• Categories
• Gestión de proyectos
• Proceso de desarrollo de software
• Desarrollo ágil de software
• Six Sigma
• Sistema de información

Citation preview

Running head: PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

Project Management Methodologies: A Review of the Literature Pamela McClinton Liberty University

1

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES Abstract Project management is a discipline that is growing rapidly as organizations expand nationally and globally around the world. To successfully implement new strategies, organizations are faced with selecting project managers to introduce innovative products, services, software and systems to the gain competitive edge in the marketplace. But simply selecting a team is not enough. Managers are faced with using innovative skills to deliver quality outputs in record time. Project management methodologies have been developed over the last century to help organizations consider all the necessary components of a project and execute processes to apply improvements to existing systems or introduce new products or services to the marketplace. A review of the literature supporting some of the most notable project management methodologies can help project managers make evidence-based decisions about the benefits of a good project management methodology and select the project management methodology that is best fits the goals and objectives they seek to achieve.

2

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

3

Project Management Methodologies: A Review of the Literature The turn of the twentieth century catapulted the world into a global age of business, innovation, war, politics, and technology. As the Industrial Age ended, companies began to grow nationally and expand globally into new marketplaces. When new ventures arose, managers were tasked with dividing operational staff into two groups: one group to keep current operations running while utilizing another group of team members to act on strategies to grow the business, whether opening a new location, increasing market share, expanding nationally, creating a new product, or acquiring a new line of business. Consequently, the modern concept of project management was developed. Over the century, researchers, analysts and managers have examined the practice of project management. This analysis has generated several approaches to employing project management within an organization. But to understand the true advantages of project management, a thorough review of the literature surrounding the history, definition, as well as the methodologies used in modern project management is necessary. As a result of exploring the literature supporting project management, managers have the ability to make evidence-based decisions about the benefits of a good project management methodology and select the project management methodology that is best fits the goals and objectives they seek to achieve. Project Management The history of project management begins when the word project is defined. While organizations focus on developing products and services for their customers in their day-to-day business, there are times when they engage in a temporary assignment to test the introduction of a new opportunity and determine if it would be advantageous to the department or organization. A project is a “temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result”

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

4

(Stackpole, 2010, p. 7). A project does not last indefinitely, but instead has time constraints and is focused on generating a product, service, system or result that is distinctive to the organization. The uniqueness of the project differs from a program, which can last indefinitely, or a portfolio, which is a collection of projects (Stackpole, 2010). This uniqueness captivated project management pioneer, Henry Gantt, an engineer at the turn of the twentieth century. Gantt led the way in inventing tools to facilitate his team of engineers as they managed projects and consulted for large companies such as Westinghouse, Canadian Pacific Railways, and Union Typewriter (“Gantt, Henry Laurence”, 2006). Gantt’s most famous development was the Gantt chart, which began as a daily balance chart depicting the daily process of work. This chart was critical to a change in the planning practice. The chart focused on time and detail instead of quantity. While surprisingly simple, the chart was completely revolutionary for the time period. Gantt’s work spawned many other engineers and managers to examine projects in a completely new light, centered around timeliness, attention to detail, and productivity, and how these components could be captured on a grand scale. The concept of project management was in full swing and managers pursued the best project management practices to give their organizations the competitive edge in the marketplace when contemplating new opportunities. Unlike the middle to late twentieth century where projects were growing and new to the organizational landscape, Edmonds (2010) states that it is virtually impossible to find a business today where there are no projects being employed. Project management is now a rapidly growing field and is defined as “the ability to define a goal, plan to reach it, and then execute the plan with accountability and control” (Samid, 1995, p. 18). When undertaking any task, whether temporary or ongoing, researchers agree that outlining the overall objective is vital to achievement and it only seems practical to devise a plan

