• Author / Uploaded
• Tony Bittner

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Phonetics & Phonology

Lagos & Bittner 2006

ENGLISH ALLOPHONIC BOOKLET (revised to 2013)

Phoneme

Place

Manner

Voicing

 



Bilabial

Stop (plosive)

Voiced Devoiced

Allophones + Position

 Initial / medial Unreleased in syllable-final

Examples

Phonemic Transcription

´back´ ´absent´

 

position before a consonant ‘Where’s the Final released (when emphatic) club?’  Before a voiceless consonant or silence ‘Bob took it’



Allophonic Transcription 

 









    

    

*Note: ‘b’ is silent as in ‘climb’, ‘dumb’, ‘comb’, &c.

   

Alveolar

Dental    



Stop (plosive)

Voiced

Tap

Voiced

Stop (plosive)

Voiced

Stop

Stop (plosive) Velar Fricative Approximant

Palatal

Stop (plosive)

Devoiced Voiced

Voiced

 Initial  Medial (same as above in RP)  Intervocalic (in SAE) Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased in syllable-final

‘Dame’ ‘lady’ ‘lady’ ‘Dad!’ ‘pad Thai’

position before a consonant  Before a voiceless consonant or silence ‘Call the guard!’ ‘add theirs’  Before dental consonants

 





 Initial / medial  Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased in syllable-final

  

  

‘goal’ ‘Such a pig!’ ‘fig’

position before a consonant Devoiced Voiced Voiced Voiced

 Before a voiceless consonant or silence ‘Pick the bag’ ‘ghost’ ‘lago’ Initial (Old English) / Intervocalic (Spanish) ‘lago’  Intervocalic (Latin American Spanish) ‘give’  Advanced before front closed vowels 

 Retracted before back open vowels

‘get’

‘Greek gods’

  

 

      

Phonetics & Phonology

Phoneme

  

   

Place

Bilabial

Alveolar

Lagos & Bittner 2006

Manner

Stop (plosive)

Stop (plosive)

Tap

Voicing

Voiceless

Voiceless

Voiced

Allophones + Position

Examples

Phonemic Transcription

Allophonic Transcription

Initial / medial / final + v (aspirated) After ‘s’ (unaspirated) p + v + n (nasal) Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased in syllable-final position before a consonant  Glottal reinforcement

‘pin’ ‘spot’ ‘open’ ‘lap’ ‘pop corn’

    

    

‘pop’





    

Initial / medial / final + v (aspirated) After ‘s’ (unaspirated) t + v + n (nasal) Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased in syllable-final position before a consonant  Glottal reinforcement/replacement  Intervocalic (in SAE) 

‘tin’ ‘stool’ ‘eaten’ ‘Find it!’ ‘dot com’

    

    

‘fighting’ ‘city’

 

 

    

‘cap’ ‘scum’ ‘bacon’ ‘pack’ ‘lack for’

    

    

‘doctor’ ‘key’ ‘car’

  

  

‘cam’ ‘comfortable’ ‘bottom’

  

  

    



   





Velar

Stop (plosive)

Voiceless

Velar Palatal

Stop

Voiceless

Bilabial Labiodental Bilabial

Nasal Nasal Nasal

Voiced Voiced Voiced

Initial / medial / final + v (aspirated) After ‘s’ (unaspirated) k + v + n (nasal) Final released (when emphatic) Unreleased syllable-final position before a consonant  Glottal reinforcement  Advanced before close vowels   Retracted before open vowels  Initial / medial / final  Medial before –f  Final syllabic

Phonetics & Phonology

Lagos & Bittner 2006

Phoneme

Place

Manner

Voicing

  

Apicodental

Nasal

Voiced

Apicoalveolar Laminoalveolar Bilabial

Nasal Nasal Nasal

Voiced Voiced Voiced

Dorsopalatal Dorsovelar Velar

Nasal Nasal Nasal

Voiced Voiced Voiced

 After close front vowels  After open back vowels Final syllabic

Alveolar Alveolar

Lateral-approx. Lateral-approx.

Voiced Voiced

 Initial apicoalveolar  Velarized (dark) before a consonant or

 

     

         

Allophones + Position

  Dental before   Elsewhere  Alveopalatal before   Before bilabial plosive/stops

Examples

Phonemic Transcription

Allophonic Transcription

‘tenth’ ‘in there’



    

‘can’ ‘lunch’ ‘manpower’



silence, except /j/

Alveolar Alveolar

Lateral-approx.

Dental

Lateral-approx.

Alveolar Retroflex

Lateral-approx.

Apicoalveolar

Tap

Alveolar Alveolar Alveolar Alveolar Uvular Uvular

Approximant

Lateral-approx.

Approximant

Fricative Trill Tap Trill Fricative-approx.

Devoiced Voiced

 After a aspirated   Final syllabic

 Before   Voiced  Initial / medial Voiced  Final (SAE)  Linking ‘r’ or after  Voiced Intrusive ‘r’ Devoiced After aspirated  Voiced  After  or Final (Chilean Spanish) Voiced  Initial / medial (Spanish) Voiced Medial (Spanish) Voiced Initial / final (17th century French) Voiced  Initial / medial / final (Modern French/German) Voiced

    



‘lock and key’

  

  

‘loop’



‘Did she call?’



 

‘plot’ ‘paddle’

 

 

‘wealth’





‘rock’ ‘car’

 

‘going’ ‘sung’

‘Yes, there is’

‘warsh’ ‘pray’

       

‘dry’ ‘cantar’





‘perro’ ‘pero’ ‘rouge’ ‘rouge’

   

   

Phonetics & Phonology

Lagos & Bittner 2006

Phoneme

Place

Manner

Voicing

Allophones + Position

Examples

Phonemic Transcription

  





Labiodental

Fricative

Voiceless

Initial / medial / final

‘fan’





 





Labiodental

Fricative

Voiced Devoiced

‘van’ ‘have to’

 

 

  

Dental

Fricative

Voiceless

‘ether’





 

Dental

Fricative

Voiced

‘either’

 

 

‘with thanks’





‘seal’

 

 







Devoiced

    

 

 Initial / medial / final  Before voiceless consonant or silence

Alveolar

Alveolar Alveolar

Postalveolar

Fricative

Fricative Fricative

Fricative

Voiceless

Voiced Devoiced

Voiceless

Initial / medial / final

 Initial / medial / final  Before voiceless consonant or silence

Initial / medial / final

 Initial / medial / final  Before voiceless consonant or silence

Initial / medial / final

‘zeal’ ‘It is too late’

‘shower’ ‘machine’ ‘issue’ ‘mash’



Allophonic Transcription





 

 

 





 

Phonetics & Phonology

Phoneme

Place

Lagos & Bittner 2006

Manner

 



Voiced Postalveolar

Glottal

Allophones + Position

 Initial/Medial / final

Fricative





Voicing

Fricative

Devoiced

 Before voiceless consonant or silence

Voiceless Voiced

 Initial / medial  Between voiced segments

Examples

Phonemic Transcription

Allophonic Transcription

‘genre’ ‘allusion’ ‘seizure’ ‘collage’

   

   

‘house’ ‘ahead’

 

 

‘chop it’ ‘bachelor’ ‘match’

  

  

   

   



 

Postalveolar

Affricate

Voiceless

 Initial / medial / final  Glottal reinforcement in syllable-final position before consonant or silence

 



Postalveolar





Devoiced

 Before voiceless consonant or silence

Initial / medial (back, oral, glide)  After aspirated  Initial (back, oral, glide)

‘wet’ ‘queen’ ‘when’

  

  

 Initial / medial (front, oral, glide)

‘yes’ ‘queue’

 



Voiced

Labiovelar

Approx. Approx. Fricative

Voiced Devoiced Voiceless

Palatal

Approx.

Voiced

Fricative

Voiceless

Fricative

Voiceless





Affricate

‘jumper’ ‘agent’ ‘George’ ‘edge’

 After aspirated  and  



 

 Initial / medial / final

Velar

Final (Scottish English)

‘tune’ ‘huge’

‘loch’

   







Phonetics & Phonology

Phoneme

  

 

Place

Lagos & Bittner 2006

Manner

Voicing

Allophones + Position

Medial before  Glottal

Stop (plosive)

Voiceless Initial before central vowels

Examples

Phonemic Transcription





‘actor’ ‘top’

   

   

‘Uh-oh’ (Trouble) ‘Uh-uh’ (No)

Allophonic Transcription

Phonetics & Phonology

Lagos & Bittner 2006

ENGLISH ALLOPHONES (revised to 2013) CONSONANTS

Labial Dental Alveolar Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar                                                                    

Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Affricate Lateral fricative Approximant    Lateral approximant   Ejective stop   Implosive   Click



 

  

  

Palatal Retroflex              

Velar Pharyngeal Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal                                                              

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  



 

  

  



Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Phonetics & Phonology

Lagos & Bittner 2006

SPANISH ALLOPHONES (revised to 2013) CONSONANTS

Occlusive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Affricate Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Semivowel Ejective stop Implosive Click

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular                                                                                                                           





    

 

   

   

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

   

   

   

   

   

 

     

       

   

   

Laryngeal Laryngeal Glottal                      

 

 

 

 



   

   

   

   

   



 

   

   



Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Phonetics & Phonology

Lagos & Bittner 2006

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2013) CONSONANTS

Labial Dental Alveolar Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar                                                                    

Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Affricate Lateral fricative Approximant    Lateral approximant Ejective stop     Implosive   Click



 

  

  

Palatal Retroflex              

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

Palatal                

 

Velar Pharyngeal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal                                                      

 

                 





 

  

  

   

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible