Acknowledgement Wolverine Tube Inc. wishes to express its appreciation to Dr. K. J. Bell and Dr. A. C. Mueller for autho
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Acknowledgement Wolverine Tube Inc. wishes to express its appreciation to Dr. K. J. Bell and Dr. A. C. Mueller for authorship of this manual. Acknowledgement is made in the text for material which has been used from other sources.
© 2001, electronic distribution by Wolverine Tube, Inc. Research and Development Team
© 1984, original paper distribution by Wolverine Division of UOP Inc. All rights reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Basic Heat Transfer Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Basic Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Conduction
6
Single Phase Convection
8
Two Phase (Liquid-Gas/Vapor) Flow
11
Condensation
14
Vaporization
17
Radiation
19
Basic Heat Exchanger Equations The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
21
The Design Integral
23
The Mean Temperature Difference The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
25
Configuration Correction Factors on the LMTD
27
Construction of Shell and Tube heat Exchangers Why a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger?
31
Basic Components of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
31
Provisions for Thermal Stress
34
Mechanical Stresses
36
The Vibration Problem
36
Erosion
37
Cost of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
37
Allocation of Streams in a Shell and Tube Exchanger
38
Application of Extended Surfaces to Heat Exchangers The Concept of the Controlling Resistance
39
Types of Extended Surface
39
Fin Efficiencies and Related Concepts
40
The Fin Resistance Method
42
Some Applications of Finned Tubes
44
1
Section 6
Fouling in Heat Exchangers Typical Fouling Resistances
45
Types of Fouling
45
Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer
46
Materials Selection for Fouling Services
46
Removal of Fouling
47
Chapter 2 Sensible Heat Transfer Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Heat Exchangers with Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Areas of Application
57
Description of Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin
58
Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design The Basic Design Equation and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
59
Fin Efficiency and Fin Resistance
60
Mean Temperature Difference, F Factors
61
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Flow across Banks of Trufin Tubes Heat Transfer In Trufin Tube Banks
71
Pressure Drop During Flow Across Banks of Low-Finned Trufin Tubes
73
Effect of Fouling on Trufin
75
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Inside Tubes Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Single Phase Flow inside Round Tubes
76
Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Inside Tubes
82
Preliminary Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Basic Principles of Design
84
Preliminary Design Decisions
86
Procedure for Approximate Size Estimation
88
Delaware Method for Shell-Side Rating of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Introduction
95
Calculation of Shell-Side Geometrical Parameters
96
Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation
105
Shell-Side Pressure Drop Calculation
106
2
Section 7
Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Design of a Compressor After-cooler
115
Design of a Gas Oil to Crude Heat Recovery Exchanger
122
Chapter 3 Condensing Heat Transfer Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Trufin Tubes in Condensing Heat Transfer Modes of Condensation
142
Areas of Application
142
Types of Tubes Available
143
Condensation of Vapor inside High-Finned Trufin Tubes Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Flow
144
Condensation Heat Transfer
154
Mean Temperature Difference for In-Tube Condensation
162
Condensation of Vapor outside Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Tubes Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for Condensing Applications
166
The Basic Design Equations
172
Mean Temperature Difference
172
Condensation of a Superheated Vapor
173
Condensation with Integral Sub-cooling On the Shell-side
174
Film-wise Condensation on Plain and Trufin Tubes
178
Film-wise Condensation on Tube Banks
180
Pressure Drop during Shell-side Condensation
181
Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell and Tube Condensers Condenser Design for a Pure Component: Example Problem
183
Condenser Design for a Multi-component Mixture: Example Problem
193
Chapter 4 Trufin Tubes in Air-cool Heat Exchangers Section 1
Heat Exchangers with High-Finned Trufin Tubes Areas of Application
209
High-Finned Trufin
210
Description of Equipment
211
3
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Heat Transfer with High-Finned Trufin Tubes Fin Temperature Distribution and Fin Efficiency
216
Effect of Fouling on High-Finned Trufin
218
Contact Resistance in Bimetallic Tubes
219
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in High-Finned Trufin Tube Banks Heat Transfer Coefficients in Cross-flow
220
Mean Temperature Difference in Cross-flow
222
Pressure Drop in Cross-flow
224
Other Air-Side Pressure Effects
226
Preliminary Design Procedures Principles of the Design Process
227
Selection of Preliminary Design Parameters
227
Fundamental Limitations Controlling Air-cool Heat Exchanger Design
229
Final Design
236
Chapter 5 Trufin Tubes in Boiling Heat Transfer Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Boiling Theory Pool Boiling Curve
241
Nucleation
243
Nucleate Boiling Curve
244
Maximum or Critical Heat Flux
245
Film Boiling
246
Boiling Inside Tubes
247
Sub-cooling and Agitation
247
Vaporizers - Types and Usage General
249
Boiling Outside Tubes
249
Boiling Inside Tubes
251
Other Types of Evaporators
253
Boiling Heat Transfer Pool Boiling - Single Tube
255
Single Tube in Cross Flow
259
Boiling on Outside of Tubes in a Bundle
259
4
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Boiling Inside Tubes
260
Boiling of Mixtures
264
Falling Film Heat Transfer Vertical In-Tube Vaporizer
268
Horizontal Shell-Side Vaporizer
269
Dry Spots - Film Breakdown
269
Special Surfaces Boiling on Fins
270
Mean Temperature Difference
271
Pressure Drop Tube-Side Pressure Drop
273
Shell-Side Pressure Drop
275
Section 7
Fouling
277
Section 8
Design Procedures
Section 9
Selection of Re-boiler Type
280
Pool Type Re-boilers
280
In-tube or Thermosyphon Re-boilers
281
Special Considerations Examples of Design Problems
Section 10
285
Example of Design Problems for Trufin in Boiling Heat Transfer Design Example - Kettle Re-boiler
286
In-Tube Thermosyphon - Example Problem
289
Boiling Outside Trufin Tubes - Example Problem
293
5