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

5

to get from start to finish. But with temporary tasks, it is even more important that the time invested in the endeavor is utilized in the most efficient of ways because this costs the organization less money and time allocated to resources used to the project. Since the time of Gantt, managers have become more dedicated to the skill of project management and associations have been established to help project management professionals understand the worldwide standards that make project management successful in today’s businesses. Project Management Methodologies As project management grew fast during the twentieth century, the subject moved from a concept to a discipline that would be practiced to gain competitive advantage in the world marketplace. Researchers sought to improve the practice of project management. Several prominent methodologies are now in use due to the investment of time and research focused on project management. In 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) was founded and set out to be an association where project management professionals worldwide could collaborate on best practices in project management. PMI developed The Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), now in its fourth edition, a leading guide of PMI standards for project managers worldwide (Stackpole, 2010). The PMBOK guide is not a methodology itself, but promotes several key components that good methodologies must contain. These areas are integration, project scope, time, project cost, project quality, human resources, project communications, project risks, and procurement. Greater detail of these areas will be discussed in subsequent methodologies, but the guide also advocates that all projects hold to a project life cycle which includes initiating, planning, executing, control, and closing (Strait, 2006). With the temporary nature of projects, utilizing a project life cycle is beneficial to adhering to time constraints given by upper level management.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

6

The use of a specific methodology, or procedure, gives managers a directive on undertaking their projects that can help achieve the goals they desire to ultimately accomplish. A review of the literature concerning five prominent project management methodologies will be discussed in the following sections. These methodologies include: Agile, Prince2, Six Sigma, System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), and Waterfall. Agile The software industry faced significant challenges with the rise of computer processing and the Internet Age. Software developers were unable to create a sustainable software application product because of the number of glitches that a software application faced in different microcomputer environments or with upgrades to computer operating systems. This prompted several information technology engineers to come together at the turn of the twentyfirst century to create the Agile Alliance (Mellor, 2005). In the Alliance’s well-known Agile Manifesto, the proponents of a more lightweight method of software development share a project management methodology that has become recognized as Agile Project Management. In this methodology, the alliance sets forth several fundamentals that express the perspective of this project management approach. First, the method emphasizes “individuals and interactions over processes and tools” (Mellor, 2005, p. 17). This means that investing in the team of people within your project is critical to generating the best product. The process used and the tools employed are useless without a solid team that is able to work together. Next, the Agile approach advocates “working software over comprehensive documentation” (Mellor, 2005, p.17). Within project management, documenting a process had become overemphasized and exhausted time and resources. So, in Agile Project Management, the developers suggested focusing on working software more than an exhaustive explanation of the how to get the

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

7

software working. This concept was equivalent to having a map to get home works better than recording the route to get home on a piece of paper. Then, the Agile approach encourages “customer collaboration over contract negotiation” (Mellor, 2005, p.17). Within many organizations, the customer of a project is internal, but in the software industry, customers are mostly external and should be consulted in regards to whether the right product is being delivered. Lastly, the Agile methodology upholds “responding to change over following a plan” (Mellor, 2005, p. 17). This principle teaches that sometimes following a plan may not yield the best results especially if change in the market, the industry, or with the customer occurs. Therefore, teams should be adaptive and react to the rapid change of economic environments or customer demands rather than concentrating on a plan. The concepts found in Agile project management answer several distinct implications that are prevalent to in the world marketplace. The first is that “the business and technology worlds have become turbulent, high speed, and uncertain, requiring a process to both create change and respond rapidly to change” (Cockburn & Highsmith, 2001, p. 131). The uncertainty of the economy and the rapid pace at which technology is growing demands project management professionals to become adaptive to constant changes, especially in the midst of projects which are temporary in nature. Cockburn & Highsmith (2001) also note that the Agile approach is not just about getting used to change, but embracing change along with maintaining quality has become paramount to the success of the practice. Secondly, the Agile project management methodology is intended for people. One of the most significant characteristics the developers of the project management methodology desire for implementers of the practice to understand is that this method places more emphasis on people: their talent, expertise, amiability, and interaction (Highsmith & Cockburn, 2001). Concentrating on these factors helps managers build

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

8

a better team. With a better team, the organization will ultimately produce the best quality product and in less time. Overall, this methodology functions from the position that ensuring the concepts that the project management team incorporates centers on having a team with the expertise to produce the best quality product even amid a rapidly changing environment in the end leads to competitive advantage in the global marketplace. Prince2 The Prince2 project management methodology stands for PRojects IN Controlled Environments (What is PRINCE2? 2012) and was developed in 1989. It is the project management standard for the UK government’s information technology projects though it is now used extensively in both the public and private sectors. Prince2 is described as a structured project management approach and centers on eight characteristic techniques for the successful administration and control of a project (Karamitsos, Apostolopoulos, & Bugami, 2010). Starting Up a Project. Within the Prince2 project management methodology, the first process is the startup of the project. The startup centers on selecting the project and the project management team. A Project Mandate is required to begin selection of team members and also outlines the purposes and results of the project (Karamitsos, Apostolopoulos, & Bugami, (2010). This mandate usually comes from a Programme Committee or a group of similar classification (Vais, Miron, Pedersen, & Folke, (2006). Directing a Project. The next step within the Prince2 project management methodology is to direct the project. This function of the project begins with the startup of the project and lasts until the project’s closure (PRINCE2 Process Model, 2012). Directing the project is typically carried out by a Project Board, which is usually the senior management of the project team. The Project Board guides all activities of the project and resources used during the project.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

