• Author / Uploaded
• Sreedhar Babu

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Acknowledgement Wolverine Tube Inc. wishes to express its appreciation to Dr. K. J. Bell and Dr. A. C. Mueller for authorship of this manual. Acknowledgement is made in the text for material which has been used from other sources.

© 2001, electronic distribution by Wolverine Tube, Inc. Research and Development Team

© 1984, original paper distribution by Wolverine Division of UOP Inc. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Basic Heat Transfer Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Basic Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Conduction

6

Single Phase Convection

8

Two Phase (Liquid-Gas/Vapor) Flow

11

Condensation

14

Vaporization

17

Radiation

19

Basic Heat Exchanger Equations The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

21

The Design Integral

23

The Mean Temperature Difference The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

25

Configuration Correction Factors on the LMTD

27

Construction of Shell and Tube heat Exchangers Why a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger?

31

Basic Components of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

31

Provisions for Thermal Stress

34

Mechanical Stresses

36

The Vibration Problem

36

Erosion

37

Cost of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

37

Allocation of Streams in a Shell and Tube Exchanger

38

Application of Extended Surfaces to Heat Exchangers The Concept of the Controlling Resistance

39

Types of Extended Surface

39

Fin Efficiencies and Related Concepts

40

The Fin Resistance Method

42

Some Applications of Finned Tubes

44

1

Section 6

Fouling in Heat Exchangers Typical Fouling Resistances

45

Types of Fouling

45

Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer

46

Materials Selection for Fouling Services

46

Removal of Fouling

47

Chapter 2 Sensible Heat Transfer Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Heat Exchangers with Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Areas of Application

57

Description of Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin

58

Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design The Basic Design Equation and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

59

Fin Efficiency and Fin Resistance

60

Mean Temperature Difference, F Factors

61

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Flow across Banks of Trufin Tubes Heat Transfer In Trufin Tube Banks

71

Pressure Drop During Flow Across Banks of Low-Finned Trufin Tubes

73

Effect of Fouling on Trufin

75

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Inside Tubes Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Single Phase Flow inside Round Tubes

76

Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Inside Tubes

82

Preliminary Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Basic Principles of Design

84

Preliminary Design Decisions

86

Procedure for Approximate Size Estimation

88

Delaware Method for Shell-Side Rating of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Introduction

95

Calculation of Shell-Side Geometrical Parameters

96

Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation

105

Shell-Side Pressure Drop Calculation

106

2

Section 7

Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Design of a Compressor After-cooler

115

Design of a Gas Oil to Crude Heat Recovery Exchanger

122

Chapter 3 Condensing Heat Transfer Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Trufin Tubes in Condensing Heat Transfer Modes of Condensation

142

Areas of Application

142

Types of Tubes Available

143

Condensation of Vapor inside High-Finned Trufin Tubes Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Flow

144

Condensation Heat Transfer

154

Mean Temperature Difference for In-Tube Condensation

162

Condensation of Vapor outside Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Tubes Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for Condensing Applications

166

The Basic Design Equations

172

Mean Temperature Difference

172

Condensation of a Superheated Vapor

173

Condensation with Integral Sub-cooling On the Shell-side

174

Film-wise Condensation on Plain and Trufin Tubes

178

Film-wise Condensation on Tube Banks

180

Pressure Drop during Shell-side Condensation

181

Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell and Tube Condensers Condenser Design for a Pure Component: Example Problem

183

Condenser Design for a Multi-component Mixture: Example Problem

193

Chapter 4 Trufin Tubes in Air-cool Heat Exchangers Section 1

Heat Exchangers with High-Finned Trufin Tubes Areas of Application

209

High-Finned Trufin

210

Description of Equipment

211

3

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Heat Transfer with High-Finned Trufin Tubes Fin Temperature Distribution and Fin Efficiency

216

Effect of Fouling on High-Finned Trufin

218

Contact Resistance in Bimetallic Tubes

219

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in High-Finned Trufin Tube Banks Heat Transfer Coefficients in Cross-flow

220

Mean Temperature Difference in Cross-flow

222

Pressure Drop in Cross-flow

224

Other Air-Side Pressure Effects

226

Preliminary Design Procedures Principles of the Design Process

227

Selection of Preliminary Design Parameters

227

Fundamental Limitations Controlling Air-cool Heat Exchanger Design

229

Final Design

236

Chapter 5 Trufin Tubes in Boiling Heat Transfer Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Boiling Theory Pool Boiling Curve

241

Nucleation

243

Nucleate Boiling Curve

244

Maximum or Critical Heat Flux

245

Film Boiling

246

Boiling Inside Tubes

247

Sub-cooling and Agitation

247

Vaporizers - Types and Usage General

249

Boiling Outside Tubes

249

Boiling Inside Tubes

251

Other Types of Evaporators

253

Boiling Heat Transfer Pool Boiling - Single Tube

255

Single Tube in Cross Flow

259

Boiling on Outside of Tubes in a Bundle

259

4

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Boiling Inside Tubes

260

Boiling of Mixtures

264

Falling Film Heat Transfer Vertical In-Tube Vaporizer

268

Horizontal Shell-Side Vaporizer

269

Dry Spots - Film Breakdown

269

Special Surfaces Boiling on Fins

270

Mean Temperature Difference

271

Pressure Drop Tube-Side Pressure Drop

273

Shell-Side Pressure Drop

275

Section 7

Fouling

277

Section 8

Design Procedures

Section 9

Selection of Re-boiler Type

280

Pool Type Re-boilers

280

In-tube or Thermosyphon Re-boilers

281

Special Considerations Examples of Design Problems

Section 10

285

Example of Design Problems for Trufin in Boiling Heat Transfer Design Example - Kettle Re-boiler

286

In-Tube Thermosyphon - Example Problem

289

Boiling Outside Trufin Tubes - Example Problem

293

5