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ASME B O I L E R A N D P R E S S U R E VESSEL C O D E An American National Standard

SECTION V

Nondestructive Examination

1974 EDITION July 1, 1974 --``,,`,```,,``,`,```````,,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

AShlE BOILER A N D PRESSURE VESSEL COMMlTTEE SUBCOMMITTEE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING

THE AMERICAN SOClETY O F MECHANICAL ENGINEERS UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER 345 EAST FORTY-SEVENTH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017

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Copyright, O 1974 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All Rights Reserved The Specifications published and copyrighted by The American Society for Testing and Materials are reproduced with the Society's permission. Date of Issue - July 1,1974 (Includes all Addenda dated December 1973 and earlier) No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-3934 Printed in the United States of America Adopted by the Council of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1914. Revised 1940,1941,1943,1946,1949,1952,1953,1956,1959,1962,1965,1968,19~1,1974

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1974 ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE An American National Standard Title

Sections*

I I1 I1 I1 111 I11 I11 I11 111 111 111 IV V VI VII VIII VIII IX X XI

Power Boilers Material Specifications . . .Part A - Ferrous . . .Part B - Nonferrous .. .Part C -Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals Nuclear Power Plant Components, Division 1 . . .Subsection NA - General Requirements (Includes All Appendices) . . .Subsection NB - Class 1 Components .. . Subsection NC - Class 2 Components .. . Subsection ND - Class 3 Components . . .Subsection NE - Class MC Components .. .Subsection NF - Component Supports . . . Subsection NG - Core Support Structures Heating Boilers Nondestructive Examination Recommended Rules for Care and Operation of Heating Boilers Recommended Rules for Care of Power Boilers Pressure Vessels . . . Division 1 . . .Division 2 - Alternative Rules Welding and Brazing Qualifications Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components

*Available in bound and loose-leaf versions. The bound version is necessary for ASME Certification. Code Cases The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee meets regularly to consider requests for interpretations of the Code and to consider rulings for conditions encountered requiring special provisions. Those which have been adopted are in the 1974 Case Book. Modifications will be sent automatically to the purchasers of the Case Book up t o the publication of the 1977 Edition. Addenda Colored-sheet Addenda, which include additions and revisions to individual Sections of the Code, are published twice a year and will be sent automatically to purchasers of the applicable Sections up to the publication of the 1977 Code. Purchasers of the bound versions of the Sections will receive bound Addenda. Purchasers of the loose-leaf versions of the Sections will receive replacement pages approximately 3 months after the bound version is published.

Pink Green Yellow

Addenda Color Legend Summer 1974 Winter 1974 Salmon Summer 1975

Winter 1975 Summer 1976

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FOREWORD

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a

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers set up a committee in 1911 for the purpose of formulating standard rules for the construction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels. This committee is now called the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee. The Committee's function is to establish rules of safety governing the design, fabrication, and inspection during construction of boilers and unfired pressure vessels, and to interpret these rules when questions arise regarding their intent. In formulating the rules, the Committee considers the needs of users, manufacturers, and inspectors of pressure vessels. The objective of the rules is to afford reasonably certain protection of life and property and to provide a margin for deterioration in service so as to give a reasonably long safe period of usefulness. Advancements in design and material, and the evidence of experience have been recognized. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee deals with the care and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels in service only to the extent of providing suggested rules of good practice as an aid to owners and their inspectors. The rules established by the Committee are not to be interpreted as approving, recommending, or endorsing any proprietary or specific design or as limiting in any way the manufacturer's freedom to choose any method of design or any form of construction that conforms to the Code rules. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee meets regularly to consider requests for interpretations and revisions of the rules. Inquiries must be in writing and must give full particulars in order to receive consideration. Requests for interpretations which are of a routine nature may be executed by the Secretary of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee without reference to a subcommittee. All other requests are first referred to the proper subcommittee for consideration and for recommendation of action by the Main Committee. The action of the Main Committee becomes effective only after confirmation by letter

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ballot of the Committee and approval by the Council of the Society. Committee rulings of general interest are published in Mechanical Engineering as Code Cases, and inquirers are advised of the action taken. Code revisions approved by the Committee are published in Mechanical Engineering as proposed addenda to the Code to invite comments from all interested persons. After final approval by the Committee and adoption by the ASME Council, they are printed in the addenda supplements to the Code. Code Cases may be used in the construction of components to be stamped with the ASME Code symbol beginning with the date of their approval by the ASME Council. After Code revisions are approved by Council they may be used beginning with the date of issuance shown on the addenda. Revisions become mandatory as minimum requirements six months after such date of issuance, except for boilers or pressure vessels contracted for prior to the end of the six-month period. Manufacturers and users of components are cautioned against making use of revisions and Cases that are less restrictive than former requirements without having assurance that they have been accepted by the proper authorities in the jurisdiction where the component is to be installed. Each state and municipality in the United States and each province in the Dominion of Canada that adopts or accepts one or more Sections of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is invited to appoint a representative to act on the Conference Committee to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee. Since the members of the Conference Committee are in active contact with the administration and enforcement of the rules, the requirements for inspection in this Code correspond with those in effect in their respective jurisdictions. The required qualifications for an Authorized Inspector under these rules may be obtained from the administrative authority of any

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state, municipality, or province which has adopted these rules. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee in the formulation of its rules and in the establishment of maximum design and operating pressures considers materials, construction, method of fabrication, inspection, and safety devices. Permission may be granted to regulatory bodies and organizations publishing safety standards to use a complete Section of the Code by reference. If usage of a Section, such as Section IX, involves exceptions, omissions, or changes in provisions, the intent of the Code might not be attained. Where a state or other regulatory body, in the printing of any Section of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, makes additions or omissions, it is recommended that such changes be clearly indicated. The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors is composed of chief inspectors of states and municipalities in the United States and of provinces in the Dominion of Canada that have adopted the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. This Board, since its organization in 1919, has functioned to uniformly administer and enforce the rules of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The cooperation of that organization with the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee has been extremely helpful. Its function is clearly recognized and, as a result, inquiries received which bear on the administration or application of the rules are referred directly to the National Board. Such handling of this type of inquiry not only simplifies the work of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee, but action on the problem for the inquirer is thereby expedited. Where an inquiry is neither clearly an interpretation of the rules nor a problem of application or administration, it may be considered both by the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee and the National Board.

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It should be pointed out that the state or municipality where the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code has been made effective has definite jurisdiction over any particular installation. Inquiries dealing with problems of local character should be directed to the proper authority of such state or municipality. Such authority may, if there is any question or doubt as to the proper interpretation, refer the question to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Cornrnittee. The Specifications for base materials given in Section 11, Parts A and B, are identical with or similar to those of The American Society for Testing and Materials. The Specifications for welding materials given in Section 11, Part C, are identical with or similar to those of The American Welding Society. Use of the materials described in these Specifications is covered by the rules in one or more Sections of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. All materials allowed by these various Sections and used for construction within the scope of their rules shall be furnished in accordance with ASME Materials Specifications contained in Section I1 except where otherwise provided in Code Cases or in the applicable Section of the Code. Materials covered by these Specifications are acceptable for use in items covered by the Code Sections only to the degree indicated in the applicable Section. Materials for Code use should preferably be ordered, produced, and documented on this basis; however, material produced under an ASTM Specification may be designated as complying with the corresponding ASME Specification, provided the latter Specification is indicated to be identical with the ASTM Specification for the Grade, Class, or Type produced, and provided the material is confirmed as complying with the ASTM Specification by material test report or certification of compliance from the material manufacturer.

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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers established a series of symbols for the marking of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components, such as vessels, piping, pumps and valves, and certain appurtenances which have been constructed and inspected in compliance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It is the aim of the Society to maintain the standing of the Code Symbols for the benefit of the users, the enforcement jurisdictions and the holders of the symbols who comply with all requirements. Based on that objective, the following policy has been established on the usage in advertising of facsimiles of the symbols and reference to Code construction. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers does not "approve," "certify," "rate", or "endorse" any product or construction and there shall be no

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statements or implications which might so indicate. A manufacturer holding a Code Symbol and a Certificate of Authorization may state in advertising literature that its products "are built in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code," or "meet the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code." The ASME Symbol shall be used only for stamping and name plates as specifically provided in the Code. However, facsimiles may be used for the purpose of fostering the use of such construction. Such usage may be by an association or a society, or by a holder of a Code Symbol who may also use the facsimile in advertising to show that clearly specified products will carry the symbol. General usage is permitted only when allof a manufacturer's products are constructed under the Rules.

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STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF CODE SYMBOLS IN ADVERTISING

PERSONNEL ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee Subcommittees, Subgroups and Working Groups As Of July 1973 CONFERENCE COMMITTEE

MAIN COMMITTEE L. P. Zick, Chairman

B. F. Langer

C. W. Allison-Tennessee

F. W. Marcaccio-Rhode Island

W. L. Harding, Vice Chairman

J.. E. .Lattan

H. Baron-Minnesota

M. S. Mauk-Delaware

B. W. Bace

J. LeCoff

D. R. Bartosch-Oregon

R. D. Molt-Alaska

D. R. Bartosch

J. R. Mackay

R. Beckwith-Michigan

J. W. Monrant-Louisiana

J. K. Olsen-Massachusetts

R. D. Bonner

R. H. Moeller

F. J. Castro-Puerto Rico

R. J. Bosnak

C. E. Rawlins

R. T. Clark-District of Columbia L. A. O'Morrow-Manitoba

P. M. Brister

W. E. Somers

B. W. Cole-British Columbia,

H. M. Canavan

W. B. Hoyt, Secretary

W. E. Cooper

S. W. Reynolds, Assistant Secretary

G. E. Fratcher

W. J. Woollacott, Assistant

G. B. Grable

Secretary

P. T. Martino, Assistant

R. C. Griffin S. F. Harrison

Secretary

G. M. Eisenberg, Assistant

J. W. James W. P. Johnson

Secretary

E. L. Kemmler E. M. Kloeblen

B. P. McCulloch, Assistant Secretary

W. A. Cooper-Tampa, Florida

W. L. Harding, Chairman

R. C. Griffin

L. P. Zick, Vice Chairman

S. F. Harrison

W. B. Hoyt, Secretary

J. W. James

W. E. Cooper

B.F.Langer

HONORARY MEMBERS

E. E. Peterman-Pennsylvania

R. V. Curry-Saskatchewan,

R. E. Peterson-Hawaii

Canada

J. L. Menson

A. J. Ely J. M. Guy T. R. Hardin

J. W. Turner

and Labrador, Canada W. Dvorak-Arizona

J. H. Harlow

F. S. G. Williams

E. C. Korten

E. J. Wiseman

C! W. Wheatley

MARINE CONFERENCE GROUP E. Schoenfeld, Chairman

M. B. Lemly

J. H. Birtwhistle

T. J. Lund

R. Sauve-Quebec, Canada S. Schugar-Detroit

C. C. Edelman-Washington

R. A. Shaw-Nebraska

J. T. Edson-San Francisco

C. A. Shriver-Kansas

J. W. Emerson-Maine

J. L. Sisk-New Brunswick,

D. R. Gallup-Illinois H. J. Gragg-North Dakota R. J. Graven-Ohio

Canada G. V. Smyth-Nova Scotia, Canada L. E. Stoppleman-St. Louis

T. E. Hanson-Wisconsin

J. L. Sullivan-New Jersey R. F. Hawkins-Ontario, Canada A. D. Sunnock-Maryland R. R. Johnson-Indiana

F. S. Thomas-Utah

G. M. Kuetemeyer-Milwaukee

S. B. Voris-Seattle

0. R. Kyle-Memphis

B. L. Whitley-North Carolina

G. E. Langford-New York

J. E. Williams-Prince Edward

J. K. Mahr-Colorado

Island, Canada H. B. Wilson-Phoenix C. R. Woods-Kentucky

R. F. Miller D. W. Wesstrom

A. J. R. Rees-Alberta, Canada

A. W. Diamond-New Foundland B. 0. Rohde-Nevada

0. W. Lillis-Los Angeles

J. D. Andrew J. S. Clarke

M. S. Perlee-California

J. T. Crosby-Arkansas

L. W. Eubank-West Virginia EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

H. G. Parker-Texas A. Parkhurst-Iowa

SUBCOMMITTEE ON POWER BOILERS (SC I) W. E. Somers, Chairman

W. L. Harding

B. F . Love. Secretary w/o Vote R. Beckwith

C. L. Hedrick J. R. Mackay

G. W. Bice

D. J. McDonald

P. M. Brister

J. J. O'Connor

H. M. Canavan

A. H. Rawdon

J. W. Cartinhour

E. J. Risseeuw

E. D. Dow

R. Sanchez

G. H. Gowdy

A. T. Slatt

W. H. Groundwater

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W. D. Doty

Canada

Subgroup on Care of Power Boilers (SC I )

Subgroup on Steel Casting. Forgings. and Boltings (SC Ill

G. H. Gowdy, Chairman

J. A. Lux

D. C. Brown, Chairman

J. E. Lattan

D. R. Bartosch

D. J. McDonald

L. A. Niemond, Secretary

J. D. Lewis

R. J. Brown

A. Plauchu C. E. Rodenburg

D. L. Bagnoli

E. L. Murphy

H. M. Canavan

W. C Banks

J. R. Patton

H. A. Decker

S. F. Whirl

S. H. Finley A. F. Gross

W. R. Wollering

G. S. Hartman

R. W. Zillman

M. L. Jones

H. C. Ternpleton

E. Landerman Subgroup on Piping (SC I ) W. H. Groundwater, Chairman

A. T. Slatt

R. D. Boyajian

J. L. Sperry

S. F. Harrison

F. J. Sweeney

Subgroup on Non-Ferrous Alloys (SC Ill J. Gadbut, Chairman

M. J. Weiss

A. Cohen

D. H. Wilson

J. W. Tackett Subgroup on Fire Tube Boilers (SC I ) SUBCOMMITTEE O N PROPERTIES OF METALS (SC PI H. M. Canavan, Chairman

K. A. Petry

S. F. Harrison

E. J. Risseeuw

W. L. Harding, Chairman

J. J. Kanter

J. F. Johnston

M. J. Telesmanic

R . H. Moeller, Secretary

C. E. Rawlins

H. G. Parker

N. Vierson

P. M. Brister

I.A. Rohrig

C. C. Clark

G. V. Smith

SUBCOMMITTEE O N MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS (SC I I ) R. C. Griffin, Chairman

J. E. Lattan

V. W. Butler, Secretary

J. R. Patton

W. C. Banks

E. V. Pineda W. R. Smith

D. C. Brown S. H. Finley

W. R. Sylvester R. W. Zillman

J. Gadbut

E. Landerman

Subgroup on Steel Plates (SC II ) V. W. Butler, Chairman

H. A. Grubb

D. C. Brown

W. C. Kimball

A. G. Cook

R. E. Lorentz

J. R. England

A. W. Zeuthen

T. M. Cullen

W. R. Smith

W- D' R. F. Gill

W. E. Trumpler F. A. Upson

Subgroup on Toughness (SC P) J. H. Gross, Chairman

E. Landerman

B. L. Alia

F. J. Loss

D. J. Ayres V. W. Butler

C. E. Rawlins

H. T. Corten

R. D. Webb

H. A. Grubb

R. G. Williams

R. D. Stout

G. S. Hartman

D. E. Young

W. S. Hazelton

S. Yukawa

E. M. Kloeblen

Working Group on Non-Nuclear Application (SC P I

S. H. Finley C. E. Rawlins, Chairman

E. M. Kloeblen

B. L. Alia

R. D. Stout

V. W. Butler

R. D. Webb

Subgroup on Steel Tubular Products (SC II ) Working Group on Nuclear Application (SC P) W. R. Sylvester, Chairman

R. Cockroft

D. K. Greenwald C. H. Kuthe

P. L. Daley

E. J. Rozic

H. A. Grubb

F. J. Loss

R. W. Emerson

R. H. Zong

G. S. Hartman

D. E. Young

E. Landerman, Chairman

W. S. Hazelton

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Working Group on Toughness Criteria (SC P) J. H. Gross, Chairman

R. G. Williams

D. J. Ayres

S. Yukawa

H. T. Corten

Subgroup on Fatigue Strength (SC P)

Subgroup on General Requirements (SC I l l ) J. N. Baysden, Chairman

W. S. Gibbons

E. C. Bailey

J. G. Gillissie

R. J. Bosnak

J. J. Hack

A. Breed

G. F. Hoveke

W. J. O'Donnell, Chairman

J. A. Hayward

F. W. Catudal

W. N. McLean

E. P. Eutergar

C. E. Jaske

R. J. Cepluch

W. J. Miller

M. R. Gross

C. W. Lawton

H. F. Dobel

G. M. Tolson

C. B. Harrison

J. J. Murphy

D. R. Gallup

R. J. Von Osinski

E. F. Gerwin

SG on Strength of Weldments (SC PI and (SC I X ) (Joint SG) W. D. Doty, Chairman

G. V. Smith

R. C. Griffin

W. R. Smith

R. E. Lorentz SG on Strength-Steel and High Temperature Alloys (SC P) P. M. Brister, Chairman

J. J. Kanter

W. S. Gibbons, Chairman

E. F. Gerwin

R. B. Bremmer

J. J. Hack

W. C. Buskey

M. J. Letich

W. F. Ferguson

E. M. Marselli

D. R. Gallup

W. J. Miller

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W. E. Leyda, Secretary

R. A. Moen

C. W. Alexander

J. E. Rogozenski

M. N. Bressler

I.A . Rohrig

D. Canonico

G. V. Smith

T. M. Cullen

W. R. Smith

P. R. Davis

C. E. Spaeder

R. F. Gill

W. E. Trumpler

F. W. Catudal, Chairman

J. J. Hack

A. M. Johnsen

F. A. Upson

J. L. Corcoran

J. P. Knight

H. E. Ferrill

L. E. Wood

WG on Duties and Responsibilities (SG-GR) (SC I l l ) J. J. Hack, Chairman

W. L. Lowry, Jr.

Subgroup on Pressure Relief (SC I l l )

Subgroup on Strength-Nonferrous Alloys (SC PI Subgroup on Materials (SC 1111 R. H. Moeller, Chairman

D. G. Harman

J. W. Tackett, Secretary

R. E. Maersch

W. R. Gall, Chairman

K. 0. Bogardus

D. E. Tyler

R. L. Shively, Vice Chairman

D. K. Greenwald

C. L. Bulow

W. V. Waterbury

R. T. King, Secretary w l o Vote

H. A. Grubb

R. A. Ecoff

D. H. Wilson

J..R. Barbee/Alternate for

W. G. Knecht

R. M. Gibson

W. S. Gibbons

SUBCOMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR POWER (SC I l l ) B. F. Langer, Chairman

W. R. Gall

W. R. Smith, Vice Chairman

D. R. Gallup

J. N . Baysden, Secretary

J. G. Gillissie

wlo vote R. J. BosnaklAlternate for R. R. Maccary

a

WG on Quality Assurance and Stamping (SG-GR) (SC 111)

R. R. Maccary

C. E. Mathieu

'

E. Landerman

M. N. Bressler

J. E. Lattan

W. B. Bunn

W. N. McLean

R. CockroftlAlternate for

R. H. Moeller

P. R. Davis

M. J. Letich

W. S. Gibbons

J. R. Patton

P. R. Davis

W. H. Rice

F. R. Drahos

A. Taboada

C. R. Funk

B. E. Tenzer

S. M. Gaitonde

D. E. Young

M. N. Bressler

W. N. McLean

S. H. Bush (liaison)

W. R. Mikesell

F. W. Catudal

W. J. Miller

L. J. Chockie

T. E. Northup

E. B. Branch

E. M. Livingston

W. E. Cooper

W. C. Osborne

W. G. Brussalis

C. M. Purdy

R. L. Dick

C. M. Purdy

W. E. Cooper

E. C. Rodabaugh

p. M. Dimitroff

R. E. Reder

J. E. Corr

D. W. Sher

H. F. Dobel

E. C. Rodabaugh

W. R. Gall

F. E. Vinson

F. R. Drahos

D. W. Sher

D. F. Landers

W. M. Wepfer

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Subgroup on Design (SC I l l ) W. R. Mikesell, Acting Chairman D. F . Lange

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Subgroup on Core Support Structures (SC I l l )

Working Group on Vessels ISG-D) (SC II I )

B. L. Silverblatt, Chairman

W. F. English

C. A. Moore

H. L. Brammer

F. T. Grubelich

R. N. Quade

D. D. Cannon

L. C. Shao

G. T. Haugland

R. E. Tome

R. V. DeMars

L. W. Heilmann

R. N. Tornow

W. R. Mikesell, Chairman

F. J. Mehringer

S. F. Armour J. F. Finn

Subgroup on Fabrication and Examination ISC 1111

Working Group on Piping ISG-D) ISC 111)

