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• Konstantina Minioti

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.:..

Past Simple I I You I He I She I It I We I They changed.

• completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past

Julianne graduated from Oxford University three years ago.

Did I I you I he I she I it I we I they change?

• actions that happened one after the other in the past

Will set the alarm, grabbed his keys and ran out of the house.

I I You I He I She / It I We I They did not (didn't) change.

• past habits or actions

When I was young, we took the tram into town every weekend.

I / He I She I It was running. We I You I They were running.

• actions in progress at a particular time in the past

I was having a shower at eight o'clock last night. That's why I didn't hear the phone.

Was I I he I she I it running? Were we I you I they running?

• an action in progress in the past that was interrupted by another action

While we were jogging around the block we bumped into an old friend of ours.

I I He I She I It was not (wasn't) running. We I You I They were not (weren't) running.

• two actions in progress at the same time in the past

Dan was planting a tree while Lily was watering the plants.

• to set the scene in a narrative

It was perfect! The sun was shining, our guests were arriving and music was ploying softly in the background.

Past Continuous

Expressions of Time Past Simple

yesterday, ago, last week/month/year, in April, in the 90s, in those days, in 2003, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night, back then Past Continuous

at nine o'clock, [at five o'clock) yesterday, as, while, at that time, last week/year, on Thursdays, this morning � ALERT! � We do not use stative verbs in continuous tenses.

used to I I You I He I She/ It I We I They used to swim.

• past habits or states

When my sister and I were younger, we used to ride our bikes to school.

Did I I you I he I she I it I we I they use to swim? Hannah used to be very shy, but now she's much more confident.

I I You I He I She I It I We I They did not (didn't) use to swim.

I didn't use to eat fish often, but now I'm trying to eat healthily so I eat it once a week.

would I / You I He I She I It I We I They would ('d) speak.

• past habits, but not past states

As students, we would always have lunch in the canteen.

Would I / you I he I she I it I we I they speak? I I You I He I She / It I We I They would not (wouldn't) speak.

18

When I worked in advertising, I would never leave the office before nine in the evening.

Grammar

::>-ast Perfect Simple • an action or state that happened before It was midnight and the children a specific time in the past had already gone to bed.

:u He I She I It I We I 'lad ('d) eaten.

- -=.

-:: I you I he I she I it I we I they eaten?

=-.sand

::"':1

into

.:... He I She I It I We I They had not -,:::n't) eaten.

P3st Perfect Continuous I He I She I It! We I had ['d] been walking.

OU

- =. :. :ck last

• an action or state that happened before The burglar had already escaped another action in the past when the police arrived .

he I she I it I we I : . -g?

• an action in progress in the past before another past action or time

Pat had been training for hours when he hurt his leg.

• an action that had just finished or was in progress and that had an effect at a specific time in the past

Amy looked exhausted as she had been working all afternoon.

oeen walking.

-c_

-_

»ntit, when, already, barely ... when, by the time, hardly ... when, it was the first time, for, since,

-2

- 2

crevious day/month/year, no sooner ... than,

••--=--,- -:-s

;; :::;- since, How Jong ... ?, years before/earlier

_ e ... bs in continuous tenses.

s.:-:e:i.ces with the correct form of the verbs. Use past tenses. :: : ............ ed at Wimbledon, the tennis final

(almost finish).

___________ (drive) for three hours before I

-- ...::..

_

ostl

(reach) the area, the forest fire __________ (already burn) a number of houses. - -� .=fS 'inally

____________ (never think) of becoming a doctor before she __________ [meet) the volunteers in Africa. ______________ (play) the drums loudly while I __________ (try) to finish my homework. _

_____________ (have) a great idea, _______________ (start) writing. _________ (you I notice) that my hair was different before I _________ (mention) it to you? --------------� (wait) in the departure lounge to board their plane _____________ [hear) about the cancellation. ______________ (rehearse) for the play, the star ______ [falloff) the stage and

(break) her arm.

____________ (see) the documentary on TV last night, ________ (never I hear) of the Tuareg people.

UNIT 2

19

Unit 2 Circle the correct words. 1

Before I got to know Olivia, I had never met I had never been meeting such a sensitive person.

2

When Dan and Liam were kids, they would always fight I had always been fighting.

3

Ed was very worried because his younger brother was missing I had been missing all morning.

4

My relatives used to live I would live in Saudi Arabia, but now they have relocated to the UK.

5

Back in 2012, when she would graduate I graduated from university, Mackenzie didn't use to be I wouldn't be very sociable.

6

I didn't use to enjoy I wouldn't enjoy walking to work, but now I do. Tom felt great; it was the first time he was travelling I had travelled by plane.

7

Read the article and choose the correct answers.

1 2 Years a Slave

7 2 Year.s a Slave is an award-winning film that tells the story of an African American called Solomon Northup who ( 1} _ be a free man until one day in 1841 when his life (2} _ completely. Northup (3} _ in New York for years when one day, two men (4) _ him a temporary job as a musician in Washington, a place Northup (5) _ to before. However, once they arrived, the two men (6} _ him and sold him into slavery. During the years that followed, .North up's life as a slave (7) _ unbearable. He was no longer a free man and had to endure many years of humiliation and cruelty. Northup was a slave for 1 2 years before he was finally rescued and (8) _ the chance to go back to his family.

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

20

a a a a a a a a

was changed lived offered had never gone would drug became was having

b b b b b b b b

used to was changing would live were offering didn't go were drugging was becoming had

c had c would change c had been living c had offered c wasn't going c had been drugged c used to become c had had

d d d d d d d d

would had changed was living used to offer had never been drugged had been becoming had been having

Grammar

-Jmplete the biogs with the correct form of the verbs. Use past tenses. : �r

most inspirational moments - which is yours? always be

never imagine

notice

play

surf

ouldn't

=-:otball player _ most inspirational moment? It has to be the time when I first watched Pele playing football.

: rt)

my dream to play football professionally. When I was football in the living room and my mum would

:ung, I (2) ::: ·.ays shout at me. One day, while I (3)

the Internet, I an advertisement for football trials. Amazingly, I was

4)

s.xcessful and got a place on a local team. Before that day, I (5) ----------------:::-at my dream would come true. Now here I am, playing football for a living.

decide

sing

play

start

take part

tell

Singer

and had

=scued

in the basement of my best friend's me that I had a good voice and one one of my favourite songs and my friends the guitar and the drums, it hit me! there and then to give it a shot. A few months in this reality show - and the

,\ell, it all (6) -ouse. People (7) cay, while I (8) :::le and Josh (9) .Ve (10) ater, my friends and I (11) rest is history.

buy

change

cut

make

never dream

teach

talk

walk

watch

Chef Watching Jamie Oliver on TV! I (12)

-=-=oming ':? ·ng

of learning to cook and then I (13)

_

_ __________ Jamie's TV series and my life (14) for the better! I was exhausted, I (15) at the local college all day and I was very hungry! There was hardly anything in the fridge, just a few basic things, and while I a slice of bread, Jamie (17) _ (16) _ __________ about a really easy recipe. I ( 18)

to the corner shop, (19) the ingredients and (20) myself some delicious pasta! Now I cook regularly for family and friends and I've got myself a bit of a reputation.

UNIT 2 21

Unit 2 Choose the correct answers. By the time Elisa_ at the theatre, the play_. a arrived I had already begun 2

b had arrived I began

Every Saturday the athlete_ around the park to keep fit. b was running a used to run

3 Our teacher_ about our results a few weeks before he_ them to us. b knew I gave a knew I was giving 4

My colleague and I_ on the experiment for a year before we_ a solution. b had been working I found a were working I were finding

5 Once the burglar_ any jewellery he found, he_ out of the window to escape. b stole I had jumped a had stolen I would jump 6 The members of the audience_ to each other while Katrina_ her presentation. b were speaking I was giving a were speaking I gave

Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs. Use past tenses.

