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Perforating

Geir Melhus Perforating domain champion, Indonesia

1 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Perforating Seminar




Welcome




Perforating safety




Conveyance




Perforating principal and gun selection




TCP accessories




API RP 19 B section 1 Gun system performance




Research

2 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Wellsite Perforating Safety

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Must be Followed!

3 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Why Care About SOP? WARNING If precautions are not taken, the danger of premature detonation may occur!

4 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Perforating Safety - Detonators Hazards from Potential Differences (PDs) Involved While Perforating: • Radio Frequency (RF) Radiation • Impressed Current Cathodic Protection • Electric Welding • High Tension Power Lines • Inductive Coupling From Large Induction Motors (Rig Top-Drive Motors)

5 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Well Construction

1. Drill well to total depth 2. Run casing 3. Cement casing and change fluid 4. Establish underbalance and perforate

reduced permeability

Mud filtrate invasion

Reservoir

6 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

History of Perforating Techniques




Mechanical, prior to 1932




Bullet Gun, 1932 to present




Hydraulic, 1958 to present – Abrasive jetting




Shaped Charge, 1946 to present – Spin-off from DOD and DOE Technology – >99% of all perforating

7 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Perforated Completion Damage Drilling Damaged zone, Kd

Non damaged formation, K

Crushed rock debris Reduced permeability crushed zone, Kc 8 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Perforation conveyance • Wireline - electric activation from surface • • • •

Perforating interval? Pressure control? Well restrictions? Radio silence?

• TCP - Drill pipe, Completion, Coil Tubing, Slickline, • • • •

Pressure or mechanical activation Correlation? Might have to kill the well again No Radio silence needed 9

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Perforating Gun Components (Explosives) Detonator – initiates detonation train Primary High Explosive (except SECURE)

Primacord – transmits detonation to shaped charges Secondary High Explosive

Shaped Charge – creates perforation tunnel Secondary High Explosive

Capsule Gun Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Carrier 1010Gun

Shaped Charge Magic

11 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Perforation Process




High jet tip velocity - 7,000 m/sec




High Impact pressure - millions psi




Short duration – microseconds




Moderate temperature – does not melt




Particulated jet does the work




About 25% of liner mass in jet




About 25 – 30% energy efficient

12 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Perforating Gun Systems

Carrier guns Capsule Guns

13 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Classifications of Perforating Gun Systems Capsule Guns (WL Only)
Enerjet 1 11/16, 2 1/8”
Pivot Gun 1 11/16”
PowerSpirol 1 11/16, 2 1/8, 2 ½” Carrier Guns (TCP and WL)
HSD & PURE 1.56 to 7” Special Purpose
Tubing punchers, squeeze guns, custom……

14 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Enerjet Guns Big gun performance in a small OD package Guns shown are
Zero Degree Enerjet
+/- 45 Deg Enerjet
PowerSpiral – Pendulum phased – High Shot Density

Historically, they were mostly unidirectional, strip carrier systems.

15 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Standard Enerjet Phasings 12

9

6

3

0

0

3

Zero or +/- 45 deg 4 spf for best performance Less than optimal productivity


6

Limestone 6610 9500 5200

9

psi psi psi

12

15

12

9

6

Lower Shot Density

3

0




Limited Phasing 0

3

6

Lim estone 6610 9500 5200

9

psi psi psi

12

15

16 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Carrier Gun Make-up

System can be combined in length as required

17 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Carrier Guns




Varied Applications – TCP and Wireline – PURE




Charges packed in steel tubes and sealed




Robust system – >10000’ shot at one time Illustrations of 2”, 4 ½” and 7” High Shot Density Gun Systems 18

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Shaped Charge Perforator Three principal explosive types
RDX
HMX
HNS
All secondary high explosive – Different Temperature Ratings


Case materials can vary – Steel, zinc, ceramics….




Liner does the work – Powdered metal preferred 19

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Shaped Charge Materials

20 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Shaped Charge Liners Solid copper (1946) – Adapted from military – Used today in some “big hole” charges – Leaves large copper slug

Bimetallic sheet metal (1958) – Hard to fabricate & Poor performance

Powder metal (1960’s) – Slug disintegrates – Better debris control – Preferred liner for most charges today 21 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Detonators for Perforating Guns Detonator Required to initiate detonation train through guns

27 ohms Safety Resistors

Primary High Explosive

Conventional Detonator

Percussion Detonator for TCP

SECURE Detonator Radio Safe System 22

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Temperature Selection of explosives:

  

T (within rating) --> no performance loss Effect is cumulative Consider accuracy of T reading

Ratings per type of explosive

 

Temperature: RDX < HMX < HNS Performance: HNS < RDX < HMX

23 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Time vs Temperature Curves for Carrier Guns

24 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Shaped Charge Penetration Evolution 4 ½ in. 4-5 spf Schlumberger Guns API 1 Penetration - inches 20

