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4

Society

Vocabulary Society

Phrasal verbs

1 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of

3 Complete the phrasal verbs in the sentences with

the words in the box. commune ​monarch ​owner ​populate ​slave

1 Every neighbourhood needs a centre where residents can meet to discuss important local issues. 2 Britain is a(n) and the king or queen is its head. 3 The UK has a(n) of over 63,000,000 people. 4 Home is decreasing and more and more people rent their homes instead. 5 is unacceptable and every person has the right to live freely.

2 PLUS Complete the dialogue with society words from this unit. Jorge: What happens in Britain when people don’t have a job? Clara: Well, Britain has got a (1) w s , so when people can’t find suitable (2) e , they receive money from the state. Jorge: And what about when people get sick? Do they have to pay to see a doctor? Clara: No, of course not. Most doctors and nurses are (3) c s in Britain, so the state pays them, not the patient. In fact, (4) h is free for everyone on the National Health Service. So, all UK (5) c can get medical treatment without paying. Jorge: I imagine they pay through (6) t , though. Clara: That’s right. The system works by taxing people so that everyone benefits.

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the correct forms of suitable verbs. Use one word in each gap. 1 The police officer told the man to over his gun. 2 Shops selling cupcakes are up everywhere. 3 If you up against problems filling in the form, I’ll help. 4 We’ve decided to up a tapas bar. 5 Let’s up a sign to say we’re open. 6 The protesters off for London early in the morning.

4 PLUS Match 1–5 with A–E and fill in the missing phrasal verbs to complete the sentences. 1 We’re next week, 2 Dad 3 Where did that building from? 4 If you 5 If you don’t A B C D E

of our old house the money he won,

your own business, the keys now,

It wasn’t there last year. you’ll have to work very hard. so I’m putting everything in boxes. I’ll have to take them from you. so I can afford to go on holiday.

5 PLUS Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. Use the word in bold. 1 Rea had a few problems when she started her new job. Rea a few problems when she started her new job. (against) 2 Those new apartments were built in 2012. The builders those new apartments in 2012. (put) 3 What time do you leave for work in the morning? What time do you in the morning? (off) 4 Did you give everyone a food box? Did you the food boxes with everyone? (out)

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Crime & justice 6 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of a verb and a noun from the boxes, and add a or to when necessary. arrest ​commit ​dismiss ​go ​pay ​reach case ​crime ​fine ​prison ​suspect ​verdict

1 Judges often because there isn’t enough evidence to try the defendant. 2 Police have who they believe has robbed over 50 homes this year. 3 When the jury , the defendant finds out if he or she is found guilty or not guilty. 4 I had to for parking in the wrong place. 5 The idea of and having your freedom removed stops most people from .

Vocabulary Workshop 9 Choose the correct words. 1 The soldiers were given an award for their majority / bravery during the war. 2 Judges have to decide if a criminal can be released / charged from prison 3 Trish set fire to the school and was charged with joyriding / arson. 4 Turkey doesn’t have EU membership / citizenship. 5 The jury charges / finds the defendant guilty.

7 PLUS Complete the text with one word in each gap.

Being a member of a jury In the UK, anyone over the age of eighteen can be asked to do jury (1) at any time. This means that you will be a member of a jury and you will have to go to (2) and sit through a real case. Then, you will have to decide if the (3) – the person accused of a crime – is guilty or not guilty. It is very important not to discuss the case with anyone, apart from other members of the jury in the discussion room. It is especially important not to post comments about it on social media sites. If you do, you will have (4) a crime and you may have to pay a (5) . In very serious cases, you may even go to (6) as a result of talking about a case.

8 PLUS Complete the sentences with suitable crime and justice words from this unit. is a common 1 U problem in Britain as many young people drink alcohol regularly. 2 Shouting and singing in the streets late at night is an example of d . 3 L question defendants and witnesses in court. 4 If you kill another person on purpose, you’ll be charged with m . 5 If you a to a crime, you say that you did it. 6 A s is a person the police think may have committed a crime.