9

To accomplish this task, the Project Board authorizes the initiation of the project, approves the business case for the project, reviews the project at each of its stage’s boundaries, engages in progress monitoring, and ensures that the project comes to an organized close while experiences from the project are shared with other (Karamitsos, Apostolopoulos, & Bugami, 2010). Initiating a Project. The third stage of the Prince2 project management methodology is initiating the project. In this process, a project initiation document (PID) is presented that includes the project plan and costs associated with the project including: the plan objectives, key performance indicators (KPI) of the project, impacts and assumptions, project constraints and evaluations of options, benefits analysis, risks, and the delivery of all project implementations with stages and/or milestones (Karamitsos, Apostolopoulos, & Bugami, 2010). This process leaves little to be questioned about the advantages of the project for upper management staff. The plan is required to be thorough to answer all questions and concerns that could be raised from moving forward with significant investments in the project. Controlling a stage/milestone. The fourth process of Prince2 involves directing each milestone or stage the project reaches. Karamitsos, Apostolopoulos, & Bugami (2010) share that this breaks the project into practical and controllable stages that facilitates monitoring the project’s activities. This process is a main standard in Prince2 project management methodology that sets it apart from other project management techniques. Hinde (2012) reports that controlling a stage involves completed work packages, reviewing the work package status, authorizing the work packages, reviewing the stage status, capturing and examining the risks involved, taking corrective action, reporting the highlights, and escalating issues and risks as necessary.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

10

Managing Product Delivery. To manage the delivery of the project, or that each stage of the project is completed successfully, Prince2 identifies its fifth process of managing product delivery. Hinde (2012) notes that this process involves three distinct activities: accept a work package, execute a work package, and deliver a work package. The work package is simply all of the work agreed upon by the team and the project manager. So, reports are often exchanged to ensure the work packages are in agreement with the cost, quality, an timing of the project (Karamitsos, Apostolopoulos, & Bugami, 2010). Managing stage boundaries. The sixth process of the Prince2 project management methodology is managing stage boundaries. To move successfully from one milestone, or stage, to another, project managers must ensure that all components of the stage have been satisfied. In most projects, approval from a senior management team is necessary to move from one stage to the next (Karamitsos, Apostolopoulos, & Bugami, 2010). Planning. The seventh process of planning in Prince2 is a repeatable procedure that is carried out for the entire length of the project. In planning, the project team is required to have a deliverable checklist and log of risks associated with the plan (Karamitsos, Apostolopoulos, & Bugami, 2010). Closing a project. The final process in the Prince2 project management methodology is closing the project. Closing the project does not require substantial activity as it is chiefly making sure that all results of the project have been delivered and the objectives of the project have been met (Karamitsos, Apostolopoulos, & Bugami, 2010). Hinde (2012) goes further to note that closing a project “is where ownership of these products is transferred from the project team to the clients or operational teams” (Chp. 11, p. 3).

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

11

Overall, the eight processes that form the Prince2 project management methodology offer a comprehensive project management strategy that aids project teams in all areas of the project to be successful in delivering a quality, cost-effective, and detailed product for its client. Six Sigma The Six Sigma project management methodology was developed in the 1990s by Motorola, Inc., a world leader in the telecommunications industry. The approach is best described by researchers as “a data-driven structured problem solving methodology for solving chronic issues facing business” (Joshi, 2012, p. 2). Six Sigma is known and employed by organizations around the globe because of its success in helping gain competitive advantage within their industries. The objectives of Six Sigma are ten-fold: to improve customer satisfaction, gain process knowledge, defeat reduction, yield improvement, obtain higher operating income, target Six Sigma standards, improve process capability, defeat the competition, gain market share, and produce continuous improvement (Joshi, 2012). The approach is highly systematic and has been revised several times. This literature review will analyze the DMAIC methodology: an acronym for define, measure, analysis, improve, and control. Define. The first component of the methodology requires project teams define the requirements and expectations of the customer, define the project boundaries, and define the process by mapping business flow (Kwak & Anbari, 2006). When defining the project, a determination of the objectives the results of the project is established. Measure. The second process in the Six Sigma DMAIC methodology is to measure. This component is intended to measure the processes used that are meant to satisfy customer needs, develop a plan for collecting all data, and after collection, compare the data to decide if