25

30

PowerJet Omega

API RP 19B

Mid '90's PowerJet 4505

API RP 19B

1990 51J Ultrajet

1980's 50B Hyperjet

35

40

(shot in 2002)

45

50

55

60

API RP 43

API RP 43 API RP 43

Old System

25 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Guns Review




Carrier Guns – Big guns, high shot density, multi phased, extreme conditions – All Conveyance options




Capsule Guns – Small OD guns for through tubing applications • Best performance for small OD guns

– Consider Debris, running lengths and conveyance options

26 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

What is Tubing Conveyed Perforating ? TCP has evolved from “running guns on tubing” to:
A variety of optimized Perforation Delivery systems designed to enhance the completion process. Including but not limited to– – – – –



Deployment on Tubing or Drill Pipe Deployment on Coiled Tubing Deployment on E-Line or Slickline Deployment before, with or after the completion Deployment in Sections and for Selective Zones

Best Available Charge Performance Where and When needed API Performance is not the whole picture…. 27

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

TCP System Packer & completion/testing accessories Nipples, sleeves, gauges etc. TCP Accessories


Debris & drop off subs, valves TCP Firing Head


Drop bar, pressure, electric, mechanical, timer TCP Gun with safety spacer





Various lengths & combinations




gauges

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

28

Why TCP??


Productivity and Convenience




Shoot big guns, high shot densities underbalanced




Shoot large intervals underbalanced




Shoot deviated & horizontal wells




Oriented perforating




Disassociate perforating from wireline – Drill Stem Testing – Completions




Hostile environment….H2S etc. 29

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

OrientXact Perforating System

30 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

7-in. Casing - 5 deg/100ft Dogleg

31 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Confirmation of Gun Orientation 350

• Orientation Confirmation Device (OCD) with 1° accuracy

10 0

OrientXact

32 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

CIRP Completion Insertion and Retrieval (of Gun Strings) under Pressure • CIRP allows the insertion and retrieval of long gun strings under pressure • After insertion into the well the guns are run on Wireline, Coiled Tubing or a Snubbing Unit 33 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

CIRP Connector

34 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

GunStack Completion Disassembly and Assembly (of Gun Strings) Downhole • Underbalanced perforating of long intervals for increased production with no rathole requirement • Rigless deployment of long gun strings to reduce operating cost • Anchored guns withstand high underbalance for optimum perforation clean up • Guns can be removed from well without killing 35 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Depth Control Correlated usually by Gamma Ray in pipe to reference logs Gamma Ray pips can help Tag plug or packer Wireline set packer/gun combinations


36 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Firing Head – Drop bar Run in Hole

Actuate Head

Fire Guns

37 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Drop Bar Firing Head BHF


Wells with Deviation < 50 degrees




Ideal for shallow straight wells




Can be used with Dry Hole pin where limited hydrostatic pressure is available




Bar deployed via slick line after guns are on depth




Compatible with all other firing systems for redundancy




Wells where partial fluid column is used to achieve underbalance




Expendable System

38 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

eFire - General Specifications
Pressure Transducer Battery

Controller Circuits








Initiator Circuits

1.707-in. tool OD 320 °F temperature rating 15 kpsi pressure rating 500 g shock rating Battery life up to 1000 hrs Includes memory pressure gauge – Job record – High speed at time of shot

EFI Detonator 39 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

eFire with Liquid Cushion








Unique Timed Sequence of Pressure Pulses RIH arming command Safe Insensitive to pressure testing Low pressure initiation Programmable delay underbalance Ability to abort at any time No moving parts

40 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

eFire SL Pulse Command • Example Pulse generated by pulling up 2 - 3 ft at 7,500 ft

Strain Sensor

Pressure Transducer

3 seconds/division

Battery

.092"LINE - TOOL AT 7500'

.103 3.183 3180

3170

3160

3150

3140

Pressure (psig)

10psi/ division

Controller Module

3130 bbotcor k, 1

3120

3110

3100

3090

Initiator Module EFI Detonator

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

To Pressure Sensor

3080

.103 3.069

3070 795.3 795.29

795.35

795.4

795.45

795.5

795.55

795.6

795.65

795.7

795.75 bbotcor .60 k, 0 Time (min)

795.8

795.85

795.9

795.95

796

796.05

796.1

796.15 796.173

41

eFire SL Command Sequence 1. eFire SL turned on by preset hydrostatic pressure 2.

1 min

1.5 min

Programmed delay

2 min

Armed Get on depth

3.

