La Fisica y La Ciencia Ficcion Completo

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poli78p.qxd

23/09/99 5:32 PM

Página 1

POLITEXT 78

De King Kong a Einstein La física en la ciencia ficción

poli78p.qxd

23/09/99 5:32 PM

Página 3

POLITEXT

Manuel Moreno Lupiáñez Jordi José Pont

De King Kong a Einstein La física en la ciencia ficción

EDICIONS UPC

poli78p.qxd

23/09/99 5:32 PM

Página 4

Primera edición: octubre de 1999

Diseño de la cubierta: Manuel Andreu y Jorge Calvet Dibujos: Vicent Ribas ©

los autores, 1999

©

Edicions UPC, 1999 Edicions de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, SL Jordi Girona Salgado 31, 08034 Barcelona Tel. 934 016 883 Fax. 934 015 885 Edicions Virtuals: www.edicionsupc.es e-mail: [email protected]

Producción:

Romanyà-Valls Pl. Verdaguer 1, 08786 Capellades (Barcelona)

Depósito legal: B-31.490-99 ISBN: 84-8301-333-9 Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático y la distribución de ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos, así como la exportación e importación de ejemplares para su distribución y venta fuera del ámbito de la Unión Europea.

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