L. J. Chockie, Chairman

R. W. Jackson

W. M. Byerley, Secretary

W. G. Knecht

J. R. BarbeelAlternate for

J. Lang

G. S. Gibbons

J. R. McGuffey

D. F. Landers, Chairman

S. E. Moore

L. E. Alsager

M. H. Pedell

W. B. Bunn

W. N. McLean

N. Blair

J. E. Richardson

F. R. Drahos

J. L. Perkins

E. B. Branch

E. C. Rodabaugh

R. A. Ecoff

C. M. Purdy

A. W. Crittenden

E. F. Sheaffer

E. F. Gerwin

W. H. Rice

H. W. Dolfi

E. H. SteigerwaldlAlternate for

W. S. Gibbons

J. W. Richardson

F. E. Vinson

H. H. George

R. C. Green

R. E. Tschirch C. A. Wunder

A. B. Glickstein

E. 0. Swain

R. M. Gustafson

R. W. Haupt

F. E. Vinson

R. L. Harris

R. E. Keever

L. E. Wright

J. T. McKeon

W. B. Wright

Subgroup o n Containment Components ISC I l l ) R. F. Reedy, Chairman

Working Group on Pumps (SG-D) (SC I l l )

R. S. Orr

J. H. Adams

E. J. Simanek

R. A. DeLuca

A. I. Snyder

W. M. Wepfer. Chairman

J. P. Knight

L. P. Dolder

J. D. Stevenson

G. G. Anderson

G. T. Morrissy

C. H. Harmsen

K . R. Wichman

R. E. Ball

R. M. Nelson

J. E. Love

A. Brkich

W. C. Osborne

J. E. Corr

B. J. Round

Subgroup on lnservice Inspection (SC I l l )

H. R. Graglia W. P. Johnson, Chairman

L. J. Chockie, Secretary Working Group on Valves (SG-D) (SC I l l )

0. F. Hedden L. R. Katz

E. C.Bailey

R. R. Maccary

A. J. Birkle

J. M. Makepeace

J. E. Corr, Chairman

C. M. McCullar

S. H. Bush

W. C. Osborne

L. E. Alsager

W. N. McLean

H. M. Canavan

W. 0. Parker

W. G. Knecht

B. J. Milleville

L. B. Gross

F. A. Warner S. A. Zvch

R. Koester

N. F. Prescott R. E. Soderberg

W. C. Ham

L. J. Malandra

J. C. Tsacoyeanes

J. P. Knight

Working Group on Component Supports (SG-Dl (SC I l l )

WG on lnservice Testing of Pumps and Valves ISC I l l ) W. C. Osborne, Chairman

R. Koester

G. A. Arlotto

K. A. Krauss

L. J. Booth

L. J. Kuzenski

F. E. Vinson, Chairman

Z. A. Kravets

J. D'Amico

J. C. Major

J. T. Boyd

W. L. Patrick

L. F. Davis

G. H. Martin

E. B. Branch

L. J. Pierce

L. M. Hausler

B. J. Milleville

F. W. Corner

E. 0. Swain

E. F. Hebrank

R. T. Rose

R. W. Haupt

K. R. Wichman

J. L. Hilke

K. H. Schafer

R. E. Keever

M. P. Zyne

W. G. Knecht

S. A. Zych

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F. P. Hill

WG on lnservice lnspection of Gas Cooled Systems (SC I l l ) F. A. Warner, Chairman

E. G. Arndt

WG on lnservice lnspection of Liquid Metal Systems (SC I l l ) H. B. Holz

WG on lnservice lnspection o f Water Cooled Systems (SC I l l ) W. 0. Parker, Chairman

R. D. Duncan

Subgroup on Elevated Temperature Construction (SC I l l ) M. T. Jakub, Chairman

J. G. Gillissie

M. N. Bressler

R. I. Jetter

C. Y. Cheng

H. B. Ketchum

W. E. Cooper

F. C. Rally

SUBCOMMITTEE O N HEATING BOILERS (SC I V )

L. P. Malstrom

E. D. Dow. Secretary

T. H. Milton

C. W. Allison

R. J. Sharp

T. J. Corbett

G. B. Sims

G. E. Fratcher

M. J. Telesmanic

S. F. Harrison

J. R. Thomson

J. F. Johnston

R. H. Weigel

L. P. Malstrom, Chairman

R. J. Sharp G. B. Sims

G. E. Langford

J. I.Woodworth

E. M. Kloeblen

C. V. Moore

B. W . Bace

C. E. Rawlins

R. D. Bonner

A. J. R. Rees

H. F. Colter

N. J. Rees

R. A. Ecoff

M. Rodinos

J. R. Farr

J. F. Sebald

J. H. Faupel

J. E. Soehrens

G. E. Fratcher

J. J. Szigety

R. M. Gibson

C. M. Vogrin

J. W. Kime

J. R. Farr, Chairman

J. LeCoff

J. A. Hayward, Secretary

J. R. Maison

J. H. Faupel

J. J. Murphy

R. M. Gibson

J. E. Soehrens

F. H. Guber

C. M. Vogrin

R. E. Knoblock

Subgroup on Fabrication and lnspection (SC V I I I )

Subgroup on Care and Operation of Heating Boilers (SC I V )

M. P. Bragg

R. J. Cepluch, Chairman J. LeCoff, Vice Chairman

Subgroup on Design (SC V I I I I

E. P. Eutergar

J. W. James, Chairman

SUBCOMMITTEE O N PRESSURE VESSELS (SC V I I I )

J. J. Szigety, Chairman

R. F. O'Neill

F. T. Duba

A. J. R. Rees

J. Lang

M. Rodinos

J. R. Maison

D. H. Simpson

G. C. Mathews

S. E. Zirkle

Subgroup on General Requirements (SC V I I I )

T. H. Milton

R. D. Bonner, Chairman

D. A. Meyer

SUBCOMMITTEE ON NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

H. F. Colter

C. V. Moore

(SC V )

W. L. Garvin

C. C. Neely

B. W. Bace. Chairman

G. B. Grable

R. C. Hudson, Secretary

W. C. Herman

C. W. Allison

E. T. Hughes

H. G. Bogart

T. Kirk

R. J. Brown

T. F. Luga

P. E. Loveday

A. J. Palmer

C. E. Mathieu

W. J. Stuber

Subgroup on Materials (SC V I I I )

L. J. Chockie

D. A.,Olsson

R. A. Ecoff, Chairman

C. D. McClain

D. C. Christofferson

A. Plauchu

J. W. Kime, Secretary

C. E. Rawlins

B. H. Clark

J. G. Rawlins

W. C. Banks

L. T. Detlor

R. J. Roehrs

F. J. Bruns

N. J. Rees E. Schoenfeld

G. F. Forrer

F. J. Sattler

V. W. Butler

R. M. Gibson

E. W. Shilling

J. Gadbut

L. E. Spry A. H. Weber

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SUBCOMMITTEE O N DESIGN (SC DI

SUBCOMMITTEE O N WELDING (SC I X ) G. E. Fratcher, Chairman

A. N. Kugler

J. LeCoff, Chairman

6. F. Langer

L. J. Christensen, Secretary

R. E. Lorentz

F. R. Baysinger

J. Mikulak

W. H. Tuppeny, Secretafy R. J. Cepluch

W. R. Mikesell

R. W. Bennett

J. P. MyersIAlternate for

W. E . Cooper

E. C. Rodabaugh

W. L. Gamin

J. Bland H. R. Conaway

H. A. Reeves

E. D. D o w

H. S. Sayre

R. W. Emerson

W. K . Scattergood

W. L. Garvin

N. G. Schreiner

G. B. Grable

J. L. Sisk

H. L. Helmbrecht M. J. Houle

H. W. Marsh

E . P . Esztergar

Subgroup on Openings (SC D) E. C. Rodabaugh, Chairman

J. L. Mershon

M. P. Schwartz, Secretary

W. R. Mikesell

W. V. Waterbury

M. N. Bressler

H. H. Schneider

R. G. Williams

R. T. Brown

R. W. Schneider

R. L. Cloud

E. D. Ssinegurski

M. I.Curtis

E. 0. Waters

SUBCOMMITTEE O N REINFORCED PLASTIC PRESSURE VESSELS (SC X )

E. M. Kloeblen. Chairman

G. E. Fratcher

H. E. Atkinson

S. F. Harrison

M. P. Bragg

W. D. Humphrey

J. W. Carter

A. 6. lsham

J. T. Crosby

R. J. Kiessel

L. L. Dirickson

J. R. Vinson

€3. G. Earnheart

A. J. Wiltshire

J. R. Farr

Subgroup on External Pressure (SC D ) H. W. Marsh, Chairman

T. P. Kicher

R. 6. Allnutt

A. Lohmeier

M. H. Jawad

E. E. Morgenegg

C. J. Kelly

R. G. Sturm

A. F. Fonda

Subgroup on Elevated Temperature Design (SC D l SUBCOMMITTEE O N SAFETY V A L V E REQUIREMENTS ISC SV)

E. P. Esztergar, Chairman

R. I. Jetter

M. T. Jakub, Secretary

C. W. Lawton

W. L. Harding

W. F. Anderson

J. E. McConnelee

W. L. Gamin, Secretary

F. J. Howes

R. D. Campbell

C. F. Nash

W. F. Anderson

J. W. James

J. 6. Conway

W. J. O'Donnell

J. M. Corum

F. A. Sebring

S. F. Harrison, Chairman

0. E. Buxton J. L. Corcoran

L. P. Malstrom W. E. Somers

H. E. Ferrill

M. Gold

R. J. Slember

G. R. Halford

G. V. Smith

SUBCOMMITTEE O N CODE SYMBOL STAMPS (SC CSS)

Subgroup on Design Analysis (SC D )

J. W. James, Chairman

E. L. Kemmler

W. H Tuppen y, Chairman

W. J. O'Donnell

S. F. Harrison, Vice Chairman

E. M. Kloeblen

E . M. Lawrence, Secretary

R. J. Bosnak

E. W. Shilling

I. Berman

E. R. Sliwinski J. E. Soehrens

D. R. Gallup

W. J. Stuber

Copyright ASME International (BPVC) Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

J. L. Lakner J. LeCoff

S. W. Tagart 2. Zudans

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J. F. Harvey

.

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CONTENTS ARTICLE 1 -GENERAL REQUIREMENTS T-110 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-120 Paragraph References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-130 Manufacturer's Examination Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-140 Duties of Authorized Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-150 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-160 Inspection and Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-170 Qualification o f Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 1

1 2 2 2

SUBSECTION A-NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS OF EXAMINATION ARTICLE 2-RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-210 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-220 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-230 Industrial Radiographic Films. Screens. and Radiographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-240 Selection of Energy of Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-250 Sharpness of Radiographic Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-260 Image Quality Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-270 Alternate Requirements for Radiography of Parts. Components. and Butt Welds in Tubular Products. Nozzles. Valves. Flanges. and Similarly Shaped Cylindrical Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-280 Radiographic Procedure Qualification and Interpretation of Radiographs . . . . . . . . . . T-290 Qualification of Radiographic Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE 3-RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-310 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-320 GeneralRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 5 5 6 9 9

11 11

12

13 13

ARTICLE 4-In preparation

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ARTICLE 5-ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION T-5 10 Scope and General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-520 Ultrasonic Examination of Material Product Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-530 Ultrasonic Examination of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-540 Ultrasonic Examination of Weld Deposited Cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-550 Ultrasonic Examination for Thickness Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 17 20 25 25

ARTICLE 6-LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION T-610 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-620 DescriptionofMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-630 Approved Methods and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27 27 27

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ARTICLE T-710 T-720 T-730 T-740 T-750

Method Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qualification of Procedures for Nonstandard Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation of Inidcations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27 29 29 30 30

7-MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation of Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31 31 32 33 33

ARTICLE 8-EDDY CURRENT EXAMINATION OF TUBULAR PRODUCTS T-810 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-820 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-830 Description of Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-840 Referencespecimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-850 Equipment Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-860 Acceptance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-870 Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35 35 35 35 35 35 36

ARTICLE 9-VISUAL EXAMINATION T-910 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-920 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-930 Writtenprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-940 Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37 37 37 38

ARTICLE T-1010 T-1020 T-1030 T-1040 T-1050 T-1060 T-1070

1O-LEAK TESTING Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas and Bubble Formation Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Halogen Diode Detector Testing ("Sniffer" Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helium Mass Spectrometer Testing (Reverse Probe-"Sniffer" Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . Helium Mass Spectrometer Testing (Hood Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedures and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39 39 40 40 42 43 44

SUBSECTION B-DOCUMENTS ADOPTED BY SECTION V ARTICLE 21-INTRODUCTION T-2110 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 T-2120 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ARTICLE 22-RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

ARTICLE 24-LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE 25-MAGNETIC PARTICLE STANDARDS

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139

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

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T-640 T-650 T-660 T-670 T-680

ARTICLE 26-EDDY CURRENT STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193

ARTICLE 27-LEAK TESTING STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 APPENDIX A-GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION . . . . . . . . 229 APPENDIXB-SIUNITS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

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ARTICLE 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS T-110

SCOPE

(a) This Section of the Code contains requirements and methods for nondestructive examination which are Code requirements to the extent they are specifically referenced and required by other Code sections. These nondestructive examination methods are intended to detect surface and internal discontinuities in materials, welds, and fabricated parts and components. They include radiographic examination, ultrasonic examination, liquid penetrant examination, magnetic particle examination, eddy current examination, visual examination, and leak testing. (b) Methods described or referenced are included in Subsection A. Subsection B lists Standards covering nondestructive examination methods which have been accepted as ASME Code Standards, and are included for direct use, or for reference, or as sources of technique details which may be selected, as appropriate, in the preparation of manufacturers' procedures. Acceptance standards for these methods and procedures shall be as stated in the referencing Code Sections. (c) The nondestructive examination methods included in this Section are applicable to most geometric configurations and materials encountered in fabrication under normal conditions. However, specia1 configurations and materials may require modified methods and techniques, in which case the manufacturer shall develop special procedures which are equivalent or superior to the methods and techniques described in this Code Section, and which are capable of producing interpretable examination results under the special conditions. Such special procedures may be modifications or combinations of methods described or referenced in this Code Section, and shall be proved by demonstration to be capable of detecting discontinuities under the special conditions, which are equivalent to the capabilities of the methods described in this Code Section when used under more general conditions. Depending on the

quality assurance or quality control system requirements of the referencing Code Section, these special procedures shall be submitted to the Inspector for approval where required, and shall be adopted as part of the manufacturer's quality control program. T-120

PARAGRAPH REFERENCES

Reference to a Paragraph in the test of this Section or in the referencing Code Section includes all of the applicable rules in the Paragraph; thus, reference to T-220 includes all the rules contained in T-220 through T-222.3. In every case, reference to a Paragraph includes all the subparagraphs and subdivisions under that Paragraph. T-130

MANUFACTURER'S EXAMINATION RESPONSIBILITY

When an examination to the requirements of this Code Section is required by any other referencing Code Section, it shall be the responsibility of the manufacturer, fabricator, or installer to establish suitable examination procedures and to have the examination performed by qualified personnel in accordance with the requirements of the referencing Code Section. T-140

DUTIES OF AUTHORIZED INSPECTOR

The Inspector concerned with the fabrication of the vessel or pressure part shall have the duty of verifying to his satisfaction that all examinations required by the referencing Code Section have been made to the requirements of this Section and the referencing Code Section. He shall have the right to witness any of these examinations to the extent stated in the referencing Code Section. Throughout this Section of the Code, the word Inspector means the Authorized Impector who has been qualified as required in the various referencing Code Sections.

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T- 150-T-170

T-150

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

PROCEDURES

All nondestructive examinations performed under this Code Section, except as waived by subsequent Articles or modified by the referencing Code Section, shall be done to a written procedure. When required by the referencing code, this procedure shall be proved to the satisfaction of the Inspector. The procedure or method shall comply with the applicable requirements of this Section of the Code for the particular examination method. Where so required, these written procedures shall be made available to the Inspector on request. At least one copy of each procedure shall be readily available to the manufacturer's nondestructive examination personnel for their reference and use.

T-160

INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION

The special distinction established in the various Code Sections between inspection and examination and the personnel performing them, is also adopted in this Code Section. In other words, the term inspection applies to the functions performed by the Authorized Inspector, but the term examination applies to those quality control functions performed by personnel employed by the manufacturer. One area of occasional deviation from these distinctions exists. In the ASTM Standard Methods and Recommended Practices incorporated in this Section of the Code by reference or by reproduction in Subsection B, the words inspection or Inspector which frequently occur in the text or titles of the referenced ASTM documents, may actually describe what the Code calls examination or examiner. This situation exists because ASTM has no occasion to be concerned with the distinctions which the Code makes between inspection and examination, since ASTM activities and documents do not involve the Authorized Inspector described in the Code Sections. However, no attempt has been made to edit the ASTM documents to conform with Code usage; this should cause no difficulty if the users of this Section recognize that the terms inspection, testing, and examination in the ASTM documents referenced in Subsection B, do not describe duties of the Authorized Code Inspector but

rather describe the things to be done by the manufacturer's examination personnel.

T-170

QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL

(a) The nondestructive examination personnel employed by, or otherwise responsible to the manufacturer, shall be qualified in accordance with the requirements of the referencing Code Section. In some cases this may simply involve demonstration in routine manufacturing production operations and to the satisfaction of the Inspector that the personnel performing the nondestructive examinations are competent to do so in accordance with the manufacturer's established procedures and to the requirements of this and the referencing Code Section. However, when the referencing Code Section requires a Quality Assurance Program or Quality Control System demonstrated to and approved by the Society (ASME) as a condition of authorization to use the appropriate Code Symbol Stamp, the personnel qualification requirements of SNT-TC-lA,l with its Supplements and Appendices, for the qualification of NDT (nondestructive testing) examination personnel to the appropriate level of personnel qualification, shall apply. (b) When the referencing Code Section requires a manufacturer's Quality Assurance Program or Quality Control System and also specifies the use of examination methods not presently included in SNTTC- I A (e.g., leak testing and visual examination), the manufacturer shall be responsible to develop training programs, written procedures, examinations, and practical demonstrations, equivalent to those required for the other examination methods covered by SNTTC-1A. These shall establish the capability of the personnel to perform the required examinations. (c) Additional and more specific requirements for N D T examination procedures and personnel qualifications will be found in the Articles which follow, covering the individual examination methods. 'SNT-TC-IA (1968 edition) and Supp:ements-"Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification"; published by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 914 Chicago Avenue, Evanston, Ill. 60202.

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SUBSECTION A NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS OF EXAMINATION

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ARTICLE 2 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-210

confused with the image of any discontinuity in the object being radiographed. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to: (a) Fogging. (b) Processing defects such as streaks, water marks. or chemical stains. (c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps. dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears. (d) Loss of detail due to poor screen-to-film contact. (e) False indications due to defective screens or internal faults.

SCOPE

When specified by a referencing Code Section, the radiographic examination methods described in this Article shall be used together with Article 1, "General Requirements," and Appendix A, "Glossary of Terms in Nondestructive Examination."

T-220

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

T-222

Surface Preparation

T-222.1 Materials. Surfaces shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials specifications, with additional conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to a degree that surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with discontinuities.

T-232

Radiographs shall be made using film equal to or finer grained than Type 2 of Recommended Practice SE-94.

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T-222.2 Welds. The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and outside, shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree that the resulting radiographic image due to any irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity.

T-233

INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS, SCREENS, AND RADIOGRAPHS

T-231

Film Processing

Density Limitations of Radiographs

The film density through the area of interest of the radiographic image shall be 2.0 minimum for single viewing and 2.6 minimum for composite viewing of double film exposures and 3.8 maximum for either case. Each radiograph of a composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3.

T-2223 Surface Finish. The finished surface of all butt-welded joints may be flush with the base material or may have reasonably uniform crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that specified in the referencing Code Section. T-230

Film Selection

T-234

Monitoring Density Limitations of Radiographs

Densitometers shall be used for assuring compliance with film density requirements and stepwedge calibration films shall be used for checking densitometer calibration.

T-235

T-231.1 Procedure for Processing. All film shall be processed in accordance with Part I11 of Recommended Practice SE-94.

Identification of Radiographs .

T-235.1 System of Identification. A system of radiograph identification shall be used to produce permanent identification on the radiograph traceable to the contract, component, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as appropriate. In addition, the

T-231.2 Quality of Radiographs. All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent that they cannot mask or be 5

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T-235.1-T-243

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

manufacturer's symbol or name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and permanently included on the radiograph. This identification system does not necessarily require that the information appear as radiographic images. In any case, this information shall not obscure the area of interest.

