• Author / Uploaded
• monsterh5

Citation preview

Acknowledgement Wolverine Tube Inc. wishes to express its appreciation to Dr. K. J. Bell and Dr. A. C. Mueller for authorship of this manual. Acknowledgement is made in the text for material which has been used from other sources.

© 2001, electronic distribution by Wolverine Tube, Inc. Research and Development Team

© 1984, original paper distribution by Wolverine Division of UOP Inc. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Basic Heat Transfer Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Basic Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Conduction

6

Single Phase Convection

8

Two Phase (Liquid-Gas/Vapor) Flow

11

Condensation

14

Vaporization

17

Radiation

19

Basic Heat Exchanger Equations The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

21

The Design Integral

23

The Mean Temperature Difference The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

25

Configuration Correction Factors on the LMTD

27

Construction of Shell and Tube heat Exchangers Why a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger?

32

Basic Components of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

32

Provisions for Thermal Stress

35

Mechanical Stresses

37

The Vibration Problem

37

Erosion

38

Cost of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

38

Allocation of Streams in a Shell and Tube Exchanger

39

Application of Extended Surfaces to Heat Exchangers The Concept of the Controlling Resistance

40

Types of Extended Surface

40

Fin Efficiencies and Related Concepts

41

The Fin Resistance Method

43

Some Applications of Finned Tubes

45

1

Section 6

Fouling in Heat Exchangers Typical Fouling Resistances

45

Types of Fouling

45

Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer

46

Materials Selection for Fouling Services

46

Removal of Fouling

47

Chapter 2 Sensible Heat Transfer Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Heat Exchangers with Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Areas of Application

58

Description of Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin

59

Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design The Basic Design Equation and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

60

Fin Efficiency and Fin Resistance

61

Mean Temperature Difference, F Factors

62

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Flow across Banks of Trufin Tubes Heat Transfer In Trufin Tube Banks

72

Pressure Drop During Flow Across Banks of Low-Finned Trufin Tubes

74

Effect of Fouling on Trufin

76

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Inside Tubes Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Single Phase Flow inside Round Tubes

77

Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Inside Tubes

83

Preliminary Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Basic Principles of Design

85

Preliminary Design Decisions

86

Procedure for Approximate Size Estimation

89

Delaware Method for Shell-Side Rating of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Introduction

96

Calculation of Shell-Side Geometrical Parameters

97

Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation

106

Shell-Side Pressure Drop Calculation

107

2

Section 7

Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Design of a Compressor After-cooler

116

Design of a Gas Oil to Crude Heat Recovery Exchanger

122

Chapter 3 Condensing Heat Transfer Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Trufin Tubes in Condensing Heat Transfer Modes of Condensation

142

Areas of Application

142

Types of Tubes Available

143

Condensation of Vapor inside High-Finned Trufin Tubes Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Flow

144

Condensation Heat Transfer

154

Mean Temperature Difference for In-Tube Condensation

162

Condensation of Vapor outside Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Tubes Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for Condensing Applications

166

The Basic Design Equations

172

Mean Temperature Difference

173

Condensation of a Superheated Vapor

173

Condensation with Integral Sub-cooling On the Shell-side

174

Film-wise Condensation on Plain and Trufin Tubes

178

Film-wise Condensation on Tube Banks

180

Pressure Drop during Shell-side Condensation

181

Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell and Tube Condensers Condenser Design for a Pure Component: Example Problem

182

Condenser Design for a Multi-component Mixture: Example Problem

192

Chapter 4 Trufin Tubes in Air-cool Heat Exchangers Section 1

Heat Exchangers with High-Finned Trufin Tubes Areas of Application

208

High-Finned Trufin

209

Description of Equipment

210

3

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Heat Transfer with High-Finned Trufin Tubes Fin Temperature Distribution and Fin Efficiency

215

Effect of Fouling on High-Finned Trufin

217

Contact Resistance in Bimetallic Tubes

218

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in High-Finned Trufin Tube Banks Heat Transfer Coefficients in Cross-flow

219

Mean Temperature Difference in Cross-flow

221

Pressure Drop in Cross-flow

223

Other Air-Side Pressure Effects

225

Preliminary Design Procedures Principles of the Design Process

226

Selection of Preliminary Design Parameters

226

Fundamental Limitations Controlling Air-cool Heat Exchanger Design

228

Final Design

235

Chapter 5 Trufin Tubes in Boiling Heat Transfer Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Boiling Theory Pool Boiling Curve

240

Nucleation

242

Nucleate Boiling Curve

243

Maximum or Critical Heat Flux

244

Film Boiling

245

Boiling Inside Tubes

246

Sub-cooling and Agitation

246

Vaporizers - Types and Usage General

248

Boiling Outside Tubes

248

Boiling Inside Tubes

250

Other Types of Evaporators

252

Boiling Heat Transfer Pool Boiling - Single Tube

254

Single Tube in Cross Flow

258

Boiling on Outside of Tubes in a Bundle

258

4

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Boiling Inside Tubes

259

Boiling of Mixtures

263

Falling Film Heat Transfer Vertical In-Tube Vaporizer

266

Horizontal Shell-Side Vaporizer

267

Dry Spots - Film Breakdown

267

Special Surfaces Boiling on Fins

268

Mean Temperature Difference

269

Pressure Drop Tube-Side Pressure Drop

271

Shell-Side Pressure Drop

273

Section 7

Fouling

275

Section 8

Design Procedures

Section 9

Selection of Re-boiler Type

278

Pool Type Re-boilers

278

In-tube or Thermosyphon Re-boilers

279

Special Considerations Examples of Design Problems

Section 10

283

Example of Design Problems for Trufin in Boiling Heat Transfer Design Example - Kettle Re-boiler

284

In-Tube Thermosyphon - Example Problem

287

Boiling Outside Trufin Tubes - Example Problem

292

5