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

12

there are issues or deficiencies (Kwak & Anbari, 2006). DeMast & Lokkerbol (2012) share that this process takes the problem that project managers face and breaks it into measurable parts so that an evaluation of the current position can be identified. Analyze. In the third process of the DMAIC methodology for Six Sigma, an analysis of the causes of deficiencies and the sources of discrepancies are identified. Project managers also use this process to determine the differences in the procedures and then order opportunities for future enhancement (Kwak & Anbari, 2006). This component is fundamentally a diagnosis of the problem that has caused the project to be implemented or an explanation of “why things are the way they are” (DeMast & Lokkerbol, 2012, p. 604). Improve. In the improve process of the Six Sigma project methodology, project managers are tasked with improving the process to eradicate variations, produce innovative alternatives, and then execute their improved project plan (Kwak & Anbari, 2006). As the objective of Six Sigma is to “improve the quality of process outputs” (Joshi, 2012, p.1), this component of the methodology is significant to the project management methodology. After all, the effectiveness of a new product, service, or outcome is the purpose behind embarking on a new project for many organizations. Control. The last component of the Six Sigma DMAIC project management methodology is control. This process is aimed at managing the process variations to meet the expectations of the customer. In this stage, project managers also develop a plan to supervise the improved processes and then employ the improvements to the systems or structures according to the project plan (Kwak & Anbari, 2006). DeMast & Lokkerbol (2012) even note that the control stage is where modifications of the process management system are made so that the improvements that the project team has implemented are sustainable.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

13

Six Sigma project management eliminates useless steps in the project management process. The methodology has permeated nearly all sectors of industry including financial, heathcare, engineering and construction and research and development because it is a comprehensive technique that centers on new measurements for improved processes that are sustainable for an organization (Kwak & Anbari, 2006). Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) With the arrival of computer information systems, organizations discovered the need to manage the systems that created, stored, or utilized the information for their businesses. While information systems were in place before microcomputers, the vast amount of information that could be housed within databases and servers introduced a new frontier for project management professionals. Systems Development Life Cycle, sometimes referred to as Software Development Life Cycle or SDLC, is the “process that is followed to define needs, design a solution and then build the solution” (Bentley, 1990, p. 13). Ruparelia (2010) explains that while there is a slight difference in a systems development lifecycle and a software development lifecycle, both have borrowed concepts from each other and include the development of a structural framework of stages to improve an application or system and guide it through these stages to implementation in the field. The systems development life cycle has been reported to be one of the more prominent concepts that has come from the field of information systems because it has had a significant bearing on programs, study, and practice of information systems (Hedman & Lind, 2009). Most systems development life cycle follow five clear-cut phases: “planning and problem identification, analysis, design, realization, and use and maintenance” (Hedman & Lind, 2009, p. 105) which is most often referred to as the Waterfall method.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

14

Waterfall. The Waterfall systems development life cycle, or simply, the Waterfall model or Waterfall method, is one of the first development life cycles instituted and is still widely used today for systems development (Sasankar & Chavan, 2011). The Waterfall model was first recorded in 1956 by Herbert D. Benington where he proposed that software be enhanced in stages, but the model was revised by Winston Royce in 1970 by presenting a feedback loop so that each stage within the model could be reexamined (Ruparelia 2010). Many researchers commend the Waterfall model because of it simplicity compared to other systems development life cycle models and share that it has even strengthened other system development life cycles. Waterfall steps have varied in name over the years, but still consists of five distinct areas: system conceptualization, systems analysis, system design, coding and testing. System conceptualization. During the system conceptualization phase, all aspects of the business process are examined. The objective of this phase is to determine how all components of a systems process works together (Sasankar & Chavan, 2011). Many refer to this also as the planning stage where the project team comes together to identify the demand requirement for a system (Hedman & Lind, 2009). Systems Analysis. In the second phase of the Waterfall model, systems analysis, the project team collects all of the system requirements that must be covered in the system (Sasankar & Chavan, 2011). This phase also requires a considerable amount of communication between the project team and the client and is sometimes referred to as simply the analysis phase because in this stage, the current information system is analyzed and all requirements identified by the project team (Hedman & Lind, 2009). System Design. System design is the third stage that encompasses a thorough assessment of whether a system can be completed and an exploration of logical and physical designs of the