T-235.2 Location Markers. Location markers, which are to appear as radiographic images a n the film, shall be placed on the part-not on the cassette-and their locations shall be marked on the surface of the part being radiographed or on a map in a manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to be accurately located on the part, and providing evidence on the radiograph that the required coverage of the region being examined has been obtained. T-2353 Radiographic Records. A record shall be maintained showing film locations with reference to the parts of the component for possible future reference. The records shall be maintained as described in the referencing Code Section. T-236

Screens

Intensifying screens may be used, except that fluorescent type screens are not permitted.

through low-density portions of the radiograph do not interfere with the interpretation.

T-239

Calibration of Radiographic huipment

(See T-234 and T-26 1.1.)

T-240

SELECTION OF ENERGY OF RADIATION

Except as provided in T-243, the maximum voltage used in the examination shall not exceed that in accordance with Fig. T-240 (a), (b), or (c), as applicable. For materials other than those shown in the figures, the voltage selected shall be that used in the required procedure qualification and demonstration.

T-242

Radioactive Isotopes

Except as provided in T-243, the minimum thickness for which radioactive isotopes may be used are as follows: Minimum Thickness*

T-237

Scattered Radiation

Material

Iridium 192

Cobalt 60

0.75 in. 0.65 in. 2.5 in.

1.50 in. 1.30 in.

(a) Scattered radiation may be reduced by suitable

T-238

Viewing of Radiographs

T-238.1 Facilities. Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not cause troublesome reflections on the radiographic film. Equipment used to view films for radiographic interpretation shall provide a variable high intensity light source sufficient for the essential penetrameter hole to be visible for the specific density range. The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or coming

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Steel Copper or High Nickel Aluminum

-

'Radiography of material thickness below these limits may result in marginal sensitivity. .The maximum thickness for the use of radio isotopes is primarily dictated by exposure time, therefore upper limits are shown.

T-243

Special Conditions

When it is not practical to perform radiography within the voltage ranges specified for the thicknesses involved, or when a radioactive isotope source is to be used to radiograph thicknesses less than the minimums indicated in T-242, or when isotopes other than iridium or cobalt are to be used, a special procedure shall be prepared and proved satisfactory by actual demonstration of pentrameter resolution on the minimum thickness of the material to be radiographed. The maximum thickness for use of radioactive isotopes is primarily dictated by exposure time, and upper limits are consequently not specified.

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filtration. (6) As a check on back-scattered radiation, a lead symbol "B," preferably with minimum dimensions of '/Z in. in height and '/16 in. in thickness, shall be attached to the back of the film holder. If the image of the "B" appears on the radiograph, protection from back-scatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. Any deviation from the limiting dimensions stated above for the letter " B shall be reported.

ARTICLE 2-RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

MINIMUM THICKNESS (INCHES)

FIG. T-240(a) MAXIMUM VOLTAGE FOR STEEL

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FIG. T - 2 4 0 ( a )

SECTION V

- NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

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FIG. T-240(b)

MINIMUM T H I C K N E S S ( I N C H E S ) FIG. T-240(b) MAXIMUM VOLTAGE FOR ALLOYS OF COPPER AND/OR HIGH NICKEL

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ARTICLE 2-RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

T-250-T-26 1.2

MINIMUM THICKNESS (INCHES) FIG. T-240(c) MAXIMUM VOLTAGE PERMITTED FOR ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS

T-250

SHARPNESS OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE

T-251

Geometrical Unsharpness Litations

t=

Radiography is to be performed with a geometrical unsharpness maximum of 0.020 in. for material thicknesses up to 2 in., a maximum unsharpness not exceeding 0.030 in. for thicknesses over 2 in. and through 4 in. When permitted by the referencing Code Section, geometrical unsharpness may exceed 0.04 but shall not exceed 0.07 for material thicker than 4 in.

T-252

Geometrical Unsharpness

Geometrical unsharpness equals source size times thickness over object t~ source distance:

where:

Ug = geometrical unsharpness F= source size, inches-the maximum effective dimension (diameter) of the radiating source (or focal spot) in the plane of the distance D from the weld D = distance in inches from source of radiation to weld or other object being radiographed

thickness in inches of the weld or other object being radiographed, assuming the film is against the weld or object; otherwise it is the thickness of the weld or object plus the space between the film and the weld or object

NOTE: Refer to Recommended Practice SE-94, Section 10, for a method of determining geometric unsharpness. Alternatively, a nomograph as shown in Recommended Practice SE-94 may be used.

T-260

IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS

T-261

Selection of Type of Penetrameter

T-261.1 Penetrameter Design. The identification, dimensions, tolerances, and materials for penetrameters shall be as specified in Standard Method SE- 142, Fig. 1, and the Appendix to Standard Method SE-142. The penetrameter thicknesses used shall meet the requirements of Tables T-261 or T-270, as applicable. For calibration purposes, the thickness and hole size of each penetrameter shall be measured and certified by the user as complying with requirements. T-261.2 Holes in Penetrameters. The essential hole shall be the 2T hole, except as permitted in Table T270 for circumferential butt welds. A smaller hole may be substituted for a larger hole.

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SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION TABLE T-261 THICKNESS A N D IDENTIFICATION O F PENETRAMETERS

Pentrameter on Source Side, in.

Material Thickness Range, in.

Designation of Pentrameter

Essential Hole Designation and Diameter

Pentrameter on Film Side, in.

Designation of Pentrameter

Essential Hole Designation and Diameter

--

Up t o I/, , incl. Over 'I4thru 3/8 Over % thru ' 1 2 Over thru 'I8 Over 'I8 t h r u 3/4

0.005 0.008 0.01 0 0.01 2 0.025

5 8 10 12 15

2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

0.020 0.020 0.020 0.025 0.030

0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.008

5 5 5 5 8

2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020

Over 3/4 thru ' 1 8 Over 'I8thru 1 Over 1 thru 1 Over 1 thru 1 'Iz Over 1 'Izthru 2

0.01 7 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035

17 20 25 30 35

2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

0.035 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070

0.010 0.010 0.015 0.01 7 0.020

10 12 15 17 20

2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040

Over 2 thru 2'/2 Over 2'1, t h r u 3 Over 3 thru 4 Over 4 thru 6 Over 6 thru 8

0.040 0.045 0.050 0.060 0.080

40 45 50 60 80

2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

0.080 0.090 0.100 0.120 0.160

0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.045

20 25 30 35 45

2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.090

8 thru 10 10 thru 12 12 thru 16 16 thru 20

0.100 0.120 0.160 0.200

100 120 160 200

2T 2T 2T 2T

0.200 0.240 0.320 0.400

0.060 0.060 0.080 0.080

60 60 80 80

2T 2T 2T 2T

0.120 0.120 0.160 0.160

Over Over Over Over

T-2613 Thickness of Penetrameters. Penetrameters of thicknesses specified in Tables T-261 or T-270, as applicable, shall be used. For any material thickness range, a thinner penetrameter than listed for that range may be used, provided all other requirements for radiography are met. For welds, the thickness on which the penetrameter is based is the single wall thickness plus any reinforcement, except as permitted for circumferential welds in T-270. Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the weld or reinforcement thickness in penetrameter selection. T-262

Use of Penetrameters to Monitor Radiographic Examination

T-262.1 Penetrameter Sensitivity. Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the penetrameter image and the specified hole, which are essential indications of the image quality of the radiograph. The radiographs shall also display the identifying numbers and letters. T-262.2 Placement of Penetrameters. The penetrameter shall be placed adjacent to the weld seam except in instances where the weld metal is not radiographically similar to the base material or the geometric configuration makes it impractical, in which case, the penetrameter may be placed over the

weld metal. Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the penetrameter on the source side, a film side penetrameter shall be placed on the film side of the joint, and a lead letter "F" at least as high as the identification number shall be placed adjacent to the penetrameter. When configuration or size prevents placing the penetrameter on the object being radiographed, it may be placed on a separate block as provided in Standard Method SE-142. T-262.3 Number of Penetrameters (a) Except as provided in T-262.3(b) and (c), one penetrameter shall be used for each radiograph. Each penetrameter shall represent an area of essentially uniform radiographic density as judged by a densitometer. If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by more than minus 15 or plus 30 percent, then an additional penetrameter shall be used for each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph retaken. The required densities are in Par. T-233. (6) If more than one penetrameter is used, one shall be in the lightest area of the radiograph and the other in the darkest. The density in the areas of interest controlled by each penetrameter shall meet the requirements of T-262.3(a). The intervening densities

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ARTICLE 2-RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

on the radiograph are acceptable. The additional penetrameter need not be normal to the radiation source. (c) Where more than one film is used for an exposure, a penetrameter image shall appear on each radiograph except where the source is placed on the axis of the object and a complete circumference radiographed with a single exposure in which case at least three equally spaced penetrameters shall be used. Where portions of longitudinal welds adjoining the circumferential weld are being examined simultaneously with the circumferential weld, additional penetrameters shall be placed on the longitudinal welds at the ends of the sections of those welds being radiographed. When an array of objects in a circle is radiographed, at least one penetrameter shall show on each object image. (d) If the penetrameter image does not show on one radiograph in double film technique but does show in composite viewing, interpretation shall be permitted only by double film viewing. T-262.4 Shims Under Penetrameters. If the weld reinforcement and/or backing strip are not removed, a shim of material radiograph~callysirnilarto the weld be placed under the Penetrameter' The shim thickness shall be selected so the total thickness being radiographed under the penetrameter is essentially the same as the lola' thickness plus backing strip9 if used and not and other thickness variations such as in nozzle geometries. T-270

etrameter on the source side by hand, the penetrameter may be placed on the film side, except as provided in T-273. T-273

T-274

Except as permitted in T-273 and in Table T-270, radiographic examination of circumferential butt welds shall be performed with single-wall viewing only. The radiation may pass through one or both walls. Where the source is located outside the cylinder, a minimum of four exposures separated by 90 deg shall be required for single-wall viewing. T-272

Film Side Penetrameter

If radiation passes through one or two walls and inaccessibility precludes placement of the pen-

Penetrameter Thickness

Penetrameter thickness and essential hole size requirements for the radiographic techniques described in T-271, T-272, and T-273 are contained in Table T-270. For double-wall exposure with single or double-wall viewing, the penetrameter thickness shall be based on the nominal single-wall thickness plus the maximum weld reinforcement permitted by the referencing Code Section.

ALTERNATE REQUIREMENTS FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF PARTS, COMPONENTS, AND BUTT WELDS IN TUBULAR PRODUCTS, NOZZLES, VALVES, FLANGES, AND SIMILARLY SHAPED CYLINDRICAL

Single-Wall Viewing

Double-Wall Viewing

Welds joining items with an outside diameter of 3% in. or less may be radiographed using a technique in which radiation passes through two walls, and the weld in both walls is viewed for acceptance on the same film. The penetrameter shall be placed on the source side. The radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld centerline at an angle sufficient to separate the images of the source side and film side portions of the weld so there is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted, in which case a minimum of two exposures taken at 90 deg to each other shall be made for each weld joint. As an alternate, the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam positioned so the images of both walls are superimposed, in which case at least three exposures shall be made at 60 deg to each other.

RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RADIOGRAPHS T-281

T-271

Written Procedure

Radiographic examination shall be performed in accordance-with a written procedure.- Each Manufacturer shall certify that the procedure is in accordance with the requirements of T-150. Details of the production procedure used shall be available to the Inspector for the interpretation of the films. Each procedure shall include at least the information stipulated in the following subparagraphs: (a) Type of material to be radiographed. (6) Material thickness range to be radiographed. (c) The type of radiation source, effective focal -spot or effective source size, X-ray equipment voltage rating and equipment manufacturer. Where the

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T-262.3-T-28 1

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T-28 1-T-291

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

TABLE T-270 SOURCE OR FILM SIDE PEAETRAMETER REQUIREMENTS FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF PARTS, COMPONENTS, AND BUTT WELD JOINING COMPONENTS SUCH AS TUBULAR PRODUCTS, NOZZLES, VALVES, FLANGES, AND SIMILARLY SHAPED COMPONENT OBJECTS Single Wall Material Thickness Range (in.)

Essential Hole

Penetrameter Designation

Thickness (in.)

Designation

Diameter (in.)

0 thru 0.375 Over 0.375 thru 0.625 Over 0.625 thru 0.875 Over 0.875 thru 1.OO Over 1.OO thru 1.50 Over 1.50 thru 2.50 Over 2.50 thru 3.00 Over 3.00 thru 4.00 Over 4.00 thru 6.00

equipment manufacturer's certification is not available, the effective source size shall be measured on a radiograph made by the pinhole method. Details on source size determination by the pinhole method are included in the Nondestructive Testing Handbook. Volume I,14-32, Measuring Focal-Spot Size. (d) Film brand or type, and number of films in cassette. For multiple film techniques state whether viewing will be done with superimposed films. (e) Type and thickness of intensifying screens and filters. (f) Blocking or masking techniques, if used. (g) Minimum source-to-film distance. (h) Exposure conditions for procedure qualification: voltage, milliampere-minutes, distance of film to object, geometric arrangements for the radiographs (sketch), orientation of location markers, description of the manner in which interval markers locate areas of interest. (i) Description of or reference to the welding procedure, when applicable.

T-283

diographic procedure. The manufacturer shall record on a review form accompanying the radiograph the interpretation of each radiograph and disposition of the material examined. (b) To aid in proper interpretation of radiographs, a sketch, drawing, written procedure, or equivalent record shall be prepared to show the setup used. The information shall accompany each group of radiographs if the same information applies. Reference to a standard setup is acceptable if descriptions of this standard setup are readily available. As a minimum, the information shall include: (I) Number of films. (2) Location of each film on the radiographed item. (3) Orientation of location markers. (4) Radiographic procedure number or identification.

T-290

QUALIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHIC PERSONNEL

T-291

Requirements

Interpretation of Radiographs

(a) Prior to being presented to the Inspector for acceptance, the radiographs shall be examined and interpreted by the manufacturer as complying with the referencing Code Section and with the ra-

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When required by the referencing Section of the Code, personnel shall be qualified in accordance with the requirements of SNT-TC-l A.

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ARTICLE 3 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-310

SCOPE

(6) Minimum density through the acceptable weld metal or material shali be 1.3for single viewing and 1.8 for composite viewing of double film exposures, in place of the limitations in T-233. (c) Step-wedge comparison films may be used for direct comparison with production radiographs to show compliance with density requirements, as a permissible alternate to the use of a densitometer as required in T-234. (d) Fluorescent screens may be used in addition to the intensifying screens in T-236. (el Penetrameter thickness shall be as specified in able T-320 except that where inaccessibility precludes hand placement of the penetrameter on the source side, Table T-270 may be used for film side penetrameters on any type of material. (f) The requirements of T-250 are to be used as a

This Article includes requirements for radiographic examination in circumstances where the referencing Section of the Code permits greater latitude in film selection and can tolerate less sensitivity and less complete documentation than required by Article 2. Specific changes have been made to T-232, T-233, T234, T-236, T-250, T-280, and Table T-270.

T-320

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

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The requirements of Article 2 shall apply with exceptions as noted below: (a) Use of Type 4 film of Recommended Practice SE-94 may be permitted in place of the limitations of T-232.

TABLE T-320 THICKNESS A N D IDENTIFICATION OF PENETRAMETERS See T-320(e)

Material Thickness Range, in.

Penetrameter on Source Side, in.

Designation

of Penetrameter

Essential Hole Designation & Diameter

Penetrameter on Film Side, in.

Designation of Penetrameter

Essential Hole Designation & Diameter

Up to ' I 4 , incl. Over 'I4thru Over % thru '1, Over '12 thru '1. Over ' / a thru %

0.010 0.01 2 0.01 5 0.01 5 0.01 5

10 12 15 15 15

4T 4T 4T 4T 4T

0.040 0.050 0.050 0.060 0.060

0.005 0.005 0.005 0.008 0.009

5 5 5 8 9

4T 4T 4T 4T 4T

0.020 0.020 0.020 0.035 0.036

Over % thru Over '18 thru 1 , Over 1 thru 11/, Over 1 'I4thru 1 'I2 Over l ' / l thru 2

0.01 7 0.01 7 0.020 0.030 0.035

17 17 20 30 35

4T 4T 4T 2T 2T

0.070 0.070 0.080 0.060 0.070

0.010 0.01 0 0.01 5 0.01 7 0.01 7

10 10 15 17 17

4T 4T 4T 4T 4T

0.040 0.040 0.060 0.070 0.070

Over 2 thru 2'12 Over 2'12 thru 3 Over 2 thru 4 Over 4 thru 6 Over 6 thru 8

0.040 0.045 0.050 0.060 0.080

40 45 50 60 80

2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

0.080 0.090 0.100 0.120 0.160

0.01 7 0.020 0.030 0.035 0.045

17 20 30 35 45

4T 4T 2T 2T 2T

0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.120

Over 8 thru 10 Over 10 thru 12 Over 12 thru 16 Over 16 thru 20

0.100 0.1 20 0.160 0.200

100 120 160 200

2T 2T 2T 2T

0.200 0.240 0.320 0.400

0.060 0.060 0.080 0.080

60 60 80 80

2T 2T 2T 2T

0.120 0.120 0.160 0.160

13

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T-320

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTlVE EXAMlNATION

(i) Subarticle T-240, including T-241, T-242. and T-243 shall be considered as nonmandatory recommended practices. 0) The requirements of Article 3 have been established using industrial radiographic film in combination with lead or fluorescent screens as the recording medium. However, other media may be substituted if it is demonstrated that the method meets the requirements on radiographic sensitivity.

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guide but not for the rejection of radiographs unless the geometrical unsharpness exceeds 0.070 in. (g) Procedure qualification specified in T-280 is not required. Compliance with the density and penetrameter image requirements on production radiographs shall be considered evidence of qualification of the procedure used. (h) T-235.1 shall apply except that the date may be omitted from all film.

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ARTICLE 4 (In preparation)

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ARTICLE 5 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION T-510

SCOPE AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

(a) This Article describes or references methods which are to be used in selecting and developing (see T- 1lO(c)) ultrasonic examination procedures for welds, parts, components, materials, and thickness determinations, when examination to any part of this Article is a requirement of a referencing Code Section. (6) Article 1, "General Requirements," and Appendix A, "Glossary of Terms Used in Nondestructive Examination," apply when the use of Article 5 is required by a referencing Code Section.

T-511

Equipment, Electronic Apparatus

Personnel Requirements

When required by the referencing Code Section, personnel shall be qualified in accordance with the reauirements of SNT-TC- 1A.

T-513

ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF MATERIAL PRODUCT FORMS

T-521

Ultrasonic Examination of Plate

When ultrasonic examination of plate to the requirements of this paragraph is required by a referencing Code Section, the methods and procedures used shall conform to the methods and specifications in Article 23, as applicable, and as specified by the referencing Code Section. Acceptance standards shall be as stated in the referencing Code Section.

T-522

(a) Examination shall be conducted with an ultrasonic, pulsed reflection type system generating frequencies over the range of 1 MHz to 5 MHz unless otherwise specified by the referencing Code Section or material specification. (b) When specifically required, the electronic apparatus shall contain a calibrated attenuator, accurate over its range to 2 20 percent or + 2dB which will allow comparison of indications beyond the viewable portion of the cathode ray tube (CRT) presentation of the instrument.

T-512

T-520

Examination Standardization

(a) To assure complete coverage of the examined material, each pass of the search unit shall overlap a minimum of 10 percent of the transducer width. (6) The rate of manual scanning shall not exceed 6 in. per sec.

Ultrasonic Examination of Forgings and Bars

(a) When ultrasonic examination of forgings to the requirements of this paragraph is required by a referencing Code Section, the methods and procedures used shall conform to Recommended Practice SA-388. Acceptance standards shall be as stated in the referencing Code Section. (b) The ultrasonic examination of bars, when required by a referencing Code Section, shall be performed to a procedure meeting, to the extent applicable, the requirements of SA-388. This will nb;mally not appl; to bar material used for bolting, where T-525 may generally be required.

T-523

Tubular Products

The ultrasonic examination of pipe, tubing, and fittings, when required by a referencing Code section, shall be conducted to procedures meeting the requirements of the referencing Code Section, and using the referenced methods and recommended practices in Article 23 to the extent these are specified and applicable. Acceptance standards shall be as stated in the referencing Code Section.

