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WORD FORMATION RULES

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Las familias de palabras son todos aquellos vocablos que comparten una misma raíz, que es la parte de la palabra que se mantiene en todos los otros términos pertenecientes a la misma familia. Te daré un ejemplo con palabras en español. - flor - florería - florero Estas tres palabras están en la misma familia, porque comparten la misma raíz, que he resaltado en negrita. De un verbo, por ejemplo, se puede obtener un sustantivo, un adverbio o un adjetivo; como también de un adjetivo se puede sacar un adverbio o un verbo, y viceversa; dependiendo del caso. Veamos este ejemplo. - accuse (verbo): acusar - accusation (sustantivo): acusación - accused (sustantivo): acusado - accusing (adjetivo): acusador Te preguntarás, ¿cómo pude llegar a desglosar ese verbo en las otras palabras que pertenecen a la misma familia? La respuesta es simple, usando sufijos. Un sufijo es una letra o un grupo de letras que se agregan al final de una palabra para formar otra palabra. Formemos otros vocablos tomando en cuenta el siguiente término: - critic (sustantivo): crítico (persona) - criticize (verbo): criticar (En inglés británico -ise) - critical (adjetivo): crítico - critically (adverbio): críticamente Como puedes ver, las letras en negrita son los sufijos, los cuales, al ser agregados a la raíz de la palabra, forman otra nueva. En el inglés hay muchísimos sufijos. Un grupo para formar verbos, otro para adjetivos, otro para adverbios, para sustantivos, etc. Sinceramente, no conozco regla alguna que diga qué sufijos debe llevar cada palabra, pero lo que sí debemos saber con claridad, son los sufijos más utilizados con sus respectivas funciones.

Para formar verbos: -ize, (NAmE) -ise (BrE): stabilize, symbolise, etc. Generalmente se traduce como -izar. Ejemplo: estabilizar, simbolizar -ate: liquidate, duplicate. Generalmente se traduce como la terminación -ar. Ejemplo: liquidar, duplicar. -fy: classify, simplify. Generalmente se traduce como -ficar. Ej. clasificar, simplificar, justificar, etc. -en: fasten, shorten. (abrochar, acortar). Para formar sustantivos: -tion / -sion: Indica acción o el estado. Ej. complication, expansion. La mayoría de las veces se traduce como -ción / -sión: complicación, expansión. -er: Indica la persona que hace la acción que se describe en el verbo raíz. - Painter, dancer, geographer. - pintor, bailarín(a), geógrafo. -ment: Indica la acción o el resultado de algo. Ej: development, punishment. - desarrollo, castigo. -ant / -ent: Indica la persona o cosa que hace algo. Ej: assistant, student. - asistente, estudiante. -al: Indica un proceso o estado de algo. Ej. proposal, dismissal. - propuesta, despido. -ence / -ance: Indica acción o estado. Ej. assistance, preference - asistencia, preferencia. -ship: Indica estado, cualidad o habilidad. Ej: friendship, citizenship - amistad, ciudadanía -dom: Indica condición o estado. Ej: freedom - libertad -cy: Estado o calidad de. Ej: urgency, efficiency - urgencia, eficiencia. -ness: Estado o cualidad de. Ej: darkness, sadness - oscuridad, tristeza.

Para formar adjetivos: -al: Indica conexión o relación: central, political, national - central, político, nacional -ent: que es o hace algo: different, excellent - diferente, excelente. -ive: Que tiende a, que tiene la naturaleza de...: attractive, interactive - atractivo, interactivo. Suele traducirse como la terminación -ivo, -iva.

-ous: Que tiene la naturaleza o cualidad de..: dangerous, famous - peligroso, famoso - Suele traducirse con la terminación -oso, -osa. -ful: Lleno de, teniendo las cualidades de: wonder (maravilla) + ful = wonderful (maravilloso). Beauty (hermosura) + ful = beautiful (hermoso). Color (color) + ful = colorful = colorido. -less: Sin algo. Ej: endless (sin fin), careless (descuidado) -able: Que tiene la habilidad de: drinkable (bebible), countable (contable).

Para formar adverbios: Sin duda, el más usado y conocido de todos es -ly. Y equivale al sufijo español -mente. Indica la manera en que se hace algo. Ejemplos: sadly - tristemente fortunalely - afortunadamente quickly - rápidamente slowly - lentamente También se da que a veces, un sufijo + ly se juntan, y forman adverbios. Fíjate. Success (sustantivo: éxito) Successful (adjetivo: exitoso) Successfully (adverbio: exitosamente) Wonder (sustantivo: maravilla) Wonderful (adjetivo: maravilloso) Wonderfully (adverbio: maravillosamente) Origin (sustantivo: origen) Original (adjetivo: original) Originally (adverbio: originalmente) En algunos casos, es posible que no podamos encontrar un verbo, o un adverbio dentro de una

familia de palabras. Y cuando te pidan encontrar términos específicos desde una palabra, lo que debes hacer es "jugar" con los sufijos, hasta llegar a la palabra indicada. Por ejemplo, te piden que busques un verbo a partir de critical, sacamos el sufijo y nos queda el sustantivo critic, y como sabemos que tenemos que buscar un verbo, le agregamos -ize, que en este caso es el sufijo apropiado para esta familia de palabras, por lo que llegas a criticize.

Selecting vocabulary: Academic word list Academic Word List Coxhead (2000). The most frequent word in each family is in italics. There are 570 headwords and about 3000 words altogether. For more information see The Academic Word List. For more practice see: Schmitt & Schmitt (2005), or the Compleat Lexical Tutor. If you have an iPhone or an Android phone and want to practise these words, you could try: Flashcards Deluxe. Install the application, then search in the shared library for "Academic Word List". Or on an iPhone you might like to try Testmaker: Install the application, then follow the instructions to use this file, or iMemento: Install the application, then follow the instructions to use this file, *Definitions linked to: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (Used with permission) Headwords abandon abstract academy access accommodate accompany accumulate accurate achieve acknowledge acquire adapt adequate

Other words in the family. abandoned, abandoning, abandonment, abandons, e.g. abstraction, abstractions, abstractly, abstracts, e.g. academia, academic, academically, academics, academies, e.g. accessed, accesses, accessibility, accessible, accessing, inaccessible accommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation accompanied, accompanies, accompaniment, accompanying, unaccompanied accumulated, accumulating, accumulation, accumulates accuracy, accurately, inaccuracy, inaccuracies, inaccurate achievable, achieved, achievement, achievements, achieves, achieving acknowledged, acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledgement, acknowledgements acquired, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitions adaptability, adaptable, adaptation, adaptations, adapted, adapting, adaptive, adapts adequacy, adequately, inadequacies, inadequacy, inadequate, inadequately

adjacent adjust administrate adult advocate affect aggregate aid albeit allocate alter

Definition* abandon abstract academy access accommodate accompany accumulate accurate achieve acknowledge acquire adapt adequate adjacent

adjusted, adjusting, adjustment, adjustments, adjusts, readjust, readjusted, readjusting, readjustment, readjustments, readjusts administrates, administration, administrations, administrative, administratively, administrator, administrators adulthood, adults advocacy, advocated, advocates, advocating affected, affecting, affective, affectively, affects, unaffected aggregated, aggregates, aggregating, aggregation aided, aiding, aids, unaided allocated, allocates, allocating, allocation, allocations alterable, alteration, alterations, altered, altering, alternate,

adjust administrate adult advocate affect aggregate aid albeit allocate alter

alternative ambiguous amend analogy analyse annual anticipate apparent append appreciate approach appropriate approximate arbitrary area aspect assemble assess assign assist assume assure attach attain attitude attribute author authority automate available

alternating, alters, unalterable, unaltered alternatively, alternatives alternative ambiguities, ambiguity, unambiguous, unambiguously ambiguous amended, amending, amendment, amendments, amends amend analogies, analogous analogy analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyse analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically annually annual anticipated, anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, anticipate unanticipated apparently apparent appendix, appended, appends, appending, appendices, append appendixes appreciable, appreciably, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, appreciate appreciation, unappreciated approachable, approached, approaches, approaching, approach unapproachable appropriacy, appropriately, appropriateness, inappropriacy, appropriate inappropriate, inappropriately approximated, approximately, approximates, approximating, approximate approximation, approximations arbitrariness, arbitrarily arbitrary areas area aspects aspect assembled, assembles, assemblies, assembling, assembly assemble assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessments, reassess, reassessed, reassessing, reassessment, assess unassessed assigned, assigning, assignment, assignments, assigns, reassign, assign reassigned, reassigning, reassigns, unassigned assistance, assistant, assistants, assisted, assisting, assists, assist unassisted assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptions assume assurance, assurances, assured, assuredly, assures, assuring assure attached, attaches, attaching, attachment, attachments, attach unattached attainable, attained, attaining, attainment, attainments, attains, attain unattainable attitudes attitude attributable, attributed, attributes, attributing, attribution attribute authored, authoring, authors, authorship author authoritative, authorities authority automatic, automated, automates, automating, automatically, automate automation availability, unavailable available

aware behalf benefit bias bond brief bulk capable capacity category cease challenge channel chapter chart chemical circumstance cite civil clarify classic clause code coherent coincide collapse colleague commence comment commission commit commodity communicate community compatible compensate

awareness, unaware beneficial, beneficiary, beneficiaries, benefited, benefiting, benefits biased, biases, biasing, unbiased bonded, bonding, bonds brevity, briefed, briefing, briefly, briefs bulky capabilities, capability, incapable capacities, incapacitate, incapacitated categories, categorisation, categorise, categorised, categorises, categorising, categorizing ceased, ceaseless, ceases, ceasing challenged, challenger, challengers, challenges, challenging channelled, channelling, channels chapters charted, charting, charts, uncharted chemically, chemicals circumstances citation, citations, cited, citing, cites clarification, clarified, clarifies, clarifying, clarity classical, classics clauses coded, codes, coding coherence, coherently, incoherent, incoherently coincided, coincides, coinciding, coincidence, coincidences, coincident, coincidental collapsed, collapses, collapsible, collapsing colleagues commenced, commences, commencement, commencing, recommences, recommenced, recommencing commentaries, commentary, commentator, commentators, commented, commenting, comments commissioned, commissioner, commissioners, commissioning, commissions commitment, commitments, commits, committed, committing commodities communicable, communicated, communicates, communicating, communication, communications, communicative, communicatively, uncommunicative communities compatibility, incompatibility, incompatible compensated, compensates, compensating, compensation,

aware behalf benefit bias bond brief bulk capable capacity category cease challenge channel chapter chart chemical circumstance cite civil clarify classic clause code coherent coincide collapse colleague commence comment commission commit commodity communicate community compatible compensate

compile complement complex component compound comprehensive comprise compute conceive concentrate concept conclude concurrent conduct confer confine confirm conflict conform consent consequent considerable consist constant constitute constrain construct consult consume

compensations, compensatory compilation, compilations, compiled, compiles, compiling compile complementary, complemented, complementing, complements complement complexities, complexity complex componentry, components component compounded, compounding, compounds compound comprehensively comprehensive comprised, comprises, comprising comprise computation, computational, computations, computable, compute computer, computed, computerised, computers, computing conceivable, conceivably, conceived, conceives, conceiving, conceive inconceivable, inconceivably concentrated, concentrates, concentrating, concentration concentrate conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualisation, conceptualise, conceptualised, conceptualises, conceptualising, concept conceptually concluded, concludes, concluding, conclusion, conclusions, conclude conclusive, conclusively, inconclusive, inconclusively concurrently concurrent conducted, conducting, conducts conduct conference, conferences, conferred, conferring, confers confer confined, confines, confining, unconfined confine confirmation, confirmed, confirming, confirms confirm conflicted, conflicting, conflicts conflict conformable, conformability, conformance, conformation, conformed, conforming, conformist, conformists, conformity, conform conforms, nonconformist, nonconformists, nonconformity, nonconformist, non-conformists, non-conformity consensus, consented, consenting, consents consent consequence, consequences, consequently consequent considerably considerable consisted, consistency, consistent, consistently, consisting, consist consists, inconsistencies, inconsistency, inconsistent constancy, constantly, constants, inconstancy, inconstantly constant constituencies, constituency, constituent, constituents, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutions, constitute constitutional, constitutionally, constitutive, unconstitutional constrained, constraining, constrains, constraint, constraints, constrain unconstrained constructed, constructing, construction, constructions, constructive, constructs, reconstruct, reconstructed, construct reconstructing, reconstruction, reconstructs consultancy, consultant, consultants, consultation, consult consultations, consultative, consulted, consults, consulting consumed, consumer, consumers, consumes, consuming, consume consumption

contact contemporary context contract contradict contrary contrast contribute controversy convene converse convert convince cooperate

coordinate core corporate correspond couple create credit criteria crucial culture currency cycle data debate decade decline deduce define

contactable, contacted, contacting, contacts contemporaries contexts, contextual, contextualise, contextualised, contextualising, uncontextualised contracted, contracting, contractor, contractors, contracts contradicted, contradicting, contradiction, contradictions, contradictory, contradicts contrarily contrasted, contrasting, contrastive, contrasts contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributions, contributor, contributors controversies, controversial, controversially, uncontroversial convention, convenes, convened, convening, conventional, conventionally, conventions, unconventional conversely conversion, conversions, converted, convertible, converting, converts convinced, convinces, convincing, convincingly, unconvinced cooperated, cooperates, cooperating, cooperation, cooperative, cooperatively, co-operate, co-operated, co-operates, cooperation, co-operative, co-operatively coordinated, coordinates, coordinating, coordination, coordinator, coordinators, co-ordinate, co-ordinated, coordinates, co-ordinating, co-ordination, co-ordinator, coordinators cores, coring, cored corporates, corporation, corporations corresponded, correspondence, corresponding, correspondingly, corresponds coupled, coupling, couples created, creates, creating, creation, creations, creative, creatively, creativity, creator, creators, recreate, recreated, recreates, recreating credited, crediting, creditor, creditors, credits criterion crucially cultural, culturally, cultured, cultures, uncultured currencies cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling debatable, debated, debates, debating decades declined, declines, declining deduced, deduces, deducing, deduction, deductions definable, defined, defines, defining, definition, definitions,

contact contemporary context contract contradict contrary contrast contribute controversy convene converse convert convince cooperate

coordinate core corporate correspond couple create credit criteria crucial culture currency cycle data debate decade decline deduce define

definite demonstrate denote deny depress derive design despite detect deviate device devote differentiate dimension diminish discrete discriminate displace display dispose distinct distort distribute diverse document domain domestic dominate draft drama duration

redefine, redefined, redefines, redefining, undefined definitely, definitive, indefinite, indefinitely demonstrable, demonstrably, demonstrated, demonstrates, demonstrating, demonstration, demonstrations, demonstrative, demonstratively, demonstrator, demonstrators denotation, denotations, denoted, denotes, denoting deniable, denial, denials, denied, denies, denying, undeniable depressed, depresses, depressing, depression derivation, derivations, derivative, derivatives, derived, derives, deriving designed, designer, designers, designing, designs detectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detectives, detector, detectors, detects deviated, deviates, deviating, deviation, deviations devices devoted, devotedly, devotes, devoting, devotion, devotions differentiated, differentiates, differentiating, differentiation dimensional, dimensions, multidimensional diminished, diminishes, diminishing, diminution, undiminished discretely, discretion, discretionary, indiscrete, indiscretion discriminated, discriminates, discriminating, discrimination displaced, displacement, displaces, displacing displayed, displaying, displays disposable, disposal, disposed, disposes, disposing distinction, distinctions, distinctive, distinctively, distinctly, indistinct, indistinctly distorted, distorting, distortion, distortions, distorts distributed, distributing, distribution, distributional, distributions, distributive, distributor, distributors, redistribute, redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution diversely, diversification, diversified, diversifies, diversify, diversifying, diversity documentation, documented, documenting, documents domains domestically, domesticate, domesticated, domesticating, domestics dominance, dominant, dominated, dominates, dominating, domination drafted, drafting, drafts, redraft, redrafted, redrafting, redrafts dramas, dramatic, dramatically, dramatise, dramatised, dramatising, dramatises, dramatisation, dramatisations, dramatist, dramatists, dramatization, dramatizations, dramatizing

definite demonstrate denote deny depress derive design despite detect deviate device devote differentiate dimension diminish discrete discriminate displace display dispose distinct distort distribute diverse document domain domestic dominate draft drama duration

dynamic economy edit element eliminate emerge emphasis empirical enable encounter energy enforce enhance enormous ensure entity environment equate equip equivalent erode error establish estate estimate ethic ethnic evaluate eventual evident evolve exceed exclude