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

15

system are presented (Hedman & Lind, 2009). The system’s design requires the project team to concentrate on the data needed in the system, the software structure and arrangement, as well as the interface creation. These components of the system design center on what information will be in the system, how the application will be build and what the system will look like to the customer system (Sasankar & Chavan, 2011). Coding. In the fourth stage of the Waterfall model, the system software is created. This stage is called coding and all of the design elements of the system design phase are necessary to execute this area of the project (Sasankar & Chavan, 2011). While some researchers refer to this phase as the realization phase, it is important to note that this is stage of the system development life cycle is when the solution that has been identified is programmed and installed (Hedman & Lind, 2009). In the information technology industry, this phase may also be called the roll out stage of the life cycle. Testing. The final stage of the Waterfall model is referred to as testing. In this phase, effectiveness and efficiency is verified to ensure the system is not only functioning in keeping with the proposed system design, but also that the system is performing all sub-routines and improvements that were a requirement of the system being enhanced (Sasankar & Chavan, 2011). Other researchers refer to this stage as the use and maintenance phase because this stage replaces the old system and the use and the maintenance of the system is tested for continuous operation (Hedman & Lind, 2009). Benefits of a Good Project Management Methodology Reviewing the literature supporting these project management methodologies, it is clear that methodologies have been created to specifically address the needs of certain industries, whether information technology, construction, financial, or governmental. The common

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

16

denominator for all project management methodologies regardless of industry is that a thorough analysis of the necessary output, product, service, or system is identified in the beginning stages of the project. Next, a team focuses on creating a quality improvement to replace or introduce to the organization or customer. Lastly, documentation of processes and implementations are recorded so that future advances can be made easily and current outputs (whether products or systems) can be kept current. These factors are components of all the project management methodologies that have been discussed. Selecting the Right Project Management Methodology When selecting a project management methodology for an organization, Cockburn (2000) suggests using the following four principles: a larger group needs a larger methodology, a more critical system needs more publicly visible correctness in its construction, a relatively small increase in methodology size adds a relatively large amount to project cost, and the most effective form of communication is interactive and face-to-face. Larger groups need a larger methodology because the larger the group, notes Cockburn (2000), the more roles at work in the system. This basis of this principle highlights that a small team methodology will most likely not work for a large group. In the second principle that Cockburn uses, that a more critical system needs more publicly visible correctness in its construction, simply translates that an organization should be able to justify the expense of a more critical system due to its necessity to protect against mistakes (Cockburn, 2000). A relatively small increase in methodology size adds a relatively large amount to project cost, the third principle in selecting the right project management methodology, reveals that if little is investing in the analysis stages of the project, the cost of updating requirements and processes later will inflate the cost of project overall. Lastly, and the most effective form of communication is interactive and face-to-face, is included

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

17

as a principle for selecting the best project management methodology because throughout all the project management methodologies discussed, an extensive amount of communication is necessary between the project teams and project committee, programme mandates, customers, clients, upper management, and project boards to effectively produce a quality output from the time and resources invested in the project. Conclusion The last century of research and innovation has not only introduced and given definition to the concept of the project, a “temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result” (Stackpole, 2010, p. 7), but has also forged the unique discipline of project management into global culture. From the forefathers of project management until now, the field has steadily grown and even produced methodologies to help organizations utilize the best methods for embarking on projects within their businesses. Project management methodologies have been used globally and worldwide associations such as the Project Management Institute have been created for the specific purpose of helping project management professionals grow in their knowledge of project management methodologies and implement best practices for project management within their organizations. Reviewing the literature supporting project management methodologies, several prominent methodologies were discussed that can benefit organizations embarking on projects within with businesses. In the Agile project management methodology, a less structured approach to project management is observed. In this four process methodology, people and interactions with people is highly favored over processes and tools. The methodology prides itself on delivering a quality software product even if that requires less documentation of the process to achieve the product. Customers are a significant component in Agile project