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-

T-524

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

Castings (Restricted to Ultrasonic Examination of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Castings)

T-524.1 Straight Beam Examination of Steel Castings. When ultrasonic examination of ferritic castings is required by a referencing Code Section, all parts, regardless of thickness, shall be examined in accordance with SA-609, Standard Method and Specification for Longitudinal Beam Ultrasonic Inspection of Carbon and Low-Alloy Castings. However, supplementary angle beam examination as in T524.2 shall be performed in areas where a back reflection cannot be maintained during the straight beam examination, or where the angle between the two surfaces of the castings is more than 15 deg. T-524.2Angle Beam Examination of Steel Castings (a) General Requirements (1) Electronic Apparatus (a) Examination shall be conducted with an ultrasonic, pulsed reflection type of system generating frequencies of at least 1 MHz to 5 MHz. (6) The electronic apparatus shall contain a calibrated attenuator, which will allow comparison of indications beyond the viewable portion of the presentation on the screen of the instrument. (2) Search Units (a) Angle beam search units shall be in the range of 40 deg to 75 deg inclusive, measured to the perpendicular of the entry surface of the casting being examined. (6) Coverage (1) To assure coverage, each pass of the search unit shall overlap a minimum of 10 percent of the width of the search unit. (2) The rate of manual scanning shall not exceed 6 in. per sec. (c) Calibration of Equipment ( I ) Distance-amplitude curves shall be constructed by utilizing the response from the side-drilled hole in the angle beam reference block in Fig. T533(a), except: (a) Reference blocks shall be made of material that is of a similar metallurgical structure as the casting being examined, including the nominal chemical composition and heat treatment. (6) Basic calibration hole shall be 3/s in. in diameter for all thicknesses greater than 1 in. Holes of larger or smaller sizes, V or square notches, may also be placed in the reference block to provide reference standards for the transfer method. These notches or

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other holes shall be located so as not to interfere with the responses from the y8-in. basic calibration hole. (2) The first point on the curve shall be obtained by placing the search unit as near as possible but not less than 3/8 vee-path to the calibration hole and positioning for maximum response. The gain control shall then be set so that this response is 75 percent of full screen. Without changing the gain, the search unit shall be placed similarly at other positions covering the contemplated examination distance range and the corresponding responses marked on the screen. These points shall be joined by a smooth line, the length of which shall be such as to cover the examination range [Fig. T-535(a)(NOTE: The words "node" and "veepath" are used interchangeably)]. (3) Instrument controls and examination frequency shall not be changed during examination except as required by the transfer method. (d) Transfer Method ( I ) A transfer method shall be used to correlate the responses from the basic calibration block and from the production material and to compensate for differences in attenuation resulting from surface or material differences. Transfer shall be accomplished by noting the difference between responses received from the same reference reflector in the production material and adjusting the gain or attenuator to place the amplitude of the primary preference response line at the test metal distance involved. These reference reflectors may be V-notches, corners, drilled holes, or an angle beam search unit acting as a reflector, provided the same size and type of reflectors are used in both the standard and the casting to be examined. (2) The transfer method shall be used for calibration checks against the standard at least each 1/2 hour. V-notches shall be ground out or repaired upon completion of the examination. (e) Data ~ e ~ o r t i n ~ (I) The materials manufacturer's report of final ultrasonic examination shall contain the following data. (2) The total number, location, amplitude, and area of all indications equal to or greater than 100 percent of the transfer corrected distance amplitude curve. (3) The examination frequency, type of instrument, type and size of search units employed, couplant, transfer method, examination operator, manufacturer's identifying numbers, purchaser's order number, date, and authorized signature. (4) A sketch showing the physical outline of the casting, including dimensions of all areas not examined due to geometric configuration, with the

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T-524-T-524.2

ARTICLE 5-ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION

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I+-"

FIG. T - 5 3 3 ( a )

LOCATION OF HOLE FROM CONTACT SURFACE DETERMINED FROM THE 1ABLE BELOW

BASIC CALIBRATION HOLE OF DIAMETER'd"

SIDES PARALLEL WITHIN 0.015 IN./ FT

*

T

= Length of block determined by the angle of search unit and the vee-path used T = Thickness of basic calibration block (see table below) D = Depth of sidedrilled hole (see table below) d = Diameter of side-drilled hole (see table below) t = Nominal production material thickness

L

Nominal Production Material Thickness ( t ) in. Up t o 1 incl. Over 1 thru 2 Over 2 thru 4 Over 4 thru 6 Over 6 thru 8 Over 8 thru 10 Over 10

Basic Calibration Block Thickness (TI, in.

Hole Location

'hT '14 T 'I4 T '14 T '14 T '14 T '14 T

Hole Diameter (dl, in.

Minimum Hole Depth (Dl, in.

3/32

'18

311 ' 14 SI'

See Note 1

Note 1-For each increase in thickness of 2 in., or a fraction thereof, the hole diameter shall increase '/,, in. Note 2-For block sizes over 3 in. in thickness (T), the distance from the hole to the end of the block shall be 1/2T min. t o prevent coincident reflections from the hole and the corner in the '1, th vee-path position. Blocks fabricated with a 1%-in. minimum dimension need not be modified if the corner and hole indications can b e easily resolved.

FIG. T-533(a) BASIC CALIBRATION BLOCK

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1 '12 1 '12

l1I2 1' I 2 1'12 1'12

l'h

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

location of all indications per paragraphs (e)(l) and (e)(2) above. NOTES: The areas for the Ultrasonic Quality Levels in SA-609 refer to the surface area on the casting over which a continuous indication exceeding the transfer corrected distance amplitude curve is maintained. Areas are to be measured from dimensions of the movement of the search unit, using the center of the search unit as the reference point. In certain castings, because of very long metal path distances or curvature of the examination surfaces, the surface area over which a given discontinuity is detected may be considerably larger or smaller than the actual area of the discontinuity in the casting; in such cases, other criteria which incorporate a consideration of beam angles or beam spread must be used for realistic evaluation of the discontinuity.

T-525

Ultrasonic Examination of Bolts and Studs

T-525.1 Straight Beam, Radial Scan When bolts and studs of sizes specified by the referencing Code Section are to be ultrasonically examined radially before threading, the examination shall be performed in accordance with the following: (a) Method-Examination shall be performed at a nominal frequency of 2.25 MHz with a search unit not to exceed an area of 1 in. (b) Calibration-Calibration sensitivity shall be established by adjustment of the instrument so that the first back reflection is 75 to 90 percent of full screen height. (c) Evaluation of Indications-Any discontinuity which causes an indication in excess of 20 percent of the height of the first back reflection or any discontinuity which prevents the production of a first back reflection of 50 percent of the calibration amplitude shall be investigated to the extent that the operator can evaluate the shape, identity, and location of all such reflectors in terms of acceptancerejection standards of the referencing Code Section. T-525.2 Straight Beam, Axial Scan When bolts and studs of sizes specified by the referencing Code Section are to be ultrasonically examined axially over an entire end surface before or after threading, the examination shall be performed in accordance with the following: (a) Method-Examination shall be performed at a nominal frequency of 2.25 MHz with a search unit not to exceed an area of 1/2 sq in: (b) Calibration-Calibration shall be established on a test bar of the same nominal composition and diameter as the production part and a minimum of '/z

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of the length. A %-in. diameter X 3 in. deep flat bottom hole shall be drilled h one end of the bar and plugged with similar material to full depth. A distance amplitude curve shall be established by scanning from both ends of the test bar. (c) Evaluation of Indications-Any discontinuity which causes an indication in excess of that produced by the calibration hole in the reference specimen as corrected by the distance amplitude curve shall be in accordance with T-525.l(c). T-530

ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS

T-531

Scope

This paragraph describes methods that shall be used when ultrasonic examination of welds to this paragraph is required by a referencing Code Section. The pulse-echo method shall be used to meet the requirements of this paragraph. T-532

Application

The principal objective of the methods given herein is the detection, location and evaluation of defects within the weld and heat affected zones. The welds shall be examined by the angle beam method where practical. In the examination of weldments where geometry or the condition described in T-534.3 does not allow angle beam examination from both sides of the weld from a single surface or a combination of surfaces, either a combination of angle beam and straight beam or straight beam in two (2) directions at 90 degrees to each other shall be used. T-533

Basic Calibration Reflectors

Drilled holes shall serve as basic calibration reflectors to establish a primary reference response of the equipment and to construct a distance-amplitude correction curve. These holes shall be located either in the finished component or in a basic calibration block of similar metallurgical structure and the same or an equivalent P-number grouping as the finished component. For the purposes of this paragraph, Pnumbers I, 3, 4, and 5 materials are considered equivalent. T-533.1 Basic Calibration Block (a) The thickness of basic calibration blocks, if used, shall be related to the finished component thickness as shown in Fig. T-533(a). Where two or

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T-524.2-T-533.1

ARTICLE 5-ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION

T-533.1

VESSEL CONTACT SURFACE CURVATURE DlAMET ER INCHES 1. Plot curvature of basic calibration b l o c k o n diagonal (45') line. 2. Draw horizontal line through t h a t p o i n t f r o m t h e 9/1 , t o t h e 1'I2 l i m i t line. 3. The ends of t h i s line read o n t h e horizontal scale gives t h e range o f vessel contact surface curvatures w h i c h m a y be examined w i t h a system calibrated o n this block. Note: thickness range requirements shall also be satisfied.

FIG. T-533(b) RATIO LIMITS FOR CURVED SURFACES

more thicknesses are involved, the calibration block thickness shall be determined from the thickness of the component where the search unit is applied. (6) For examination of circumferential welds in vessels with contact surface curvatures greater than 20 in. in diameter, flat basic calibration blocks or blocks

of essentially the same curvature as the part to be examined shall be used. (c) The basic calibration block contact surface shall be curved for vessel contact surface curvatures less than 20 in. in diameter. A single curved basic calibration block may be used to calibrate the

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T-533.1-T-535.1

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

examination on vessel contact surfaces in the range of curvature from 0.9 to 1.5 times the basic calibration block diameter. For example, an 8-in. diameter curved block may be used to calibrate the examination on vessel contact surfaces in the range of curvature from 7.2 to 12 in. diameters. The curvature range from 0.94 in. to 20 in. diameter requires 6 block curvatures as indicated in Fig. T-533(b). (d) The basic calibration block for examination of longitudinal welds shall be of essentially the same nominal diameter as the part to be examined, except that for diameters greater than 20 in., flat blocks may be used.

T-533.2 Basic Calibration Hole (a! The basic calibration hole shown in Fig. T533(a) shall be drilled parallel to the contact surface of the basic calibration block or the component. The location, depth, and diameter of this hole shall be obtained from the table in Fig. T-533(a). (6) However, other calibration reflectors may be used, provided equivalent responses to that from the basic calibration hole are demonstrated.

FOR THICKNESS I INCH OR LESS

Surface Preparation

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T-534

inclusive. with respect to the perpendicular to the entry surface. (c) Distance-A mplitude Correction-Compensation for the distance traversed by the ultrasonic beam as it passes through the material is provided by the use of the curves shown by Fig. T-535(a) or electronically. (I) Determination of Curves-Distance-amplitude correction curves shall be constructed by utilizing responses from the basic calibration hole described in T-533.2. The first point on the curve is obtained by placing the search unit as near as possible, but not less than y8 vee-path or 2 in., whichever is less, from the calibration hole and

T-534.1 Contact Surfaces. The finished contact surfaces shall be free from weld spatter and any roughness that would interfere with free movement of the search unit or impair the transmission of ultrasonic vibrations. T-534.2 Weld Surfaces. The weld surface shall be finished so they cannot mask or be confused with reflections from defects, and should merge smoothly into the surfaces of the adjacent base materials. T-5343 Base Material. The volume of base material through which the sound will travel in angle beam examination shall be completely scanned with a straight beam search unit to detect reflectors which might affect interpretation of angle beam results. This is not intended as an acceptance-rejection examination. T-535

PRIMARY REFERENCE RESPONSE SET AT 7 S 0 h OF FULL SCREEN

Angle Beam Method

T-535.1 Calibration of Equipment (a) Frequency-The nominal frequency shall be 2.25 MHz unless variables such as production material grain structure require the use of other frequencies to assure adequate penetration. (b) Beam Angle-The beam angle in the production material shall be in the range of 40 to 75 deg,

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FIG. T-535(a) TYPICAL DISTANCE AMPLITUDE CORRECTION CURVE (ANGLE BEAM METHOD) (Distance in eighths of a vee-path. For example, 14 is /'s of a vee-path.)

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ARTICLE 5-.ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION SEE NOTE I

m

SEE NOTE 4

T-535.1-T-535.2

the basic calibration block and in the comporient and correcting for the difference. The reference reflectors may be V notches (which must subsequently be removed), an angle beam search unit acting as a reflector. or any other reflector which will aid in accomplishing the transfer. (1) Vessels-The transfer method shall be used at least once for each 10 f t of weld or less per plate and shall be performed at least twice for each type of welded joint.

--

(8)

(2) Piping-The transfer method shall be used. as a minimum, once for each welded joint for pipe sizes 10 in. in diameter and over, and once for each 5 ft of weld for pipe less than 10 in. in diameter.

N o t e 1: T h e Search Units position w i l l vary because the Search Units must be located i n relationship to the sound beam travel.

FIG. T-535(b) TYPICAL DOUBLE SEARCH UNlT TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING LACK OF PENETRATION IN DOUBLE-WELDED JOINTS

T-535.2Examination Procedure

positioning for maximum response. The gain control is then set so this response is 75 percent of full screen on the cathode ray tube (CRT). This is the primary reference response. Without changing the gain, the search unit should be placed similarly at other positions covering the expected examination distance range, and the corresponding responses marked on the CRT screen. These points are joined by a smooth line whose length should cover thehxamination range (see Fig. T-535(a)). (2) Electronic Distance-Amplitude Correction-If an electronic distance-amplitude correction device is used, the primary reference response shall be equalized at 50 percent of full CRT screen height over the distance range to be employed in the examination. (d) Transfer Method-Transfer methods are used to correlate the responses from the basic calibration block and from the component. Transfer is accomplished by noting the difference between responses received from the same reference reflector in

FIG. T-535(~) TYPICAL TWO SEARCH UNlT TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING TRANSVERSE DISCONTINUITIES IN WELDED JOINTS

(a) Coverage-Where possible, butt welds shall be examined from both sides of the weld, usually from only one surface. (6) Sensitiviy Level-The reference level sensitivity for monitoring discontinuities is the primary reference response corrected for distance by the distance-amplitude curve or electronically, and modified by the transfer method if used. When possible, scanning shall be performed at a gain setting of 2 times (6dB) the reference level sensitivity. (c) Reference Level-The reference level for monitoring discontinuities is the primary reference response, corrected for distance by the distance-amplitude curve or electronically, modified by the transfer method. (d) Detection of Discontinuities Parallel to the Weld (1) Scanning Motion-The search unit shall be placed on the contact surface with the beam aimed at about 90 deg to the weld and manipulated laterally and longitudinally so the ultrasonic beam passes through all of the weld metal in two different approaches of the beam to the reflector. (2) Two Search Unit Technique-Techniques using two search units shown in Fig. T-535(b) may be used to detect lack of penetration in double-welded butt joints. (e) Detection of Discontinuities Transverse to the Weld-Two search units shall be placed on the contact surfaces adjacent to the weld, one on each side, forming an angle of 45 deg or less with the axis of the weld as shown in Fig. T-535(c). As an alternate, if the weld surface has been made sufficiently smooth, one search unit may be placed on the centerline of the weld with the beam directed along the weld to scan the entire depth and width of the weld.

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SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

T-536-T-539

T-536

Straight Beam Method

T-536.1 Calibration of Equipment (a) lrequency be 2.25 MHz unless variables such as production material grain structure require the use of other frequencies to assure adequate penetration. (6) Distance-Amplitude Correction-A distanceamplitude correction curve need not be constructed when the thickness of material is less than 1 in. For greater thicknesses, using the proper basic calibration block (see Fig. T-533(a)), the search unit shall be positioned for maximum response from the basic calibration hole at 1/4T (see Fig. T-536(a)), and the signal amplitude shall be adjusted to 50 percent of full cathode ray tube screen. This is the primary reference response. Without changing the gain control, the search unit shall be then positioned for maximum response from the basic calibration hole at 3/4T its amplitude marked on the CRT screen, and the two points joined with a straight line extended to cover the test range (see Fig. T-536(b)). (c) . , Electronic Distance-AmplitudeCorrection Device -The primary reference response shall be equalized over the distance range to be employed in the examination.

1

f~

A

1

r-i fT

i

I

i(

I I

FIG. T-536(a) SEARCH UNIT POSITION FOR MAXIMUM RESPONSE, STRAIGHT BEAM METHOD WHEN USED FOR WELD EXAMINATION PRIMARY REFERENCE RESPONSE SET AT 50°/o OF FULL SCREEN

T

:T

DISTANCE

FIG. T-536(b) TYPICAL DISTANCE AMPLITUDE CORRECTION CURVE; STRAIGHT BEAM METHOD WHEN USED FOR WELD EXAMINATION

(d) Reference Level-The reference level for monitoring discontinuities is the primary reference response corrected by a distance-amplitude curve or electronically (see T-536.l(b) or (c)). T-536.2 Examination Procedure (a) Scanning Motion-The weld shall be examined by moving the search unit progressively along and across a sufficient contact area so as to scan the entire weld. (b) Sensitivity Level-When possible, scanning shall be performed at a minimum gain setting of twice (6 dB) the primary reference level. Evaluation of discontinuities shall be done with the gain control set at the reference level. (c) Monitoring of Procedures-Penetration shall be verified by (1) obtaining a reflection from an opposite parallel surface, or (2) obtaining the back reflection on similar material while using approximately the same length of sound travel.

T-537

~

~ of l,,dications ~

l

A11 indications which produce a response greater than 20 percent of the reference level shall be investigated to the extent that the operator can evaluate the shape, identity, and location of all such reflectors in terms of the acceptance-rejection standards of the referencing Code Section.

T-538

Examination of Repairs

Repairs shall be re-examined by the same procedures used for original detection of the discontinuity.

T-539

Report of Examination

A report shall be generated and maintained in accordance with the record requirements of the referencing Code Section, and shall contain the following information: (a) All procedures and equipment sufficiently identified to permit repetition of the exarnination(s) at a later date. This includes initial calibration data for the equipment and any significant changes in subsequent rechecks. (b) A marked-up drawing or sketch indicating the weld(s) examined and the item or piece number.

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~

ARTICLE 5-ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION

T-540

ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELD DEPOSITED CLADDING

T-541

Scope

The pulse-echo ultrasonic methods described in this paragraph shall be used where ultrasonic examination of weld-metal overlay cladding is required by a referencing Code Section. Examination of roll bonded and explosive clad plate is not included in this paragraph.

T-542

Application

The methods described are intended to detect, locate, and evaluate unbonded areas at the claddingto-base material interface, using straight beam search units, or using dual search units for special situations, such as those where the overlay clad covers a mechanical sealing surface or tube sheet.

T-543

T-540-T-55 1

part shall be used. The surface condition shall be representative of the cladding on the production part. A rectangular groove 3/8 in. wide with a length at least equal to the maximum dimension of the transducer shall be placed in the block on the base material side. The groove shall be milled to within '/16 in. of the clad interface and the remaining ferritic material removed by etching to leave an as-deposited interface surface. (b) For examination of sealing surface and tube sheet clad overlays, a reference block clad by the same welding procedure as the production part shall be used to provide a surface condition representative of that of the production part. A side-drilled hole, '/16 in. diameter by 1% in. minimum depth, shall be drilled into the block at the clad interface and used to establish the test sensitivity.

T-544

Recording

All discontinuities producing a trace line pattern equal to or exceeding the calibration amplitude sha!l be recorded.

Equipment

T-543.1 Search Units (a) Straight beam search units with a maximum transducer area of one sq in. (3/4 in. to 1% in. dimensions) shall be used for examination of overlay cladding except sealing surfaces and tube sheet overlay. A frequency of 2.25 MHz is recommended. Search units should be used at their rated frequencies. (6) For examination of cladding on seal surfaces and tube sheets, straight beam search units using an angled pitch-catch method, should be used, with an included angle between the search units such that the ultrasonic beam is focused on the area of interest. The transducer dimensions shall not exceed '/2 in. by 1 in. A frequency of 2.25 MHz is recommended.

Acceptance Standards

Acceptance standards shall be as stated in the referencing Code Section.