dynamically, dynamics economic, economical, economically, economics, economies, economist, economists, uneconomical edited, editing, edition, editions, editor, editorial, editorials, editors, edits elements eliminated, eliminates, eliminating, elimination emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging emphasise, emphasised, emphasising, emphatic, emphatically empirically, empiricism enabled, enables, enabling encountered, encountering, encounters energetic, energetically, energies enforced, enforcement, enforces, enforcing enhanced, enhancement, enhances, enhancing enormity, enormously ensured, ensures, ensuring entities environmental, environmentalist, environmentalists, environmentally, environments equated, equates, equating, equation, equations equipment, equipped, equipping, equips equivalence eroded, erodes, eroding, erosion erroneous, erroneously, errors disestablish, disestablished, disestablishes, disestablishing, disestablishment, established, establishes, establishing, establishment, establishments estates estimated, estimates, estimating, estimation, estimations, overestimate, overestimate, overestimated, overestimates, overestimating, underestimate, underestimated, underestimates, underestimating ethical, ethically, ethics, unethical ethnicity evaluated, evaluates, evaluating, evaluation, evaluations, evaluative, re-evaluate, re-evaluated, re-evaluates, reevaluating, re-evaluation eventuality, eventually evidenced, evidence, evidential, evidently evolution, evolved, evolving, evolves, evolutionary, evolutionist, evolutionists exceeded, exceeding, exceeds excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusionist, exclusions, exclusive, exclusively

dynamic economy edit element eliminate emerge emphasis empirical enable encounter energy enforce enhance enormous ensure entity environment equate equip equivalent erode error establish estate estimate ethic ethnic evaluate eventual evident evolve exceed exclude

exhibit expand expert explicit exploit export expose external extract facilitate factor feature federal fee file final finance finite flexible fluctuate focus format formula forthcoming found foundation framework function fund fundamental furthermore gender generate generation globe goal grade

exhibited, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitions, exhibits expanded, expanding, expands, expansion, expansionism, expansive expertise, expertly, experts explicitly exploitation, exploited, exploiting, exploits exported, exporter, exporters, exporting, exports exposed, exposes, exposing, exposure, exposures externalisation, externalise, externalised, externalises, externalising, externality extracted, extracting, extraction, extracts facilitated, facilitates, facilities, facilitating, facilitation, facilitator, facilitators, facility factored, factoring, factors featured, features, featuring federation, federations fees filed, files, filing finalise, finalised, finalises, finalising, finality, finally, finals financed, finances, financial, financially, financier, financiers, financing infinite, infinitely flexibility, inflexible, inflexibility fluctuated, fluctuates, fluctuating, fluctuation, fluctuations focused, focuses, focusing, refocus, refocused, refocuses, refocusing formatted, formatting, formats formulae, formulas, formulate, formulated, formulating, formulation, formulations, reformulate, reformulated, reformulating, reformulation, reformulations founded, founder, founders, founding, unfounded foundations frameworks functional, functionally, functioned, functioning, functions funded, funder, funders, funding, funds fundamentally genders generated, generates, generating generations global, globally, globalisation, globalization goals graded, grades, grading

exhibit expand expert explicit exploit export expose external extract facilitate factor feature federal fee file final finance finite flexible fluctuate focus format formula forthcoming found foundation framework function fund fundamental furthermore gender generate generation globe goal grade

grant guarantee guideline hence hierarchy highlight hypothesis identical identify ideology ignorant illustrate image immigrate impact implement implicate implicit imply impose incentive incidence incline income incorporate index indicate individual induce inevitable infer infrastructure inherent inhibit initial initiate injure

granted, granting, grants guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees guidelines hierarchical, hierarchies highlighted, highlighting, highlights hypotheses, hypothesise, hypothesised, hypothesises, hypothesising, hypothetical, hypothetically identically identifiable, identification, identified, identifies, identifying, identities, identity, unidentifiable ideological, ideologically, ideologies ignorance, ignore, ignored, ignores, ignoring illustrated, illustrates, illustrating, illustration, illustrations, illustrative imagery, images immigrant, immigrants, immigrated, immigrates, immigrating, immigration impacted, impacting, impacts implementation, implemented, implementing, implements implicated, implicates, implicating, implication, implications implicitly implied, implies, implying imposed, imposes, imposing, imposition incentives incident, incidentally, incidents inclination, inclinations,inclined, inclines, inclining incomes incorporated, incorporates, incorporating, incorporation indexed, indexes, indexing indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indications, indicative, indicator, indicators individualised, individuality, individualism, individualist, individualists, individualistic, individually, individuals induced, induces, inducing, induction inevitability, inevitably inference, inferences, inferred, inferring, infers infrastructures inherently inhibited, inhibiting, inhibition, inhibitions, inhibits initially initiated, initiates, initiating, initiation, initiations, initiative, initiatives, initiator, initiators injured, injures, injuries, injuring, injury, uninjured

grant guarantee guideline hence hierarchy highlight hypothesis identical identify ideology ignorant illustrate image immigrate impact implement implicate implicit imply impose incentive incidence incline income incorporate index indicate individual induce inevitable infer infrastructure inherent inhibit initial initiate injure

innovate input insert insight inspect instance institute instruct integral integrate integrity intelligent intense interact intermediate internal

interpret

interval intervene intrinsic invest investigate invoke involve isolate issue item job journal justify

innovation, innovated, innovates, innovating, innovations, innovative, innovator, innovators inputs inserted, inserting, insertion, inserts insightful, insights inspected, inspecting, inspection, inspections, inspector, inspectors, inspects instances instituted, institutes, instituting, institution, institutional, institutionalise, institutionalised, institutionalises, institutionalising, institutionally, institutions instruction, instructed, instructing, instructions, instructive, instructor, instructors, instructs integrated, integrates, integrating, integration intelligence, intelligently, unintelligent intensely, intenseness, intensification, intensified, intensifies, intensify, intensifying, intension, intensity, intensive, intensively interacted, interacting, interaction, interactions, interactive, interactively, interacts internalise, internalised, internalises, internalising, internally interpretation, interpretations, interpretative, interpreted, interpreting, interpretive, interprets, misinterpret, misinterpretation, misinterpretations, misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets, reinterpret, reinterpreted, reinterprets, reinterpreting, reinterpretation, reinterpretations intervals intervened, intervenes, intervening, intervention, interventions intrinsically invested, investing, investment, investments, investor, investors, invests, reinvest, reinvested, reinvesting, reinvestment, reinvests investigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigations, investigative, investigator, investigators invoked, invokes, invoking involved, involvement, involves, involving, uninvolved isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation, isolationism issued, issues, issuing itemisation, itemise, itemised, itemises, itemising, items jobs journals justifiable, justifiably, justification, justifications, justified, justifies, justifying, unjustified

innovate input insert insight inspect instance institute instruct integral integrate integrity intelligent intense interact intermediate internal

interpret

interval intervene intrinsic invest investigate invoke involve isolate issue item job journal justify

label labour layer lecture legal legislate levy liberal licence likewise link locate logic maintain major manipulate manual margin mature maximise mechanism media mediate medical medium mental method migrate military minimal minimise minimum ministry minor

labelled, labelling, labels laboured, labouring, labours layered, layering, layers lectured, lecturer, lecturers, lectures, lecturing illegal, illegality, illegally, legality, legally legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislators, legislature levies liberalise, liberalism, liberalisation, liberalised, liberalises, liberalising, liberalization, liberate, liberated, liberates, liberation, liberations, liberating, liberator, liberators, liberally, liberals licences, license, licensed, licensing, licenses, unlicensed linkage, linkages, linked, linking, links located, locating, location, locations, relocate, relocated, relocates, relocating, relocation illogical, illogically, logical, logically, logician, logicians maintained, maintaining, maintains, maintenance majorities, majority manipulated, manipulates, manipulating, manipulation, manipulations, manipulative manually, manuals marginal, marginally, margins immature, immaturity, maturation, maturational, matured, matures, maturing, maturity max, maximised, maximises, maximising, maximisation, maximum mechanisms mediated, mediates, mediating, mediation medically mentality, mentally methodical, methodological, methodologies, methodology, methods migrant, migrants, migrated, migrates, migrating, migration, migrations, migratory

label labour layer lecture legal legislate levy liberal licence likewise link locate logic maintain major manipulate manual margin mature maximise mechanism media mediate medical medium mental method migrate military

minimalisation, minimalise, minimalises, minimalised, minimal minimalising, minimalist, minimalists, minimalistic, minimally minimised, minimises, minimising minimise minimum ministered, ministering, ministerial, ministries ministry minorities, minority, minors minor

mode modify monitor motive mutual negate network neutral nevertheless nonetheless norm normal

modes modification, modifications, modified, modifies, modifying, unmodified monitored, monitoring, monitors, unmonitored motivate, motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivations, motives, unmotivated mutually negative, negated, negates, negating, negatively, negatives networked, networking, networks neutralisation, neutralise, neutralised, neutralises, neutralising, neutrality

norms abnormal, abnormally, normalisation, normalise, normalised, normalises, normalising, normality, normally notions

mode modify monitor motive mutual negate network neutral nevertheless nonetheless norm normal

notion notion notwithstanding notwithstanding nuclear nuclear objective objectively, objectivity objective obtain obtainable, obtained, obtaining, obtains, unobtainable obtain obvious obviously obvious occupancy, occupant, occupants, occupation,occupational, occupy occupations, occupied, occupier, occupiers, occupies, occupy occupying occurred, occurrence, occurrences, occurring, occurs, reoccur, occur occur reoccurred, reoccurring, reoccurs odd odds odd offset offsets, offsetting offset ongoing ongoing option optional, options option orientate, orientated, orientates, orientation, orientating, orient orient oriented, orienting, orients, reorient, reorientation outcome outcomes outcome output outputs output overall overall overlap overlapped, overlapping, overlaps overlap overseas overseas panel panelled, panelling, panels panel paradigm paradigms paradigm paragraph paragraphing, paragraphs paragraph parallel paralleled, parallels, unparalleled parallel parameter parameters parameter participate participant, participants, participated, participates, participating, participate

partner passive perceive percent period persist perspective phase phenomenon philosophy physical plus policy portion pose positive potential practitioner precede precise predict predominant preliminary presume previous primary prime principal principle prior priority proceed process professional

participation, participatory partners, partnership, partnerships passively, passivity perceived, perceives, perceiving, perception, perceptions percentage, percentages periodic, periodical, periodically, periodicals, periods persisted, persistence, persistent, persistently, persisting, persists perspectives phased, phases, phasing phenomena, phenomenal philosopher, philosophers, philosophical, philosophically, philosophies, philosophise, philosophised, philosophises, philosophising physically pluses policies portions posed, poses, posing positively potentially practitioners preceded, precedence, precedent, precedes, preceding, unprecedented imprecise, precisely, precision predictability, predictable, predictably, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictions, predicts, unpredictability, unpredictable predominance, predominantly, predominate, predominated, predominates, predominating preliminaries presumably, presumed, presumes, presuming, presumption, presumptions, presumptuous previously primarily primacy principally principled, principles, unprincipled priorities, prioritisation, prioritise, prioritised, prioritises, prioritising procedural, procedure, procedures, proceeded, proceeding, proceedings, proceeds processed, processes, processing professionally, professionals, professionalism

partner passive perceive percent period persist perspective phase phenomenon philosophy physical plus policy portion pose positive potential practitioner precede precise predict predominant preliminary presume previous primary prime principal principle prior priority proceed process professional

prohibit project promote proportion prospect protocol psychology publication publish purchase pursue qualitative quote radical random range ratio rational react recover refine regime region register regulate reinforce reject relax release relevant reluctance rely

prohibited, prohibiting, prohibition, prohibitions, prohibitive, prohibits projected, projecting, projection, projections, projects promoted, promoter, promoters, promotes, promoting, promotion, promotions disproportion, disproportionate, disproportionately, proportional, proportionally, proportionate, proportionately, proportions prospective, prospects protocols psychological, psychologically, psychologist, psychologists publications published, publisher, publishers, publishes, publishing, unpublished purchased, purchaser, purchasers, purchases, purchasing pursued, pursues, pursuing, pursuit, pursuits qualitatively quotation, quotations, quoted, quotes, quoting radically, radicals randomly, randomness ranged, ranges, ranging ratios irrational, rationalisation, rationalisations, rationalise, rationalised, rationalises, rationalising, rationalism, rationality, rationally reacted, reacts, reacting, reaction, reactionaries, reactionary, reactions, reactive, reactivate, reactivation, reactor, reactors recoverable, recovered, recovering, recovers, recovery refined, refinement, refinements, refines, refining regimes regional, regionally, regions deregister, deregistered, deregistering, deregisters, deregistration, registered, registering, registers, registration deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation,regulations, regulator, regulators, regulatory, unregulated reinforced, reinforcement, reinforcements, reinforces, reinforcing rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejects, rejections relaxation, relaxed, relaxes, relaxing released, releases, releasing irrelevance, irrelevant, relevance reluctant, reluctantly reliability, reliable, reliably, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying, unreliable

prohibit project promote proportion prospect protocol psychology publication publish purchase pursue qualitative quote radical random range ratio rational react recover refine regime region register regulate reinforce reject relax release relevant reluctance rely

remove require research reside resolve resource respond restore restrain restrict retain reveal revenue reverse revise revolution rigid role route scenario schedule scheme scope section sector secure seek select sequence series sex shift significant

removable, removal, removals, removed, removes, removing required, requirement, requirements, requires, requiring researched, researcher, researchers, researches, researching resided, residence, resident, residential, residents, resides, residing resolution, resolved, resolves, resolving, unresolved resourced, resourceful, resources, resourcing, unresourceful, under-resourced responded, respondent, respondents, responding, responds, response, responses, responsive, responsiveness, unresponsive restoration, restored, restores, restoring restrained, restraining, restrains, restraint, restraints, unrestrained restricted, restricting, restriction, restrictions, restrictive, restrictively, restricts, unrestricted, unrestrictive retained, retaining, retainer, retainers, retains, retention, retentive revealed, revealing, reveals, revelation, revelations revenues reversal, reversed, reverses, reversible, reversing, reversals, irreversible revised, revises, revising, revision, revisions revolutionary, revolutionaries, revolutionise, revolutionised, revolutionises, revolutionising, revolutionist, revolutionists, revolutions rigidities, rigidity, rigidly roles routed, routes, routing scenarios reschedule, rescheduled, reschedules, rescheduling, scheduled, schedules, scheduling, unscheduled schematic, schematically, schemed, schemes, scheming sectioned, sectioning, sections sectors insecure, insecurities, insecurity, secured, securely, secures, securing, securities, security seeking, seeks, sought selected, selecting, selection, selections, selective, selectively, selector, selectors, selects sequenced, sequences, sequencing, sequential, sequentially sexes, sexism, sexual, sexuality, sexually shifted, shifting, shifts insignificant, insignificantly, significance, significantly,

remove require research reside resolve resource respond restore restrain restrict retain reveal revenue reverse revise revolution rigid role route scenario schedule scheme scope section sector secure seek select sequence series sex shift significant

similar simulate site so-called sole somewhat source specific specify sphere stable

signified, signifies, signify, signifying dissimilar, similarities, similarity, similarly simulated, simulates, simulating, simulation sites solely sourced, sources, sourcing specifically, specification, specifications, specificity, specifics specifiable, specified, specifies, specifying, unspecified spheres, spherical, spherically instability, stabilisation, stabilise, stabilised, stabilises, stabilising, stability, unstable statistician, statisticians, statistical, statistically, statistics

statistic status straightforward strategy strategic, strategies, strategically, strategist, strategists stress stressed, stresses, stressful, stressing, unstressed restructure, restructured, restructures, restructuring, structural, structure structurally, structured, structures, structuring, unstructured style styled, styles, styling, stylish, stylise, stylised, stylises, stylising submit submission, submissions, submits, submitted, submitting subordinate subordinates, subordination subsequent subsequently subsidiary, subsidies, subsidise, subsidised, subsidises, subsidy subsidising substitute substituted, substitutes, substituting, substitution successor succession, successions, successive, successively, successors sufficient sufficiency, insufficient, insufficiently, sufficiently sum summation, summed, summing, sums summaries, summarise, summarised, summarises, summary summarising, summarisation, summarisations supplement supplementary, supplemented, supplementing, supplements survey surveyed, surveying, surveys survive survival, survived, survives, surviving, survivor, survivors suspend suspended, suspending, suspends, suspension sustainable, sustainability, sustained, sustaining, sustains, sustain sustenance, unsustainable symbolic, symbolically, symbolise, symbolises, symbolised, symbol symbolising, symbolism, symbols tape taped, tapes, taping target targeted, targeting, targets task tasks team teamed, teaming, teams

similar simulate site so-called sole somewhat source specific specify sphere stable statistic status straightforward strategy stress structure style submit subordinate subsequent subsidy substitute successor sufficient sum summary supplement survey survive suspend sustain symbol tape target task team

technical technique technology temporary tense terminate text theme theory thereby thesis topic trace tradition transfer transform transit transmit transport trend trigger ultimate undergo underlie undertake uniform unify unique utilise valid vary vehicle version via violate

technically techniques technological, technologically temporarily tension, tensely, tenser, tensest, tensions terminal, terminals, terminated, terminates, terminating, termination, terminations texts, textual themes, thematic, thematically theoretical, theoretically, theories, theorist, theorists

technical technique technology temporary tense terminate text theme theory thereby thesis topic trace

theses topical, topics traceable, traced, traces, tracing non-traditional, traditional, traditionalist, traditionally, tradition traditions transferable, transference, transferred, transferring, transfers transfer transformation, transformations, transformed, transforming, transform transforms transited, transiting, transition, transitional, transitions, transit transitory, transits transmission, transmissions, transmitted, transmitting, transmits transmit transportation, transported, transporter, transporters, transport transporting, transports trends trend triggered, triggering, triggers trigger ultimately ultimate undergoes, undergoing, undergone, underwent undergo underlay, underlies, underlying underlie undertaken, undertakes, undertaking, undertook undertake uniformity, uniformly uniform unification, unified, unifies, unifying unify uniquely, uniqueness unique utilisation, utilised, utilises, utilising, utiliser, utilisers, utility, utilise utilities invalidate, invalidity, validate, validated, validating, validation, valid validity, validly invariable, invariably, variability, variable, variables, variably, variance, variant, variants, variation, variations, varied, varies, vary varying vehicles vehicle versions version via violated, violates, violating, violation, violations violate

virtual visible vision visual volume voluntary welfare whereas whereby widespread

virtually visibility, visibly, invisible, invisibility visions visualise, visualised, visualised, visualising, visualisation, visually volumes, vol voluntarily, volunteer, volunteering, volunteered, volunteers

virtual visible vision visual volume voluntary welfare whereas whereby widespread