1min 1min 1min 1.5 min

Fire

1.5 min 5 min 2 min

3

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

42 4

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

0 640 640

645

650

655

660

665

670

675

680

685 b

690 .60

j, 0

695

700

705

710

715

720

725

730

735

740 740

Hydraulic Delay Firing Head - HDF







Used as a means to perforate multiple zones Insensitive to debris Not limited by well deviations Can be deployed via slick line/CT after guns are on depth Compatible with all other firing systems providing redundancy Delay time can be set from minutes to hours (N2 applications)




Timer Application – Remove shear pins for no time delay 43

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Coiled Tubing Firing Head - CBF




Pump down ball to activate




Work over and rigless completions in conjunction with CT




High Deviations




Perforate while well is flowing




One trip abandonment




1 11/16” and 2 1/8” OD sizes

44 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

TCP Accessories




Accessories designed and manufactured by Schlumberger – Production Valves – Drop off Subs – Debris barriers




Other systems available – Cost – reliability

45 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Debris Circulating Sub Application


Debris protection of firing head – Run with drop bar, trigger charge, firing system

Circulation or production port Operation





Positioned between packer and guns – Typically 30 ft above guns




Cone broken by drop bar, gamma ray during correlation etc

46 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Drop Bar Tubing and Rathole Production Valve (DTRV) Application


Used with TCP to isolate rathole from tubing until needed – Establish underbalance with open perforations – Protect casing from extreme overbalance pressure

Operation


Drop bar ruptures break plug releasing oil




Tubing pressure or rathole pressure, whichever is greater, shifts sleeve 47

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Pressure-Operated Production Valve (POUV) Application


Allows pressuring tubing to set packers, liner hangers, test tubing etc – Run between packer and guns

Allows tubing to be run with desired underbalance Operation





Valve remains closed during run in




Pressure applied at surface shears pins and valve opens. Valve is locked in open position 48

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Enerjet Debris Shaped Charge: Charge case breaks up into small pieces Strip: Retrievable strip remains intact 1 11/16”

2 1/8”

2 ½”

49 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Shaped Charge Case Debris Two strategies: Zinc case
Reduces size of debris
Different debris type Steel case
Change steel spec
Pack charges in such a way that the case breaks into large pieces – Case debris stays in gun – Debris is too big to exit gun * Mark of Schlumberger

50 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Controlling the Debris with a Zinc Case




Change charge case from steel to zinc




Zinc case charges produces fine zinc powder – MORE debris exits gun – Partially dissolved with acid




This is a system in use industry wide to “control” perforating debris

51 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Issues With Zinc


Zinc cases break up into very fine particles which are ejected from the gun during the detonation process – Reports of up to 6 kg/m of Zinc ejected




Zinc is only partially acid soluble – 15% debris remains in the well/formation after acidizing




Remaining Zinc deposits on hardware – Downhole & Surface




Zinc debris is fine enough to pass through filters




Zinc debris will plug pore throats (SPE 58758) – Do not use for injector wells 52

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More Zinc Issues Zinc reacts with brines


Precipitation can form hard cement in wellbore & formation – Gas wells




Possibility that precipitation causes formation damage

Adding inhibitors can reduce chance of precipitation Charge performance reduced by ~15% Guns suffer more shock—Zinc reacts during detonation Possible EAC (Environmentally Assisted Cracking) issues for guns and hardware under high tension loads - In Hydrogen rich environments


53 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

TCP Depth Control




Measure reference point in string to Top Shot – Usually a radioactive marker sub




Correlated usually by Gamma Ray in pipe to reference logs – Gamma Ray pips can help




Tag plug or packer




Wireline set packer/gun combinations – Gun Anchor (MAXR)

54 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Factors Affecting Productivity

55 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Downhole Parameters That Affect Performance Major effects


Gun clearance




Formation strength




Effective formation stress




Casing Properties




Wellbore Fluid




Temperature (selection of explosive) 56

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19B 1st Edition—Section 1 - Principal Reference


System test into a concrete target




Gun position important




SPF & Phasing important




Penetration & EH & Burr Height recorded

57 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

19B 1st Edition—Section 3




Temperature test




Gun system (minimum 6 shots)




Steel targets




Referenced to ambient temperature




Penetration & EH




Separate test for gun pressure/temperature/time rating 58

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

19B 1st Edition—Section 1

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Gun ready to shoot in target

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Gun Shot in target

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Cutting target for measurements

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API-19B Section 1 - Test Target

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Productivity Index Productivity Index is a measure of the well's ability to produce fluids under an imposed reservoir pressure drop. qsc (t ) J= p − pwf Productivity Index, STB/d/psi J p (t ) Average pressure in drainage area, psia pwf (t ) Bottomhole flowing pressure, psia q (t ) Production rate, STB/day 64 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Perforations

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Perforation Objectives Clean Conduit from Well to Reservoir Bypassing Near Wellbore Damage

66 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Well conditions




Overbalance, Wellbore hydrostatic higher than reservoir pressure




Underbalance, Wellbore hydrostatic lower than Pr




Dynamic underbalance, uses gun hardware and job design to create a rapid large underbalance just after perforation tunnel is created.

67 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

OB vs UB vs DUB

68 Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Overbalance

DUB Pore fluid: GAS (Dry N2)

Pore fluid: LIQUID (brine)

Overbalance

DUB