T-550

ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION FOR THICKNESS DETERMINATION

T-551

Scope

Thickness determinations by ultrasonic examination may be made using either the resonance or pulse-echo methods. The method used will depend on the thickness, surface geometry, and condition of the work piece. The resonance method requirements are contained in Standard Method SE- 113. --``,,`,```,,``,`,```````,,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

T-543.2 Reference Blocks (a) For clad bond examination, a reference block clad by the same welding procedure as the production

T-545

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ARTICLE 6 LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION SCOPE

(a) This Article describes the methods that shall be used when referencing Code Section requires liquid penetrant examination to these requirements. The methods conform substantially with SE-165, "Methods for Liquid Penetrant Inspection," and reference to SE-165 may be made, particularly for additional details to be included in required written procedures. (b) Article 1, "General Requirements," and Appendix A, "Glossary of Terms Used in Nondestructive Examination," apply when the use of Article 6 is required by a referencing Code Section. T-620

DESCRIPTION OF METHOD

Liquid penetrant examination is a method of nondestructive examination which provides for the detection of discontinuities which are open to the 1 surface of nonporous ferrous and nonferrous materials. Typical discontinuities detectable by this method are cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, and porosity. In principle, a liquid penetrant is applied to the surface to be examined and allowed to enter discontinuities, excess penetrant is then removed, the part dried, and a developer applied. The developer is wetted or otherwise affected by the penetrant trapped in the discontinuities so they may be more readily located and evaluated. T-630

a

APPROVED METHODS AND MATERIALS

(a) Either a color contrast or fluorescent penetrant method may be used. For each method there are three types of penetrant: (I) Water washable (2) Post-emulsifying (3) Solvent removable (b)(l) When using penetrant examination methods for nickel base alloys, the penetrant materials shall be analyzed for sulfur content by evaporating a 100-

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gram sample of the materials for 3 hours at a temperature of 90 to 100 C or the boiling point of the material, whichever is lower. The residue shall be analyzed for sulfur in accordance with ASTM D12964. The residual total sulfur content shall not exceed 1 percent by weight. (b)(2) Penetrant materials for the examination of austenitic stainless steels or titanium shall be analyzed for total halogens by evaporating a sample of the material for 3 hours at a temperature of 90 to 100 C or the boiling point of the material, whichever is lower, for a 3 hour period, and the residue shall be analyzed for halogens in accordance with ASTM-D808-63 (Reapproved 1968). The residual total halogen content shall not exceed 1 percent by weight. (b)(3) The manufacturer shall obtain certification of these tests for each penetrant material used on these metallic materials, giving penetrant material batch numbers and test results. These records shall be maintained as required by the referencing Code Section. (c) Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a color contrast penetrant examination. Penetrant materials shall be used only in the combinations recommended by the penetrant manufacturer. T-640

METHOD REQUIREMENTS

T-641

Surface Preparation

(a) In general, satisfactory results may be obtained when the surface is in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged condition, but surface preparation by grinding or machining or other methods may be necessary in some instances where surface irregularities could otherwise mask indications of unacceptable discontinuities. (6) Prior to liquid penetrant examination, the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 1 in. shall be dry and free of any dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux, weld spatter, oil, or other

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T-610

T-64 1 -T-646.2

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATlON

extraneous matter that could obscure surface openings or otherwise interfere with the examination. (c) Typical cleaning agents which may be used are detergents, organic solvents, descaling solutions, and paint removers. Degreasing and ultrasonic cleaning methods may also be used. (d) Cleaning solvents shall meet the requirements of T-630(b). The cleaning method employed is an important part of the examination procedure. CAUTION: Blasting with shot or dull sand may peen discontinuities a t the surface and should not be used.

T-642

Drying

Drying, after cleaning, of the surfaces to be examined shall be accomplished by normal evaporation or with forced hot air, as appropriate. A minimum period of time shall be established and included in the procedure to ensure that the cleaning solution has evaporated prior to application of the penetrant. T-643

Penetrant Application

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(a) The penetrant may be applied by dipping, brushing, or spraying. If the penetrant is applied by spraying using compressed air type apparatus, filters shall be placed on the upstream side near the air inlet to preclude contamination of the penetrant by oil, water, or dirt sediment that may have collected in the lines. (b) Penetration time is critical. As a standard technique, the temperature of the penetrant and the surface of the part to be processed shall not be below 60 nor above 125 F throughout the examination period. The penetration time shall be as recommended by the penetrant manufacturer and shall be incorporated in the written procedure. Local heating or iooling is permitted provided the temperatures remain in the range of 60 to 125 F during the examination. Where it is not practical to comply with these temperature limitations, other temperatures and times may be used, provided the procedures are qualified as described in T-660.

spray. The water pressures shall not exceed 50 psi and the water temperatures shall not be higher than 1 10 F. T-644.2 Post-emulsifying Penetrants. With postemulsifying penetrants, the emulsifer shall be applied by spraying or dipping. Emulsification time is critical. It is governed by surface roughness and the type of discontinuities sought. It shall not exceed 5 minutes unless other times are qualified in the written procedure. After emulsification, the mixture shall be removed by a water spray using the same procedure as for water washable penetrants. T-644.3 Solvent Removable Penetrants. With solvent removable penetrants, excess penetrant, insofar as possible, shall be removed by wiping with a cloth or absorbent paper, repeating the operation until most traces of penetrant have been removed. The remaining traces shall be removed by wiping the surface lightly with cloth or absorbent paper moistened with solvent. To minimize removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care shall be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the surface with solvent, following the application of the penetrant and prior to developing, is prohibited. T-645

Drying

(a) If a water washable or post-emulsifying method is used, the surface shall be dry before the developer is applied. The surfaces may be dried by blotting with clean materials or by using circulating warm air, provided the temperature of the surface is not raised above 125 F. (b) For the solvent removable method, the surfaces shall be dried by normal evaporation for at least 5 min.

T-646

Developing

The developer shall be applied as soon as possible after penetrant removal; the time interval should not exceed that established during procedure qualification. Two types of developer, dry or wet, may be used with fluorescent penetrants. With color contrast penetrants, only a wet developer shall be permitted.

After the penetration time specified in the procedure has elapsed, any penetrant remaining on the surface shall be removed, taking care to minimize removal of penetrant from discontinuities.

T-646.1 Dry Developer. A dry developer may be applied by a soft brush, a hand powder bulb, or a powder gun. Other means suited to the she and geometry of the specimen may be used provided the powder is dusted evenly over the entire surface being examined.

T-644.1 Water Washable Penetrants. Excess water washable penetrant shall be removed with a water

T-646.2 Wet Developer. The wet developer is a suspension or solution of powder in water or a volatile

T-644

Excess Penetrant Removal

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ARTICLE 6-LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION

solvent. Water suspensions shall be applied by dipping or spraying to obtain a thin coating over the entire surface being examined. Solvent suspensions shall be applied by spraying only. Insufficient coating thicknesses may not draw the penetrant out of discontinuities; conversely, excessive coatings thickness may result in pooling and thus mask indications. Prior to applying the wet developer to the surface, the developer must be thoroughly agitated to ensure adequate dispersion of the suspended particles. Where a water suspension developer is used, drying time may be decreased by using warm air provided the surface temperature is not raised above 125 F. T-650

EXAMINATION

The true size and type of discontinuity are difficult to evaluate if the penetrant diffuses excessively in the developer. Consequently, it is good practice to observe the surface during the application of the developer to detect the nature of any indications which tend to bleed out profusely. Final interpretation shall be made after allowing the penetrant to bleed out for from 7 to 30 minutes. If bleedout does not alter the examination results, longer periods are permitted. If the surface to be examined is so large as to preclude complete examination within the prescribed time, only portions of the surface shall be examined at any one time. T-651

T-646.2-T-662

of 3300-3900 angstrom units. The bulb shall be allowed to warm up for not less than 5 min prior to use in the examination.

T-660

QUALIFICATION OF PROCEDURES FOR NONSTANDARD TEMPERATURES

T-661

General

When it is not practical to make a liquid penetrant examination within the temperature range of 60 to 125 F, the examination procedure at the proposed temperature requires further qualification. This shall be accomplished by producing quench cracks in an aluminum block, which for this purpose is designated as a "liquid penetrant comparator." One section of the block shall be examined at the proposed temperature and the other section at a temperature in the range of 60 to 125 F. T-662

Liquid Penetrant Comparator

The liquid penetrant comparator shall be made of aluminum, SB-2 11, Type 2024. 3/s in. thick, and shall have approximate face dimensions of 2 by 3 in. At the center of each face, an area approximately 1 in. in

Color Contrast Penetrants

(a) With color contrast penetrants, the developer forms a more or less uniform white coating. Surface discontinuities are indicated by bleeding-out of the penetrant which is normally of a deep red color staining the developer. Indications with a light pink color may indicate excessive cleaning. Inadequate cleaning may leave an excessive background making interpretation difficult. (b) Adequate illumination is required to ensure no loss of the sensitivity in the examination. T-652

Fluorescent Penetrants

With fluorescent penetrants, the mechanism is essentially the same as above except that the examination is conducted in a darkened area using filtered "black light." The filtered "black light" intensity should give a reading of at least 90 foot candles at the work, using a Weston 703 Type I11 meter, or equal, without filter in the meter and with 10X multiplier disk. The "black light" shall be filtered ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths within the range

FIG. T-660 L I Q U I D P E N E T R A N T COMPARATOR (Note: Dimensions given are for guidance only and are not critical.)

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T-662-T-682

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

diameter shall be marked with a 950 F temperatureindicating crayon or paint. The marked area shall be heated with a blow torch, a Bunsen burner, or similar device to a temperature between 950 and 975 F, and the specimen is then quenched in cold water to produce a network of fine cracks on each face. The block shall then be dried by heating to approximately 300 F. A groove may be machined across the center of each face approximately '/16 in. deep and 3/64in. wide, or some other means should be provided to permit side-by-side comparison without interfering crosscontamination between the two sides. One half of the specimen shall be designated "A" and the other "B" for identification in subsequent procedures. Figure T660 illustrates the comparator after the grooves, if used, are cut.

T-663

Comparator Application

(a) If it is desired to qualify a liquid penetrant examination procedure at a temperature less than 60 F, the proposed procedure shall be applied to area "B" after the block and all materials have been cooled to the proposed examination temperature. The block shall then be allowed to warm up to a temperature between 60 and 125 F, and area "A" examined in a manner which has previously been demonstrated as suitable for use in this temperature range. The indications of cracks shall be compared between areas "A" and "B." If the indications obtained under the proposed conditions are essentially the same as obtained under examination at 60 to 125 F the proposed procedure shall be considered qualified for use. (6) If the proposed temperature for the examination is above 125 F, then only the block need be held at this temperature throughout the examination of the "B" section. The block shall then be allowed to cool to a temperature between 60 F and 125 F and area "A" examined and compared as described in T633(a). T-670

EVALUATION OF INDICATIONS

(a) All indications shall be examined in terms of the acceptance standards of the referencing Code Section.

(6) Discontinuities at the surface will be indicated by bleeding-out of the penetrant; however, localized surface irregularities such as from machining marks or other surface conditions, may produce false indications. (c) Broad areas of fluorescence or pigmentation which could mask indications of discontinuities are unacceptable, and the areas shall be cleaned and reexamined. T-680

PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS

T-68 1

Written Procedure

Each procedure required in T-150 shall record in detail at least the following information: (a) Brand name and specific type (number or letter designation if available) of penetrant, penetrant remover, emulsifier, and developer. (6) Details of the method of pre-examination cleaning and drying, including cleaning materials used and time allowed for drying. (c) Details of the method of penetrant application: the length of time that the penetrant remains on the surface; and the temperature of the surface and penetrant during the examination if not within the 60 to 125 F range. (d) Details of the methods of removing excess penetrant from the surface and of drying the surface before applying the developer. (e) Details of the method of applying the developer, and length of developing time before examination. (f) Method of postexamination cleaning.

T-682

Procedure Requalification

Requalification of the procedure shall be required: (a) For any change in prior processing which may

close surface openings of discontinuities or leave interfering deposits: e.g., the use of blast cleaning or acid treatment. (6) When a change or substitution is made in the type of precleaning materials or methods. (c) When a change or substitution is made in the type of penetrant materials (including developer, etc.) or in the processing technique.

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ARTICLE 7 MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION

a

vapor degreasing, sand or grit blasting. and ultrasonic cleaning methods.

SCOPE

(a) This Article describes methods for magnetic particle examination to be used when magnetic particle examination to this Article is required by a referencing Code Section. The methods substantially conform with SE-109, "Standard Method for Dry Powder Magnetic Particle Inspection," and SE-138, "Standard Method for Wet Magnetic Particle Inspection." Reference to these documents may be made for additional details to be included in procedures required in this Article. (b) Article 1, "General Requirements," and Appendix A, "Glossary of Terms Used in Nondestructive Examination," also apply when magnetic particle examination to Article 7 is required by a referencing Code Section.

T-720

T-722

This method involves magnetizing the area to be examined, followed by applying particles of the ferromagnetic examination medium to the surface. The particles will be retained on the surface at cracks and other discontinuities due to leakage in the magnetic field. The patterns will be characteristic of the type of discontinuity present.

T-723

Sequence of Operation

Examination shall be done by the continuous method; that is, the magnetizing current remains on while the examination medium is being applied and while excess of the examination medium is being removed.

GENERAL

Magnetic particle examination provides for the detection of cracks and other linear discontinuities and shall be applicable only to ferromagnetic materials. Its sensitivity is greatest for surface discontinuities and diminishes rapidly with depth below the surface.

T-721

Description of Method

T-724

-

Magnetization

Any suitable and appropriate means for establishing the necessary magnetic flux may be employed, such as passing a current through the material, using magnetic yoke (for surface discontinuities only), or wrapping the part with a coil through which a magnetizing- current is passed.

Surface Preparation

(a) Satisfactory results may generally be obtained when the surfaces are in the as-welded, as-rolled, ascast, or as-forged condition. However, surface preparation by grinding or machining may be necessary in some cases where surface irregularities would otherwise mask the indication of discontinuities. (6) Prior to magnetic particle examination, the surface to be examined and any adjacent area within at least 1 in. of the surface to be examined, shall be dry and free of any dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux, spatter, oil, or other extraneous matter than would interfere with the examination. (c) Cleaning may be accomplished by detergents, organic solvents, descaling solutions, paint removers,

T-725

Examination Medium

The finely divided ferromagnetic particles used for detection of discontinuities shall meet the following requirements:

T-725.1 Dry Particles. If dry particles are used, the color of the particles (dry powder) shall provide adequate contrast with the background of the surface being examined. Amplified details on the use of dry particles are given in SE-109, "Standard Method for Dry Powder Magnetic Particle Inspection." Magnetic particle examination shall not be done on the surface of parts whose temperature exceeds 600 F. 31

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T-710

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T-725.2-T-732.2

SECTION V-NONDESTRUCTIVE

area being examined, or to increase the sensitivity, but prod spacing less than 3 in. usually is not feasible due to banding of the particles around the prods. The prod tips shall be kept clean and dressed and the contact areas of the test surface free from dirt, scale, oil, etc., to minimize electrical arcing. If a source of magnetizing current with an open circuit voltage of over 25 V is used, lead, steel or aluminum, rather than copper tipped prods, are recommended to avoid copper penetration.

T-725.2 Wet Particles. If wet particles are used, the color of the particles shall provide adequate contrast with the surface being examined. The particles shall be suspended in a suitable liquid medium in the concentration recommended in SE- 138, "Standard Method for Wet Magnetic Particle Inspection," which contains amplified details on the use of wet particles. The temperature of the wet particle suspension and the surface of the part shall not exceed 135 F. T-7253 Fluorescent Particles. If fluorescent particles are used, the examination is to be conducted in a darkened area using filtered "black light," with an intensity reading at least 90 foot candles at the work, using a Weston 703 Type I11 meter, or equal, without filter in the meter and with a 10X multiplier disk. The "black light" shall be filtered ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths within the range of 3300-3900 angstrom units such that the particles emit a brilliant fluorescence when subjected to this light. The bulb shall warm up for at least 5 minutes prior to use in examination. T-726

T-7313 Magnetizing Current. Direct or rectified magnetizing current shall be used at a minimum of 100 and a maximum of 125 amp per inch of prod spacing for sections 3/4 in. thick or greater. For sections less than Y4in. thick, amperage shall be 901 10 amp per inch of prod spacing. T-731.4 Direction of Magnetization. At least two separate examinations shall be carried out on each area, with prods placed so the lines of flux in one examination are approximately perpendicular to the lines of flux in the other. T-731.5 Examination Coverage. Examinations shall be conducted with sufficient overlap to assure 100 percent coverage at the established test sensitivity.

Orientation of Discontinuities

Whatever method is used to produce the magnetic flux, the maximum sensitivity will be to the linear discontinuities perpendicular to the lines of flux. To ensure most effective detection of discontinuities, each area shall be examined at least twice, with the lines of flux in one case approximately perpendicular to the lines of flux in the other. T-727

T-732

Demagnetization following examination is required where residual magnetism can interfere with subsequent processes or usage. METHODS

T-731

Prod Method

Coil Method

T-732.1 Magnetizing Technique. Magnetization is accomplished by passing current through a multiturn coil looped through or around the part, or section of the part, to be examined. This produces a magnetic field parallel to the axis of the coil.

Demagnetization

T-730

EXAMINATION

T-732.2 Magnetizing Current. For encircling coils, direct or rectified current at 35,000 ampere-turns, divided by the sum of 2 plus the length-over-diameter ratio of the test part 35,000 ampere-turns shall be used for magnetization. For example, a part 10 in. long x 2 in. diameter has an L/D ratio of 5. Therefore, 35, 000/(2 + 5) = 5,000 ampere-turns; if a 5-turn coil is used, the amperage required is 5,000/5 or 1,000. (a) This formula provides adequate field strength for parts with an L/D ratio greater than or equal to 4. For ratios down to 2 and for smaller parts magnetized in a larger, fixed-size coil, the formula shall be 45,000 ampere-turns divided by the length-over-diameter ratio. For L/D ratios less than 2, alternate magnetizing methods shall be used. When the magnetizing coil is made of cable wound around the test Dart.- the coil's turns shall be closely spaced. The effective field extends for about 6 in. on either side of the coil; longer parts shall be magnetized in sections.

T-731.1 Magnetizing Technique. Magnetization shall be accomplished by portable prod type electrical contacts pressed against the surface in the area to be examined. To avoid arcing, a remote control switch, which may be built into the prod handles, shall be provided to permit the current to be turned on after the prods have been properly positioned and to be turned off before they are removed.

1

T-731.2 Prod Spacing. Prod spacing shall be a maximum of 8 in. Shorter spacing may be used to meet the limitation of geometry of dimensions of the 32

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ARTICLE 7-MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION

(6) For through-coils, the amperage specified in T733.2, divided by the number of turns, shall be used. (c) At least two separate examinations shall be carried out on each area. The second examination shall be with the lines of magnetic flux perpendicular to those used for the first examination in that area. A different means of magnetizing may be used for the second examination. T-733

Direct Contact Method

T-733.1 Magnetizing Technique. Magnetization is accomplished by passing current end-to-end through the part to be tested, which produces a "circular" magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow through the part. T-733.2 Magnetizing Current. Direct or rectified current shall be used at 700 to 900 amp per inch of part for diameters up to 5 in., 500 to 700 amp per inch of part with diameters 5 to 10 in., and 300 to 500 amp per inch of part with diameters greater than 10 in.

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T-7333 Direction of Magnetization. At least two separate examinations shall be carried out on each area; in the second examination, the lines of magnetic flux shall be approximately perpendicular to those used for the first examination in that area. A different means of magnetizing may be used for the second examination. T-734

T-732.2-T-75 1

T-7343 Direction of Magnetization. At least two separate examinations shall be carried out on each area; in the second examination, the lines of magnetic flux shall be approximately perpendicular to those used for the first examination in that area. A different means of magnetizing may be used for the second examination. T-734.4 Examination Coverage. Examinations shall be conducted with sufficient overlap to assure 100 percent coverage at the established test sensitivity. T-740

EVALUATION OF INDICATlONS

(a) All indications shall be evaluated in terms of the acceptance standards of the referencing Code Section. (6) Discontinuities at the surface are indicated by the retention of examination medium; however, localized surface irregularities due to machining marks or other surface conditions may produce false indications. (c) Broad areas of particle accumulation which could mask indications of discontinuities are unacceptable, and those areas shall be cleaned and reexamined.

T-750

PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS

T-751

Written Procedure

Yoke Method

T-734.1 Application. This method should be used only to detect discontinuities which actually come to the surface. T-734.2 Magnetizing Technique (a) Alternating current electromagnetic yokes may be used to magnetize, provided the yoke has a lifting power of at least 10 lb and a pole spacing of 3 to 6 in. (6) Direct current electromagnetic or permanent magnetic yokes may be used to magnetize, provided the yoke has a lifting power of at least 40 lb and pole spacing of 3 to 6 in. NOTE: Except for materials '/4 in. or less in least dimension, alternating current yokes are superior to direct or permanent magnet yokes of equal lifting power for the detection of surface cracks.