Vocabulary building Affixes and roots Adding affixes to existing words (the base or root) to form new words is common in academic English. Prefixes are added to the front of the base (like dislike), whereas suffixes are added to the end of the base (active activate). Prefixes usually do not change the class of the base word, but suffixes usually do change the class of the word. The most common prefixes used to form new verbs in academic English are: re-, dis-, over-, un-, mis-, out-. The most common suffixes are: -ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy. By far the most common affix in academic English is -ise. Verbs e.g. prefix + verb Prefix

verb Meaning

Examples

re-

again or back

restructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinance

dis-

reverses the meaning of the verb disappear, disallow, disarm, disconnect, discontinue

over-

too much

un-

reverses the meaning of the verb unbend, uncouple, unfasten

mis-

badly or wrongly

mislead, misinform, misidentify

out-

more or better than others

outperform, outbid

be-

make or cause

befriend, belittle

co-

together

co-exist, co-operate, co-own

de-

do the opposite of

devalue, deselect

fore-

earlier, before

foreclose, foresee

inter-

between

interact, intermix, interface

pre-

before

pre-expose, prejudge, pretest

sub-

under/below

subcontract, subdivide

trans-

across, over

transform, transcribe, transplant

overbook, oversleep, overwork

under- not enough

underfund, undersell, undervalue, underdevelop

e.g. Suffix used to form verbs with the meaning "cause to be". Suffix

Example

-ise

stabilise, characterise, symbolise, visualise, specialise

-ate

differentiate, liquidate, pollinate, duplicate, fabricate

-fy

classify, exemplify, simplify, justify

-en

awaken, fasten, shorten, moisten

Nouns The most common prefixes used to form new nouns in academic English are: co- and sub-. The most common suffixes are: -tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, -ment, -ant, -ship, -age, -ery. By far the most common noun affix in academic English is -tion. e.g. prefix + noun Prefix

noun

Meaning

Examples

anti-

against

anticlimax, antidote, antithesis

auto-

self

autobiography, automobile

bi-

two

bilingualism, biculturalism, bi-metalism

co-

joint

co-founder, co-owner, co-descendant

counter- against

counter-argument, counter-example, counter-proposal

dis-

the converse of

discomfort, dislike

ex-

former

ex-chairman, ex-hunter

hyper-

extreme

hyperinflation, hypersurface

in-

the converse of

inattention, incoherence, incompatibility

in-

inside

inpatient,

inter-

between

interaction, inter-change, interference

kilo-

thousand

kilobyte

mal-

bad

malfunction, maltreatment, malnutrition

mega-

million

megabyte

mis-

wrong

misconduct, misdeed, mismanagement

mini-

small

mini-publication, mini-theory

mono-

one

monosyllable, monograph, monogamy

neo-

new

neo-colonialism, neo-impressionism

out-

separate

outbuilding,

poly-

many

polysyllable

pseudo- false

pseudo-expert

re-

again

re-organisation, re-assessment, re-examination

semi-

half

semicircle, semi-darkness

sub-

below

subset, subdivision

super-

more than, above superset, superimposition, superpowers

sur-

over and above

surtax

tele-

distant

telecommunications,

tri-

three

tripartism

ultra-

beyond

ultrasound

under-

below, too little

underpayment, under-development, undergraduate

vice-

deputy

vice-president

e.g. Suffix added to a verb (V), noun (N) or adjective (A) Suffix

Meaning

noun

Examples

-tion -sion

action/instance of V-ing

-er

person who V-s advertiser, driver something used for V-ing computer, silencer

-ment

action/instance of V-ing

development, punishment, unemployment

-ant -ent

person who V-s

assistant, consultant student

-age

action/result of V

breakage, wastage, package

-al -ence -ance

action/result of V

alteration, demonstration expansion, inclusion, admission

denial, proposal, refusal, dismissal

action/result of V

preference, dependence, interference attendance, acceptance, endurance

-ery/-ry

action/instance of V-ing place of V-ing

bribery, robbery, misery refinery, bakery

Suffix

Meaning

Examples

-er

person concerned with N astronomer, geographer

-ism

doctrine of N

Marxism, Maoism, Thatcherism

-ship

state of being N

friendship, citizenship, leadership

-age

collection of N

baggage, plumage

Suffix

Meaning

Examples

-ity

state or quality of being A

ability, similarity, responsibility, curiosity

-ness

state or quality of being A

darkness, preparedness, consciousness

-cy

state or quality of being A

urgency, efficiency, frequency

Adjectives Many adjectives are formed from a base of a different class with a suffix (e.g. -less, -ous). Adjectives can also be formed from other adjectives, especially by the negative prefixes (un-, inand non-). The most common suffixes are -al, -ent, -ive, -ous, -ful, -less. e.g. Suffix added to verbs or nouns

adjective

Suffix

Example

-al

central, political, national, optional, professional

-ent

different, dependent, excellent

-ive

attractive, effective, imaginative, repetitive

-ous

continuous, dangerous, famous

-ful

beautiful, peaceful, careful

-less

endless, homeless, careless, thoughtless

-able

drinkable, countable, avoidable,

e.g. negative + adjective

adjective

Prefix un-

Examples unfortunate, uncomfortable, unjust

im-/in-/ir-/il- immature, impatient, improbable, inconvenient, irreplaceable, illegal non-

non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral

dis-

disloyal, dissimilar, dishonest

Mixed e.g. base with both prefix and suffix Adjectives: uncomfortable, unavoidable, unimaginative, inactive, semi-circular Nouns: disappointment, misinformation, reformulation

Word formation Formal written English uses nouns more than verbs. For example, judgement rather than judge, development rather than develop, admiration rather than admire. There appeared to be evidence of differential treatment of children. This is reflected in our admiration for people who have made something of their lives, sometimes against great odds, and in our somewhat disappointed judgment of those who merely drift through life. All airfields in the country would be nationalised, and the government would continue with the development of new aircraft as recommended by the Brabazon Committee. Associated with nominalisation is the occurrence of prepositional phrases, introduced by of: judgment of those treatment of children development of new aircraft -tion is the most common suffix used in this way. For example: alteration, resignation. However others are: -ity ability, similarity, complexity; -ness blindness, darkness, preparedness; -ment development, encouragement; -ship friendship; -age mileage; -ery robbery, bribery; -al arrival; -ance assistance, resemblance.

Selecting vocabulary: General service list of English words The original list had about 2000 headwords and about 1500 related words, making about 3500 words altogether. In the original list, different verb forms were not given (e.g. work, works, working), neither were plurals (book, books), nor the months, days of the week and numbers. I have added these making about 5500 words altogether. *Definitions linked to: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (Used with permission) Headwords

Related words

a able

Definition* a

ability

able

about

about

above

above

abroad

abroad

absence

absent

absolutely

absence absolutely

accept

accepts, accepted, accepting

accept

accident

accidents, accidental, accidentally

accident

accord

according to

accord

account

accounts, accounted, accounting

account

accuse

accuses, accused, accusing

accuse

accustom ache

accustom aches

across

ache across

act

acts, acted, acting, actor, actors, actress, actresses, action, actions, active, actively, activity, activities

act

actual

actually

actual

add

adds, adding, added

add

address

addresses

address

admire

admires, admiring, admired, admiration

admire

admit

admits, admitted, admitting, admission

admit

adopt

adopts, adopted, adopting, adoption

adopt

advance

in advance, advanced

advance

advantage

advantages

advantage

adventure

adventures

adventure

advertise

advertises, advertised, advertising, advertisement

advertise

advice

advise, advises, advised, advising

advice

aeroplane

airplane, aeroplanes, airplanes

aeroplane

affair

affairs

affair

afford

affords, affording, afforded

afford

afraid

afraid

after

after

afternoon

afternoons

afternoon

again

again

against

against

age

ages

age

agent

agents, agency

agent

ago

ago

agree

agrees, agreed, agreeing, agreement, disagree, disagrees, disagreed, agree disagreeing, disagreement

agriculture

agricultural

ahead

agriculture ahead

aim

aims, aimed, aiming, aimless

aim

air

air-tight

air

alike

alike

alive

alive

all

all

allow

allows, allowed, allowing, allowance

allow

almost

almost

alone

alone

along

along with

along

aloud

aloud

already

already

also

also

although

although

altogether

altogether

always

always

ambition

ambitions, ambitious

ambition

among

among

amongst

amongst

amount

amount

amuse

amuses, amused, amusing, amusement

amuse

ancient

ancient

an

an

and

and

anger

angry

anger

angle

angles

angle

angry

angry

animal

animals

animal

annoy

annoyed, annoys, annoying, annoyance

annoy

another

another

answer

answers, answering, answered

answer

anxiety

anxious

anxiety

any

anybody, anyhow, anything, anywhere

any

apart

apart

apologise

apologises, apologised, apologising, apology, apologies

apologise

appear

appears, appeared, appearing, disappear, disappears, disappeared, disappearing, appearance, appearances, disappearance

appear

applaud

applauds, applauding, applauded, applause

applaud

apple

apples

apple

apply

applies, applied, applying, application, applications

apply

appoint

appoints, appointing, appointed, appointment, appointments

appoint

approve

approves, approved, approving, disapprove, disapproves, disapproved, approval

approve

april

april

arch

arched, archway

arch

argue

argues, argued, arguing, argument, arguments

argue

arise

arises, arose, arising

arise

arm

arms, armour, unarmed

arm

army

armies

army

around

around

arrange

arranges, arranged, arranging, arrangement, arrangement

arrange

arrest

arrested, arrests, arresting

arrest

arrive

arrived, arrives,, arriving, arrival

arrive

arrow

arrows

arrow

art

artist, artists, artistic

art

article

articles

article

artificial

artificial

as

as

ash

ash

ashamed

ashamed

aside

aside

ask

asks, asked, asking

asleep

ask asleep

association

associations

association

astonish

astonishes, astonished, astonishing, astonishment

astonish

at

at

attack

attacks

attack

attempt

attempts

attempt

attend

attends, attended, attending, attention, attentive

attend

attract

attracts, attracted, attracting, attraction, attractive

attract

audience

audiences

audience

august aunt

august aunts

autumn avenue

aunt autumn

avenues

average

avenue average

avoid

avoids, avoided, avoiding, avoidance, unavoidable, unavoidably

avoid

awake

wakes, awoke, awaking

awake

away

away

awkward

awkwardly, awkwardness

awkward

axe

axes

axe

baby

babies

baby

back

backbone, background, backward

back

bad bag

badly, badness bags

baggage

bad bag baggage

bake

bakes, baked, baking

bake

balance

balances, balancing, balanced

balance

ball

balls

ball

band

bands

band

bank

banks

bank

bar

bars

bar

barber

barbers

barber

bare

bare

bargain

bargains

bargain

barrel

barrels

barrel

base

bases, based, basing, basic

base

basin

basins

basin

basket

baskets

basket

bath

baths, bathed, bathe

bath

battle

battles

battle

bay

bays

bay

be

been, is, are, was, were, being

be

beak

beaks

beak

beam

beams

beam

bean

beans

bean

bear

bears, bearing

bear

beard

beards

beard

beast

beasts

beast

beat

beats, beating

beat

beauty

beautiful, beautifully

beauty

because

because

become

becomes, became, becoming

become

bed

beds, bedding, bedroom, bedrooms

bed

before

before

beg

begs, begging, begged, beggar

beg

begin

begins, began, begun, beginning, beginnings

begin

behave

behaves, behaved, behaving, behaviour

behind

behave behind

being

well-being

being

believe

believes, believed, believing, belief

believe

bell

bells

bell

belong

belongs, belonged, belonging

belong

below

below

belt

belts

belt

bend

bends, bending, bent

bend

beneath

beneath

berry

berries

berry

beside

besides

beside

best

best

better

better

between

between

beyond

beyond

bicycle

bicycles

big

bicycle big

bill

bills

bill

bind

binds, bound, binding

bind

bird

birds

bird

birth

birth

bit

bit

bite

bites, bit

bite

bitter

bitterness

bitter

black

black

blade

blades

blade

blame

blames, blamed, blaming

blame

bless

blesses, blessing, blessed, blessing

bless

blind

blinds, blinded, blinding

blind

block

blocks

block

blood

bleed

blood

blow

blows, blowing, blew

blow

blue

blue

board

boards

board

boast

boasts, boasting, boasted, boastful

boast

boat

boats

boat

body

bodies, bodily, body-guard

body

boil

boils, boiled, boiling, boiler

boil

bold

boldly

bold

bone

bones

bone

book

books

book

border

borders

border

born borrow both

born borrows, borrowed, borrowing

borrow both

bottle

bottles

bottle

bottom

bottoms

bottom

bound

bounded, bounds

bound

boundary

boundaries

boundary

bow

bows, bowing, bowed

bow

bowl

bowls

bowl

box

boxes

box

boy

boys

boy

brain

brains

brain

branch

branches

branch

brass brave

brass bravely, bravery

bread break

brave bread

breaks, broke, breaking, breakage

breakfast

break breakfast

breath

breathe, breathing

breath

bribe

bribes, bribing, bribed, bribery

bribe

brick

bricks

brick

bridge

bridges

bridge

bright

brighten

bright

bring

brings, bringing, brought

bring

broad

broadcast, breadth

broad

brother

brothers

brother

brown

brown

brush

brushes

brush

bucket

buckets

bucket

build

builds, built, building

build

bunch

bunches

bunch

bundle

bundles

bundle

burn

burns, burned, burnt, burning

burn

burst

bursts

burst

bury

buries, buried, burying, burial, burial-place, burial-ground

bury

bus

buses

bus

bush

bushes

bush

business

businesses, businesslike, unbusinesslike

business

busy

busily

busy

but

but

butter

butter

button

buttons, buttoned, buttoning, unbutton

button

buy

buys, buying, bought

buy

by

by

cage

cages

cage

cake

cakes

cake

calculate

calculates, calculated, calculating

calculate

call

calls, called, calling

call

calm

calmly, calmness

calm

camera

cameras

camera

camp

camps, camped, camping

camp

can

could

can

canal

canals

canal

cap

caps

cap

cape

capes

cape

capital

capitals

capital

captain

captains

captain

car

cars

car

card

cards

card

care

cares, cared, caring, careful, careless

care

carriage

carriages

carriage

carry

carries, carrying, carried

carry

cart

carts

cart

case

cases

case

castle

castles

castle

cat

cats

cat

catch

catches

catch

cattle

cattle

cause

causes, caused, causing

cause

caution

cautious, cautiously

caution

cave

caves

cave

cent

cents

cent

centre

centres

centre

century

centuries

century

ceremony

ceremonies, ceremonial, ceremonious

ceremony

certain

certainly, certainty, uncertainty

certain

chain

chains

chain

chair

chairs, chairman

chair

chalk

chalk

chance

chances

chance

change

changes, changed, changing

change

character

characters

character

charge

charges, charged, charging

charge

charm

charms, charmed, charming

charm

cheap

cheaply

cheap

cheat

cheats, cheated, cheating

cheat

check

checks, checked, checking

check

cheer

cheerful, cheerfully

cheer

cheese cheque

cheese cheques

chest

cheque chest

chicken

chickens

chicken

chief

chiefly

chief

child

children, childhood, childish, childlike, child-bearing

child

chimney

chimneys

chimney

choose

chooses, chose, chosen, choosing, choice

christmas

choose christmas

church

church-yard

church

circle

circular

circle

city

cities, citizen, citizens

city

civilise

civilisation

civilise

claim

claims, claimed, claiming

claim

class

classify, classified, classifying, classification

class

clay

clay

clean

cleanly, cleanness

clean

clear

clears, cleared, clearing, clearly, clearness

clear

clerk

clerks

clerk

clever

clever

cliff

cliffs

cliff

climb

climbed, climbs, climbing

climb

clock

clocks, clockwork

clock

close

closes, closing, closed

close

cloth

clothed, clothes, clothing

cloth

cloud

clouds, cloudy

cloud

club

clubs

club

coal

coal

coarse

coarse

coast

coasts, coast-line

coast

coat

coats, overcoat

coat

coffee

coffee-pot

coffee

coin

coins

coin

cold

coldly, coldness

cold

collar

collars

collar

collect

collects, collected, collecting, collection, collector

collect

college

colleges

college

colony

colonies, colonist, colonise, colonised, colonial

colony

colour

colours, colouring

colour

comb

combs

comb

combine

combines, combining, combined, combination

combine

come

comes, came, coming

come

comfort

comforting, discomfort, comfortable, uncomfortable

comfort

command

commands

command

commerce

commercial

commerce

committee

committees

committee

common

commonly, uncommon, commonsense

common

companion

companions, companionship

companion

company

companies

company

compare

compares, compared, comparing, comparison

compare

compete

competes, competed, competing, competition, competitor

compete

complain

complains, complained, complaining, complaint

complain

complete

complete

complicated

complicated

compose

composes, composed, composing, composer, composition

compose

concern

concerns, concerned, concerning

concern

condition

conditions

condition

confess

confesses, confessed, confessing, confession

confess

confidence

confident, confidential, confidentially

confidence

confuse

confuses, confused, confusing, confusion

confuse

congratulate

congratulates, congratulated, congratulating, congratulations

congratulate

connect

connects, connecting, connected, connection

connect

conquer

conquers, conquered, conquering, conqueror, conquest

conquer

conscience

conscience

conscious

consciousness, unconscious, unconsciously, unconsciousness

conscious

consider

considers, considered, considering, considering

consider

contain

contains, contained, containing, container

contain

content

contented, discontent, discontented

content

continue

continues, continued, continuing, continuous, continuously

continue

control

controls, controlled, controlling

control

convenience

convenient, inconvenience, inconvenient

convenience

conversation

conversational

conversation

cook

cooks, cooked, cooking, cookery

cook

cool

coolly, coolness

cool

copper copy

copper copies, copying, copied

copy

cork

corkscrew

corn

cork corn

corner

corners

corner

correct

corrects, corrected, correcting, correctly, incorrect, correction, corrections

correct

cost

costs

cost

cottage

cottages

cottage

cotton

cotton

cough

coughs, coughed, coughing

cough

council

councils

council

count

counts, counting, counted

count

country

countries

country

courage

courageous

courage

course

course

court

courts, courtyard

court

cousin

cousins,

cousin

cover

covers, covered, covering

cover

cow

cows

cow

coward

coward, cowardice, cowardly

coward

crack

cracks, cracking, cracked

crack

crash

crashes, crashed, crashing

crash

cream

cream

creature

creatures

creature

creep

creeps

creep

crime

crimes, criminal

crime

critic

critics, critical

critic

crop

crops

crop

cross

crosses, crossing, crossing

cross

crowd

crowds

crowd

crown

crowns

crown

cruel

cruelly, cruelty

cruel

crush

crushes, crushed, crushing

crush

cry

cries, cried, crying

cry

cultivate

cultivates, cultivating, cultivated, cultivation, cultivator

cultivate

cup

cups

cup

cupboard

cupboards

cupboard

cure

cures, cured, curing

cure

curious

curiously, curiosity

curious

curl

curls, curling, curled, curly

curl

current

currents

current

curse

curses

curse

curtain

curtains

curtain

curve

curves, curving, curved

curve

cushion

cushions, cushioned

cushion

custom

customer

custom

cut

cuts, cutting

cut

damage

damaged

damage

damp

damp

dance

dances, danced, dancing

dance

danger

dangerous

danger

dare

daring

dare

dark

darken, darkness

dark

date

dates

date

daughter

daughter

daughter

day

days, daily, daylight

day

dead

death, deathbed

dead

deaf

deafening

deaf

deal

deals, dealt, dealer, dealing, dealings

deal

dear

dearly

dear

debt

debts

debt

decay

decays, decaying, decayed

decay

deceive

deceives, deceived, deceiving, deceit, deceitful

deceive

december

december

decide

decides, deciding, decided, decidedly, decision, decisive

decide

declare

declares, declared, declaring, declaration

declare

decrease

decreases, decreased, decreasing

decrease

deed

deeds

deed

deep

deepen, deeply, depth

deep

deer defeat

deer defeats, defeated, defeating, defendant, defence

defeat

defend

defends, defended, defending

defend

degree

degrees

degree

delay

delays, delayed, delaying

delay

delicate

delicately

delicate

delight

delightful, delightfully

delight

deliver

delivers, delivering, delivered, delivery

deliver

demand

demands, demanded, demanding

demand

department

departments

department

depend

depends, depended, depending, dependent, dependant, dependence depend

descend

descends, descended, descending, descendant, descent

descend

describe

described, describes, describing, description

describe

desert

deserts, deserted

desert

deserve

deserves, deserved, deserving

deserve

desire

desires, desiring, desired

desire

desk

desks

desk

despair

despairs, despaired, despairing

despair

destroy

destroys, destroyed, destroying, destruction, destructive

destroy

detail

details, detailed

detail

determine

determines, determining, determined, determination

determine

develop

develops, developed, developing, development

develop

devil

devils

devil

diamond

diamonds

diamond

dictionary

dictionaries

dictionary

die

die, died, dying

die

difference

differences, different

difference

difficult

difficulty

difficult

dig

digs, dug, digging

dig

dinner

dine, dining

dinner

dip

dips, dipped, dipping

dip

direct

directs, directed, directing, direction, directly, director

direct

dirt

dirty

dirt

disappoint

disappoints, disappointed, disappointing, disappointment

disappoint

discipline

disciplines

discipline

discover

discovers, discovering, discovered, discoverer, discovery

discover

discuss

discusses, discussed, discussing, discussion

discuss

disease

diseases, diseased

disease

disgust

disgusts, disgusted, disgusting

disgust

dish

dishes

dish

dismiss

dismisses, dismissed, dismissing, dismissal

dismiss

distance

distances, distant

distance

distinguish

distinguishes, distinguishing, distinguished

distinguish

district

districts

district

disturb

disturbs, disturbed, disturbing, disturbance

disturb

ditch

ditches

ditch

dive

dives, diving, diver

dive

divide

divides, divided, dividing, division

divide

do

does, did, done

do

doctor

doctors

doctor

dog

dogs

dog

dollar

dollars

dollar

donkey

donkeys

donkey

door

doors, indoor, indoors, outdoor, outdoors

door

dot

dots

dot

double doubt

double doubts, doubted, doubting, doubtful, doubtless

doubt

down

down

dozen

dozen

drag

drags, dragged, dragging

drag

draw

draws

draw

drawer

drawers

drawer

dream

dreams, dreamy

dream

dress

dresses

dress

drink

drinks, drunk, drank, drinking

drink

drive

drives, drove, driven

drive

drop

drops, dropped, dropping

drop

drown

drowns, drowning, drowned

drown

drum

drums

drum

dry

dryly, dryness

dry

duck

ducks

duck

due dull

due dullness

during dust

dull during

duster, dusty

dust

duty

duty

each

each

eager

eagerly

eager

ear

ears, ear-ring

ear

early

earliness

early

earn

earns, earned, earning, earnings

earn

earnest

earnest

earth

earthly, earthworm, earthy

earth

ease

eases, easing, eased

ease

east

eastern

east

easy

easily

easy

eat

eats, ate, eaten, eating

eat

edge

edge

educate

educates, educating, educated, education, educational, uneducated

educate

effect

effects, effective, effectively, efficient, efficiency, efficiently

effect

effort egg

effort eggs

either eight

egg either

eighth

eight

eighteen

eighteenth

eighteen

eighty

eightieth

eighty

elastic

elasticity

elastic

elder

elder

elect

elects, elected, electing, election

elect

electricity

electrician, electric, electrical

electricity

elephant

elephants

elephant

eleven

eleventh

eleven

else

elsewhere

else

empire

empires

empire

employ

employs, employing, employed, unemployed, employee, employer, employ employment

empty

empty

enclose

enclosure

enclose

encourage

encourages, encouraged, encouraging, encouragement

encourage

end

ending, endless

end

enemy

enemies

enemy

engine

engines, engineer, engineering

engine

english enjoy

english enjoys, enjoyed, enjoying, enjoyable, enjoyment

enough

enjoy enough

enquire

enquires, enquired, enquiring

enquire

enter

enters, entered, entering, entrance

enter

entertain

entertains, entertained, entertaining, entertaining, entertainment

entertain

entire

entirely

entrance

entire entrance

envelope

envelopes

envelope

envy

envies, envied, envious

envy

equal

equally, equality

equal

escape

escapes, escaped, escaping

escape

especial

especially

especial

essence

essential, essentially

essence

even

even

evening

evening

event

eventful, uneventful

event

ever

everlasting

ever

every

everyday, everything, everywhere

every

evil

evil

exact

exactly

exact

examination

examinations, examine, examiner

examination

example

examples

example

excellent

excellence, excellently

excellent

except

excepting, exception

except

excess

excessive, excessively

excess

excite

excites, excited, exciting, excitement

excite

excuse

excuses

excuse

exercise

exercises, exercised

exercise

exist

exists, existed, existing, existence

exist

expect

expects, expected, expecting, expectation

expect

expense

expenses, expensive

expense

experience

experiences, experienced

experience

experiment

experiments, experimental, experimentally

experiment

explain

explains, explained, explaining, explanation

explain

explode

explodes, exploded, exploding, explosion, explosive

explode

explore

explores, explored, exploring

explore

express

expression

express

extend

extends, extended, extending, extension, extensive, extensively, extent

extend

extra

extra

extraordinary extraordinarily

extraordinary

extreme

extremes, extremely

extreme

eye

eyes, eye-ball, eyebrow, eyelash, eyelid, eye-sight

eye

face

faces

face

fact

facts

fact

factory

factories

factory

fade

fades, faded, fading

fade

fail

fails, failed, failing, failure

fail

faint

faints, fainted, fainting, faintly, faintness

faint

fair

unfair, fairly, unfairly

fair

faith

faiths, faithful, faithfully

faith

fall

falls, fell, fallen,

fall

false

falsehood, falsely

familiar family

false familiar

families

famous

family famous

fan

fans

fan

fancy

fanciful

fancy

far

far away, far off, far-reaching, farther, farthest

far

farm

farms

farm

fashion

fashionable

fashion

fast

fasten, fastener

fast

fat

fatness, fatten, fatty

fat

fate

fate

father

fathers

father

fatten

fattens, fattened, fattening,

fatten

fault

faultless, faulty

fault

favour

favourable, favourably

favour

favourite

favourites

favourite

fear

fears, feared, fearful, fearless

fear

feast

feasts, feasting

feast

feather

feathers

feather

february

february

feed

feeds, feed, feeding

feed

feel

feels, felt, feeling

feel

fellow

fellows, fellowship

fellow

female

females

female

fence

fences

fence

fever

fevers, feverish, feverishly

fever

few

few

field

fields

field

fierce

fiercely

fierce

fifteen

fifteenth

fifteen

fifty

fiftieth

fifty

fight

fights, fighter

fight

figure

figures

figure

fill

fills, filled, filling

fill

film

films

film

find

finds, found, finding

find

fine

finely, fineness

fine

finger

fingers

finger

finish

finishes, finished, finishing

finish

fire

fires, firing

fire

firm

firmly, firmness

firm

first

first

fish

fisherman

fish

fit

fits, fitting, fitness

fit

five

fifth

five

fix

fixes, fixed, fixing

fix

flag

flags

flag

flame

flames, flaming

flame

flash

flashes, flashed, flashing

flash

flat

flatten

flat

flavour

flavours

flavour

flesh

flesh

float

floats, floating, floated

float

flood

floods

flood

floor

floors

floor

flour

flour

flow

flows, flowing, flowed, overflow

flow

flower

flowers

flower

fly

flies, flew, flying

fly

fold

folds, folded, folding

fold

follow

follows, followed, following

follow

fond

fond

food

food

fool

fools, foolish, foolishness

fool

foot

feet, football, foothold, footpath, footprint, footstep, footnote

foot

for

for

forbid

forbids, forbidden

forbid

force

forces, forcing, forced

force

foreign

foreigner

foreign

forest

forests

forest

forget

forgets, forgot, forgetting, forgotten, forgetful, forgetfulness

forget

forgive

forgives, forgave, forgiveness

forgive

fork

forks

fork

form

forms, formed, forming

form

formal

formally, formality

formal

former

formerly

former

forty

fortieth

forty

four

fourth

four

fourteen

fourteenth

fourteen

fortune

fortunes, fortunate, fortunately

fortune

forward

forwards

forward

frame

frames, framework

frame

free

freedom, freely

free

freeze

freezes, froze, freezing

freeze

frequency

frequencies

frequency

frequent

frequent

fresh

fresh

friend

friends

friend

friday

friday

fright

fright

from

from

front

front

fruit

fruit

fry

fries, fried, frying

full

fry full

fun

funny

fun

funeral

funerals

funeral

fur furnish

fur furniture

furnish

further

further

future

future

gain

gains, gained, gaining

gain

gallon

gallons

gallon

game

games

game

gap

gaps

gap

garage

garages

garage

garden

gardens, gardener

garden

gas

gases

gas

gate

gates, gateway

gate

gather

gathers, gathered, gathering

gather

gay

gaiety, gaily

gay

general

generally

general

generous

generosity, generously

generous

gentle

gentleness, gently, gentleman

gentle

get

gets, got

get

girl

girls

girl

give

gives, given, gift

give

glad

gladly

glad

glass

glasses, glassy

glass

glory

glorious, gloriously

glory

go

goes, gone

go

goat

goats

goat

god

gods, goddess, godfather, godmother

god

gold

gold-dust, goldfish, gold-leaf, gold-mine, goldsmith, golden

gold

good

good-bye, good day, good nature, goodness, goodnight, goodwill

good

govern

governs, governed, governing, government, governor

govern

grace

graceful

grace

gradual

gradually

gradual

grain

grains

grain

grammar

grammatical

grammar

grand grass

grand grassy

grateful

grass grateful

grave

graves, gravestone

grave

grease

greasy

grease

great

greatcoat, greatly, greatness

great

greed

greedy, greedily

greed

green greet

green greeting

grey

greet grey

grind

grinds, ground, grindstone

grind

ground

grounds, ground-floor, groundwork

ground

group

groups

group

grow

grows, growing, grown, growth, grown-up

grow

guard

guards

guard

guess

guesses, guessing, guessed

guess

guest

guests

guest

guide

guides

guide

guilty

guilt, guiltless

guilty

gun

guns, gunboat, gunner, gunpowder

gun

habit

habits

habit

hair

hair

half

halve, half-hour, half-pay

half

hall

halls

hall

hammer

hammers, hammered, hammering

hammer

hand

hands, handful, handshake, handwriting

hand

handkerchief handkerchiefs

handkerchief

handle

handles

handle

hang

hangs, hanged, hung, hanging

hang

happen

happens, happened, happening

happen

happy

happily

happy

harbour

harbours

harbour

hard

harden, hardness

hard

hardly harm

hardly harmful, harmless

harvest

harm harvest

haste

hasten, hastily, hasty

haste

hat

hats

hat

hate

hates, hated, hateful, hatred

hate

have

has, had

have

hay

hay

he

he

head

heads, headed, heading, headache, head-dress

head

heal

heals, healed, healing

heal

health

health

health

heap

heaps

heap

hear

hears, hearing, heard, hearer

hear

heart

hearts

heart

heat

heating

heat

heaven

heavenly

heaven

heavy

heavily

heavy

height

height

hello

hello

help

helps, helped, helper, helpful, helpless

here

help here

hesitate

hesitates, hesitated, hesitation

hesitate

hide

hides, hid, hiding

hide

high

highland, highly, highroad, highway, height, heights, heighten

high

hill

hills, hillside, hill-top, hilly

hill

hinder

hinders, hindered, hindering, hindrance

hinder

hire

hires, hired, hiring

hire

his

his

history

history

hit

hits

hit

hold

holds, held, holding, holder

hold

hole

holes

hole

holiday

holidays

holiday

hollow

hollows

hollow

holy

holiness

holy

home

homes, home-made, homeless

home

honest

honestly, honesty

honest

honour

honourable, dishonour, dishonourable

honour

hook

hooks

hook

hope

hopes, hoped, hopeful, hopeless

hope

horizon

horizons, horizontal

horizon

horse

horses, horseback, horseman, horseshoe

horse

hospital

hospitals

hospital

host

hosts, hostess

host

hot

hotly

hot

hotel

hotels

hotel

hour

hours, hourly

hour

house

houses, household, householder, house-keeper, house-keeping, housewife

house

how

however

how

human

humans

human

humble

humbly

humble

hundred

hundredth

hundred

hunger

hungry

hunger

hunt

hunts, hunting, hunted, hunting, hunter

hunt

hurrah

hurrah

hurry

hurries, hurried, hurrying

hurry

hurt

hurts, hurting

hurt

husband hut

husband huts

I

hut I

ice

icy

ice

idea

ideas

idea

ideal idle if

ideal idleness, idly

idle if

ill

illness

ill

imagine

imaginary, imagination, imaginative

imagine

imitate

imitates, imitated, imitating, imitation

imitate

immediate

immediately

immediate

immense important

immense importance

impossible

important impossible

improve

improves, improved, improving, improved, improvement

improve

in

inborn, indoor, inward

in

inch

inches

inch

include

includes, included, including, inclusive

include

increase

increases, increased, increasing

increase

indeed

indeed

independent

independently, independence

independent

industry

industries, industrial

industry

influence

influences, influential

influence

inform

informs, informed, informing, information

inform

ink

inky

ink

in-law

in-law

inn

inn

inquire

inquires, inquired, inquiring, inquiry

inquire

insect

insects

insect

inside

inside

instant

instantly

instead

instant instead

instrument

instruments, instrumental

instrument

insult

insults, insulted, insulting

insult

insure

insures, insured, insuring, insurance

insure

intend

intends, intended, intending, intention, intentional, intentionally

intend

interest

interesting

interest

interfere

interferes, interfered, interfering, interference

interfere

international interrupt

international interrupts, interrupted, interrupting, interruption

into

interrupt into

introduce

introduces, introduced, introducing, introduction

introduce

invent

invents, invented, inventing, invention, inventor

invent

invite

invited, invites, inviting, invitation

invite

inward

inwards, inwardly

inward

iron

iron-age, iron-mine, iron-ore, iron-work

iron

island

islands

island

it

it

its

its

january

january

jaw

jaws

jaw

jealous

jealousy

jealous

jewel

jewels

jewel

join

joins, joined, joint, jointly

join

joint

joints

joint

joke

jokes

joke

journey

journeys

journey

joy

joyful

joy

judge

judges, judgment

judge

juice

juicy

juice

july jump

july jumps, jumped, jumping

june

jump june

just

justice, justly, unjust, unjustly

just

keep

keeps, kept, keeping, keeper

keep

key

keys

key

kick

kicks, kicked, kicking

kick

kill

kills, killed, killing

kill

kind

unkind, kindly, kindness

kind

king

kings, kingdom

king

kiss

kisses, kissed, kissing

kiss

kitchen

kitchens

kitchen

knee

knees

knee

knife

knives

knife

knock

knocks, knocked, knocking

knock

knot

knots

knot

know

knows, knew, knowing, knowledge

know

lack

lacks, lacked, lacking

lack

ladder

ladders

ladder

lady

ladies

lady

lake

lakes

lake

lamp

lamps

lamp

land

lands, landed, landing, landlord

land

language

languages

language

large

largely

large

last late

last lately

latter

late latter

laugh

laughs, laughed, laughing, laughter, laughable

laugh

law

laws, lawful, unlawful, lawfully, unlawfully, lawless, lawyer

law

lay

lays, laid

lay

lazy

lazy

lead

leads, led, leading, leader, leadership

lead

leaf

leaves, leafless, leafy

leaf

lean

leans, leaned, leant, leaning

lean

learn

learns, learned, learning

learn

least

least

leather

leather

leave

leaves, left, leaving

leave

left

left

leg

legs

leg

lend

lends, lent

lend

length

length

less

lessen, lessening

less

lesson

lessons

lesson

let

let

letter

letters

letter

level

levels

level

liberty

liberty

library

libraries, librarian

library

lid

lids

lid

lie

lies, lying, liar

lie

life

lives

life

lift

lifts

lift

light

lights, lighter, light-house, lighten, light-hearted, lightly, lightness, light-weight

light

like

likes, liked, liking, alike, unlike

like

likely

unlikely

likely

limb

limbs

limb

limit

limits, limitation

limit

line

lines

line

lip

lips, lipstick

lip

liquid

liquid

list

lists

list

listen

listened, listens, listening, listener

listen

literature

literary

literature

little live

little lives, living, life-boat, lifeless, life-like, life-long, life-size

load

live load

loaf

loaves

loaf

loan

loans

loan

local

locally

local

lock

locks, locked, locking, unlock

lock

lodging

lodging

log

logs

log

lonely

loneliness

lonely

long

long-lived, long-sighted, long-suffering

long

look

looks, looked, looking, look-out

look

loose

loosely, loosen

loose

lord

lords

lord

lose

loses, losing, lost, loss

lose

loss

loss

lot

lot

loud

loudly

loud

love

loves, loved, lovable, lover, loving, lovingly

love

low

lower, lowland

low

loyal

loyalty

loyal

luck

luck, unlucky, unluckily

luck

lump

lumps

lump

lunch

lunches

lunch

lung

lungs

lung

machine

machines, machinery

machine

mad

madly, madman, madness, madden

mad

mail

mail

main

mainly, mainland

main

make

makes, made, making, maker, make-up

make

male

males

male

man

men, manhood, mankind

man

manage

manages, managed, managing, management, manager

manage

manners manufacture

manners manufactures

many

manufacture many

map

maps

map

march

marches, marching, marched

march

mark

marks, marked, marking

mark

market

markets

market

marry

marries, marrying, married

marry

mass

mass-meeting

mass

master

masters, mastered, mastering, masterful, masterly, masterpiece, mastery

master

mat

mats

mat

match

matches

match

material

materials

material

matter

matters

matter

may

may

meal

meals

meal

mean

meant, meaning, means

mean

meanwhile

meantime

meanwhile

measure

measurement

measure

meat

meat

mechanic

mechanics, mechanical, mechanically, mechanism

mechanic

medicine

medicines, medical, medically

medicine

meet

meets, met, meeting

meet

melt

melts, melted, melting

melt

member

members, membership

member

memory

memorial, memorise

memory

mend

mends, mended, mending

mend

mention

mentioned, mentions, mentioning

mention

merchant

merchants

merchant

mercy

merciful, merciless

mercy

mere

merely

mere

merry

merrily

merry

message

messages, messenger

message

metal

metals

metal

middle

middle-age, middle-aged, middle-class, middleman, mid-air, midday, midland, mid-night

middle

might

might

mild

mildly, mildness

mild

mile

miles, mileage, milestone

mile

milk

milkmaid, milkman, milk-white, milky

milk

mill

mills, miller, mill-stone

mill

mind

minds, minded, minding

mind

mine

mines, miner, mineral

mine

minister

ministers

minister

minute

minutes

minute

mis-

misadventure, misapply, miscalculate, mischance, misconduct, misdirect, misfit, misconduct, misdirect, misfit, misfortune, misgovern, misguided, misinformed, mislead, mistrust, misunderstand, misuse

mis-

miserable

miserably, misery

miserable

miss

misses, missed, missing

miss

mistake

mistakes, unmistakably

mistake

mix

mixes, mixed, mixture

mix

model

models

model

moderate

moderately, moderation

moderate

modern

modernise

modern

modest

modestly, modesty

modest

moment

moments, momentary, momentarily

moment

monday

monday

money

money

monkey

monkeys

monkey

month

months, monthly

month

moon

moons, moonlight

moon

moral

immoral, immorality, morality, morally

moral

more

more

moreover

moreover

morning

morning

morning

most

mostly

most

mother

mothers, motherhood, motherly, mother-tongue

mother

motion

motion

motor

motors

motor

mountain

mountains, mount, mountainous

mountain

mouse

mice

mouse

mouth

mouths, mouthful

mouth

move

moves, movement

move

much

much

mud

muddy

mud

multiply

multiplies, multiplied, multiplication

multiply

murder music must

murder musical, musician

music must

my

mine, myself

my

mystery

mysterious

mystery

nail

nails

nail

name

names, nameless, namely

name

narrow

narrowly

narrow

nation

nations, national

nation

native

natives

native

nature

natural, naturally

nature

near

nearly

near

neat

neatly, neatness

neat

necessary

necessarily, necessity, unnecessary

necessary

neck

necks, necklace, necktie

neck

need

needs, needed, needing, needless, needy

need

needle

needles

needle

neglect

neglects, neglected

neglect

neighbour

neighbours, neighbouring, neighbourhood

neighbour

neither

neither

nephew

nephews

nephew

nest

nests

nest

net

nets, network

net

never new next

never new-born, newly, news, newspaper

new next

nice

nicely

nice

niece

nieces

niece

night

nights, goodnight, tonight

night

nine

ninth

nine

ninety

ninetieth

ninety

nineteen

nineteenth

nineteen

no

nobody, nowhere, nonsense, nonsensical, nonexistent

no

noble

nobleman, nobleness, nobly

noble

noise

noises, noisy

noise

none

none

nonsense

nonsense

noon

noon

nor

nor

north

north-east, northern, northwards, north-west

north

nose

noses

nose

not note

not notes, noted, notebook, notepaper

nothing

note nothing

notice

notices, noticed, noticing, noticeable, notice board

notice

noun

nouns

noun

november now nowhere

november nowadays

now nowhere

nuisance

nuisances

nuisance

number

numbers, numerous

number

nurse

nurses, nursery

nurse

nut

nuts

nut

oar

oars

oar

obey

obeyed, obeys, obeying, obedience, obedient

obey

object

objects, objected, objecting, objection, objectionable

object

observe

observes, observed, observing

observe

occasion

occasions, occasional, occasionally

occasion

ocean

oceans

ocean

october

october

of

of

off

off

offend

offends, offended, offending, offence

offend

offer

offers, offering, offered

offer

office

offices, officer, official

office

often

often

oil

oily, oilily

oil

old

older, oldest, old-fashioned

old

omit

omits, omitted, omitting, omission

omit

on

on

once

once

one

one-legged, oneness, one-sided, one way

one

only

only

onto

onto

open

opens, opened, opening, opening, open-air, openly

open

operation

operate, operates, operated, operating, operations

operation

opinion

opinions

opinion

opportunity

opportunities

opportunity

opposite

opposites, oppose

opposite

or

or

orange

oranges

orange

order

orders, orderly

order

ordinary

ordinarily

ordinary

organ

organs

organ

organise

organises, organising, organised, organisation

organise

origin

original, originality, originally

origin

ornament

ornaments

ornament

other

others

other

otherwise

otherwise

ought

ought

ounce

ounces

ounce

our

ours

our

out

outbreak, outburst, outcry, outdoor, outer, outflow, outgoing, outgrowth, outlet, outline, outside, outwards, outlook, outlying, output, outspoken, outstanding, outnumber, outweigh, outline, outside

out

over

overbalance, overflow, overlook, oversight, overtake, overcoat, overgrown, overgrowth, overhanging, overcharge, overcrowd,

over

overdo, overfeed, overestimate, overjoyed, overrate, overtime, overweight overcome