Life lessons Jake Edmonds (1) (always be) the most popular boy on campus, there was no doubt about it. If you had to describe him in a few words, you'd say he was attractive, sociable and had a great sense of humour. Also, as he (2) (play) sports and winning since he was a child, he had earned the respect of teachers and students alike. He had it all! At weekends, Jake was always busy. Why wouldn't he be? He had so many friends and none of us (3) -------------(ever ask) what he got up to. What nobody realised, however, was that he (4) (hide) a secret from all of us for a very long time. One Saturday night, as we (5) night out, we (6) (7) (8) (9)

(walk) to our halls of residence after a (notice) Jake running along the street. We (shout) his name, ran after him and even (call] him on his phone, but he didn't answer. The following day, he (refuse) to discuss it.

To cut a long story short, we later found out that with the help of his grandmother, Jake ( 10) (raise] his little brother for a number of years. University during the day, homework at night and playtime with his younger brother in the afternoons. He (11) -------------- (use) the words embarrassed and dishonest to describe his behaviour towards us. The only words we could think of were unselfish, mature and responsible. Jake (12) (teach) us that things aren't always the way they seem and we in turn showed him how important it is to confide in his friends.

22

Grammar

- Actlon .... ete the second sentence so that it is similar in meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not ? the word given. Use between two and five words, including the word given. --nothy interviewed the pilot and then wrote his article . .\FTER ---,,othy wrote his article

the pilot.

- :..s children, my brother and I never got on with each other. USE .;s children, my brother and I

on with each other.

;: started raining as soon as I got home. BARELY ___________________ it started raining. - : fell and broke my arm during the football match. WHILE : fell and broke my arm

football.

5 I had never visited the Spanish Steps in Rome before. TO It was the first time

6

the Spanish Steps in Rome.

In the summer, she usually got up early in the mornings and went for a swim. WOULD

In the summer, she ___________________ early in the mornings and go for a swim.

= in turn

UNIT 2 23

Unit 2

Grammar

ECCE in Action Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences. Before I saw the film Gravity, I_ so interested in space! a never was b had never been c would never be d was never being

11

I didn't recognise Jack; he_ so tall since I had la. seen him. a was growing b grew c had grown d had been grown

2

My family and I _ the possibility of moving abroad long before I got a job in the UK. a were discussing b had to discuss c had been discussing d discussed

12

'Did you get there in time?' 'Yes. As soon as we�-· the races began: a did arrive b would arrive c were arriving d had arrived

3

By the time Harriet decided to travel with us, we_ our flights. a had already booked b had booked already c already booked d booked already

13

By the time Sally_ the stairs to the fifteenth floor. the lift had been fixed. a climbed b would climb c used to climb d was climbing

4

I _ in London for five years when the company I work for offered me a job in Cyprus. a was living b had been living c would live d lived

14

How long_ the robbery for before they actually went ahead with it? a had the thieves been planning b did the thieves plan c did the thieves use to plan d would the thieves plan

By the time Andrew got home, his wife_ dinner.

15

_ to hip hop music in the 90s? a Were people dancing b Did people use to dance c Had people danced d People would dance

'How long_ for when the storm broke?' 'About an hour.' a were they sailing b they had been sailing c had they been sailing d they had sailed

16

Patricia called me on my mobile phone, but at the time, I_ an email so I couldn't answer. a wrote b had written c was writing d would write

7

The security guard was watching the fans while the tennis player_ autographs. a had been signing b had signed c was signing d was signed

17

During his career as a pilot, Dad_ to exotic destinations. a was flying b would fly c had flown d had been flying

8

When I was at school, students_ their teachers more than they do today. a were respecting b used to respect c had respected d had been respecting

18

_ transferred to the Paris office when the new director arrived? a Did you use to be b You were c Had you been d Had you been getting

9

_ chemistry lessons at school? a Were you enjoying b Had you enjoyed c Would you enjoy d Did you use to enjoy

19

The fog_ thicker and thicker and we were scared. a was getting b would get c had got d had been getting

10

Oliver and Betty hardly knew each other when they_ to get married. a had decided b decided c were deciding d had been deciding

20

As soon as_ the brochure, he decided to plan a trip to Egypt. a he was reading b he had read c did he read d had he read

5

a was already eaten

b had already eaten c had already been eating d did already eat

6

24

-

...,

-

Vocabulary

s:

had last

ccabulary in Action Match the words 1-10 with the definitions a-j.