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Magnetic particle examination shall be performed to a written procedure. Each examination procedure required in T- 150 shall include at least the following information:

(a) Materials, shapes, or sizes to be examined. (6) Type of magnetization to be used. (c) Equipment to be used for magnetization. (d) Surface preparation (finishing and cleaning). (e) Ferromagnetic particles to be used: manufacturer, color, wet or dry. (f) Magnetization current. (g) Demagnetization. (h) Sketches or a chart indicating coverage, where necessary for clarity.

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ARTICLE 8 EDDY CURRENT EXAMINATION OF TUBULAR PRODUCTS SCOPE

(a) This Article describes the method to be used when a referencing Code Section requires eddy current or other electrical examination to this Article. The methods conform substantially with the following Standards listed in Article 26 and reproduced in Subsection B: SE-243 Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Testing of Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy Heat Exchanger and Condenser Tubes. SE-309 Eddy Current Testing of Steel Tubular Products with Magnetic Saturation. SE-2 15 Standardizing Equipment for Electromagnetic Testing of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube. SE-268 Terms Relating to Electromagnetic Testing. (b) The requirements of Article 1, "General Requirements," also apply when eddy current examination to Article 8 is required by a referencing Code Section.

the reference standards shall be processed in accordance with T-860.

T-840

(a) The reference specimen shall be a part of and shall be processed in the same manner as the product being examined. It shall be of the same nominal diameter and the same nominal composition as the product being examined. Unless specified in the referencing Code Section, the reference discontinuities shall be transverse notches or drilled holes as described in Paragraph 5.4 (Calibration Standard) of Standard Method SE-243. (b) The reference specimen shall be long enough to simulate the handling of the product being examined through the inspection equipment. The separation between reference discontinuities placed in the same reference specimen shall be not less than twice the length of the sensing unit of the inspection equipment. T-850

T-820

GENERAL

T-821

Written Procedure

All eddy current or other electrical examinations shall be performed to detailed written procedures, unless otherwise stated in the referencing Code Section.

T-830

DESCRIPTION OF METHOD

The procedure for eddy current or other electrical examination methods shall provide a sensitivity which will consistently detect discontinuity indications equal to or greater than those in the reference specimen described in T-840. Products with discontinuities which produce indications in excess of

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REFERENCE SPECIMEN

EQUIPMENT QUALIFICATION

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T-810

(a) The proper functioning of the examination equipment shall be checked and calibrated by the use of the reference specimens as follows: (1) At the beginning of each production run of a given diameter and thickness of a given material. (2) After each hour during the production run. (3) At the end of the production run. (4) At any time that malfunctioning is suspected. (b) If, during any check it is determined that the testing equipment is not functioning properly, all of the product tested since the last check shall be reexamined. T-860

ACCEPTANCE REQUIREMENTS

Acceptance requirements shall be as specified in the referencing Code Section.

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SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

T-870

T-870

PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS

Each manufacturer shall certify that the required written examination procedure is in accordance with applicable requirements of this Article and of the referencing Code Section. The required procedure shall include in detail at least the following information:

(a) Frequency. (6) Type of coil or probe (e.g.. differential coil). (c) Type of material and sizes to which applicable.

(d) Reference specimen notch size.

(e) Additional information as necessary to permit retesting.

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ARTICLE 9 VISUAL EXAMINATION

T-910

T-923

SCOPE

This Article contains methods and requirements for visual examination applicable when specified by a referencing Code Section. The visual examination involved in interpretation of the various nondestructive examination methods is not intended to be included in this Article, since such visual examination is included with the Articles describing the particular nondestructive examination methods. Because there are many places in the Code where visual examination is required, including nondestructive examination, hydrostatic testing, fabrication procedures, leak testing, etc., there may be some duplication.

T-920

GENERAL

The requirements of Article 1, "General Requirements," and Appendix A, "Glossary of Terms in Nondestructive Examination," of this Section of the Code apply in addition to this Article.

T-921

Procedure

Visual examinations to this Article, when required by the referencing Code Sections, shall be done to a written procedure prepared by the manufacturer and under the conditions described. The manufacturer shall make copies of the written procedure and a list of the examinations to be performed available to the Inspector.

T-922

Examination Checklist

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The examination checklist shall be used to plan visual examination and to verify that the required visual observations were performed. This checklist establishes minimum examination and inspection requirements and does not indicate the maximum examination which the manufacturer may perform in process.

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Examination Conditions

Visual examination is generally used to determine such things as the surface condition of the part, alignment of mating surfaces, shape, or evidence of leaking. Access, lighting, and angles of vision are important considerations in performing visual examination either directly or remotely, depending on existing conditions. -'

(a) Direct Visual -Examination. Direct visual examination may usually be made when access is sufficient to place the eye within 24 in. of the surface to be examined and at an angle not less than 30 deg to the surface to be examined. Mirrors may be used to improve the angle of vision, and aids such as magnifying lens may be used to assist examinations. Lighting, natural or artificial, sufficient to illuminate the area to be examined, is required. In the area to be examined, the lighting shall be a minimum of 350 lux (32.5 footcandles). Visual examination personnel shall have an annual visual examination to assure natural or corrected near distance acuity such that they are capable of reading standard J-1 letters on standard Jaeger test type charts for near vision or equivalent methods. (6) Remote Visual Examination. In some cases, remote visual examination may have to be substituted for direct examination. Remote visual examination may use visual aids such as mirrors, telescopes, borescopes, fiber optics, cameras, or other suitable instruments. Such systems shall have a resolution capability at least equivalent to that obtainable by direct visual observation.

T-930

WRITTEN PROCEDURE

(a) The written procedure shall contain, as a minimum, a description of how the visual examination is to be performed, type of surface condition available for examination, method or tools

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T-930-T-940

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

equipment for another, or changes in the details of test arrangement, will not require requalification.

T-940

REPORTS

(a) The date of the test. examination procedure used, and results shall be certified by the manufacturer. The illuminators, instruments, equipment, tools, etc., shall be identified in the report to the extent that they or their equivalents can be obtained for future examinations. This may be accomplished by referencing the visual examination procedure number. (b) At the option of the manufacturer, he may maintain one certification for each product, or several separate signed records based on the area or type of work, or both combined. Where impractical to use specialized visual examination personnel. knowledgeable production workmen may be used to perform the examination and to sign the report forms. (c) Even though dimensions, etc., were recorded in the process of visual examination to aid in the evaluation, there need not be documentation of each viewing or each dimensional check. Documentation shall include all observation and dimensional checks specified by the referencing Section of the Code.

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for surface preparation, if any, whether direct or remote visual examination is to be used, contemplated illumination, instruments or equipment to be used, if any, instructions in sequence for performing the examination, data to be tabulated, if any, and report forms or general statement to be completed. In addition, the acceptance criteria established by the referencing Code Section shall be included as part of or attached to the written procedure. (b) In some instances it is preferable to relate the procedure to a specific component or surface such as the internal examination of a weld many feet from the open end of a tube or tubes of several sizes, but procedures may be in a general form applicable without adaptation to a variety of unlested products or situations, thereby reducing the number of written procedures required. (c) The procedure shall contain or reference a report of what was used to demonstrate that the examination procedure was adequate. In general, a fine line 1/32 in. or less in width, or some other artificial flaw located on the surface or a similar surface to that to be examined, may be considered a test method for this demonstration. The line or artificial flaw should be in the least discernible location on the area examined, to prove the procedure. (d) Substituting one equipment manufacturer's

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T-1010

SCOPE

This article covers the requirements and methods for the performance of leak testing using Gas and Bubble Formation Testing, the Halogen Diode Detector, the Helium Mass Spectrometer Reverse Probe ("Sniffer7'), and the Helium Mass Spectrometer Hood methods. It is not intended to be a detailed required procedure, but rather it is intended to serve as a basis for the development of procedures by the manufacturer for his use. The requirements of Article 1, "General Requirements," and Appendix A, "Glossary of Terms used in Nondestructive Examination," apply when leak testing in accordance with one or more of the methods contained in this article is specified in a referencing Code Section.

and testing. When required, a recording type gage may be substituted for one of the two dial gages. T-1023.2 Size. Indicating pressure gages used in testing should preferable have dials graduated over a range of about double the intended maximum pressure, but in no case should the range be less than 1% nor more than 4 times that pressure. T-10233 Calibration. All gages used shall be calibrated against a standard dead-weight tester, a calibrated master gage, or a mercury column, and recalibrated at least once each 6 months. T-1024

Test Temperature

The areas to be tested should be free of oil, grease, paint, and other contaminants which might mask a leak. If liquids are used to clean the component, the component should be thoroughly dried before testing.

The minimum metal temperature for all components during the test is to be as specified in the referencing Code Section for the hydrostatic or pneumatic test of the pressure component or part. Higher temperatures may be used. The maximum temperature during the test should not exceed the maximum temperature compatible with the leak test method used.

T-1022

T-1025

T-1020

PREPARATION

T-1021

Cleanliness

Openings

Test Pressure

All openings should be sealed using plugs, covers, sealing was, cement, or other suitable material which and c o m ~ l e t e removed l~ after 'Omcan be pletion of the test. Sealing compounds should be halogen-free if the halogen diode detector test is specified.

Unless otherwise specified in the referencing Section of the Code, components which are to be pressure-leak tested should be pressurhed to a minimum of M) psi or l S percent of the maximum allowabledesign pressure, whichever is less.

T-1023

T-1026

Pressure Test Gages

T-1023.1 Location When components are to be pressure-leak tested, two dial-indicating pressure gages are to be connected to the component, with one of the gages readily visible to the operator controlling the pressure throughout the duration of pressurizing

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Preliminary Leak Tests

Prior to employing a very sensitive testing method, it may be expedient to perform a preliminary test to find gross leaks. This may be done in any manner which will not seal or mask leaks during the specified test.

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ARTICLE 10 LEAK TESTING

T-1027-T-1041.3

T-1027

SECTION V

- NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

Acceptance Standards

Unless otherwise specified in the referencing Section of the Code, the acceptance criteria given for each method shall apply.

T-1028

Personnel Qualification

Personnel performing leak tests under this Article shall be qualified by the manufacturer to levels of competence comparable to those outlined in SNTTC-1A (see footnote 1, Article l), with its Supplements and Appendices, including examinations on the particular method involved.

T-1030

GAS AND BUBBLE FORMATION TESTING

The objective of gas and bubble formation leak testing is to detect gas escaping from a pressurized component by the application of a solution which will form bubbles as the gas passes through it.

T-1031

Test Materials

T-1031.1 Gases. Unless otherwise specified, the test gas will normally be air; however, other gases such as nitrogen or helium may be used. T-1031.2 Bubble Solution. The bubble forming solution should produce a film that does not break away from the area to be tested, and the bubble formed should not break rapidly due to air drying or low surface tension. The number of bubbles contained in the solution should .be minimized to reduce the problem of discriminating between existing bubbles and those caused by the solution. Ordinary household soap or detergents are not permitted as substitutes for bubble testing solutions in which, in principle, a bubble will form when there is leakage present. T- 1032

Test Procedure

T-1032.1 Soak Time. The pressure prior to examination should be held for a minimum of 15 min.

30 deg with the surface to be examined. Mirrors may be used to improve the angle of vision, and aids such as magnifying lenses may be used to assist examinations. Natural or artificial lighting may be used to illuminate the area to be examined. The lighting in the area to be examined should be a minimum of 350 lux (32.5 footcandles).

T-1032.4 Post-Test Cleanliness. After testing, any solution or gas potentially detrimental to the component shall be thoroughly removed. T-1033

Test Results

T-1033.1 Acceptable Test. If no indication of leakage is observed, the component is considered acceptable without further bubble formation testing. T-1033.2 Rejectable Test. As bubbles are observed, their position of formation should be marked. The component will then be depressurized, if necessary, and the leaks repaired as required by the referencing Code Section. After repairs have been made, the repaired area or areas should be retested in accordance with the requirements of this Subarticle. T-1040

HALOGEN DIODE DETECI'OR TESTING ("SNIFFER" METHOD)

T-1041

Equipment and Test Materials

T-1041.1 General. This method uses the general principle of a heated platinum element (anode) and an ion collector plate (cathode), where ahlogen vapor is ionized by the anode, and the ions are collected by the cathode. A current porportional to the rate of ion formation is indicated on a meter, which is the only acceptable type of instrument. The relative concentration of halogen present can be measured by comparing the meter reading for the gas leakage of a component with that for a standard gas leakage. The halogen diode detector method is a semiquantitative method for determining a leak rate, and is not to be accepted as quantitative.

T-1032.2 Application of Solution. The bubble forming is to be applied to the surface to be tested by flowing the solution over the examination area.

T-1041.2 Calibration Standard. A capillary type haolgen leakage standard shall be used with a leakage rate range of from 0 to 9 x 1095atm cc/sec of Refrigerant 12 or any other gas listed in T- 1041.3.

T-10323 Visual Examination. When performing the visual examination, access to the area to be viewed should permit placing the eye within at least 24 in. of the surface to be examined, at an angle of no less than

T-10413 Tracer Gas. Dichlorodifluoromethane (Refrigerant 12), CC12F2, is recommended for use as the tracer gas. Other gases which may be used include those shown in the following table.

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ARTICLE 10-LEAK TESTING

T-1041.3-T-1043.2

Chemical Designation

Chernical Syn~bol

Trichloromonofluorometlzane Dichloromonofluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorotetrafluoroetl~ane Dichloromethane

CC13F CHCll F CHClF2 C2CI2F', CHZC12

Commercial Designation - -

The concentration of the tracer gas by volume at the test pressure should be 10 percent, if practical.

T-1042

Test Procedure

T-1042.1 Soak Time. A minimum of 30 min should be allowed for dispersion of the halogen gas throughout the component. T-1042.2 Location of Test. During halogen leak testing, the component to be tested should be located in an area where drafts will not reduce the required sensitivity of the test. However, if some air movement is encountered, the probing operation should begin at the upstream side of the draft. The test area should be free of contaminants which could interfere with the test or give erroneous results. T-10423 Instrument Calibration (a) The diode detector should be allowed to warm up at least 30 min prior to calibrating with the capillary leak standard. (b) The sensitivity of the diode detector is to be determined before and after testing and at invervals of 2 hours minimum of scanning. If the sensitivity of the detector, at any calibration check is less than that stipulated in T-1042.4, the instrument should be recalibrated, and all areas tested after the last satisfactory calibration check are to be retested. T-1042.4 Normal Scanning. The scanning rate is determined by passing the probe across the orifice of the capillary leak standard. The scanning rate should not exceed that which can detect leakage of 1 x 1095atm cc/sec from the calibration standard. The probe tip should be kept within '/s in. of the test surface during scanning.

a

T-1042.5 Tube-to-Tube Sheet Joints. When testing tubular heat exchangers, the probe should be inserted into each tube end and held for several seconds to check for cracks or splits in the tube walls.

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When desirable, all tube-to-tube sheet welds may be tested by the encapsulator method. The encapsulator may be a funnel with the small end attached to the probe and the large end placed over the tube-to-tube sheet weld. If the encapsulator is used, the response time is determined by placing the encapsulator over the orifice on the capillary calibration leak standard and noting the time required for an indicated response.

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Refrigerant 11 Refrigerant 2 1 Refrigerant 22 Refrigerant 1 14 Methylene Chloride

T-1042.6 Test Monitoring. Leakage may be indicated by one or more of the following signaling devices:

(a) A milliammeter on the test instrument. (b) A speaker or set of headphones which emits audible indications. (c) A visible indicator light.

T-1043.1 Acceptable Test. When the leakage rate is equal to or less than that obtained from the capillary leak calibration standard, as stated in T-1042.4, the component is acceptable without further halogen diode leak testing. Using a 10 percent tracer gas concentration, as suggested in T-1041.3, the actual allowable measured leak rate per leak should not exceed approximately 1 X 1og4atmcclsec. For other tracer gas concentrations, the actual allowable measured leak rate should be altered accordingly. T-1043.2 Rejectable Test. As rejectable leaks are found, they are to be marked, the component system depressurized, if necessary, and the leaks repaired as required by the referencing Code Section. After repairs, the original testing procedure is to be repeated Code Section. After repairs, the original testing procedure is to be repeated and the repaired areas rechecked.

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SECTION V

- NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

T-1050

HELIUM MASS SPECTROMETER TESTING (REVERSE PROBWSNIFFER" METHOD)

1097atm cclsec. The standard leak should be attached directly to the mass spectrometer inlet for the equipment calibration.

T-1051

Equipment and Test Materials

(I) Calculation of Equipment Sensitivity per Full-Scale Division

T-1051.1 General. The instrument is basically a simplified portable mass spectrometer which is sensitive to minute traces of helium. The high sensitivity of the leak detector makes possible the detection of the flow of helijm through a very small opening in an envelope or barrier separating two regions at different pressures, or the determination of the presence of helium in any gaseous mixture. The "sniffer" is a semiquantitative method used to detect and locate leaks, and is not to be considered quantitative. T- 1051-2 Auxiliary Equipment (a) Transformer. A constant voltage transformer is to be used in conjunction with the instrument when line voltage is subject to variation. (6) Sampling Probe. All areas to be inspected are to be tested for leaks while using a sample probe (sniffer) connected to the leak detector through a hose. To reduce response time, it is recommended that the hose length be less than 15 ft. T-10513 Calibration Standards (a) Permeation Type Standard. This shall be a calibration leak standard with a leak rate in the range of 1 x 1096 to 1 X 1097 atm cc/sec. (6) Capillary Type Standard. This shall be a calibration leak standard with a leak rate of 1 x

T-1051.4 Tracer Gas. It is recommended that the helium tracer gas concentration be 10 percent by volume, if practical. T- 1052

Test Procedure

T-1052.1 Soak Time. The component should be allowed to "soak" for at least 1 hr under the pressure outlined in T-1025 before being examined with the leak detector. T-1052.2 Instrument Calibration (a) The equipment should be turned on and allowed to warm up for at least 30 min before using. (b) The leak detector should be calibrated by the vacuum technique using a standard calibration leak with a leak rate in the range of 10 x 1096 to 1 x

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CL (atm cclsec) = MSCLR (atm cclseclFSD) MSI (div) - BG (DIV) where CL = calibrated leak MSI= the increase in output signal of the mass spectrometer leak detector BG = mass spectrometer background MSCLR = mass spectrometer calibrated leak rate FSD = full-scale division div = divisions The instrument is acceptable for use if the sensitivity is determined to be a minimum 1 x 1099atm cc/sec/ FSD. The sensivitity of the helium mass spectrometer leak detector should be determined before and after testing and at intervals of 2 hours scanning minimum. If the sensitivity of the detector at any calibration is less than 1 x 1099atm cc/sec/FSD, the instrument should be recalibrated, and all areas tested after the last satisfactory calibration check shall be retested. (c) With the sampling probe connected to the leak detector by a hose, the probe inlet valve should be opened and the standard leak "sniffed." The time required for an indication to appear on the mass spectrometer output meter should be noted.

T-10523 Normal Scanning. The scanning rate is determined by passing the "sniffer" probe across the orifice of the capillary leak standard, and should not exceed that with which 1 x 1095atm cc/sec leakage from the calibration standard can be detected. The tip of the probe should be within '/s in. of the surface being scanned. T-1052.4 Tube-to-Tube Sheet Joints. When tubular heat exchangers are to be tested, the requirements of T-1042.5 are to be followed. T-1053

Test Results

T-1053.1 Acceptable Test. When the leakage rate is equal to or less than that obtained from the capillary leak calibration standard stated in T-1052.3, the component test is acceptable without further helium

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T-1050-T-1053.1

ARTICLE 10-LEAK TESTING

the determination of time delay is measured. and the preliminary calibration is performed. (c) The time at which helium is applied to the system from the calibrated leak should be recorded as well as the time at which the increased output signal (MSI) of the mass spectrometer leak detector becomes stable. The difference between these two readings is the response time. After calculation of the response time, the calibrated leak should be isolated from the system, the leak detector allowed to stabilize, and the leak detector reading recorded when it becomes stabilized. This reading is then the background (BG). (d) Preliminary Calibrated Leak Rate (Calculation of Sensitivity per Full-Scale Division)

mass spectrometer leak testing. Using the 10 percent tracer gas concentration stated in T-1051.4, the actual allowable measured leak rate per leak should not exceed approximately 1 X 1095atm cc/sec. For other concentrations, the actual measured leak rate is to be altered accordingly.

T-1053.2 Rejectable Test. Rejectable leaks are to be marked, the component depressurized, if necessary, and the leaks repaired as required by the referencing Code Section. After repairs have been made, the original testing procedure is to be repeated and the repaired areas rechecked.