overcomes, overcame, overcoming

overcome

owe

owes, owed, owing, owing to

owe

own

owns, owned, owning, owner, ownership

own

pack

packs, packed, packing, packing-case, package, packet

pack

pad

pads, padded, padding

pad

page

pages

page

pain

pains, painful, painfully

pain

paint

paints, painted, painter, painter

paint

pair

pairs

pair

pale

paleness

pale

pan

pans

pan

paper

paper

parcel

parcels

parcel

pardon

pardoned, pardons, pardoning, unpardonable

pardon

parent

parents, parental

parent

park

parks

park

part

parts, particle, partly, partner, partial, partially

part

particular

in particular, particularly

particular

party

parties

party

pass

passes, passed, passing, past

pass

passage

passages, passenger, passengers

passage

past

past

paste

pastes, pasted, pasting, pastry

paste

path

paths

path

patient

patient, patients, patience, patiently

patient

patriotic

patriotic

pattern

patterns

pattern

pause

pauses

pause

paw

paws

paw

pay

pays, paying, paid, unpaid, payment

pay

peace

peaceful

peace

pearl

pearls

pearl

peculiar

peculiarly

peculiar

pen

pens

pen

pencil

pencils

pencil

penny

pennyworth

penny

people

people

per

per

perfect

perfection, perfectly

perfect

perform

performs, performed, performing, performer, performance

perform

perhaps

perhaps

permanent

permanently

permanent

permit

permits, permission

permit

person

personal, personally

person

persuade

persuades, persuaded, persuading, persuasion

persuade

pet

pets

pet

photograph

photographs, photographic, photography

photograph

pick

picked, picks, picking, peck

pick

picture

pictures

picture

piece

pieces

piece

pig

pigs

pig

pigeon

pigeons

pigeon

pile

piles

pile

pin

pins

pin

pinch

pinches

pinch

pink

pink

pint

pints

pint

pipe

pipes

pipe

pity

pity

place

places, placed, placing

place

plain

plainly

plain

plan

plans, planned, planning

plan

plant

plants, planter

plant

plaster

plaster

plate

plates

plate

play

plays, played, playing, player, playground, plaything

play

please

pleasant, unpleasant, pleasure, displeasure

please

plenty

plentiful

plenty

plough

plough

plural

plural

pocket

pockets, pocket-book

pocket

poet

poets, poetry, poem, poems, poetic

poet

point

points, pointed, pointer

point

poison

poisonous

poison

police

policeman

police

polish

polishes, polished, polishing

polish

polite

politely, politeness

polite

political

politically, politician, politics

political

pool

pools

pool

poor

poverty

poor

popular

popularly, popularity

popular

population

population

position

positions

position

possess

possesses, possessed, possessing, possession, possessor

possess

possible

possibly, possibility, impossible, impossibility

possible

post

postage, postal, postman, postmaster, post-office

post

postpone

postpone

pot

pots

pot

pound

pounds

pound

pour

pours, poured, pouring

pour

poverty

poverty

powder

powdery

powder

power

powerful

power

practical

practically

practical

practice

practise, practises, practised, practising

practice

praise

praises, praised, praising

praise

pray

prays, prayed, praying, prayer

pray

preach

preaches, preached, preaching, preacher

preach

precious

precious

prefer

prefers, preferred, preferring, preferable, preferably, preference

prefer

prejudice

prejudiced, unprejudiced

prejudice

prepare

prepares, prepared, preparing, preparation

prepare

present

presents, presented, presenting, presence

present

preserve

preserves, preserved, preserving, preservation

preserve

president

presidents

president

press

pressure

press

pretend

pretends, pretending, pretended, pretence

pretend

pretty

prettily, prettiness

pretty

prevent

prevents, preventing, preventing, prevention, preventive

prevent

price

prices

price

pride

pride

priest

priests

priest

print

prints, printed, printing, printer

print

prison

prisons, prisoner, imprison

prison

private

private

prize

prizes

prize

probable

probably, probability

probable

problem

problems

problem

procession

processions

procession

produce

produces, produced, producing, production

produce

profession

professions, professional

profession

profit

profits

profit

programme

programmes

programme

progress

progresses, progressed

progress

promise

promised

promise

prompt

promptly, promptness

prompt

pronounce

pronounces, pronounced, pronouncing, pronunciation

pronounce

proof

proofs

proof

proper

properly, improper, improperly

proper

property

property

propose

proposes, proposed, proposing, proposal

propose

protect

protects, protected, protecting, protection

protect

proud

proudly, pride

proud

prove

proves, proved, proving, proof

prove

provide

provides, provided, providing

provide

public

publicly

public

pull

pulls, pulled, pulling

pull

pump

pumps, pumped, pumping

pump

punctual

punctuality, punctually

punctual

punish

punishes, punished, punishing, punishment

punish

pupil

pupils

pupil

pure

purely, purity, impure, impurity

pure

purple

purple

purpose

purposes

purpose

push

pushed, pushing, pushes

push

put

puts, putting

put

puzzle

puzzles, puzzling

puzzle

qualify

qualifies, qualified, qualifying, qualification, qualifications

qualify

quality

qualities

quality

quantity

quantities

quantity

quarrel

quarrels, quarrelled, quarrelling, quarrelsome

quarrel

quart

quarts, quarterly, headquarters

quart

quarter

quarters

quarter

queen

queens

queen

question

questions

question

quick

quickly, quickness

quick

quiet

quieten, quietly, quietness

quiet

quite

quite

rabbit

rabbits

rabbit

race

races

race

radio

radios

radio

rail

rails, railway

rail

rain

rains, rained, raining, rainbow, rainfall, rainwater, rainy

rain

raise

raises, raised, raising

raise

rake

rakes, raking, raked

rake

rank

ranks

rank

rapid

rapidly, rapidity

rapid

rare

rarely

rare

rat

rats

rat

rate

rates

rate

rather

rather

raw

rawness

raw

ray

rays

ray

razor

razors

razor

reach

reaches, reached, reaching

reach

read

reads, reading, reader

read

ready

ready-made

ready

real

really, reality, realise, realisation

real

reason

reasons, reasonable, reasonableness, reasonably

reason

receive

receives, received, receiving, receiver, receipt

receive

recent

recently

recent

recognise

recognises, recognised, recognising, recognition

recognise

recommend

recommends, recommended, recommending, recommendation

recommend

record

records, recorded, recording

record

red

redden, reddish, red-hot

red

reduce

reduces, reduced, reducing, reduction

reduce

refer

referring, referred, refers, reference

refer

reflect

reflects, reflecting, reflected, reflection

reflect

refresh

refreshing, refreshed, refreshes, refreshing, refreshment, refreshments

refresh

refuse

refuses, refused, refusing, refusal

refuse

regard

regards, regarded, regarding, regardless, disregard

regard

regret

regrets, regretted, regretting

regret

regular

regularly, regularity, irregular, irregularly, irregularity

regular

rejoice

rejoices, rejoiced, rejoicing, rejoicing

rejoice

relation

relations, relative, relatives

relation

relieve

relieves, relieved, relieving, relief

relieve

religion

religions, religious

religion

remain

remains, remained, remaining, remains

remain

remark

remarks, remarked, remarking

remark

remedy

remedies

remedy

remember

remembers, remembered, remembering

remember

remind

reminds, reminding, reminded

remind

rent

rents, renting, rented

rent

repair

repairs, repaired, repairing

repair

repeat

repeats, repeated, repeating

repeat

replace

replaces, replaced, replacing, irreplaceable

replace

reply

replies, replied, replying

reply

report

reports, reported, reporting, reporter

report

represent

represents, represented, representing, representative

represent

reproduce

reproduces, reproduced, reproducing, reproduction

reproduce

republic

republics

republic

reputation

reputations

reputation

request

requests

request

rescue

rescues, rescued, rescuing

rescue

reserve

reserves, reserved, reserving

reserve

resign

resigned, resigns, resigning, resignation

resign

resist

resists, resisting, resisted, resistance

resist

respect

respectful, disrespect

respect

responsible

responsibility

responsible

rest

rests, rested, resting

rest

restaurant

restaurants

restaurant

result

results

result

retire

retires, retired, retiring, retirement

retire

return

returns, returned, returning

return

revenge

revenge

review

reviews, reviewed, reviewing

review

reward

rewards, rewarded, rewarding

reward

ribbon

ribbons

ribbon

rice

rice

rich

riches

rich

rid

rids

rid

ride

rides, riding, rode, riding

ride

right

right angle, rightly

right

ring

ringed

ring

ripe

ripen

ripe

rise

rises, rose, risen, rising

rise

risk

risks, risked, risking, risky

risk

rival

rivals, rivalry

rival

river

rivers

river

road

roads, roadside

road

roar

roars, roared, roaring

roar

roast

roast, roasting, roasted

roast

rob

robs, robbed, robbing

rob

rock

rocks, rocked, rocking

rock

rod

rods

rod

roll

rolls, rolled, rolling, roller

roll

roof

roofs

roof

room

rooms

room

root

roots

root

rope

ropes

rope

rot

rots, rotted, rotten

rot

rough

roughly, roughness

rough

round

roundabout

round

row

rows, rowed, rowing

row

royal

royalty

royal

rub

rubs, rubbed, rubbing

rub

rubber

rubber

rubbish

rubbish

rude

rudely, rudeness

rude

rug

rugs

rug

ruin

ruins

ruin

rule

ruled, rules, ruling

rule

ruler

rulers

ruler

run

runs, ran, running, runner

run

rush

rushes, rushed, rushing

rush

rust

rusty

rust

sacred

sacred

sacrifice

sacrifices

sacrifice

sad

sadden, sadly, sadness

sad

saddle

saddles

saddle

safe

safety, save, saves, saved, saving

safe

sail

sails, sailed, sailing, sailor

sail

sake

sake

salary

salaries, salaried

salary

sale

sales, salesman

sale

salt

salt

same

same

sample

samples

sample

sand

sandbank, sandhill, sandy

sand

satisfy

satisfies, satisfied, satisfying, dissatisfy, satisfaction, dissatisfaction, satisfy satisfactory, unsatisfactory

saturday

saturday

sauce

sauce

saucer

saucers

saucer

save

saves, saving, saved

save

saw

saws, sawed, sawn, sawdust, sawmill

saw

say

says, said, saying

say

scale

scales

scale

scarce

scarcity, scarcely

scarce

scatter

scatters, scattered, scattering, scenery

scatter

scene

scenes

scene

scent

scent

school

schools

school

science

sciences, scientific, scientist

science

scissors

scissors

scold

scolds, scolded, scolding

scold

scorn

scornful

scorn

scrape

scrapes, scraped, scraping

scrape

scratch

scratches, scratched, scratching

scratch

screen

screens, screened, screening

screen

screw

screws, screwed, screwing

screw

sea

seas, sea-bathing, sea-coast, sea-level, seaman, seaport, sea-power, sea sea-shell, sea-voyage, sea-wall, sea-water, sea-weed

search

searches, searched, searching

search

season

seasons

season

seat

seats

seat

second

seconds, second-hand, secondly

second

secret

secrets, secrecy

secret

secretary

secretaries

secretary

see

sees, seen, seeing

see

seed

seeds

seed

seem

seems, seemed, seeming

seem

seize

seizes, seized, seizing

seize

seldom

seldom

self

self-conscious, self-contained, self-control, self-defence, selfgoverning, self-government, self-interest, selfish, unselfish, selfrespect, self-sacrifice

self

sell

sells, sold, selling, seller

sell

send

sends, sent, sending

send

sense

senses, senseless, insensible, sensitive, sensation, senseless, sensible, sensibly

sense

sentence

sentences

sentence

separate

separately, separation

separate

september serious

september seriously

serious

serve

serves, served, serving, servant, service

serve

set

sets, setting

set

settle

settled, settles, settling, settlement, settler

settle

seven

seventh

seven

seventeen

seventeenth

seventeen

seventy

seventieth

seventy

several

several

severe

severe

sew

sews, sewing, sewn

sew

shade

shades, shady

shade

shadow

shadows, shadowy

shadow

shake

shakes, shaken, shaking

shake

shall

should

shall

shallow

shallowness

shallow

shame

shames, shamed, shaming, shameful, shameless

shame

shape

shapes, shaped, shaping, shapeless

shape

share

shares, shared, sharing

share

sharp

sharpen, sharpens, sharpened, sharpening, sharply, sharply

sharp

shave

shaves, shaved, shaving, shaving

shave

she

she

sheep

sheep

sheet

sheets

sheet

shelf

shelves

shelf

shell

shells, shell-fish

shell

shelter

shelter

shield

shields, shielded, shielding

shield

shilling

shillings

shilling

shine

shines, shone, shining, shining, sunshine

shine

ship

ships, shipbuilding, shipment, shipper, shipwreck

ship

shirt

shirts

shirt

shock

shocks, shocked, shocking

shock

shoe

shoe, shoed, shoe-maker

shoe

shoot

shot, shoots, shooting, shot-gun

shoot

shop

shops, shopkeeper, shopkeeping, shop window

shop

shore

shores

shore

short

shorten, shortness, short sight

short

should

should

shoulder

shoulders

shoulder

shout

shouts, shouted, shouting

shout

show

shows, shown, showing, showy

show

shower

showers

shower

shut

shuts, shutting

shut

sick

sickness, sick-room

sick

side

sides, sideways

side

sight

sight-seeing

sight

sign

signs, signature

sign

signal

signals

signal

silence

silent

silence

silk

silkworm, silky

silk

silver

silvery

silver

simple

simplicity, simply

simple

since

since

sincere

sincerely

sincere

sing

sings, sang, sung, singer, song

sing

single

singly

single

sir

sir

six

sixth

six

sixty

sixtieth

sixty

sixteen

sixteenth

sixteen

sister

sisters, sister-in-law

sister

sit

sits, sat, sitting, sitting-room

sit

situation

situations

situation

size

sizes

size

skill

skills, skilled, skilful, skilfully

skill

skin

skins

skin

skirt

skirts

skirt

sky

skies

sky

slave

slaves, slavery

slave

sleep

sleeps, slept, sleeping, sleepless, sleepiness

sleep

slide

slides, slid, sliding

slide

slight

slightly

slight

slip

slips, slipped, slipping, slippery

slip

slope

slopes, sloped, sloping

slope

slow

slowly, slow-moving, slowness

slow

small

smallness

small

smell

smells, smelled, smelling

smell

smile

smiles, smiled, smiling

smile

smoke

smokes, smoked, smoker, smoky

smoke

smooth

smoothly, smoothness

smooth

snake

snakes

snake

snow

snow-shoes, snow-storm, snow-white, snowy

snow

so

so-called

so

soap

soapy

soap

society

social, socially, societies

society

sock

socks

sock

soft

soften, softness, softly

soft

soil

soil

soldier

soldiers

soldier

solemn

solemnly

solemn

solid

solidly

solid

solve

solves, solved, solving, solution

solve

some

somebody, somehow, someone, something, sometimes, somewhere some

son

sons

son

soon

as soon as, sooner

soon

sore

sore

sorrow

sorrow

sorry

sorrowful, sorrowfully

sort

sorry sort

soul

souls

soul

sound

sounds

sound

soup

soup

sour

sour

south

south-east, south-eastern, southern, southward, south-west, southwestern

south

sow

sows, sown, sowing

sow

space

spaced, spacing, spaces

space

spade

spades

spade

spare

spare

speak

speaks, speaker, speech

speak

special

specially

special

speed

speed

spell

spells, spelled, spelling

spell

spend

spends, spent, spending

spend

spill

spills, spilling

spill

spin

spins, spinning, spun, spinning-wheel

spin

spirit

spirits

spirit

spit

spits, spat, spitting

spit

spite

spite

splendid

splendidly

splendid

split

splits, splitting

split

spoil

spoils, spoilt, spoiling

spoil

spoon

spoons, spoonful

spoon

sport

sports, sporting, sportsman

sport

spot

spots, spotted, spotless

spot

spread

spreads, spreading

spread

spring

springs, sprang, sprung, spring-time

spring

square

square

staff

staff

stage

stages

stage

stain

stains

stain

stair

stairs, staircase

stair

stamp

stamps

stamp

stand

stands, standing, stood

stand

standard

standards, standardise

standard

star

stars

star

start

starts, started, starting

start

state

states, stated, stating, statement

state

station

stations

station

stay

stays, stayed, staying

stay

steady

steadily

steady

steal

steals, stole, stolen

steal

steam

steam-boat, steam-engine, steamer, steamship

steam

steel

steel

steep

steep

steer

steers, steered, steering

steer

stem

stems

stem

step

steps, stepping-stone

step

stick

sticks, sticky

stick

stiff

stiffen, stiffly, stiffness

stiff

still

stillness

still

sting

stings, stung

sting

stir

stirs, stirred, stirring

stir

stock

stocks

stock

stocking

stockings

stocking

stomach

stomachs

stomach

stone

stones

stone

stop

stops, stopped, stopping, stoppage, stopper

stop

store

stores, stored, storing, store-house, store-keeper, store-room

store

storm

storms, stormy

storm

story

stories, story-teller, story-telling

story

stove

stoves

stove

straight

straighten

straight

strange

strangely, strangeness, stranger

strange

strap

straps

strap

straw

straws

straw

stream

streams

stream

street

streets

street

strength

strength

stretch

stretches, stretched, stretching

stretch

strict

strictly

strict

strike

strikes, struck, striking, stroke

strike

string

strings

string

strip

strip

stripe

striped

stripe

strong

strongly, strength

strong

struggle

struggles

struggle

study

studies, studying, studied

study

stuff

stuff

stupid

stupidity, stupidly

stupid

subject

subjects

subject

substance

substances

substance

succeed

succeeds, succeeded, succeeding, successful, successfully

succeed

success

successes

success

such

such

suck

sucks, sucked, sucking

suck

sudden

suddenly

sudden

suffer

suffers, suffering, sufferer

suffer

sugar

sugar

suggest

suggests, suggested, suggesting, suggestion

suggest

suit

suits, suited, suited

suit

summer sun

summer suns, sunbeam, sunburnt, sunlight, sunny, sunrise, sunset, sunshine sun

sunday

sunday

supper

suppers

supper

supply

supplies, supplying, supplied

supply

support

supports, supporting, supported

support

suppose

suppose

sure

surely

sure

surface

surfaces

surface

surprise

surprises, surprising, surprisingly

surprise

surround

surrounds, surrounded, surrounding, surroundings

surround

suspect

suspects, suspected, suspecting, suspicion, suspicious, suspiciously suspect

swallow

swallowed, swallowing, swallows

swallow

swear

swears, swearing, swore, sworn

swear

sweat

sweat

sweep

sweeps, swept, sweeping

sweep

sweet

sweeten, sweetly

sweet

swell

swells, swelled, swelling

swell

swim

swims, swam, swum, swimming

swim

swing

swings, swung, swinging

swing

sword

swords

sword

sympathy

sympathetic, sympathetically, sympathise, sympathises

sympathy

system

systems, systematic, systematically

system

table

tables

table

tail

tails

tail

tailor

tailors

tailor

take

takes, took, taken, taking

take

talk

talked, talking, talks

talk

tall

tall

tame

tame

tap

taps, tapped, tapping

tap

taste

tastes, tasted, tasting, tasteless

taste

tax

taxes, taxed, taxing

tax

taxi

taxis

taxi

tea

tea

teach

teaches, taught, teaching, teachings, teacher

teach

tear

tears, tore, torn, tearing

tear

telegraph

telegraph

telephone

telephones

telephone

tell

tells, told, telling

tell

temper

temper

temperature

temperature

temple

temples

temple

tempt

tempts, tempter, temptation

tempt

tend

tends, tended, tending, tendency

tend

tender

tenderly, tenderness

tender

tent

tents

tent

ten

tenth

ten

term

terms

term

terrible

terribly

terrible

test

testing, tests, tested

test

than thank

than thanks, thankful

thank

that

that

the

the

theatre

theatres, theatrical

theatre

their

theirs

their

then

then

there

there

therefore

therefore

these

these

they

they

thick

thickly, thicken, thickness

thick

thief

thieves

thief

thin

thinly, thinness

thin

thing

things

thing

think

thinks, thought, thinking, thinker

think

thirst

thirsty

thirst

thirteen

thirteenth

thirteen

thirty

thirtieth

thirty

this

these

this

thorn

thorns

thorn

thorough

thoroughly

thorough

those

those

though

although

though

thought

thoughts, thoughtful, thoughtfulness, thoughtless

thought

thousand

thousandth

thousand

thursday

thursday

threads, thread

threads, thread

threaten

threatens, threatening, threatened

threaten

three

third

three

throat

throats

throat

through

throughout

through

throw

throws, thrown, threw, throwing

throw

thumb

thumbs

thumb

thunder

thunder

thus

thus

ticket

tickets

ticket

tide

tides, tidal

tide

tidy

tidies, tidied, tidying

tidy

tie

ties, tied, tying

tie

tight

tighten, tightens, tightened, tightening, tightly

tight

till

until

till

time

times, timely

time

tin

tins, tinned

tin

tip

tips, tipped, tipping

tip

tire

tires, tiring, tired

tire

title

titles

title

to

to

tobacco

tobacco

today

today

toe

toes

toe

together

together

tomorrow

tomorrow

ton

ton

tongue

tongues

tongue

tonight

tonight

too

too

tool

tools

tool

tooth

teeth

top

tooth top

total

totals, totally

total

touch

touches, touched, touching

touch

tough

tough

tour

tours, tourist

tour

toward

towards

toward

towel

towels

towel

tower

towers

tower

town

towns, town-hall

town

toy

toys

toy

track

tracks, tracked, tracking

track

trade

trades, trading, trader, tradesman

trade

train

trains, trained, training

train

translate

translates, translated, translating, translation, translator

translate

trap

traps, trapped, trapping, trapper

trap

travel

travels, travelled, travelling

travel

tray

trays

tray

treasure

treasurer, treasurers

treasure

treat

treats, treated, treating

treat

tree

trees

tree

tremble

trembles

tremble

trial

trials

trial

tribe

tribes

tribe

trick

tricks

trick

trip

trips

trip

trouble

troubles, troubled, troublesome

trouble

true

truly, truth, truthful, truthfulness

true

trunk

trunks

trunk

trust

trusts, trusted, trusting, entrust, trustee

trust

try

tries, tried, trying, trial

try

tube

tubes

tube

tuesday

tuesday

tune

tunes

tune

turn

turns, turning, turn-over, turning-point

turn

twelve

twelfth

twelve

twenty

twentieth

twenty

twist

twists, twisted, twisting

twist

two

second

two

type

types, typed, typing, typewriter, typewrite, typist

type

ugly

ugly

umbrella

umbrellas

umbrella

uncle

uncles

uncle

under

underneath, underclothing, underfeed, undergraduate, underground, under underline, undersell