a honest

friendly and willing to talk to others

2 truthful

b mature

3 fair; thinking or acting logically 4 calm and willing to wait without complaining or getting annoyed

c patient

5

6

ct reasonable

behaving in a sensible way, as you would expect an adult to behave showing that you think someone is important and being careful to treat them politely

e respectful f responsible g selfish

7 able to understand other people's feelings 8 understanding that it is your job or duty to do something

h sensible

sensitive

9 practical and showing good judgment ;::.�'1th floor,

sociable

iO caring only about yourself and not other people

Add prefixes to the adjectives to form opposites. disactually

im-

in-

un-

ir-

4 __ reasonable

7 __selfish

2 __ mature

5 __ respectful

8 __sensitive

3 __ patient

6 __ responsible

9 __sociable

1

__ honest

Complete the sentences with adjectives from exercises A and B. Can you wait for a minute, please? Don't be so _ It was of to talk about jobs when he has been unemployed for so you 2 Matthew was upset. long. _ 3 Katherine is only eleven, but she thinks and acts like a sixteen-year-old. She is very for her age. with me. I wanted to know if I really have enough talent 4 I asked my music teacher to be to be a professional musician. 1

�-= at the

You shouted at your boss; that was very of you. think Danielle will come to the with She is I don't you. party 6 being with lots of people. 5

- rig

Complete the sentences with time and the correct form of the verbs below. You may need to make other changes too. find

� new

We

_re scared.

:: olan a

and she doesn't like

very little

give

have

pass

spend

to get to the train station. Hurry! trying to persuade the boss to give us more money. He simply won't.

2

Don't

3

quickly when you are having fun! Even though the students had a lot of homework, they had to the match. I appreciate it when my grandchildren

4

5 6 Do you think she will

waste

us some

to practise for with me at the weekends. off if we ask her nicely?

UNIT 2 25

Unit 2 Complete the sentences with the prepositions below. about

at by

in (x2)

to

of (x2)

on

with

Although we are twins. Mary and I are very different. We have absolutely nothing 2 When we were growing up, Leah was jealous me. 1

3

Mark can't stand living

common!

himself.

4 When Tanya and I worked at the college together, she was always complaining students dressed. 5

Could you introduce me

7

I know Roberta is demanding, but I am still fond

how the

your new assistant? She seems very interesting. 6 We met at a dance, went out the following evening and got married a month later. It was love _______ first sight! her.

8 You're a teenager and I understand that your friends are the centre of your world, but you can still confide _______ me if you want to.

9

Nowadays parents put a lot of pressure

10 Coping

their children to do well at school.

all these responsibilities is impossible!

Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs below. You may need to make other changes too. break down

break up hand down

bring up let down

fall through fall out rely on take after

grow up

My grandma took care of me while I was growing up, so we're very close. 2 After being together for ten years, the actress and her boyfriend ended their relationship. 3 The two brothers have had an argument.

4 Everybody says that I am similar in character and looks to my father. 5

Katie doesn't see her father often, but when she does, he always disappoints her.

6 Our neighbours are great. We can always depend on and ask for help from them. 7

Freddie spent his childhood years in India and he has fond memories of the country.

8 The farm has been passed from father to son for generations.

..

9 The gymnast was under so much pressure that she started crying . 10 The sale of our house didn't go ahead and I was disappointed.

26

Vocabulary

Six people were asked to talk about a special relationship they have. Complete what they said with the :orrect form of the phrasal verbs below.

look after

look back on

look down on

look to

look up to

look out for

common!

-

the

crother is special to me. -�n we were growing up, :: aways (1) _ _____ me and didn't e; ;:;nyone hurt or upset me.

:

c--=----(2)

//""'---�

_

him.

him for advice when I was having problems at school. He never judged me.

_ I (5) _________ the

_ sister is quite a few years -ger than me and because • .m and Dad both work, I

j

days when I used to work in marketing with great fondness. It was tough but I learnt a lot from my colleagues. Those were special relationships.

_______ her when I e other

When my grandfather was alive, he spent a lot of time with me. He always seemed to know what to _ do and I would (3)

My football coach is amazing. I have a lot of respect for him. I really

�::: norne from school. We get on very well together.