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

18

management methodology and preferred over contract negotiations. Lastly the methodology encourages reacting to change within the project rather than just simply following a plan of steps until completion. Reacting to change often yields an adaptive response to create a better system because changes during the project management process may need to be addressed. Prince2 project management methodology was a comprehensive approach to project management that involved six stages of the project process and was so effective that the UK government implemented the project management methodology for all of its information technology projects. The six stages journeyed from starting up a project to closing a project with each stage going through a comprehensive review of the necessities to begin and end a project methodically, carefully, and exhaustively. The Six Sigma project management methodology was not only introduced by the technology powerhouse Motorola, Inc., but is globally recognized as an approach to help organizations gain competitive edge in the marketplace. Six Sigma’s DMAIC methodology defines, measures, analyzes, improves, and controls the project process to deliver an innovative, yet quality output from its project teams. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) also incorporates comprehensive techniques to help systems and software project teams improve their information systems in detail. While SDLC is a project management methodology, it has been revised many times and the notable Waterfall model of the SDLC was reviewed to show its simplicity in helping software project teams enhance software and systems thoroughly. When choosing any project management methodology, it is recommended that project teams look at the benefits of a good project management methodology, as well as select a project management methodology that is appropriate for their organizational size, the necessity of their software systems, and the requirements of their customer.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES Project management methodologies will only continue to develop in the global marketplace. Thus, it is imperative that project managers have a thorough understanding of the needs of their clients, their current processes, and the techniques that can assist them in improving their processes for competitive advantage in today’s world.

19

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

20

References Bentley, T. J. (1990). Systems development life cycle. Management Accounting, 68(11), 13-13. Cockburn, A. (2000). Selecting a project's methodology. IEEE Software, 17(4), 64-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/52.854070 Cockburn, A., & Highsmith, J. (2001). Agile software development, the people factor. Computer. 34(11),131-133. doi: 10.1109/2.963450 DeMast, J. & Lokkerbol, J. (2012). An analysis of Six Sigma DMAIC method from the perspective of problem solving. International Journal of Production Economics. 139(2). 604. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.05.035 Edmonds, J. (2010). How training in project management can help businesses to get back on track. Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(6), 314-318. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197851011070695 Gantt, Henry Laurence. (2006). Encyclopedia of the History of American Management. London: Continuum. Credo Reference. Retrieved December 10, 2012 from http://www.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/contham/ga ntt_henry_laurence Hedman, J. & Lind, M. (2009). Is there only one systems development life cycle? Information Systems Development. 1(1). 105-116. Highsmith, J., & Cockburn, A.; (2001). Agile software development: the business of innovation. Computer. 34(9), 120-127. doi: 10.1109/2.947100 Hinde, D. (2012). PRINCE2 Study Guide. Sybex: Alameda, California. Joshi, A. (2012). Six Sigma implementation using DMAIC approach. International Journal of Computer Applications. 1(4). 1-7.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES

21

Karamitsos, I., Apostolopoulos, C. & Bugami, M. (2010). Benefits management process complements other project management methodologies. Journal of Software Engineering and Application (JSEA). 3(9). 839-844. doi:10.4236/jsea.2010.39097 Kwak, Y.H., & Anbari, F.T. (2006). Benefits, obstacles, and future of six sigma approach. Technovation. 26(5). 708-715. doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2004.10.003 Mellor, S. J. (2005). Editor's introduction: Adapting agile approaches to your project needs. IEEE Software, 22(3), 17-20. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MS.2005.61 PRINCE2 Process Model. (2012) PRINCE2 Process Map, PRINCE2 Processes. Retrieved on December 12, 2012 from http://www.prince2.com/prince2-process-model.asp#prince2directing-a-project Ruparelia, N. (2010). Software development lifecycle models. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes. 35(3). 8-13. Samid, G. (1995). Too much project management: A vice in disguise (and how to minimize it). Cost Engineering, 37(10), 18-18 Sasankar, A. & Chavan, V. (2011). SWOT analysis of software development models. International Journal of Computer Science Issues. 8(5). 390-399. Stackpole, C. (2010). A user’s guide to the PMBOK guide. Wiley: Hoboken, NJ. Strait, C. L. (2006). It's all in the technique! Information Management Journal, 40(2), 41-42,44 -46. What Is PRINCE2? (2012). PRINCE2 Definition. Retrieved from http://prince2.com/what-is -prince.asp on December 12, 2012. Vais, A., Miron, V., Pedersen, M., & Folke, J. (2006). Lean and Green at a Romanian secondary

PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES tissue paper and board mill—putting theory into practice. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 46(1). 44-74, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.06.005

22