understand

understands, understood, understanding

understand

union

unions, unit, unite, unity

union

universe

universal

universe

university

universities

university

unless

unless

until

until

up

uphill, uppermost, upside-down, upstairs, uphold, upkeep, up[land, up uplift, uproot

upon upper

upon uppermost

upright

upper upright

upset

upsets, upsetting

upset

upward

upwards

upward

urge

urges, urged, urging, urgent, urgently

urge

use

uses, used, using, useful, usefulness, useless, user

use

usual

usually

usual

vain

vainly

vain

valley

valleys

valley

value

values, valuable, valueless

value

various

variously

various

veil

veils

veil

verb

verbs

verb

verse

verses

verse

very

very

vessel

vessels

vessel

victory

victories, victorious

victory

view

views

view

village

villages

village

violent

violence, violently

violent

virtue

virtuous

virtue

visit

visits, visiting, visitor

visit

voice

voices

voice

vote

votes, voted, voting, voter

vote

vowel

vowels

vowel

voyage

voyages

voyage

wage

wages

wage

waist

waists, waistcoat

waist

wait

waits, waited, waiting, waiter, waitress

wait

wake

wakes, woke, waking

wake

walk

walks, walked, walking, walking-stick

walk

wall

walls

wall

wander

wanders, wandered, wandering

wander

want

wants, wanted, wanting

want

war

wars

war

warm

warmly, warmth

warm

warn

warns, warned, warning

warn

wash

washes, washed, washing

wash

waste

wastes, wasted, wasting, wasteful, wastefulness

waste

watch

watches, watched, watching, watchful, watchfulness

watch

water

water-bottle, watercourse, waterfall, waterpipe, waterproof, watertight, waterway, water-wheel, waterworks, watery

water

wave

waves, waved, waving, wavy

wave

wax way

wax ways, wayside, doorway, gateway

we

way we

weak

weaken, weakness

weak

wealth

wealthy

wealth

weapon

weapons

weapon

wear

wears, wore, worn, worn-out

wear

weather weave

weather weaves, wove, woven

wednesday

weave wednesday

weed

weeds

weed

week

weeks, weekday, weekend, weekly

week

weigh

weighs, weighed, weighing, weight

weigh

welcome

welcomes, welcomed, welcoming

welcome

well

well-bred, well-built, well-done, well-meaning, well-meant

well

west

western, westward

west

wet what

wet whatever

wheat

what wheat

wheel

wheels

wheel

when

whenever

when

where

wherever

whether

where whether

which

whichever

which

while

whilst, meanwhile, worth-while

while

whip

whips

whip

whisper

whispers, whispering, whispered

whisper

whistle

whistles, whistling

whistle

white

white-hot, whiten, whiteness, whitewash

white

who

whoever, whom

who

whole

wholly

whole

whose

whose

why

why

wicked

wickedly, wickedness

wicked

wide

wide-awake, widely, widen, wide-spread, width

wide

widow

widows

widow

wife

wives

wife

wild

wildly

wild

will

willing, willingly, unwilling

will

win

wins, won, winning

win

wind

winds, wound, winding

wind

window

windows

window

wine

wines

wine

wing

wings

wing

winter

winters, wintry

winter

wipe

wipes, wiped, wiping

wipe

wire

wireless

wire

wise

wisely, wisdom

wise

wish

wishes, wished, wishing

wish

with

with

within

within

without

without

witness

witnesses

witness

woman

women

woman

wonder

wonders, wondered, wondering, wonderful, wonderfully

wonder

wood

woods, wooded, wooden, woodland, woodwork

wood

wool

woollen, woolly

wool

word

words

word

work

works, worked, working, workings, workable, unworkable, worker, work working-class, workman, workshop, workmanship

world

world-wide, worldly, worldliness

world

worm

worms

worm

worry

worrying, worries, worried

worry

worse

worsen

worse

worship

worships, worshipped, worshipping

worship

worst worth would

worst worthless, worth-while

worth would

wound

wounds, wounding, wounded

wound

wrap

wraps, wrapped, wrapping, wrapper

wrap

wreck

wreck, wrecked, wrecking, wreckage, shipwreck

wreck

wrist

wrists

wrist

write

writes, wrote, writing, handwriting

write

wrong

wrong-doer, wrong-doing, wrongly

wrong

yard

yards

yard

year

years, yearly, year-old

year

yellow

yellowness

yellow

yes

yes

yesterday

yesterday

yet

yet

yield

yields, yielding

yield

you

your, yours, yourself

you

young

youngster

young

youth

youths, youthful

youth

zero

zero

Mathematical and scientific symbols Common pronunciations (in British English - Gimson,1981) of mathematical and scientific symbols are given in the list below. (all the pages in this section need a unicode font installed - e.g. Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL Unicode, Lucida Sans Unicode - see: The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode).

Symbols + ± x / ÷ = ≈ ≡ ≠ > < ≥ ≤ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁⊁ ≢≢ ⊁≉≢ ² ³

plus minus plus or minus multiplied by over; divided by divided equals approximately, similar equivalent to; identical not equal to greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to not greater than not less than much greater than much less than perpendicular to parallel to not equivalent to, not identical to not similar to squared cubed

/'plʌs/ /'maɪnəs/ /'plʌs ɔ: 'maɪnəs/ /'mʌltɪplaɪd baɪ/ /'əʊvə/ /dɪ'vaɪdəd/ /dɪ'vaɪdəd/ /'ɪ:kwəlz/ /ə'prɒksɪmətlɪ/ /'sɪmɪlə tʊ/ /ɪk'wɪvələnt tʊ/ /aɪ'dentɪkl tʊ/ /'nɒt 'iːkwəl tʊ/ /'greɪtə ðən/ /'les ðən/ /'greɪtə ðən ər 'iːkwəl tʊ/ /'les ðən ər' iːkwəl tʊ/ /'nɒt 'greɪtə ðən/ /'nɒt 'les ðən/ /'mʌʧ 'greɪtə ðən/ /'mʌʧ 'les ðən/ /pɜːpən'dɪkjʊlə tʊ/ /'pærəlel tʊ/ /'nɒt ɪk'wɪvələnt tʊ/ /'nɒt aɪ'dentɪkl tʊ/ /'nɒt 'sɪmɪlə tʊ/ /'skweəd/ /'kju:bd/

4

to the fourth; to the power four

/tə ðə 'fɔːθ/ /te ðə 'pɑʊə fɔː/

to the n; to the nth; to the power n

/tə ðɪ en; tə dɪ enθ; tə ðə pɑʊər en/

root; square root cube root fourth root factorial percent infinity varies as; proportional to dot

/ru:t/ /skweə ru:t/ /kju:b ru:t/ /fɔːθ ruːt/ /fæk'tɔːrɪəl/ /pə'sent/ /ɪn'fɪnətɪ/ /'vɛərɪz/ /prə'pɔːʃənəl/ /dɒt/

n

√ ⊁ ⊁ ! % ∞ ⊁ ˙

¨ : f(x) fx f'(x) f''x f'''(x)

double dot is to, ratio of f; function f dash; derivative f double-dash; second derivative f triple-dash; f treble-dash; third derivative

/dʌbl dɒt/ /reɪʃɪəʊ/ /ef/ /'fʌŋkʃən/ /dæʃ/ /dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ /'dʌbl dæʃ/ /'sekənd dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ /'trɪpl dæʃ/ / trebl dæʃ/ /θɜ:d dɪ'rɪvətɪv/

f(4) ∂ ∫ ∑ w.r.t. log log₂x

f four; fourth derivative

/fɔːθ dɪ'rɪvətɪv/

partial derivative, delta integral sum with respect to log

/paːʃəl dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ /deltə/ /'ɪntɪgrəl/ /sʌm/ /wɪð 'rɪspekt/ /lɒg/

log to the base 2 of x

/lɒg tə ðə beɪs tu: əv eks/

⊁ ⊁ → / ⊁

therefore because gives, leads to, approaches per belongs to; a member of; an element of does not belong to; is not a member of; is not an element of contained in; a proper subset of contained in; subset intersection union for all cos x; cosine x sine x tangent x cosec x shine x cosh x than x mod x; modulus x degrees Centigrade degrees Fahrenheit degrees Kelvin

/'ðɛəfɔː/ /bɪ'kɒz/ /gɪvz/ /li:dz tʊ/ /əprəʊʧəz/ /pɜ:/ /bɪ'lɒŋz/ /'membə/ /'elɪmənt/ /nɒt bɪ'lɒŋ/ /nɒt ə 'membə/ /nɒt ən 'elɪmənt/ /kən'teɪnd ɪn/ /'prɒpə 'sʌbset/ /'sʌbset/ /'ɪntəsekʃən/ /'juːnɪən/ /fə rɔ:l/ /kɒz/ /saɪn/ /tan/ /'kəʊsek/ /'ʃaɪn/ /'kɒʃ/ /θæn/ /mɒd/ /'mɒdjʊləs/ /dɪ'gri:z 'sentɪgreɪd/ /dɪ'gri:z 'færənhaɪt/ /dɪ'gri:z 'kelvɪn/

⊁

⊁ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁ cos x sin x tan x cosec x sinh x cosh x tanh x |x| ⊁ ⊁ °K 0°K, –273.15 absolute zero °C mm millimetre cm centimetre cc, cm³

cubic centimetre, centimetre cubed

m

metre

/absəlu:t zi:rəʊ/ /'mɪlɪmiːtə/ /'sentɪmiːtə/ /'kjuːbɪk 'sentɪmiːtə/ /'sentɪmiːtə 'kju:bd/ /'miːtə/

km mg g kg AC DC ^

kilometre milligram gram kilogram A.C. D.C.

/kɪ'lɒmɪtə/ /'mɪlɪgræm/ /græm/ /'kɪləgræm/ /eɪ si:/ /di: si:/

Examples x+1 x -1 x±1 xy (x — y)(x + y) x/y x÷y x=5 x≈y x≡y x≠y x> y x< y x≥y x≤y 0< x < 1

x plus one x minus one x plus or minus one x y; x times y; x multiplied by y x minus y, x plus y

x² x³

x over y; x divided by y; x divided by y x equals 5; x is equal to 5 x is approximately equal to y x is equivalent to y; x is identical with y x is not equal to y x is greater than y x is less than y x is greater than or equal to y x is less than or equal to y zero is less than x is less than 1; x is greater than zero and less than 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1; x is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 1 x squared x cubed

x4

x to the fourth; x to the power four

xn

x to the n; x to the nth; x to the power n

x-n √ ⊁ ⊁

x to the minus n; x to the power of minus n

0≤x≤1

(x + y)² (x/y)² n! x% ∞

root x; square root x; the square root of x the cube root of x the fourth root of x the nth root of x x plus y all squared x over y all squared n factorial; factorial n x percent infinity

x⊁y x ⊁ 1/y ẋ ẍ f(x) fx f'(x) f''x f'''(x)

x varies as y; x is (directly) proportional to y x varies as one over y; x is indirectly proportional to y x dot x double dot f of x; the function of x f dash x; the (first) derivative of with respect to x f double-dash x; the second derivative of f with respect to x f triple-dash x; f treble-dash x; the third derivative of f with respect to x

f(4) ∂v ∂v ∂θ

f four x; the fourth derivative of f with respect to x

∂ ²v ∂θ² dv dv dθ d²v dθ² ∫

the partial derivative of v delta v by delta theta, the partial derivative of v with respect to θ delta two v by delta theta squared; the second partial derivative of v with respect to θ the derivative of v d v by d theta, the derivative of v with respect to theta d 2 v by d theta squared, the second derivative of v with respect to theta, integral integral from zero to infinity

∑

sum the sum from i equals 1 to n

w.r.t. logey

with respect to

⊁ ⊁ → Δx → 0 lim

therefore because gives, approaches delta x approaches zero

Δx→0

Lt Δx→0

m/sec x⊁A x⊁ A A⊁ B A⊁ B A⊁B A⊁B cos x sin x

log to the base e of y; log y to the base e; natural log (of) y

the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero metres per second x belongs to A; x is a member of A; x is an element of A x does not belong to A; x is not a member of A; x is not an element of A A is contained in B; A is a proper subset of B A is contained in B; A is a subset of B A intersection B A union B cos x; cosine x sine x

tan x cosec x sinh x cosh x tanh x |x| 18 ⊁ 70 ⊁

tangent x, tan x cosec x shine x cosh x than x mod x; modulus x eighteen degrees Centigrade seventy degrees Fahrenheit

Greek alphabet Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω

α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω

alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta eta theta iota kappa lamda mu nu xi omicron pi rho sigma tau upsilon phi chi psi omega

/'ælfə/ /'bi:tə/ /'gæmə/ /'deltə/ /'epsilən/ /'ziːtə/ /'iːtə/ /'θiːtə/ /aɪ'əʊtə/ /'kæpə/ /'læmdə/ /'mjuː/ /'njuː/ /'ksaɪ/ /'əʊmɪkrən/ /'paɪ/ /'rəʊ/ /'sɪgmə/ /'tɑʊ/ /'jʊpsɪlən/ /'faɪ/ /'kaɪ/ /'psaɪ/ /'əʊmɪgə/

Roman alphabet A B C D

a b c d

/'eɪ/ /'biː/ /'siː/ /'diː/

E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

/'iː/ /'ef/ /'ʤiː/ /'eɪʧ/ /'aɪ/ /'ʤeɪ/ /'keɪ/ /'el/ /'em/ /'en/ /'əʊ/ /'piː/ /'kjuː/ /'ɑː/ /'es/ /'ti:/ /'ju:/ /'vi:/ /'dʌbljuː/ /'eks/ /'waɪ/ /'zed/

Fractions ½ ¼ ¾ ⅓ ⅔ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁ ⊁ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ^

a half a quarter three quarters a third two thirds a fifth two fifths three fifths four fifths a sixth five sixths an eighth three eighths five eighths seven eighths

/ə 'hɑ:f/ /ə 'kwɔːtə/ /θriː 'kwɔːtəz/ /ə 'θɜ:d/ /tu: 'θɜ:dz/ /ə 'fɪfθ/ /tu: 'fɪfθs/ /θriː 'fɪfθs/ /fɔː 'fɪfθs/ /ə 'sɪksθ/ /faɪv 'sɪksθs/ /ən 'eɪtθ/ /θriː 'eɪtθs/ /faɪv 'eɪtθs/ /sevən 'eɪtθs/

Decimal Fractions 0.1 0.01 0.0001 1.1 1.2 1.23 1.0123 10.01 21.57 2.6666666666....

nought point one nought point oh one nought point oh oh oh one one point one one point two one point two three one point oh one two three ten point oh one twenty-one point five seven two point six recurring two point six one two three 2.612361236123... recurring 2.5 million two point five million