T-1060

HELIUM MASS SPECTROMETER TESTING (HOOD METHOD)

T-1061

Equipment

CL (atm cc'sec) = PCLR (atm cc/sec/FSD) MSI (div) - BG (div) where CL = calibrated leak MSI= the increase in output signal of the mass spectrometer leak detector BG = mass spectrometer background PCLR = mass spectrometer calibrated leak rate FSD = full-scale division div = divisions

T-1061.1 General. The instrument is basically a simplified portable mass spectrometer sensitive to minute traces of helium. The high sensitivity of the leak detector makes possible the detection of helium flow through a very small opening in an envelope or barrier separating two regions at different pressures, or the det-erminatlon of the presence of heliim in any gaseous mixture.

The calibration should be repeated when there is any change in the leak detector set up (e.g., a change in the portion of helium bypassed to the auxiliary pump, if used) or any change in the calibrated leak. After completing the preliminary calibration, the calibration leak standard should be isolated from the

T-1061.2 A 'Onstant transformer is to be used in conjunction with the instrument when the line is subject to variation.

system.

T-10613 Calibration Standard. This shall be a permeation type calibration leak standard with a leak rate in the range of 1 x 1096 to 1 x l097atm cc/sec. T-1062

T-1053.1-T-1062.3

T-1062.2 Sequence of Events. The sequence to be used while leak testing using the hood method is as follows:

(a) Place the component or parts of the component in a suitable hood container such as a plastic bag. (6) Fill the space between the outside of the component and the hood with helium to atmospheric pressure or slightly above. (c) Determine or estimate the helium concentration in the bag. (d) Measure the leak rate of helium into the component and record the rate measured at the equilibrium time determined in T-1062.l(c) above. (e) Alternatively, the tracer gas may be put in the component and checked by the vacuum encapsulator or bell jar method.

Test Procedure

T-1062.1 System Calibration (a) The equipment should be turned on and allowed to warm up for at least 30 rnin before using. (6) Both the calibrated leak standard and the leak detector are to be attached to the component as far apart as possibel. The component should be evacuated to an absolute pressure of not more than 10 microns of mercury. The calibrated leak (using helium at atmospheric pressure) should then be opened to the system and the leak detector throttle valve also opened to the system. The calibrated leak should remain open to the system until the measured leak rate becomes stable,

T-10623 Actual Calibrated Leak Rate. After completing the hood test, and with the component still 43

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T-1062.3-T-1072

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

under the hood, again valve the calibrated leak into the system being tested. The increase in output indicated on the mass spectrometer milliammeter is to be used in calculating equipment sensitivity. (a) Calculation of Sensitivity per Full-Scale Division

CL (atm cc'sec) = ACLR (atm cc/sec/FSD) MSI (div) - BG (div) where CL = calibrated leak MSI = the increase in output signal of the mass spectrometer leak detector BG = mass spectrometer background, including the output due to in-leakage from the hood test ACLR = actual calibrated leak rate FSD = full-scale division div = divisions

T-1062.4 Measured Leak Rate. The measured leak rate of the component is determined as follows: ACLR (MSI - BG) = MLR where ACLR = actual calibrated leak rate per full-scale division as determined in T-1062.3 MSI = The increase in output of the mass spectrometer leak detector BG = mass spectrometer background MLR = measured leak rate of the component

T-1062.5 Calculation of Actual Leak (Corrected for Tracer Gas Concentration)

Rate

T-1063

T-1063.1 Acceptable Test. When the leakage rate is equal to or less than the allowable specified value. the component test is acceptable without further helium leak' testing. Unless otherwise specified, the total allowable integrated leak rate should not exceed 1 x 10g6atmcc/sec of helium.

T-1063.2 Rejectable Test (a) Probe Method. When the actual leak rate exceeds the permissible value, all welds or other suspect areas should be inspected using a fine jet of helium on one surface of the weld and the leak detector on the opposite surface. All leaks are to be marked and temporarily sealed to permit completion of the test. The temporary seals should be of a type which can be readily and completely removed after testing has been completed. (b) Retest. After leaks have been located and repaired in accordance with the referencing Code Section, retest using the original testing procedure of the hood method to determine total integrated leakage.

T-1070

PROCEDURES AND REPORTS

T-1071

Procedure

Each procedure required in T- 150 shall report the following minimum information. A copy of the qualified procedure shall be readily available for the use of nondestructive testing personnel performing leak testing examination.

The actual leak rate of the component is determined as follows:

where MLR = measured leak rate of the component as determined in T-1062.4 % He = helium concentration in the bag- as determined in T-1062.2(c) ALR = actual leak rate of the component

Test Results

(a) Date of test. (6) Name of operator. (c) Description of test equipment. (d) Tracer gas concentration. (e) Test pressure. Ifl Test results.

T-1072

Report

The test report shall be maintained in accordance with requirements of the referencing Code Section.

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SUBSECTION B

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DOCUMENTS ADOPTED BY SECTION V

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ARTICLE 21 INTRODUCTION T-2110

SCOPE

This Subsection lists by types of nondestructive examination, standards, methods, and recommended practices which are adopted from other sources and reproduced herein for use in this Code Section.

T-2120

GENERAL

(a) Unless specifically excepted by the

referencing Code Section. Article 1, "General Requirements," shall apply when nondestructive examinations in accordance with these referenced standards are made mandatory by the referencing Code Section. (b) Exceptions or n~odifications to the reproduced documents, as well as limitations on their application, are noted in the subheadings of the reproduced standards.

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ARTICLE 22 RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-7 1

Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings u p t o 2 in. (5 1 mm) in Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

SE-94

Recommended Practice for Radiographic Testing . . . . . .

53

SE-142

Standard Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 t o 4-112 in.) Steel Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

SE-242

SE-280

SE446

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..

Standard Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images as Certain Parameters Are Changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4-112 t o 12 in.) Steel Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

....

85

. ... . . .. . . . . .

87

Steel Castings u p t o 2 inches in Thickness

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SE-186

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ARTICLE 22-RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS

REFERENCE RADIOGRAPHS FOR STEEL CASTINGS UP TO 2 IN. (5 1 MM) IN THICKNESS

(Identical with ASTM E71-64 except that Section V, Article 1, General Requirements, also applies. Used by referencing Code Sections to establish acceptance criteria o n basis of severity levels.)

'I'lrese N a d i o ~ r u p l / i Sfnndurds c Ituve been repr~ducedjrum lire Ilurenu o j Slrips Ikin and eye>. Adequate black light for inhpection is generally obtained b! using a 100-W merc u r vapor bulb of the sealed reflector Ope and a special filter which lilters out mo\t of the visible light. Also available are 100-W black lights. They adequatel! illumini~tc an area 10 times ah great as that o b t a ~ n e dwith a 100-W bulb. 11.2 The indicationh. when viewed under black light. fluoresce brilliantl!. and the extent of the indication mark3 the extent of the discontinuit!. Pores will \how a3 glowing spots. while cracks will show ah tluorescent lines. Where a large dihcontinuity ha5 trapped a quantit! of penetrant. the indications will spread on the surPace. Experience in the use of the method allows interpretation to be drawn from the extent of this spread ah to the relative sire of the discontinuitieh. For best results. inspection should be done in a darkened area. The darker the area of inspection. the more brilliant the indication5 will show. This is extremely important when looking for ver! tine indications. The inhpection table should be kept free of random fluorescent materials. 11.3 The operator should allow hi5 eyes to become accustomed to the darkness of the inspection booth before inspecting the parts. He should avoid looking directly into the black light and also avoid going from the darkness to the light and back again without allowing ~"fficient time for his eyes to adjust to the dark. 11.4 It rnay be desirable to check the emission energ! of the black light. A test for black-light intensity rnay be made with a light meter' equipped with a I O X multiplier disk or equivalent. T o measure the blacklight intensity by thi5 method. the bulb shall be equipped with a regular black-light filter.' Take care that this filter is clean and that there is not a film of dust on either the filter or the bulb. T o read the mete;. place its face where the test surface is normally located. Black-light intensity of from 90 to 100 footcandles (970 to 1080 Ix), measured by this method. has been found to be suitable for the detection of practically all indications. Such intensity is obtained about 15 in. (380 m m ) from a normal bulb. If the indications sought are heavy and broad. a light in--

' A Weston Sight Light Meter N O . 703 Type 3 (un. tilte,red) has been found satisfactor! for this purpobe. A Kopp N o . 41 or Corning N o . 5874 black light filter has been round sat~sl'actoryI'or t h ~ spurpore.

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tensit! o f a s low a s 20 to 7 5 footcandleh (715 to 270 Ix) may be sutficient. 11.5 The surface of an unground vitritied ceramic part will retain ver! little d!,e after the foregoing treatment and any cracks. adhering chips. or holes in the surface of the piece will be readil! discernible as Huorescent (or red in the case of red dyes) lines or spots. Crack5 ~enerall! show up as distinct fluorescent lines. Adhering chips usuall! appear as diffuse fluorescent spots and examination under magnification will show that the color is caused b! dye trapped under an adhering flake of ceramic. Holes which result from improper mixing of the constituent materials or the burn-out of volatile contaminants will usually appear a s fluorescent spots. Under the microscope. these spots will appear as craters. the interior surface of which is covered by dye. When a hole becomes so large that the dye in the hole is partially removed during emulsification or rinsing. sensitivity of detection is impaired. If the discontinuity has trapped a quantity of penetrant it may seep out onto the surface of the piece resulting in a false indication of the size of the defect. Procediire A-2. Fl~iorescenrPOSIEn~uls~fied Penerranr

12. Scope

12.1 With the post-emulsified procedure. the penetrating material I S not water-washable. Emulsifier is applied as a separate step in the procedure. It is particularly effective in detecting shallow crack-like surface blemishes from which a water-waskible penetrant might be removed.

13. Penetrant Application 13.1 Apply post-emulsified penetrant to the part b! dipping. flushing. spraying. or brushing. Application of the penetrant oil by pressure spraying should only be performed in a booth equipped with an exhaust system. A health hazard may develop unless this operation is performed in a fireproof spray booth. After application. place the part or basket of parts on a drain rack and allow the excess penetrant to drain off. Exercise care to prevent the penetrant from forming pools on the part. The length of time the penetrant must remain on the part to allow proper penetration can best be determined by experiment. but Table 2 gives suggested penetration periods. 13.2 Impregnation of ceramic parts is normall)' carried Out under atmospheric pressure but higher pressures may decrease the penetration time.

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ARTICLE 24-LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION 14. Emulsification

14.1 In the post emulsifier procedure there is an added step required before the part is ready for inspection. Since the penetrant is not water-washable as applied on the part. it is necessary to apply an emulsifier to the part after the penetration time. The emulsifier combines with the surface penetrant and makes the mixture of penetrant and emulsifier removable by water. Apply the emulsifier either by dipping the part into it or by flowing or spraying it on the part. 14.2 The length of tin~ethat the emuls~fier is allowed to remain on the part is critical, particularly for detecting shallow scratch-like discontinuities. The best length of time can be determined by experimentation for each type of part and discontinuity. For highest sensitivity to shallow discontinuities. this length of time should be held at the minimum that will just give a good water wash. The emulsification period may vary from 10 s to 5 min, depending- upon the surface of the . part and the 'type of discontinuities sought. The average time should be about 2 to 3 min. 14.3 The length of time that the emulsifier remains on the part is not critical when only tight, deep cracks are sought as long as a clean wash is obtained. However. when shallow blemishes are sought, the emulsifier time should be only long enough to render the penetrant washable. On smooth surfaces, the emulsification time can be much shorter than on rough surfaces. In fact. if the surface is too rough it may be impractical to use Procedure A-2. 14.4 Two types of emulsifiers are used. The most versatile is the high-viscosity material, which gives best results on extremely fine-type cracks and also on shallow scratchlike surface blemishes. A low-viscosity material is sometimes used, which uses half the emulsification time but decreases sensitivity on the shallow discontinuities. Use of the low-viscosity emulsifier is recommended for a spray application on parts that. due to their configuration, have a tendency to entrap the emulsifier when the immersion method is used, thereby creating a problem to permit an adequate washing operation. It is recommended that the emulsifier have a contrasting color to that of the penetrant; this permits the operator to ensure complete coverage of the part by the emulsifier.

stream. Rinsing should be carried out under a black light to ensure complete cleaning of all surfaces. 15.2 Rough surface conditions may prevent the emulsifier from combining with the penetrant and thus reduce the washability in such areas. It may prevent the use of Procedure A-2 on parts having exceptionally rough surfaces, blind holes, and threaded parts. 15.3 If a part does not wash clean and has a fluorescent background, increase the length of the emulsification period. If the part cannot be completely washed because of insufficient emulsification of the penetrant, it should be completely reprocessed. That is, it should be dried and then the entire Procedure A-2 repeated. Do not allow water to contaminate the emulsifier. Over-washing in penetrant inspection means the washing of penetrant out of discontinuities. Since emulsified penetrant does not have an emulsifier in it, there is little likelihood of over-wash-

16. Developing, Drying, and Inspection

16.1 Developing, drying. and inspection operations are the same as specified for the fluorescent water-washable material in Procedure A-l (Sections 9. 10, and I I). 16.2 Use of a developer is not generally practiced when preparing ceramic parts for inspection.

Procedure A-3, Fluorescent Soluenr Remooable Penetrant 17. Penetrant Application

17.1 Penetration times required for solvent removable fluorescent penetrant are as shown in Table 2. These are the same as for Procedure A-2. and the same penetrants are usually applicable to both systems. Apply the penetrant as specified in Procedures A-l and A-2 (Sections 7 and 12). Since this system is usually selected for its portability or for checking restricted areas. the penetrant is often applied from aerosol-type pressure cans. 17.2 Impregnation of ceramic parts is normally carried out under atmospheric pressure but higher pressures may decrease the penetration time. 18. Penetrant Removal

15. Rinsing

15.1 After the emulsification period remove the surface film of penetrant and emulsifier from the part with a forceful water

18.1 After adequate penetration time, remove excess penetrant by spraying the surface with a suitable solvent and wipe it promptly with a clean cloth. Take care not to use too much solvent in order to minimize

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ARTICLE 24-LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS the possibility of removing fluorescent material from the indications. After removal. examine the surface with a black light to be sure that satisfactory cleaning has been accomplished. Excess material left on the curface will cause a fluorescent background after development which will interfere with observation of the indications. 19. Developing

19.1 With Procedure A-3 a solvent-base wet developer is usually used. Since the solvent evaporates rapidly, leaving a uniform film of developer on the surface. no additional drying step is necessary. For portable applications. apply the developer from aerosol-type pressure cans. Water-base or dry developers could be used as specified in Procedure A-l (Section 9). 19.2 Use of a developer is not generally practiced when preparing ceramic parts for inspection. 20. inspection

20.1 Inspect the parts as described in Section 1 1 . It is often necessary to carry out inspection outside. If high-brilliance fluorescent penetrants are used, this can be accomplished by shading the area being inspected. 20.2 The surface of an unground vitrified ceramic part will retain very little dye after the foregoing treatment and any cracks. adhering chips, or holes in the surface of the piece will be readily discernible as fluorescent (or red in the case of red dyes) lines or spots. Cracks generally show up as distinct fluorescent lines. Adhering chips usually appear as diffuse fluorescent spots and examination under magnification will show that the color is caused b) dye'trapped under an adhering flake of ceramic. Holes which result from improper mixing of the constituent materials or the burn-out of volatile contaminants will usually appear as fluorescent spots. Under the microscope these spots will appear as craters. the interior surface of which is covered b! dye. When a hole becomes so large that the dye in the hole is partially removed during emulsification or rinsirig. sensitivity of detection is impaired. If the discontinuity has trapped a quantit! of penetrant i t may seep out onto the surface of the piece resulting in a false indication of the size of the defect.

21. Scope

2.1 .I Visible dye penetrant inspection makes use of a penetrant that can be easily seen in daylight or with visible light. The

penetrant is usually deep red in color so that the indications produce a definite red color as contrasted to the white background of the developer. The sensitivity of this process depends principally on the same conditions as for fluorescent penetrants. 2 1.2 Procedures-Three general procedures are used in visible dye penetrant inspection: 2 1.2.1 Procedure 8-1. Visible Water- Washable-This makes use of a visible penetrant that is water-washable. The general processes are similar to Procedure A-I. Fluorescent Water-Washable Penetrant. This is a simpler process but considered not as accurate as Procedure B-2 because water can remove penetrant from the discontinuities. 2 1.2.2 Procedure 8-2. Visible Posr Emulsified-This visible dye inspection method utilizes a red dye contained in a highly penetrating solvent that seeks out and fills surface cracks. porosity. and discontinuities. The excess dye penetrant. which is not waterrinsable. is then removed by applying the emulsifier which converts the penetrant to a water-rinsable emulsion. 21.2.3 Procedure 8-3, Visible Soloenr Remooable--In this case, the penetrant is not water-washable. and excesses are removed from the surface by means of a recommended solvent. 22. Penetrant Application

22.1 The application of the dye penetrant is the next step in the dye inspection process. It must not be attempted until the precleaning operation has been performed completely and effectively, and until the parts have been thoroughly dried. 22.2 The dye penetrant is a penetrating type liquid which enters surface discontinuities. At the same time. it covers the surface of the part completely with a thin coating of liquid. 22.3 Evaluation of the size. shape. and number of specific articles to be inspected will determine whether the spray, brushing. or dipping method of penetrant application should be employed. 22.4 if only certain critical areas are to be inspected. application by brush or spray will reduce consumption of the penetrant, and will also facilitate penetrant removal. However. if a great number of parts are to be inspected. dip application of the penetrant will be more effective and more efficient. 22.5 Parts should be arranged in racks or baskets so that no air bubbles or oockets will be created that will prevent complete wetting of the parts when they are dipped in

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the penetrant. I f this is not possible on some parts. these parts must be rotated to accomplish a complete wetting with the penetrant. 22.6 Penetration time begins at the time of immersion, or other application of the penetrant. T o determine penetration time. follow the penetration time in Tables I and 2. It is to be noted that penetration times recommended in these tables are approximate and may vary with local conditions. 22.7 This process is designed for use at temperatures between 60 and 90 F (16 and 32 C). The process should be used within this temperature range whenever possible. 22.8 Impregnation of ceramic parts is normally carried out under atmospheric pressure but higher pressures may decrease the penetration time. 23. Penetrant Removal

23.1 The method of penetrant removal depends on the type of penetrant used. Procedures B-l and B-3 use penetrants that can be removed with a water and solvent rinse, respectively. and do not require rinsing aids known as removers or emulsifiers. This results in eliminating one operation and one material from the complete procedure. Accordingly, it can be said that Procedures B-l and B-3 are simpler, but these two systems may be also less accurate than Procedure B-2 because the penetrant can be removed from the voids during the rinsinq operation. 23.2 Procedure B - I , Water- Washable-Flush off water-washable penetrant from the external surfaces by spraying with water. Standard water-line pressure of 30 psi (2.1 kgf/cm') will provide adequate rinsing. Rinse until no visible evidence of red dye remains on the surface. Over-rinsing should be avoided to prevent removal of penetrant from discontinuities. 23.3 Procedure B-2, Posr Emulsified: 23.3.1 Apply the emulsifier to the area covered by the penetrant by dipping, flowing, or brushing. Flush off the mixture of penetrant and emulsifier from the surface with a water spray at about 30 psi pressure. It is essential that all penetrant be removed from the surface and that none of the penetrant be removed from the discontinuities themselves. The post emulsified penetrant method has been designed with these two major points in mind. 23.3.2 In this operation the combination of dye penetrant and emulsifier yields a mixture that can be easily rinsed from the surface of the part whenever the two products are in contact. Since the emulsifier does not come in contact with the penetrant down in

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the discontinuities, water rinsing will not effectively remove penetrant from the discontinuities. 23.3 Do not drain the emulsifier and excess dye penetrant into the emulsifier tank. Do not soak o r wash the parts in the emulsifier. Use the minimum time necessary to get adequate rinsing. Move the load immediately to the water spray rinse tank. 23.4.4 The rinsing procedure used in Procedure B-2 is to apply the emulsifier as previously discussed, and then rinse with a spray of water. Wash the dye penetrant and emulsifier residue parts promptly, as over-emulsification tends to remove the dye penetrant from the more open portion of the discontinuities. This must be avoided if good indications are to be produced. All evidence of dye penetrant must be removed by water spray rinse. Take special precaution to remove the dye penetrant from rivet holes. threaded portions, and sharp corners of radii of parts. For water rinsing, a wide fan-shaped spray is best. Water at 60 to 90 F and 30 psi pressure is recommended. Water at lower temperatures and pressures may be used, but more extended rinsing will be required. Since the visible dye penetrant method utilizes a penetrant that is readily visible under adequate lighting, there is no problem in determining when rinsing is completed. This is a simple visual procedure. 23.3.5 Dip rinses are objectionable because the immersion tends to do a poor job of removing excess penetrant. Likewise, if a water spray is too severe, the water too hot, or the spray time and pressure too great. there is also a tendency to remove some of the penetrant from the discontinuities with resulting lessening reliability of the process. 23.4 Procedure B-3. Solvent RemovableFlush off solvent-soluble penetrants from the part by careful rinsing with a solvent. They may also be removed by wiping the surface with clean rags or towels after application of the solvent. or by using rags or towels that have been saturated with solvent. On smooth surfaces, it is sometimes possible to wipe the surface sufficiently clean without the use of solvent. Vapor degreasing will effectively remove excess penetrant. but the degreasing time should be held to an absolute minimum or the solvent will remove penetrant from discontinuities. It is. therefore, a considerably less reliable procedure. 24.

24.1 Parts are usually dried before application of the developer. If a water rinse has been used, dry the parts by placing them in

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SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

ARTICLE 24-LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS

25. Developing 25.1 There are two reasons for applying the developer to the parts: the fine film of developer on the part furnishes a white coating which serves as a contrasting background for the visible dye penetrant. and the liquid vehicle in the developer draws the penetrant from the discontinuities to the surface of the developer film, thus revealing discontinuities. 25.2 After excess penetrant has been removed and parts have been thoroughly dried, spray a thin even coating of developer on the area being inspected. The developer is a liquid suspension of a powdered material which should be thoroughly agitated both before using and periodically during application. Spray application of the developer usually used provides a thin. even coating, precluding laps and runs and ensuring clearcut flaw indications. Brushing, swabbing, or dipping may also be used. 25.3 A paint spray gun with a vaporizing tip, operated with a minimum flow of developer under 25 to 30 psi (1.8 to 2.1 kfg/ cm') air pressure, may be used. Adjust the pressure pot mechanical agitator to keep the developer in a constant state of suspension. Adjust the spray gun to a fan suitable for the parts to be developed, and test the spray to be sure that the developer solids have not settled out of the vehicle of the developer in the hose between the pressure pot and spray gun. Regulate the air and liquid volume of the spray gun to provide a semi-wet spray or a light fog spray suitable for the particular part being developed. In this way, the liquid part of the developer can be made to Rush off almost immediately. Apply the developer to the parts in a thin. even coating. Take care to avoid laps or runs that may obscure fine indications. 25.4 Larger parts may be arranged on racks so that the developer can be applied to

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the best advantage. Small parts ma! be laid out on clean paper or a paint spray table for the application of the developer. 25.5 After the developer has been applied and is drying. if the parts have an excessbve pink hue. clean the parts thoroughly and repeat the entire Method B. 25.6 Use of a developer is not generally practiced when preparing ceramic parts for inspection.

26. Viewing Test Results 26.1 Inspection can be visually accomplished either in natural or artificial light. While some discontinuities can be detected almost instantaneously after the developer is applied. suficient time should be allowed for all~discontinuitiesto be revealed. A good rule of thumb is that the developing time should not be less than the minimum penetration time shown in Tables I and 2. 27. Interpretation of Test Results

27.1 As the developer dries to a smooth. even, white coating. red indications will appear at the locations of discontinuities. Depth of surface discontinuities may be correlated with the richness of color and speed of bleedout. 27.2 Usually. a crack or similar opening will show a red line. tight cracks. or a partially welded lap will show a broken line. Gross porosity may produce large indications covering an entire area. Very fine porosity is indicated by random red dots. 27.3 Since red flaw indications will remain visible until wiped off manually, there is no need to rework defective parts immediately. In fact. i f salvage is practical. parts can often be reworked with the location and extent of discontinuities still showning. thus simplifying repair. 27.4 Reinspect the parts after repairing discontinuities. The dry developer film can normally be removed during cleaning operations prior to further processing. Usually. it is not necessary to remove the developer at all. 27.5 The surface of an unground vitrified ceramic part will retain very little dye after the foregoing treatment an? lny cracks. adhering chips. or holes in the surface of the piece will be readily discernible as fluorescent (or red in the case of red dyes) lines or spots. Cracks generally show up as distinct fluorescent lines. Adhering chips usually appear as diffuse fluorescent spots and examination under magnification will show that the color is caused by dye trapped under an adhering flake of ceramic. Holes which result

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a heated drier for a period of time sufficient to ensure adequate surface drying only. Drying time will vary with the size and nature of the parts. Do not soak or leave the parts in the drier longer than necessary. Prolonged heating in the drier tends to dry the penetrant in discontinuities that may be present in the parts. This should be avoided. Maintain the drying temperature between 160 and 200 F (71 and 93 C). 24.2 Drying may also be accomplished by evaporation at room temperature. This is the usual practice where solvent-type removers are used. I f a water-base wet developer is used. do not dry until after the developer has been applied.

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION spected. However. an application especially well suited to this method is the inspection of items designed to contain liquid or gas. This is particularly true in cases where such containers (pipes. tubes, ducts. vessels, etc.) have limited access to their internal surface. thereby precluding visual examination or the execution of other test methods. It also has the advantage that it can be used on subassemblies prior to the completion of the finished container. Leak test by penetrant is equally well suited to ferrous, nonferrous, or nonmetallic materials, with the precaution that the latter are not adversely affected by the penetrant. Although there exist numerous variations of the penetrant leak test, the procedure described herewith shall be considered as basic for the purpose of this method. 28.2 Leak testing indicates only flaws that extend completely through the material. Therefore, the absence of flaw indications

from improper mixing of the constituent materials or the burn-out of volatile contaminants will usually appear as fluorescent spots. Under the microscope these spots will appear as craters. the interior surface of which is covered by dye. When a hole becomes so large that the dye in the hole is partially removed during emulsification or rinsing. sensitivity of detection is impaired. If the discontinuity has trapped a quantity of penetrant it may seep out onto the surface of the piece resulting in a false indication of the size of the defect.

28. Scope

28.1 The testing of materials for flaws that extend completely through the section is termed "leak testing." The technique of utilizing penetrants for leak testing is limited little by the geometry of the item to be in-

T.ABLE I Suggested Penetration Time for Water-Washable Penetrants (Procedure A-1 and H - I )

Material - ----

Alum~num

Type of Discontinuity

extrusions and forgings welds

porosity cold shuts laps lack of fusion porosity cracks

5 t o I5 5 t o 15 30 30 30 30

porosity cold shuts laps lack of fusion porosity cracks

15 IS 30 30 30 30

porosity cold shuts laps lack o f fusion porosity cracks

30 30 60 60 60 30

porosity cold shuts laps lack of fusion porosity cracks

10 10 30 15 I5 30

-

castings

all forms Magnesium

castings extrusions and forgings welds all forms

-- . -.

Steel

castings extrusions and forgings welds -

-

Brass and bronze

all forms castings extrusions and forgings brazed parts all forms

-

---

--

Plastics

- --

all forms

- ..

Glass

----

--

-

Carbide-tipped tools

--

cracks

5 t o 30

cracks

5 t o 30

-

all forms

Titanium and high-ternperature alloys

~ ~ ~ f " ~ $

Form

- --

--

lack of fusion porosity cracks

all

use Procedure A-2 (Table 2)

all forms

cracks porosity

30 30 10

----..-A-

Ceramic

5 5

" For temperature range of 60 to 90 F (16 to 32 C:. For lower temperature penetration time should be increased.

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ARTICLE 24-LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS surface. Apply sufficient penetrant during the period of test to prevent drying of penetrant upon the surface.

does not preclude the presence of extensive flaws that are not. however. completely through the material. Leak test by this recommended penetrant method cannot be substituted for pressure tests directly where the applied stress and the associated prooftest factors are significant in the test procedure.

30. Developing

30.1 Immediately following penetrant application, apply a developer to the surface opposite that upon which the penetrant was placed. Developers adjudged suitable for either Method A or B may be used. Apply the developer in the applicable manner recommended under Methods A or B. Exercise care to prevent the developer from contacting the penetrant at edges. ends, or through designed holes or passages and thereby destroying, through absorption of penetrant. the test results over portions of the material being inspected.

29. Penetrant Application 29.1 Penetrants adjudged suitable for either Method A or B may be used. For test purposes. no distinction need be made regarding pre- or post-emulsification, or wateror solvent-soluble penetrants. except that consideration to final cleaning convenience should be given. Apply the penetrant by a means that will assure complete coverage of one surface being tested without allowing the penetrant to reach the opposite surface. Exercise care to prevent the penetrant from passing around edges or ends or through designed holes or passages to the opposite

31.1 Penetration time shall be considered as the period of time allowed for passage of

TABLE 2 Suggested Penetration Time for Post-Emulsified and Solvent-Removable Penetrants (Procedures :\-2. A-3, B-2, 8-3) Material Aluminum

Form

Type of Discontinuity

extrusions and forgings welds

porosity cold shuts laps lack of fusion porosity cracks

castings

all forms Magnesium

castings extrusions and forgings welds all forms --

Steel

castings extrusions and forgings welds all forms

Brass and bronze

castings extrusions and forgings brazed parts

Penetration Time. min"

porosity cold shuts laps lack of fusion porosity cracks -

--

porosity cold shuts laps lack of fusion porosity cracks

--

-

porosity cold shuts laps lack of f u s ~ o n porosity

5 10 10 10 10

all forms

cracks

Plastics

all forms

cracks

Glass

all forms

cracks

-

10 10 10 20 20 20 5

5 -

Carbide-tipped tools

lack of fusion porosity cracks

Titanium and high-temnerature alloys

all

Ceramic

all forms

-

5 5 5 20

20 t o 30 cracks porosity

5

5

F o r temperature range of 60 to 90 F (16 t o 32 C ) . For lower temperatures penetration time should be increased.

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31. Penetration Time

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION the penetrant through any flaws to the surface upon which the developer was placed. This time period shall begin immediately upon penetrant application. The extent of the time period shall be determined by trial. However. the initial trial period in all cases shall be no less than three times greater than given in Tables I and 2 for surface inspection of cracks. Generally, the penetration time varies with the thickness of the section being tested.

32. Viewing Test Results 32.1 Test results shall be considered con-

clusive only after the lapse of the established development time. The requirements for lighting, either near ultraviolet or white. shall be as recommended for Method A or B. whichever is applicable.

33. Interpretation of Test Results 33.1 When using the penetrant inspection technique for leak testing. the interpretation shall be restricted to citing the presence or absence of leak flaws and, when present, the general nature (hole, crack. etc.), magnitude, and location.

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ARTICLE 24-LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS

SE-270

Standard Definitions of TERMS RELATING TO LIQUID P E N E T U N T INSPECTION SE-270

-

Angstrom Unit, A-Unit of length equal to cm. The standard unit for measuring wave lengths of light. Background Fluorescence-Fluorescent residues observed over the general surface of the part during fluorescent penetrant inspection. Bath-Term used colloquially to designate the liquid penetrant inspection materials into which parts are immersed during inspection process. Black Light-Light in the near ultraviolet range of wavelength, just lower than visible light (3600 to 4000 A). Black Light Filter-A lilter that transmits ultraviolet light (3600 to 4000 A wavelengths) while suppressing the transmission of visible light. Bleed-Out-The action by which the penetrant exudes from discontinuities onto the surface of a material, due primarily to capillary action and to the blotting or soaking up effect of the developer. Blotting-The action 01 the developer in soaking up the penetrant from the surface of the discontinuity, so as to cause maximum bleed-out of the liquid penetrant for--increased contrast and sensitivity. Capillary Action-The tendency of certain liquids to penetrate, or migrate when exposed to small openings such as cracks or fissures. Camer Fluid-A fluid which acts as a carrier for the active materials. Clean-Substantially free of solid or liquid contamination on the surface and in the voids of the flaws. Comparative Test Block-An intentionally cracked metal block having two separate, but adjacent areas for the application of d i e r e n t penetrants so that a direct comparison can be obtained. Contrast-The difference in visibility or coloration between the component being

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inspected and the liquid penetrant inspection discontinuity indications. Degreasing Fluid-Agents empioyed to remove oil and grease from the surface of components before the penetrant liquid is applied. Developer-A material, usually white in color and powdered in form, which is applied to the item being inspected after liquid penetrant application and removal of excess surface penetrant. Developer accentuates the bleed-out process and intensifies the discernibility of flaw indications. Developer. Dry-.\ light f l d y , dry absorbent powder, applied to the part being liquid penetrant inspected after the excess surface penetrant has been removed from the part and has been dried, to obtain increased bleed-out of the liquid penetrant and provide sharp flaw delineations. Developer, Nonaqueous-Absorbent powdered materials suspended in a nonaqueous liquid, used to provide a white background for maximum color contrast, and to enhance the bleed-out of the liquid penetrant from the flaw cavity to obtain increased accuracy of liquid penetrant inspection. Developer, Wet-An absorbent powder that is mixed and suspended in water for application to the part being liquid penetrant inspected, after the excess surface penetrant has been removed. The "Wet" developer, on drying, provides a white background to the part for maximum color contrast, and enhances the bleed-out of the liquid penetrant from the flaw cavity to obtain increased inspection accuracy. Developer Time-The length of time the developer is allowed to remain on the surface of the part being inspected to bring out the liquid penetrant flaw indications. Discontinuity Indications-See Indication.

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(Identical with ASTM E270-68. To be used as elossarv for definition of terms used in Article 6 of Section V.)

Drain Time-The period of time allowed for excess liquid to gradually flow off of a part after immersion in a bath. Dwell Time-The period of time wherein an inspection penetrant is in contact with the surface of the part. Drain time is considered to be a portion of the dwell time. Synonymous with Penetration Time. Emulsifier-An agent, usually in liquid form, which when combined with a liquid penetrant that is insoluble in water renders such a penetrant "soluble" thereby facilitating its removal by a water wash. Emulsion-A stable mixture of water and oil produced by the addition of a third material, the liquid penetrant emulsifier. Emulsification Time-The period of time during which the emulsiier is permitted to combine with the liquid penetrant. Emulsification action begins a t that time when the emulsifying agents come in contact with the penetrant and ends with the removal of this agent, by water rinsing. Synonymous with Soak Time. False Indications-See Nonrelevant Indications. Family-The complete series of materials necessary to perform a specific type or process of penetrant inspection. Flash Point-The lowest temperature a t which a substance will decompose to a flammable gaseous mixture. Fluorescence-Property of emitting light as the result of, and only during the absorption of radiation from some other energy source. Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant-A highly penetrating liquid used in the performance of liquid penetrant testing and characterized by its ability to fluoresce under black light. Indication-That which marks or denotes the presence of a discontinuity. I n liquid penetrant inspection, i t is the presence of detectable bleed-out of liquid penetrant from the material discontinuities. Interpretation-The determination of the cause of an indication or the evaluation of the significance of discontinuities from the standpoint of whether they are detrimental defects or inconsequential blemishes. Synonymous with Evaluation. Leak Testing-A technique of liquid penetrant testing wherein the penetrant is applied to one side of a material and observation made on the opposite side to ascertain the presence or absence of voids extending completely through such material. LOX-Safe Penetrant-A penetrant material or system specifically designed to be compatible with or nonreactive in the presence of liquid oxygen.

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Monochromatic Light-Light of one wavelength. Nonrelevant Indications-The visible presence of liquid penetrant readings resulting from a condition not associated with a material discontinuity. Usually indicative of improper processing or the presence of intended cavities or design configuration which function as receptors for the dye penetrant and results in their presence being denoted. Penetrant-A liquid which possesses unique properties that render it highly capable of entering small openings, a characteristic which makes this liquid especially suitable for use in the detection of surface discontinuities in material. Penetration Time-The period of time during which the liquid penetrant is in contact with the surface of an object being inspected. Synonymous with Dwell Time. Post-Emulsification-The technique wherein a separate emulsifying step is required to facilitate water rinse removal of the surface penetrant. Post-Cleaning-The removal of developer or other penetrant inspection materials, or both, from the item being inspected, after the inspection operation. Precleaning-The cleaning of parts before testing so that they are free from all foreign material (paint, grease, oil, rust, scale, layout dye, wax crayon markings, etc.) which could cover a surface discontinuity and thereby inhibit the entrance of the penetrant liquid. Quenching of Fluorescence-The extinction of fluorescence by causes other than the removal of the exciting radiation, for example, the action of strong oxidizing agents or strong acids or alkalies. Rinse-The process of removing liquid penetrant inspection materials from the surface of a n item by means of washing or flooding with another liquid, usually water. Also termed "wash." self-Emulsifiable-Self-emulsifiable indicates the property of a liquid penetrant to combine satisfactorily with water, in either emulsion or solution form, to permit its being removed from a surface by (rinsing) washing in water. Synonymous with Water-Washable. Soak Time-The period of time wherein the emulsifier remains in contact with the liquid penetrant on the surface of the part being inspected. Soak time ceases when the penetrant/emulsifier is quenched with water, or completely removed by water rinsing. Synonymous with Emulsification Time. Solvent Action-The dissolution of a fluid or solid by another material.

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SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

SE-270

ARTICLE 24-LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS

detection of surface flaws. Water-Break-Free-The ability of the rinse water to sheet off the entire surface in an unbroken &n. Water-Washable Penetrant-A penetrant containing emulsifying agents to render it self-emulsifying such that i t does not require the application of a separate emukifying agent to facilitate removal by water rinsing. Wetting Action-The ability of a liquid to spread out or "wetJ' surfaces.

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Solvent Remover-A nonaqueous liquid employ ed in removal of surface - penetrant from parts or for removal of unwanted background porosity indications. Ultra-Blue-Light-Monochromatic blue light oi approximately 4300 A wavelength, used to cause certain dye penetrants to fluoresce. Visible Dye Penetrant-An intensely colored (usually red) highly penetrating liquid which will provide 'maximum contrast with the white developer when used for

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ARTICLE 25 MAGNETIC PARTICLE STANDARDS

SE-109

Standard Method for Dry Powder Magnetic Particle Inspection 159

SE-138

Standard Method for Wet Magnetic Particle Inspection . . . . .

179

SE-269

Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Magnetic Particle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

189

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ARTICLE 25-MAGNETIC PARTICLE STANDARDS

Standard Method for DRY POWDER RIAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION SE- 1 09 (Identical with ASTM E109-63 (Reapproved 1971) except that Section V, Article 1, General Requirements, also applies. May be used as source material in preparation of detailed procedures in conjunction with Article 7 when Article 7 is required by a referencing Code Section.)

1.1 This method provides a uniform procedure for magnetic particle inspection with dry powder of large parts such as castings and ~ e l d m e n t s .that will produce satisfactory and consistent results upon which acceptance standards may be used. 1.2 The procedure outlined in the body of this method provides for local circular magnetization by the use of prod-type contacts. This technique will provide satisfactory inspection of most parts intended for general industrial use where the dry powder method is applicable. There are many applications, however. where the prod technique is either not satisfactory or not the most practical method. Other dry powder methods are outlined in Appendix A l , which should be considered and be used when specified or specifically agreed upon. Neither the method nor the Appendixes include the wet method of magnetic particle inspection, which should be considered where applicable. 1.3 This method does not indicate or suggest standards for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then e v a l ~ a t e d .For this purpose there must be a separate specification or a specific aqreement between those responsible for the inspection and the purchasers or users, to accurately define the type, location. and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable. and those where rework or repair is permitted. 1.4 The dry powder method is more sensi-

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tive than the wet method in the detection of near surface discontinuities. but is not as sensitive in detecting fine surface discontinuities. It is also convenient to use in conjunction with portable equipment for the inspection of large areas or for field inspection. It is therefore often used for the inspection of large parts. such as large castings. forgings, o r weldments. or parts with rough surfaces. It is not normally used for the inspection of smaller parts such as automotive o r aircraft parts where the wet method with stationary equipment is usually more convenient and effective. NOTE I-The values stated i n U.S. cus:ornary units are to be regarded as the standard.

2. Magnetic Particle Inspection 2.1 Magnetic particle inspection is a nondestructive method for detecting cracks and other discontinuities a t or near the surface in ferromagnetic materials. Finely divided magnetic particles are applied t o the surface of a part which has been suitably magnetized. The particles are attracted to regions of magnetic nonuniformity associated with defects and discontinuities. thus producing indications which a r e observed visually. T h i s method deals with magnetic particle inspection. using dry powder particles as the inspection medium. 3. Apparatus 3.1 Inspection by the dry method is carried 'This method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing. Current edition effective Sept. 30. 1963. Orig~nall! issued 1955. Replaces E 109 57 T and A 273.

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1. Scope

SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

.