My best friend came from a poor family. Some rich kids at school (6) ----------

______ him and thought they were better than him. But today he is one of the most successful businessmen in the country.

v

,�

Complete the table.

Imlml

accept

(1 )

acceptable unacceptable

(2)

annoyed annoying

. annoy

I

care

care

aecide

decision indecision

offend

satisfy

_

(3)

(4) -------j(S) I

_

(6) --------_

(7)

offence

(8) --------

(9) --------

satisfactory unsatisfactory satisfying satisfied

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals. 2

I have to work again this weekend. It's very _ driver. He is always talking on his phone Uncle Al is a very and he doesn't wear a seat belt.

3

ANNOY

CARE

Lawrence is so . He still hasn't made up his mind what to wear to his brother's wedding and the big day is tomorrow! to put my books away after the exams were over. 4 It gave me great

SATISFY

5

ACCEPT

I am writing to confirm my 6 Your comments about overweight people caused apologise.

of your offer of a job. . You should

DECIDE

OFFEND UNIT 2 27

Unit 2 FCE in Action Complete the text with one word in each gap. Communication today

In the past, when people wanted to communicate, they used the telephone or simply arranged to meet with friends or family. I look (1) on those days fondly, but today the way we communicate and socialise is very different and there are many reasons for the change. First of all, we (2) a lot of time chatting online, and instead of (3) _ them about a problem or to discuss the things together with our friends to confide (4) that we may have in (5) , we prefer to write short messages to them. either using our mobile phones or on social networking sites. Of course, this means that the nature of our relationships has changed and we no longer find it easy to express ourselves. Is it, perhaps, easier for us to communicate in writing? Are people unable to deal (6) the real-life reactions that our friends, family or colleagues may have? Certainly, it is much easier to someone down in writing rather than face to face! (7) The truth is that the personal relationships we valued as we were growing up are slowly disappearing and it is now common for people to sit in their home all (8) themselves, with the world at their fingertips .

.

28

_

Vocabulary

oose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences .

th -·cate

.\s Jamie's uncle_ him up, they have a very good relationship. a grew b brought r; fell d took

:·s difficult to find people you can confide_ � things

5 our ·as

:: it :: at

11

Please stop being so_! You're sixteen years old but you're acting like an eight-year-old. a immature b angry c thoughtful ct respectful

12

Helen enjoys going out and meeting new people. She's an extremely_ person. a rational b reasonable c satisfied ct sociable

13

There is a lot of pressure_ professional football players to perform well in every single match. a under b on c with ct about

14

After getting terrible exam results, Melissa _ in front of everyone. a broke down b let down c fell through d came over

15

Wendy has always been a_ person. I'm certain she'll make the right decision. a reasonable b thoughtless c dishonest ct annoying

16

Henry is_ towards his colleagues and everyone likes him. a careless b offensive ct impatient c respectful

17

You are a clever student, so your low marks are

-owadays. a in b to c with j for 'a•-cus and Jeanette are twins. but they don't have a :: n_. a resemblance : dentity - common :. similarity

z ; should think of others more and not be so_.

a sensitive -

se'lse

b sensible ct selfish

_ _ ooks _ her older sister and hopes to be like 3"

a

::re day. to

�=

b down on

ct to

:::: :o _ with an uncle of mine whom I haven't --=--:: =..om in years. - ::-:act b keep in touch d lose touch 1 touch

i==

-

- • _ a lot of time commuting to work every day. : asses b spends + cs d spares

sirnply L,..

a unacceptable c unavailable

:.s _ of you to talk about Karen in front of John.

b offensive ct unable

:- _. broke up two days ago and both of them 18

Alex feels that he won't be able to do the [ob himself. a on b by ct of c to

19

Her beautiful diamond ring was_ down to her by her grandmother. a given b brought c handed d taken

20

They are always complaining_ each other. I really don't know why they stay together. a fur b 00 c with d about

b annoying ct anxious

L;

- - - - colleagues _ last week. They had a serious b fell out ct fell through _ :a� .sn't at all_. It breaks down every time I b unreliable ct reliably

UNIT 2 29