SI Units: Prefixes 10-24 yocto y

/'jɒktəʊ/

10-21 zepto z

/'zeptəʊ/

10-18 atto

/'atəʊ/

a

10-15 femto f

/'femtəʊ/

10-12 pico

p

/'pi:kəʊ/

10-9 nano

n

/'nanəʊ/

10-6 micro µ

/'maɪkrəʊ/

10-3 milli

m /'mɪlɪ/

10-2 centi

c

/'sentɪ/

10-1 deci

d

/'desɪ/

103

kilo

k

/'kɪləʊ/

106

mega M /'megə/

109

giga

G /'gɪgə/

1012 tera

T /'terə/

1015 peta

P

1018 exa

E /'eksə/

1021 zetta

Z /'zetə/

1024 yotta

Y /'jɒtə/

1027 xona

X /'zəʊnə/

/'petə/

1030 weka W /'wekə/ 1033 vunda V /'vʊndə/ ^

/nɔ:t pɔɪnt wʌn/ /nɔ:t pɔɪnt əʊ wʌn/ /ten pɔɪnt əʊ əʊ əʊ wʌn/ /wʌn pɔɪnt wʌn/ /wʌn pɔɪnt tu:/ /wʌn pɔɪnt tu: θri:/ /wʌn pɔɪnt əʊ wʌn tu: θri:/ /ten pɔɪnt əʊ wʌn/ /'twentɪ wʌn pɔɪnt faɪv 'sevən/ /tu: pɔɪnt sɪks rɪ'kɜ:rɪŋ/ /tu: pɔɪnt sɪks wʌn tu: θri: rɪ'kɜ:rɪŋ/ /tu: pɔɪnt faɪv 'mɪljən/

Cardinal Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 102 110 120

one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a hundred; one hundred a hundred and one a hundred and two a hundred and ten a hundred and twenty

/wʌn/ /tu:/ /θri:/ /fɔː/ /faɪv/ /sɪks/ /'sevən/ /eɪt/ /naɪn/ /ten/ /ɪ'levən/ /twelv/ /θɜ:'ti:n/ /fɔː'ti:n/ /fɪf'ti:n/ /sɪkst'i:n/ /seven'ti:n/ /eɪ'ti:n/ /naɪn'ti:n/ /'twentɪ/ /twentɪ'wʌn/ /twentɪ'tu:/ /twentɪ'θri:/ /twentɪ'fɔː/ /twentɪ'faɪv/ /twentɪ'sɪks/ /twentɪ'sevən/ /twentɪ'eɪt/ /twentɪ'naɪn/ /'θɜ:tɪ/ /'fɔːtɪ/ /'fɪftɪ/ /'sɪkstɪ/ /'sevəntɪ/ /'eɪtɪ/ /'naɪntɪ/ /ə 'hʌndrəd/ /wʌn 'hʌndrəd/ /ə 'hʌndrəd ən wʌn/ /ə 'hʌndrəd ən tu:/ /ə 'hʌndrəd ən ten/ /ə 'hʌndrəd ən 'twentɪ/

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 1 001 1 010 1 020 1 100 1 101 1 110 9 999 10 000 15 356 100 000 1 000 000 100 000 000 1 000 000 000 100 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000

two hundred three hundred four hundred five hundred six hundred seven hundred eight hundred nine hundred a thousand, one thousand a thousand and one a thousand and ten a thousand and twenty one thousand, one hunded one thousand, one hundred and one one thousand, one hundred and ten nine thousand, nine hundred and ninety-nine ten thousand fifteen thousand, three hundred and fifty six a hundred thousand a million a hundred million a billion a hundred billion a trillion a quadrillion a quintillian

/tu: 'hʌndrəd/ /θri: 'hʌndrəd/ /fɔː 'hʌndrəd/ /faɪv 'hʌndrəd/ /sɪks 'hʌndrəd/ /'sevən 'hʌndrəd/ /eɪt 'hʌndrəd/ /naɪn 'hʌndrəd/ /ə θ'ɑʊzənd/ /wʌn 'θɑʊzənd/ /ə 'θɑʊzənd ən wʌn/ /ə 'θɑʊzənd ən ten/ /ə 'θɑʊzənd ən 'twentɪ/ /wʌn 'θɑʊzənd wʌn 'hʌndrəd/ /wʌn 'θɑʊzənd wʌn 'hʌndrəd ən wʌn/ /wʌn 'θɑʊzənd wʌn 'hʌndrəd ən ten/ /naɪn 'θɑʊzənd naɪn 'hʌndrəd ən 'naɪntɪ 'naɪn/ /ten 'θɑʊzənd/ /'fɪfti:n 'θɑʊzənd θri: 'hʌndrəd ən 'fɪftɪ sɪks/ /ə 'hʌndrəd 'θɑʊzənd/ /ə 'mɪljən/ /ə 'hʌndrəd 'mɪljən/ /ə 'bɪljən/ /ə 'hʌndrəd 'bɪljən/ /ə 'trɪljən/ /ə kwɒdrɪljən/ /ə kwɪn'tɪljən/

a sextillion

/ə seks'tɪljən/

a septillion

/ə sep'tɪljən/

an ocillion

/ən ɒkt'tɪljən/

a nonillion

/ə nɒn'ɪljən/

a decillion

/ə de'sɪljən/

Ordinal Numbers 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 40th 50th 100th 1 000th 1 000 000th

first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourtheenth fidteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth twenty-fifth twenty-sixth twenty-seventh twenty-eighth twenty-ninth thirtieth thirty-first fortieth fiftieth hundredth thousandth miilionth

/fɜ:st/ /'sekənd/ /θɜ:d/ /fɔ:θ/ /fɪfθ/ /sɪksθ/ /'sevənθ/ /eɪtθ/ /naɪnθ/ /tenθ/ /ɪ'levənθ/ /'twelfθ/ /θɜ:'ti:nθ/ /fɔː'ti:nθ/ /fɪf'ti:nθ/ /sɪks'ti:nθ/ /seven'ti:nθ/ /eɪ'ti:nθ/ /naɪn'ti:nθ/ /'twentɪəθ/ /twentɪ'fɜ:st/ /twentɪ'sekənd/ /twentɪ'θɜ:d/ /twentɪ'fɔ:θ/ /twentɪ'fɪfθ/ /twentɪ'sɪksθ/ /twentɪ'sevənθ/ /twentɪ'eɪtθ/ /twentɪ'naɪnθ/ /'θɜːtɪəθ/ /θɜːtɪ'fɜ:st/ /'fɔ:tɪəθ/ /'fɪftɪəθ/ /'hʌndrədθ/ /'θɑʊzəndθ/ /'mɪljənθ/

Vocabulary building Affixes and roots Adding affixes to existing words (the base or root) to form new words is common in academic English. Prefixes are added to the front of the base (like dislike), whereas suffixes are added to the end of the base (active activate). Prefixes usually do not change the class of the base word, but suffixes usually do change the class of the word. The most common prefixes used to form new verbs in academic English are: re-, dis-, over-, un-, mis-, out-. The most common suffixes are: -ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy. By far the most common affix in academic English is -ise. Verbs e.g. prefix + verb Prefix

verb Meaning

Examples

re-

again or back

restructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinance

dis-

reverses the meaning of the verb disappear, disallow, disarm, disconnect, discontinue

over-

too much

un-

reverses the meaning of the verb unbend, uncouple, unfasten

mis-

badly or wrongly

mislead, misinform, misidentify

out-

more or better than others

outperform, outbid

be-

make or cause

befriend, belittle

co-

together

co-exist, co-operate, co-own

de-

do the opposite of

devalue, deselect

fore-

earlier, before

foreclose, foresee

inter-

between

interact, intermix, interface

pre-

before

pre-expose, prejudge, pretest

sub-

under/below

subcontract, subdivide

trans-

across, over

transform, transcribe, transplant

overbook, oversleep, overwork

under- not enough

underfund, undersell, undervalue, underdevelop

e.g. Suffix used to form verbs with the meaning "cause to be". Suffix

Example

-ise

stabilise, characterise, symbolise, visualise, specialise

-ate

differentiate, liquidate, pollinate, duplicate, fabricate

-fy

classify, exemplify, simplify, justify

-en

awaken, fasten, shorten, moisten

Nouns The most common prefixes used to form new nouns in academic English are: co- and sub-. The

most common suffixes are: -tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, -ment, -ant, -ship, -age, -ery. By far the most common noun affix in academic English is -tion. e.g. prefix + noun Prefix

noun

Meaning

Examples

anti-

against

anticlimax, antidote, antithesis

auto-

self

autobiography, automobile

bi-

two

bilingualism, biculturalism, bi-metalism

co-

joint

co-founder, co-owner, co-descendant

counter- against

counter-argument, counter-example, counter-proposal

dis-

the converse of

discomfort, dislike

ex-

former

ex-chairman, ex-hunter

hyper-

extreme

hyperinflation, hypersurface

in-

the converse of

inattention, incoherence, incompatibility

in-

inside

inpatient,

inter-

between

interaction, inter-change, interference

kilo-

thousand

kilobyte

mal-

bad

malfunction, maltreatment, malnutrition

mega-

million

megabyte

mis-

wrong

misconduct, misdeed, mismanagement

mini-

small

mini-publication, mini-theory

mono-

one

monosyllable, monograph, monogamy

neo-

new

neo-colonialism, neo-impressionism

out-

separate

outbuilding,

poly-

many

polysyllable

pseudo- false

pseudo-expert

re-

again

re-organisation, re-assessment, re-examination

semi-

half

semicircle, semi-darkness

sub-

below

subset, subdivision

super-

more than, above superset, superimposition, superpowers

sur-

over and above

surtax

tele-

distant

telecommunications,

tri-

three

tripartism

ultra-

beyond

ultrasound

under-

below, too little

underpayment, under-development, undergraduate

vice-

deputy

vice-president

e.g. Suffix added to a verb (V), noun (N) or adjective (A)

noun

Suffix

Meaning

Examples

-tion -sion

action/instance of V-ing

-er

person who V-s advertiser, driver something used for V-ing computer, silencer

-ment

action/instance of V-ing

development, punishment, unemployment

-ant -ent

person who V-s

assistant, consultant student

-age

action/result of V

breakage, wastage, package

-al -ence -ance

alteration, demonstration expansion, inclusion, admission

denial, proposal, refusal, dismissal

action/result of V action/result of V

preference, dependence, interference attendance, acceptance, endurance

-ery/-ry

action/instance of V-ing place of V-ing

bribery, robbery, misery refinery, bakery

Suffix

Meaning

Examples

-er

person concerned with N astronomer, geographer

-ism

doctrine of N

Marxism, Maoism, Thatcherism

-ship

state of being N

friendship, citizenship, leadership

-age

collection of N

baggage, plumage

Suffix

Meaning

Examples

-ity

state or quality of being A

ability, similarity, responsibility, curiosity

-ness

state or quality of being A

darkness, preparedness, consciousness

-cy

state or quality of being A

urgency, efficiency, frequency

Adjectives Many adjectives are formed from a base of a different class with a suffix (e.g. -less, -ous). Adjectives can also be formed from other adjectives, especially by the negative prefixes (un-, inand non-). The most common suffixes are -al, -ent, -ive, -ous, -ful, -less. e.g. Suffix added to verbs or nouns Suffix -al

adjective

Example central, political, national, optional, professional

-ent

different, dependent, excellent

-ive

attractive, effective, imaginative, repetitive

-ous

continuous, dangerous, famous

-ful

beautiful, peaceful, careful

-less

endless, homeless, careless, thoughtless

-able

drinkable, countable, avoidable,

e.g. negative + adjective

adjective

Prefix un-

Examples unfortunate, uncomfortable, unjust

im-/in-/ir-/il- immature, impatient, improbable, inconvenient, irreplaceable, illegal non-

non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral

dis-

disloyal, dissimilar, dishonest

Mixed e.g. base with both prefix and suffix Adjectives: uncomfortable, unavoidable, unimaginative, inactive, semi-circular Nouns: disappointment, misinformation, reformulation

Word formation Formal written English uses nouns more than verbs. For example, judgement rather than judge, development rather than develop, admiration rather than admire. There appeared to be evidence of differential treatment of children. This is reflected in our admiration for people who have made something of their lives, sometimes against great odds, and in our somewhat disappointed judgment of those who merely drift through life. All airfields in the country would be nationalised, and the government would continue with the development of new aircraft as recommended by the Brabazon Committee. Associated with nominalisation is the occurrence of prepositional phrases, introduced by of: judgment of those treatment of children development of new aircraft -tion is the most common suffix used in this way. For example: alteration, resignation. However others are: -ity ability, similarity, complexity; -ness blindness, darkness, preparedness; -ment development, encouragement; -ship friendship; -age mileage; -ery robbery, bribery; -al arrival; -ance assistance, resemblance.

List of Verbs, Nouns Adjectives & Adverbs S.No.

Verbs

Nouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

1

accept

acceptance

acceptable

2

achieve

achievement

achievable

3

act

action

active

actively

4

act

activity

active

actively

5

act

activeness

active

actively

6

add

addition

additional

7

adjust

adjustment

adjustable

8

admire

admiration

admirable

9

advise

advice

advisable

10

amass

mass

massive

11

amazed

amazement

amazing

12

amuse

amusement

amusing

13

annoy

annoyance

annoying

14

approach

approach

approachable

15

attend

attention

attentive

16

attract

attraction

attractive

17

avoid

avoidance

avoidable

18

believe

belief

believable

19

blacken

blackness

black

20

bleed

blood

bloody

21

bore

boredom

boring

22

bother

botheration

bothering

23

breathe

breath

breathing

24

bury

burial

buried

25

care

care

careful

26

challenge

challenge

challenging

27

chase

chase

chasing

28

cheer

cheerfulness

cheerful

29

choose

choice

chosen

30

clear

clarity

clear

clearly

31

collect

collection

collective

collectively

32

comfort

comfort

comfortable

comfortably

33

complex

complexity

complex

34

confuse

confusion

confused

35

consider

consideration

considerable

massively

carefully

cheerfully

considerably

36

console

consolation

consoled

37

continue

continuity

continuous

continuously

38

craze

craze

crazy

crazily

39

create

creation

creative

creatively

40

credit

credit

creditable

creditably

41

cure

cure

curable

42

curse

curse

cursed

43

damage

damage

damaged

44

deafen

deafness

deaf

45

decide

decision

decisive

46

decorate

decoration

decorative

47

delight

delight

delightful

48

demand

demand

demanding

49

derive

derivation

derivative

50

deserve

deserve

deserving

51

destroy

destruction

destructive

52

develop

development

developing

53

die

death

dead

54

differ

difference

different

55

disturb

disturbance

disturbing

56

dust

dust

dusty

57

educate

education

educative

58

embarrass

embarrassment

embarrassing

59

empower

power

powerful

60

empty

emptiness

empty

61

encircle

circle

circular

circularly

62

encourage

courage

courageous

courageously

63

endanger

danger

dangerous

dangerously

64

enthuse

enthusiasm

enthusiastic

65

enumerate

number

numerable

66

envy

envy

envious

67

evaporate

evaporation

evaporating

68

expect

expectation

expected

69

explain

explanation

explainable

70

explore

exploration

exploring

71

fascinate

fascination

fascinating

72

feed

food

73

firm

firmness

firm

74

fly

flight

flying

delightfully

destructively

differently

powerfully

enviously expectedly

firmly

75

force

force

forceful

forcefully

76

glorify

glory

glorious

gloriously

77

grow

growth

growing

growingly

78

harm

harm

harmful

harmfully

79

hate

hatred

hateful

hatefully

80

heal

health

healthy

healthily

81

hope

hope

hopeful

hopefully

82

identify

identification

indentified

83

identify

identity

indentifying

84

imitate

imitation

imitative

imitatively

85

impress

impression

impressive

impressively

86

include

inclusion

inclusive

inclusively

87

indicate

indication

indicative

indicatively

88

inform

information

informative

89

inhabit

habitat

inhabitant

90

injure

injury

injurious

91

inquire

inquiry

inquiring

92

instruct

instruction

instructive

93

insult

insult

insulting

insultingly

94

intent

intention

intentional

intentionally

95

interfere

interference

interfering

96

introduce

introduction

introductory

97

invent

invention

inventive

98

irritate

irritation

irritating

irritatingly

99

lead

leadership

leading

leadingly

100

live

life

lively

livingly

101

live

life

alive

livingly

102

live

liveliness

lively

livingly

103

lose

loss

lost

104

madden

madness

mad

105

migrate

migration

migrating

106

modernise

modernity

modern

107

moisten

moisture

moistures

108

monotonies

monotony

monotonous

monotonously

109

move

movement

movable

movingly

110

narrow

narrowness

narrow

111

nationalise

nationality

national

112

observe

observation

observatory

113

own

ownership

own

injuriously

madly

nationwide

114

perform

performance

performing

115

permit

permission

permissible

116

persuade

persuasion

persuasive

117

please

pleasure

pleasant

118

popularise

popularity

popular

119

quicken

quickness

quick

120

redden

redness

red

121

sadden

sadness

sad

sadly

122

secure

security

secured

securely

123

see

scene

scenic

124

see

sight

seen

125

speed

speed

speedy

126

whiten

whiteness

white

badness

bad

127

quickly

speedily badly