
Velar
Stop (plosive)
Voiceless
Velar Palatal
Stop
Voiceless
Bilabial Labiodental Bilabial
Nasal Nasal Nasal
Voiced Voiced Voiced
Initial / medial / final + v (aspirated) After ‘s’ (unaspirated) k + v + n (nasal) Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased syllable-final position before a consonant Glottal reinforcement Advanced before close vowels Retracted before open vowels Initial / medial / final Medial before –f Final syllabic
Phonetics & Phonology
Lagos & Bittner 2006
Phoneme
Place
Manner
Voicing
Apicodental
Nasal
Voiced
Apicoalveolar Laminoalveolar Bilabial
Nasal Nasal Nasal
Voiced Voiced Voiced
Dorsopalatal Dorsovelar Velar
Nasal Nasal Nasal
Voiced Voiced Voiced
Allophones + Position
Dental before Elsewhere Alveopalatal before Before bilabial plosive/stops
Examples
Phonemic Transcription
Allophonic Transcription
‘tenth’ ‘in there’
‘can’ ‘lunch’ ‘manpower’
Alveolar Alveolar
Lateral-approx. Lateral-approx.
After close front vowels After open back vowels Final syllabic
‘going’ ‘sung’ ‘lock and key’
Voiced Voiced
Initial apicoalveolar Velarized (dark) before a consonant or
‘loop’ ‘call’
‘plot’ ‘paddle’
‘rock’ ‘car’ ‘there is’ ‘warsh’ ‘pray’
‘dry’ ‘cantar’
‘perro’ ‘pero’ ‘rouge’ ‘rouge’
silence
Alveolar Alveolar
Lateral-approx.
Alveolar Retroflex
Lateral-approx.
Apicoalveolar
Tap/Flap
Alveolar Alveolar Alveolar Alveolar Uvular Uvular
Approximant
Lateral-approx.
Devoiced Voiced
After a aspirated Final syllabic
Approximant
Fricative Trill Tap/Flap Trill Fricative-approx.
Initial / medial Final (SAE) Linking ‘r’ Voiced Intrusive ‘r’ Devoiced After aspirated Voiced After or Final (Chilean Spanish) Voiced Initial / medial (Spanish) Voiced Medial (Spanish) Voiced Initial / final (17th century French) Voiced Initial / medial / final (Modern French) Voiced Voiced
Phonetics & Phonology
Lagos & Bittner 2006
Phoneme
Place
Manner
Voicing
Allophones + Position
Examples
Phonemic Transcription
Labiodental
Fricative
Voiceless
Initial / medial / final
‘fan’
Labiodental
Fricative
Voiced Devoiced
‘van’ ‘have to’
Dental
Fricative
Voiceless
‘ether’
Dental
Fricative
Voiced
‘either’
‘with thanks’
‘seal’
Devoiced
Initial / medial / final Before voiceless consonant or silence
Alveolar
Alveolar Alveolar
Postalveolar
Fricative
Fricative Fricative
Fricative
Voiceless
Voiced Devoiced
Voiceless
Initial / medial / final
Initial / medial / final Before voiceless consonant or silence
Initial / medial / final
Initial / medial / final Before voiceless consonant or silence
Initial / medial / final
‘zeal’ ‘It is too late’
‘shower’ ‘machine’ ‘issue’ ‘mash’
Allophonic Transcription
Phonetics & Phonology
Phoneme
Place
Lagos & Bittner 2006
Manner
Voiced Postalveolar
Glottal
Allophones + Position
Medial / final
Fricative
Voicing
Fricative
Devoiced
Before voiceless consonant or silence
Voiceless Voiced
Initial / medial Between voiced segments
Examples
Phonemic Transcription
Allophonic Transcription
‘collage’ ‘allusion’ ‘seizure’ ‘mirage’
‘house’ ‘ahead’
‘chop’ ‘bachelor’ ‘match’
Postalveolar
Affricate
Voiceless
Initial / medial / final Glottal reinforcement in syllable-final position before consonant or silence
Postalveolar
Devoiced
Before voiceless consonant or silence
Initial / medial (back, oral, glide) After aspirated Initial (back, oral, glide)
‘wet’ ‘queen’ ‘when’
Initial / medial (front, oral, glide)
‘yes’ ‘queue’
Voiced
Labiovelar
Approx. Approx. Fricative
Voiced Devoiced Voiceless
Palatal
Approx.
Voiced
Fricative
Voiceless
Fricative
Voiceless
Affricate
‘jumper’ ‘agent’ ‘George’ ‘edge’
After aspirated and
Initial / medial / final
Velar
Final (Scottish English)
‘tune’ ‘huge’
‘loch’
Phonetics & Phonology
Phoneme
Place
Lagos & Bittner 2006
Manner
Voicing
Allophones + Position
Medial before Glottal
Stop (plosive)
Voiceless Initial before central vowels
Examples
Phonemic Transcription
‘actor’ ‘top’
‘Uh-oh’ (Trouble) ‘Uh-uh’ (No)
Allophonic Transcription
Phonetics & Phonology
Lagos & Bittner 2006
ENGLISH ALLOPHONES (revised to 2013) CONSONANTS
Labial Dental Alveolar Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar
Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Affricate Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Ejective stop Implosive Click
Palatal Retroflex
Velar Pharyngeal Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Phonetics & Phonology
Lagos & Bittner 2006
SPANISH ALLOPHONES (revised to 2013) CONSONANTS
Occlusive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Affricate Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Semivowel Ejective stop Implosive Click
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Laryngeal Laryngeal Glottal
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Phonetics & Phonology
Lagos & Bittner 2006
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2013) CONSONANTS
Labial Dental Alveolar Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar
Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Affricate Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Ejective stop Implosive Click
Palatal Retroflex
Palatal
Velar Pharyngeal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible