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What I have done in life! / ¡Lo que he hecho en mi vida! In this last learning activity, you will learn how to describe events and situations that started in the past and are still taking place in present time. For that purpose, we will be working on the present perfect tense together with some useful vocabulary to be used with it. / En esta última actividad de aprendizaje usted aprenderá cómo describir eventos y situaciones que iniciaron en el pasado y aún están ocurriendo en el tiempo presente. Con este propósito, trabajaremos el tiempo presente perfecto junto con algún vocabulario útil que se puede usar con dicha estructura.

Introductory material / Material introductorio Dear learner, / Estimado aprendiz: This material will help you study the topics related to learning activity 4. / Este material le permitirá estudiar los temas relacionados con la actividad de aprendizaje 4. You will learn about: / Los temas a tratar son: 1. Present perfect. / Presente perfecto. 2. Yet, just and already - Have you ever…? I have never… / Yet, just y already Alguna vez ha…? Nunca he… 3. Talking about education. / Hablando de educación. 4. Indefinite pronouns. / Pronombres indefinidos. 5. Quantifiers: enough, quite, many, too much, a little, etc. (I have done nothing). / Cuantificadores: suficiente, un poco, muchos, mucho, un poco, entre otros. (No he hecho nada). 6. Vocabulary: health and lifestyle. / Vocabulario: salud y estilo de vida. Through the contents mentioned above, you will also review the following topic: / A través de los contenidos mencionados arriba, también repasará el siguiente tema: Simple past - life experiencies. / Pasado simple - experiencias de vida. Let’s begin! / ¡Empecemos!

1. Present perfect / Presente perfecto A. Richard and Johana want to go away somewhere for a vacation. Read the conversation between them. / Richard y Johana quieren salir a algún lugar de vacaciones. Lea la conversación entre ellos.

Richard, we need to go away for a vacation!

Look! I got these vacation brochures from the travel agency. Let’s have a look. What do you prefer, hot or cold weather?

Yes, you’re right. But, where do we go?

Well, I want to go to the beach. Have you ever been to Miami?

Yes, I have. I traveled with Nicole last year. But, I haven’t been to Malibu, have you?

Yes, I’ve traveled to Cabo.

(Johana picks up a brochure for Cuba). What about Cuba?

Yes, but forget about the US. Let’s go to somewhere else. Have you traveled to Cabo?

No. Look at this brochure. It is about Greece… Don’t tell me you’ve been there too!

Great! We need to call the agency and ask about the prices.

No, I have never been there yet. I like the idea.

Yes, sure. Let’s do it!

Fuente de imágenes: SENA

Note: we use present perfect to talk or ask about a general experience in the past. / Nota: usamos presente perfecto para hablar o preguntar acerca de una experiencia general en el pasado. To make the present perfect use have / has + past participle. / Para hacer el presente perfecto use have / has + pasado participio. I have traveled to Cabo. She has been to Miami.

Before the past

Past

Now

Note: in contrast, we use the simple past to talk or ask about a specific moment in the past. / Nota: en contraste, usamos el pasado simple para hablar o preguntar acerca de un momento específico en el pasado.

I traveled with Nicole last year.

Past

Now

B. The form of the present perfect is: have / has + verb (past participle). Listen - read to the following sentences from the conversation between Richard and Johanna to see how the structure is formed. Then, look at the box to see all the possible forms. / La forma del presente perfecto es: have / has + verbo (pasado participio). Escuche, lea las siguientes oraciones de la conversación entre Richard y Johana para ver cómo se forma la estructura. Luego, observe la tabla para ver todas las posibles formas. a. b. c. d.

I have traveled to Cabo. You have been there too. Have you traveled to Cabo? I haven’t been to Malibu. Positive form I have done the chores.

Negative form I have not done the chores.

Interrogative form Have you done the chores?

Short answers Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.

I’ve done the chores.

I haven’t done the chores.

Has she played tennis?

Or No, I have not.

She has played tennis. She’s played tennis.

She has not played tennis. She hasn’t played tennis.

Whquestions Where have they gone? Why has he phoned?

Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t. Or No, she has not.

C. There are some questions that we can ask and answer based on the conversation. Let’s have a look. / Hay algunas preguntas que podemos preguntar y responder basándonos en la conversación. Observemos.

a. b. c. d. e.

Where has Johana been to? She has been to Miami and Cabo. Have they planned their trip? No, they haven’t. Has Johana traveled with Nicole? Yes, she has. What have they decided? They have decided travel to Greece. Have they been to Greece? No, they haven’t.

Now, look at some questions and answers about things someone has done. / Ahora, observe algunas preguntas y respuestas sobre cosas que alguien ha hecho. Questions Have you ever been to England? Have you ever tried spicy food? Have you ever traveled to Australia?

Answers No, I have never been there. Yes, I have been there. No, I have never tried spicy food. Yes, I have tried spicy food. No, I have never traveled to Australia. Yes, I have traveled to Australia.

Note: We use ever in interrogative sentences to ask if someone has done anything in his / her life until now. Put ever before the main verb. / Nota: Usamos ever en oraciones interrogativas para preguntar si alguien ha hecho algo en su vida hasta ahora. Coloque siempre ever antes del verbo principal. We use never in affirmative sentences to say that someone has not done anything. Put never before the main verb. / Usamos never en oraciones afirmativas para decir que alguien no ha hecho algo. Coloque never antes del verbo principal. D. Now, let’s have a look of the spelling of past participle form of the verbs. / Ahora, observemos la forma de escribir los pasados participios de los verbos. a. For regular verbs the past participle is the same as the past simple (+ ed). / Para verbos regulares el pasado participio es el mismo al del pasado simple (+ ed). Examples / Ejemplos:

Infinitive Wait Travel

Past simple Waited Traveled

Past participle Waited Traveled

b. For irregular verbs the past participle is sometimes the same as the simple past. / Para verbos irregulares el pasado participio algunas veces es el mismo al del pasado simple. Infinitive

Past simple

Past participle

Catch Begin Tell Speak

Caught Began Told Spoke

Caught Begun Told Spoken

2. Yet, just and already - Have you ever…? I have never… / Yet, just y already - Alguna vez ha…? Nunca he… The adverbs yet, just and already can be used alongside the form of present. / Los adverbios yet, just y already pueden ser usados junto con el presente perfecto. A. Yet in interrogative sentences / Yet en oraciones interrogativas We use it to ask if something we think is going to happen has occurred. Put it at the end of the sentence. / También usamos yet en oraciones interrogativas para preguntar si algo que pensamos que iba a pasar ha pasado. Coloque yet al final de la oración. Examples / Ejemplos:  

Have you taken your medicine yet? / ¿Has tomado tu medicina ya? Has it rained yet? / ¿Ya ha llovido?

B. Yet in negative sentences / Yet en oraciones negativas We use it to say that something has not occurred. Put it at the end of the sentence. / Usamos yet en oraciones negativas para expresar que algo no ha ocurrido. Coloque yet al final de la oración. Examples / Ejemplos:

 

I haven’t done my homework yet. She hasn’t seen the movie yet.

C. Just in affirmative sentences / Just en oraciones afirmativas We use it to say that something happened very recently. Put just before the main verb. / Usamos just en oraciones afirmativas para decir que algo pasó muy recientemente. Coloque just antes del verbo principal. Examples / Ejemplos:  

The plane has just landed. My mom has just called.

D. Already in affirmative sentences / Already en oraciones afirmativas We use already in affirmative sentences to emphasize that something happened before the present time and / or earlier than expected. Put already before the main verb. / Usamos already en oraciones afirmativas para enfatizar que algo pasó antes del tiempo actual y / o antes de lo esperado. Coloque already antes del verbo principal. Examples / Ejemplos:  

I’ve already read Vargas Llosa’s last novel. It is brilliant! My teacher has already given the final essay to us.

Note: We use already and yet to add emphasis. For example: / Nota: usamos already y yet para enfatizar. Por ejemplo:   

I’ve already done my chores. Can I go to the park now? My dad hasn’t retired yet. It has already snowed although it is not winter yet. 3. Talking about education / Hablando de educación

You can talk about your own or someone’s educational history using the present perfect. You can also describe what you have done for an academic course or a class. Let’s have a look at some useful language related to education. / Usted puede hablar sobre su historia educativa o la de alguien más usando el presente perfecto. También puede describir lo que ha hecho para un curso académico o una clase. Observemos una selección del vocabulario útil relacionado con educación.

A. Look at the following words related to places and people in education and their definitions. / Observe el siguiente vocabulario relacionado con personas y lugares en educación y sus definiciones.

Professor A university teacher.

Student A person that studies at a school, college or university.

Teacher A person who teaches in a school or college.

Graduate A person who has already obtained a University degree.

Librarian A person who works in a library.

Principal The head of a school.

Nursery school A school for infant and toddlers.

Public school A school where students have free education since it is paid by the government.

Private school A school where you have to pay since it is nongovernment.

University A college in which people study to obtain a professional degree.

Elementary school A school for young children. It usually takes students from 6 to 10 years old.

High school A school for old children. It usually takes from 11 to 17 years old.

Fuente de imágenes: Fotolia (s.f.)

B. Read the list of academic programs, courses and classes. / Lea la lista de programas académicos, cursos y clases. Degrees / Títulos Technical Bachelor Master Doctorate Postgraduate

Técnico Pregrado Maestría Doctorado Posgrado

Study areas / Áreas de estudio Administración Administration Agronomía Agronomy Arquitectura Architecture Arte Art Biología Biology Negocios Business Química Chemistry Economía Economics Ingeniería Engineering Geología Geology Historia History Idiomas Languages Derecho Law Lingüística Linguistics

Medicina Filosofía Física Ciencia política Psicología Trabajo social Docencia Veterinaria

Medicine Philosophy Physics Political science Psychology Social work Teaching Veterinary

Note: If you want to learn about specific degrees within the above mentioned areas, please, have a look to the glossary of this learning activity. / Nota: si desea conocer programas específicos dentro de las áreas mencionadas arriba, por favor, revise el glosario correspondiente a esta actividad de aprendizaje. C. Look at the following sentences and the verbs used in them. / Observe las siguientes oraciones y los verbos usados en ellas. Sentence / Frase I have never cheated on a test. / Nunca he hecho trampa en un examen. Carlos has dropped out university twice. / Carlos ha abandonado la universidad dos veces. They have already done their homework for tomorrow. / Ellos ya han terminado la tarea de mañana. We have started a new class this week. / Hemos iniciado una nueva clase esta semana. She has passed all the English tests. / Ella ha pasado todos los exámenes de inglés. Yenny has failed the French course again. / Yenny ha reprobado el curso de francés otra vez.

Verb used / Verbo usado

Spanish / Español

To cheat.

Copiar o hacer trampa.

To drop out.

Abandonar o cancelar.

To do homework.

Hacer la tarea.

To start a class or course.

Iniciar una clase o curso.

To pass a test or course.

Aprobar o pasar un examen o curso.

To fail a course or exam.

Reprobar o perder un curso o examen.

D. Read the following questions and possible answers. These are helpful for starting conversations in educational contexts. / Lea las siguientes preguntas y sus posibles respuestas; éstas son de ayuda para iniciar conversaciones en contextos educativos.

Questions / Preguntas

Possible answers / Posibles respuestas

What have you studied? / ¿Qué has estudiado?

I have studied law - engineering. / He estudiado derecho - ingeniería.

Have you studied English? / ¿Has estudiado inglés? Have you taken swimming classes? / ¿Has tomado clases de natación? Have you failed any class? / ¿Has perdido alguna materia? Have you passed the literature exams? / ¿Has pasado los exámenes de literatura? Have you done the homework? / ¿Has hecho la tarea? Have you prepared the science presentation? / ¿Has preparado la presentación de ciencias? Have you done a postgraduate course? / ¿Has cursado algún posgrado?

Yes, I have. I took a course last year. / Sí, lo he hecho. Tomé un curso el año pasado. No, I haven’t. I don’t like water. / No, no lo he hecho. No me gusta el agua. Yes, I have I failed chemistry last year. / Sí. Perdí química el año pasado. Yes, I have. I studied a lot for them. / Sí. Estudié mucho para ellos. No, I haven’t done it yet. / No, no la he hecho todavía.

Yes, I’ve just finished it. / Sí. Acabo de terminarla.

Yes, I have already done one. / Sí, ya hice uno.

Has the teacher reviewed the papers? /¿Ha el profesor revisado los trabajos?

Yes, he has. He handed them in yesterday. / Sí, ya lo hizo. Los entregó ayer.

4. Indefinite pronouns / Pronombres indefinidos A. Nicole traveled to Madrid last summer. Read the following text to know some details about her journey. / Nicole viajó a Madrid el verano pasado. Lea los siguientes textos para conocer detalles sobre su viaje.

Fuente: SENA

Somewhere in Madrid Last summer I traveled to Madrid. I had an international conference there. Unfortunately, some things in my journey weren’t so exciting. First, when I arrived to the airport there was nobody waiting for me, I had to wait for two hours until someone picked me up. Second, the food in the hotel was absolutely bad. Every day, I had to walk around the hotel to find somewhere to eat. In the congress nothing was different. When I arrived there, no one was able to give the correct directions. I didn’t know where to go so I got completely lost. However, everything wasn’t that bad. I ate something different every day. I met a lot of people. I visited some interesting and historical places. I hope I can travel again soon!

Note: we use indefinite pronouns to refer to people, things or places without saying exactly who or what they are. / Nota: usamos pronombres indefinidos para referirnos a personas, objetos o lugares sin decir exactamente qué o quiénes son. Examples / Ejemplos:   

When I arrived to the airport there was nobody waiting for me. Every day I had to walk around the hotel to find somewhere to eat. I ate something different every day.

B. Indefinite pronouns can be used to refer to things, places or people. Please, look at the following chart: / Los pronombres indefinidos pueden ser usados para referirse a cosas, lugares y personas. Por favor, observe la siguiente tabla: Affirmative

Interrogative and negative verb

Negative and affirmative verb

Things

Something.

Anything.

Nothing.

Places

Somewhere.

Anywhere.

Nowhere.

People

Somebody. Someone.

Anybody. Anyone.

Nobody. No one.

C. Now, let’s have a look at how to use the indefinite pronouns. / Ahora, observemos cómo usar los pronombres indefinidos. a. We use something, someone, somewhere or somebody when we don’t say exactly who, what or where. / Usamos algo, alguien o algún lugar cuando no sabemos exactamente a quién, a qué o al lugar al que nos estamos refiriendo. Examples / Ejemplos:   

Somebody stole my bike. I was starving. I ate something five minutes ago. He went to somewhere nice last weekend.

b. We use anything, anybody, anywhere in interrogative sentences. / Usamos anything, anybody, anywhere en preguntas.

Examples / Ejemplos:  

Did you hear anything? Was anyone in the house?

c. We use anything, anybody, anywhere, etc., with negative verb. Read the box to find out about their use. / Usamos anything, anybody, anywhere, entre otras con verbo negativo. Lea la tabla para conocer su uso. Correct

Incorrect

They didn’t go anywhere last Saturday. They stayed at home.

They didn’t go nowhere last Saturday. They stayed at home.

What did you do yesterday? I didn’t do anything.

What did you do yesterday? I didn’t do nothing.

There wasn’t anybody in the classroom.

There wasn’t nobody in the classroom.

d. We use nobody, nothing, nowhere, etc., in short answers. / Usamos nobody, nothing, nowhere, entre otras en respuestas cortas. Examples / Ejemplos:  Who was in the kitchen? Nobody.  Where did they go? Nowhere. e. We use nobody, nothing, nowhere, etc., in affirmative sentences. Read the box to find out about their use. / Usamos nobody, nothing, nowhere, entre otros en oraciones afirmativas. Lea la tabla para conocer su uso.

Correct

Incorrect

Did you hear any news? No. I heard nothing.

Did you hear any news? No. I didn’t hear nothing.

I met nobody / no one.

I met anyone.

They went nowhere.

They went anywhere.

5. Quantifiers: enough, quite, many, too much, a little, etc. (I have done nothing) / Cuantificadores: suficiente, un poco, muchos, mucho, un poco, entre otros. (No he hecho nada) A. John meets Richard in the street. Read the conversation between them. / John se encuentra a Richard en la calle. Lea su conversación.

Hi Richard!

Hey John. How are you?

In fact, not so well.

I feel sick. I don’t know, but I feel like I don’t have any energy.

Why? What’s happening?

What have you been doing?

I have been studying. My final exams are next week.

None. I’m too busy.

I had them last week. But, let me ask you something. How much sport or exercise do you do in a week?

How much fast food do you eat?

A lot. I don’t have enough time to cook.

I have no idea! I drink many cups of coffee every day. About ten.

That sounds bad. And how much coffee do you drink?

How much water do you drink?

A little, I prefer drinking soda.

John, you have to stop doing that! You have a terrible lifestyle. You should drink a lot of water and stop drinking soda. Moreover, you have to do more exercise. That would be good for you. But, the worst habit you have is the fast food. You can’t eat it every single day. Instead of eating fast food you have to eat many fruit and vegetables.

You’re totally right. That should help.

Yes, I can help you if you want.

Really? That will be awesome!

Fuente de imágenes: SENA

Note: a quantifier is a word or phrase which is used to indicate the amount or quantity. / Nota: un cuantificador es una palabra o frase la cual se usa para indicar la cantidad de algo. Examples / Ejemplos: Richard: How much fast food do you eat? John: Well, I eat too much. I don’t have enough time to cook. Richard: That sounds bad. And how much coffee do you drink? John: I have no idea! I drink many cups of coffee per day, like ten I think so. B. Now, let’s have a look of how to use the quantifiers. / Ahora, observemos cómo usar los cuantificadores. a. Too, too much, too many / Demasiado  

We use too, too much, too many to say “more than necessary”. / Usamos too, too much, too many para decir “más que necesario”. We use too much + uncountable nouns. / Usamos too much + sustantivos no contables.



We use too many + countable nouns. / Usamos too many + sustativos contables.

Examples / Ejemplos:   

He has an unhealthy life. He eats too many cakes. I am so stressed. I have too much work to do. She said she isn’t going out. She is too tired.

Note: In English we use too + an adjective. / Nota: en inglés usamos too + un adjetivo. Correct

Incorrect

I have to stop eating fast food. I am too fat.

I have to stop eating fast food. I am too much fat.

They can’t go out with us because they are too busy.

They can’t go out with us because they are too much busy.

b. Enough / Suficiente  We use enough before a noun to mean “all that is necessary”. / Usamos enough antes de un sustantivo para decir que “todo es necesario”.  We also use enough after an adjective. / También usamos enough después de un adjetivo. Examples / Ejemplos:  Do you drink enough water?  I don’t do enough exercise.  My apartment isn’t big enough. c. A little, a few / Un poco, unos pocos  We use a little (very little) and a few (very few) to talk about small quantities.  We use a little / very little with uncountable nouns.  We use a few / very few with countable nouns.

Examples / Ejemplos:    

I drink a little soda. I eat very little sugar. She has very few friends. I bought a few strawberries.

6. Vocabulary: health and lifestyle / Vocabulario: salud y estilo de vida To talk about habits or lifestyle we use the following useful language: / Para hablar de salud y estilo de vida podemos usar estas expresiones:

Fuente: SENA

Questions / Preguntas

Possible answers / Posibles respuestas

How much fast food do you eat?

I eat too much. / I never have any.

How much do you walk in a day?

A lot. / A little.

How much sport and exercise do you do in a week? How many cigarettes do you smoke per day? How much time do you have for yourself? How many portions of fruit and vegetables do you eat per day?

A lot. / A little. / Not enough. A few. Very little. / Not enough. / A lot. A lot. / A few.

How often do you wear sunscreen?

Only when I’m on holiday.

How much water do you drink?

Very little. / Not enough. / A lot.

Contextualization / Contextualización Read to the conversation between Johana and Nicole. / Lea la conversación entre Johana y Nicole.

Hi, Jo. How is everything going?

I know, all the exams and presentations, we have had little time for ourselves.

Good. I’m too tired. This week has been terrible. We have had so many things to do.

That’s true. We haven’t had enough time to sleep these days. I feel exhausted.

I’m glad the week is almost over. Have you written the history essay yet?

At least you have started. I haven’t had the time to write.

I have already started but I still have 500 hundred words left to write. I’m going to finish it tomorrow. What about you?

Why is that?

I haven’t chosen the topic yet. I searched the web about colonial history but I didn’t find it interesting.

Absolutely nothing.

Really? Nothing at all?

You have to change your topic then.

Yeah, you’re right. I need to find something else I really like.

Just let me know if you need any help.

Sure.

Let’s change the topic. Have you thought about next year?

About University?

Yes! Have you looked at any programs yet?

I also have mixed feelings about my career. I’m not sure about it. I have considered medicine and also engineering. What have you looked at?

Only a few. I haven’t made up my mind about it.

I read a few brochures about the languages program. I liked it but I am also curious about psychology. I need to find more information on both programs.

Let’s see what happens in the next few months.

Absolutely!

Totally agree!

For the time being; let’s enjoy our tea.

Fuente de imágenes: SENA

Comprehension / Comprensión A. Now, based on the conversation, choose true or false. / Ahora, basado en la conversación seleccione falso o verdadero. True

False

Nicole and Johana are at school. They are on holiday. Nicole has finished her history essay. Johana has started her essay. They are looking at University programs. They have finished their tea. Johana has considered a psychology career. Nicole has already applied to a medicine school. B. Answer the following questions: / Responda las siguientes preguntas: 1. Nicole and Johana are tired because: a. They have played basketball at school. b. They have had too much homework for school. c. They have worked a lot at the library. 2. Nicole has considered the following careers: a. Medicine and psychology. b. Languages and law. c. Medicine and engineering.

3. Nicole has had mixed feelings about her: a. Final tests. b. History essay. c. Future career. 4. Johana offered Nicole help in: a. Choosing a topic for the history essay. b. Choosing a university program. c. Choosing a history book to read. C. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present perfect using the language in the box. Remember to make all the necessary changes in the verbs. / Complete las oraciones con la forma correcta del presente perfecto usando los verbos en el recuadro. Recuerde hacer todos los cambios necesarios en los verbos. think / not start / decide / not sleep / feel / not finish / end / search / write / not make up

1. Nicole ______________ ______________ high school. 2. Johana ______________ ______________ her mind about what to study at University. 3. ______________ they ______________ their careers yet? 4. Nicole ______________ ______________ her history essay. 5. ______________ the week ______________ yet? 6. They ______________ ______________ well during the last week. 7. Both Nicole and Johana ______________ ______________ about university programs. 8. Johana ______________ ______________ exhausted. 9. Nicole ______________ ______________ the web on history topics. 10. Johana ______________ ______________ part of her history essay.

Practice 1 / Práctica 1 A. Read about Marion, a language teacher who loves traveling. Then, complete the text with the phrases from the box. / Lea sobre Marion, una profesora de lenguas

a quien le encanta viajar. Luego, complete el texto con las frases que encuentra en el recuadro. Since I started / I have traveled / I lived in Germany / I left / took a long break / we opened / We have visited several cities / I haven’t got the return ticket to Argentina yet / I have already booked I started teaching languages many years ago. ___________, I have taught English to thousands of students. Thanks to my job, ___________to several places in the world and I have learned about different cultures. From 1994 to 2000 ___________, where I worked at a public school in Nuremberg. ___________Germany in 2001 when I got married and moved to India. My husband, Ron and I lived in Mumbai for five years. In 2006 we left India and ___________and visited Africa where we did voluntary work in Uganda. That was a renovating experience. In 2008 we arrived to Latin America where ___________a language school in the city of Buenos Aires. ___________in Central and South America. For example, we have been to Bogota, Lima, Mexico city and Rio de Janeiro. We fell in love with the Latin-American culture. We have had the greatest time of our lives here. I have just flown to England where I’m going to stay for some time with my family and friends. ___________Because my husband is in charge of the School now, so I don’t have to worry about it for some time. For that reason, ___________a holiday with my friends to Greece. B. Now, read the complete text again. Read the questions and choose the best option. / Ahora, lea el texto completo nuevamente. Lea las preguntas y escoja la mejor opción. I started teaching languages many years ago. Since I started, I have taught English to thousands of students. Thanks to my job, I have traveled to several places in the world and I have learned about different cultures. From 1994 to 2000 I lived in Germany, where I worked at a public school in Nuremberg. I left Germany in 2001 when I got married and moved to India. My husband, Ron and I lived in Mumbai for five years. In 2006 we left India and took a long break and visited Africa where we did voluntary work in Uganda. That was a renovating experience. In 2008 we arrived to Latin America where we opened a language school in the city of Buenos Aires. We have visited several cities in Central and South America. For example, we have been to Bogota, Lima, Mexico city and Rio de Janeiro. We fell in love with the Latin-American culture. We have had the greatest time of our lives here. I have just flown to England where I’m going to stay for some time with my family and friends. I haven’t got the return ticket to Argentina yet because my husband is in charge of the School now, so I don’t

have to worry about it for some time. For that reason, I have already booked a holiday with my friends to Greece. 1. In how many countries has Marion lived since she started teaching? a. 2. b. 5. c. 4. 2. Where has she had the best time of her live? a. Latin America. b. India. c. Africa. 3. For how long did she live in India? a. 3 years. b. 4 years. c. 5 years. 4. What language has she taught? a. Spanish. b. English. c. German. 5. Where has she just booked a ticket to? a. Greece. b. Argentina. c. England. C. Write the correct past participles of the following verbs. / Escriba los pasados participios de los siguientes verbos. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Go. ______________ Be. ______________ Buy. ______________ Sing. ______________ Do. ______________ Try. ______________

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Write. ______________ Catch. ______________ Wear. ______________ Read. ______________ Drive. ______________ Tell. ______________ Wait. ______________ Speak. ______________ Walk. ______________ Dig. ______________ Make. ______________ Forget. ______________ Become. ______________ Give. ______________

D. Choose the correct past simple form. / Escoja la opción correcta del pasado simple. 1. What _____________ after the school? a. Did you did. b. you did. c. did you do. 2. I _____________ to bring the bread. a. forgot. b. forgotten. c. forget. 3. She _____________ the ball. a. didn’t caught . b. didn’t catched. c. didn’t catch. 4. Sarah and Jeff _____________ to the Saturday night concert. a. gone. b. went. c. go.

5. _____________ at the meeting? a. was he. b. did he be. c. were he. E. Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. / Corrija los errores en las frases resaltadas. 1. I’ve never ate spicy food. ____________________________________________________________.

2. What year have you finished high school? ____________________________________________________________. 3. They haven’t came yet. ____________________________________________________________. 4. He left the office at 4:00 but he yet hasn’t arrived. ____________________________________________________________.

5. Did you heard the thunder? ____________________________________________________________. 6. She haven’t called us. ____________________________________________________________. 7. They’s just finded a new apartment. ____________________________________________________________.

8. Have you ever were to Cabo? ____________________________________________________________. 9. Can I go out to play? I’ve finish already my homework. ____________________________________________________________.

10. Did you sent the e-mail? ____________________________________________________________. F. According to the picture write the correct sentences. / De acuerdo con la imagen escriba las oraciones correctas.

Fuente: SENA

She Australia Portugal Peru Japan

She has been to Australia.

He Spain

He hasn’t been to Spain.

Russia China Scotland They Brazil

They have been to Brazil.

Cuba Finland Argentina G. Write the verbs parentheses in the present perfect or simple past form. / Escriba los verbos en paréntesis en la forma del presente perfecto o el pasado simple. A: _____________ you ever _____________ any English novels? (read) B: Yes, I _____________English literature when I was in high school. (study) A: _____________you _____________ the eggs yesterday? (buy) B: No, I _____________ _____________ time. (not / have) A: _____________you _____________ the new X-men movie? (watch) B: No, I _____________ _____________ it yet. (not / watch) A: _____________you _____________to the supermarket last night? (go) B: Yes, I finally _____________ to. (go) A: _____________ you ever _____________ to a famous actor? (speak) B: Yes, I _____________ Carlos Vives last year. (meet) H. Choose the correct indefinite pronouns. / Escoja el pronombre indefinido correcto. 1. My bag was on the table. __________________ has taken it.

a. nobody. b. anybody. c. somebody. 2. Look! There is __________________ in your hair. a. onething. b. something. c. nothing. 3. They were arguing. But after the discussion she said __________________ and left the room. a. anything. b. nothing. c. everything. 4. How was your last weekend? It was perfect. We travelled to the coast. __________________ went as we wished. a. everything. b. nothing. c. something. 5. Hey, have you seen my wallet? No, why? I’ve looked for it, but I don’t find it. Don’t worry. It should be __________________ here. a. Nowhere. b. somewhere. c. anywhere.

Practice 2 / Práctica 2 A. Look at the picture. Select true or false for each statement. / Observe la imagen. Marque las frases como verdadero o falso.

Fuente: SENA

True

False

There isn’t anywhere to sit. Someone is smoking. The man on the right is saying something to the guy. There is nothing to eat. B. Read the phrases from 1 - 6 and from a - f below. Match the phrases that should be linked together according to their meaning. One is done for you as example. / Lea las oraciones de 1 - 6 y de a - f. Una las frases que deberían estar juntas de acuerdo con sus significados. Una ya está hecha como ejemplo. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I can’t sleep. He’s really obese. I can’t go to a party. I can’t pay you now. My backpack is so heavy. I can’t live in that apartment.

_d__ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

a. b. c. d. e. f.

I don’t have enough money. He eats too much fast food. I have too many things in it. There’s too much noise. It isn’t enough big. I’m too old.

C. Complete the sentences with the correct verb form of the verbs from the box. / Complete las oraciones con la forma correcta de los verbos en el recuadro. fail / study / cheat / do / take / revise / study.

1. If I want to watch TV, I have to _________________ all my homework. 2. I forgot we have our final exam today. I didn’t _________________ for it. 3. Our chemistry teacher is really good. He always _________________ the previous lessons. 4. My brother has just _________________ his English exam. 5. The principal was furious because some students had _________________ on the exam. 6. She is so sad. Although she studied for the text, she has _________________ it. 7. Laura, do you want to go out this night? I would like to, but I have to study. I’m _________________ my last exam tomorrow morning. D. Read the following questions and match them to the correct subject areas. / Lea las siguientes preguntas y relaciónelas con el área de estudio adecuada. Who wrote “A hundred years of solitude”? a. Biology

What is the capital of Scotland? b. Geography What's the difference between Na+

c. History

and Na?

What’s 6÷2 (1+2)? d. Literature Who created the first alphabet? e. Chemistry What are examples of a carnivorous and a herbivorous reptile? f. Maths

Pronunciation practice / Práctica de pronunciación

Note: This practice must be completed using the multimedia version of the study material. There you will find the corresponding sound files. / Nota: esta práctica debe ser completada usando la versión multimedia del material de estudio. Allí encontrará los archivos de audio correspondientes. A. Listen to the following words. Click on the word with different sound. / Escuche las siguientes palabras. Seleccione la palabra con un sonido diferente. 1. Vowels / Vocales

i

Sleep.

Sister.

Beach.

ɪ

Live.

Study.

Need.

ŋ

Painting.

Weekend.

Things.

n

Think.

Next.

Lunch.

ɒ

Compost.

Vomit.

Come.

u

Two.

Dose.

School.

ʌ

Conservation.

Does.

Son.

oʊ

Chickenpox.

Go.

Not.

s

Dessert.

Passport.

Salmon.

z

Bruise.

Used.

Disease.

2. Verbs with -ed endings / Verbos que finalizan en -ed

–ed = /d/

Helped.

Enjoyed.

Belonged.

–ed = /t/

Crashed.

Dressed.

Jailed.

–ed = /ɪd/

Exported.

Worried.

Demanded.

B. Listen to each of the following words and identify their stress pattern. / Escuche las siguientes palabras e identifique el patrón de estrés.    

Dangerous. Relatives. Semester. Autumn.

                           

Infection. Relax. Fascinated. Christmas. Panama. Exciting. Appointment. Infection. Chickenpox. Information. Garbage. Operation. Container. Medicine. Guitar. Hazards. Demonstration. Precious. Annoyed. Dangerous. Committed. Fascinated. Nosebleed. Kilometer. Populated. Smartphone. Inspired. Expensive.

References / Referencias 

Fotolia. (s.f.). Christ Church college. Oxford, England. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/49019658



Fotolia. (s.f.). Creative kids class. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/60804027



Fotolia. (s.f.). Female graduate. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/67559259



Fotolia. (s.f.). Group student near blackboard. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/55298696



Fotolia. (s.f.). Librarian placing a book. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/42731380



Fotolia. (s.f.). Portrait Of College Student With Backpack and digital tablet. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/59479482



Fotolia. (s.f.). Principal and teacher. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/39902631



Fotolia. (s.f.). Professor with class. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/57672232



Fotolia. (s.f.). Schoolboy sitting at desk with classmates in a row. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/54047753



Fotolia. (s.f.). School building. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/54218624



Fotolia. (s.f.). Teacher. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/52571231



Fotolia. (s.f.). University campus. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2014, en http://co.fotolia.com/id/55672500

Document control / Control del documento Name

Dependence

Date

Kelly Johanna Vera Diettes

Dirección de Theme expert formación Asesor English Dot profesional. Works - Programa Dirección General de bilingüismo

September 2014

Nicole Bruskewitz

Theme expert Dirección de Asesor English Dot formación Works - Programa profesional. de bilingüismo Dirección General

September 2014

Authors

Adaptation

Position

Rachman Copy editor – Línea Bustillo Martínez de producción

Centro Agroindustrial. Regional Quindío

October 2014