10 PLUS Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. Use the word in bold. 1 The police say Mateo stole the painting. (of) The police have stealing the painting. 2 The prisoner hopes they will set him free soon. (from) The prisoner hopes they prison soon. 3 The police officers said she was driving while drunk. (charged) The police officers drink-driving. 4 Criminals who aren’t dangerous are often kept as prisoners in their own homes. (house) Criminals who aren’t dangerous are often kept under . 5 Punishing criminals physically is not allowed in the UK. (corporal) of criminals is not allowed in the UK.

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Grammar as long as, even if, providing that, unless 1 Complete the sentences with the words in bold, including the correct forms of the verbs. 1 2

3 4 5

Show them your receipt; they won’t give you a food box unless you have one . (you / unless / have / one) my bus fare, I’ll help with the fundraising activity. (they / providing that / pay) Dad won’t sell the house, his job. (he / even if / lose) They’ll put up an apartment block here . (we / unless / protest) Your lawyer will help you her the truth. (you / as long as / tell) They can’t park here, in the building. (they / even if / live)

2 PLUS Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. Use the word in bold. 1 If you aren’t in trouble, don’t call your lawyer. Don’t call your lawyer in trouble. (unless) 2 The case will be dismissed if they don’t find new evidence. , the case will be dismissed. (providing) 3 If you agree to the rules, you can join the commune. You can join the commune to the rules. (as) 4 There’s no way the police will come if we call them. The police we call them. (even) 5 They won’t arrest you unless you’ve committed a crime. They won’t arrest you a crime. (not)

Conditionals 3 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in bold. 1 If the government was serious about fighting poverty, (be) poor today. nobody 2 If you (not commit) such a serious crime, they wouldn’t have sent you to prison. 3 In our neighbourhood, if anybody ever (need) help, we all give it to them. 4 If you pay the fine, you (not go) to court. 5 If people hadn’t protested, they (not change) the law. 6 If I (be) you, I’d do some volunteer work. 38

4 PLUS Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. 1 They put up new houses, so we got a place to live. If they . 2 Don’t write on that wall or I’ll call the police! If . 3 The authorities didn’t warn us about the flood, so we didn’t protect our homes. We . 4 Unless you admit you’re guilty, you’ll get a bigger sentence. If you .

Conditionals with modals 5 Complete the text with be able to, can, can’t, could, didn’t have to or must. You will use one answer twice.

Home education In many countries, if parents don’t send their children to school, they (1) end up in court. But what happens if a child adapt to school? (2) Wouldn’t it be better for such children if they go to school (3) and were taught at home? They would spend more time on (4) their studies and learn according to their own receive needs if they (5) lessons at home. In the UK, if people have children provide of school age, they (6) them with suitable education. However, the parents decide whether they will send (7) them to school or teach them at home.

6 PLUS Translate the sentences into your language. 1 If you saw the crime, you must tell the police. 2 We can change our society if we try hard. 3 In some countries, citizens have to vote if there’s an election. 4 If you’d applied for the job, you might have got it.

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Wishes & regrets 7 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in the box. be ​choose ​have ​help ​not put up ​not talk

1 I wish I the blind man to cross the road this morning. 2 If only everyone food and a proper home. 3 Jan works in a shop, but she wishes she a police officer. 4 I’d love to see a real court case. If only they me for jury service soon. 5 If only they that ugly building in the centre of town. 6 I wish you so loudly!

8 PLUS Complete the wishes and regrets using your own ideas about the subjects in bold. 1 (school lessons) If only 2 (world hunger) I wish 3 (my neighbourhood) I wish 4 (food banks) If only 5 (crime) If only 6 (poverty) I wish

Consolidation 9 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of

10 PLUS Find six mistakes in the dialogue. Write the

the verbs in bold.

corrections below in the order they appear.

1 If I

Gaia: If you had finished with that magazine, can I borrow it? Pete: Sure, as long as you will give it back to me later. I’m doing an essay about an article in it. Gaia: No problem. What’s the essay about? Pete: Well, it’s about democracy today. Gaia: If I would be you, I’d watch this interesting video with Russell Brand on YouTube where he talks about democracy. Pete: I’ve heard about that. Doesn’t he just say ‘If I were you, I won’t vote?’ Gaia: No. He says that you support a corrupt system, if you vote. That’s why he doesn’t vote. Pete: It sounds interesting, but I won’t watch it providing I finish my essay before bedtime.

2 3 4

5

6

(be) the Prime Minister, I (stop) corruption. If only more people (care) about disabled people. I wish there (be) jobs for everyone. If yesterday’s storm (not happen), the tree (not fall) on the roof. If everybody (help) at tomorrow’s fundraising activity, nobody (have to / do) too much. If you (be able to / live) anywhere in the world, where you (choose)?

1 2 3 4 5 6

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Listening 1 Check you know the meaning of the words in the box. cost of living ​encouragement ​target ​vouchers

2

3

0.00  Read the questions carefully and identify the key words. Then listen to the radio programme and choose the correct answers. 1 Rises in the cost of living have resulted in people … A losing their jobs. B having lower salaries. C having to choose if they’ll eat or keep warm. 2 Why was Amy Bridges arrested? A She didn’t pay her bills. B She stole food to eat. C She stole from a food bank. 3 What is true about Amy? A She’s an unemployed police officer. B She helps people who can’t afford to eat. C She still gets help from the food bank. 4 What did Amy receive at a food bank? A support, encouragement and food for four days B food for three days only C support, encouragement and food for three days 5 At the moment, there are … poor people in the UK. A 13,000,000 B 1,000,000 to 5,000,000 C 63,000,000 6 What target has the Trussell Trust set itself for the future? A to persuade more people to volunteer B to open food banks in all UK towns C to create a network of food banks 7 The number of Trussell Trust food banks rose from 80 to 400 between … A 2011 and 2013. B 2011 and 2012. C 2012 and 2013. 8 Who is able to give vouchers to hungry people? A dietitians and social workers B doctors and social workers C dietitians, social workers and doctors 9 At which stage in the process do people receive food? A step two B step three C step four 10 During step five, people in need … A visit other charity organisations. B are given food vouchers. C talk about their problems with food bank volunteers.

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Pronunciation 0.00  Listen and put _ between words to show where the pronunciation changes when words are linked together. Then practise saying the sentences. 1 What do you do for a living? 2 Where did you get help? 3 Tell them what you need. 4 What a sad story! 5 It’s true poverty’s increasing. 6 She lost her job last year.

Dictation 4

0.00  Listen to the conversation and complete the dialogue. Jack: More and more food banks seem (1) these days. Sonja: It’s hardly surprising when you consider (2) . Jack: But I thought (3) when people serious (4) financial problems? Sonja: Yes, in theory, but (5) that many people don’t always (6) . Jack: That’s true. Our neighbours said that if for our local (7) food bank, they (8) their two children last year. Sonja: I find it so sad (9) . They say thousands of children go to bed every night hungry. Jack: Seriously? That’s terrible! (10) more to help. Sonja: (11) make a difference, (12) at a food bank.

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Speaking Key communication

Exam task

1

4

0.00  Write 1–6 to put sentences A–F in order. Then listen and check your answers. Practise the dialogue. A I see where you’re coming from, but surely he would at least have heard about other young people drinking? B In my opinion, it definitely is. My granddad says that when he was my age, he didn’t know anyone who drank while underage. C Well, to begin with, I think that underage drinking is becoming a huge problem these days. D It’s hard to tell really. So we agree that underage drinking is a huge problem today, but we’re not in agreement about it being a bigger problem today than in the past. E We mustn’t forget that friends play a huge role in the matter. Maybe your granddad didn’t hang around with people who had tried alcohol. F Yes, I know what you mean. Most young people have drunk alcohol at some point. Do you think it’s a bigger problem than it was in the past, though?

Answer the questions. 1 What do you like about your local community? Why? 2 Which facilities do you use most in your area? Why? 3 Is crime a problem where you live? Why? / Why not? 4 Do you feel safe in your area? Why? / Why not?

5

Look at the photos and answer the questions.

A

2 Complete the dialogue with the phrases in the box. I know what you mean ​I think ​let’s agree on ​ We also have to consider the fact ​What do you think

A: I think the photo that shows the poverty gap best is the one of the well-dressed woman who’s loaded with shopping walking past the man begging with his two young children. (1) ? B: Yes, (2) , but I also think the photo with the slum housing in the foreground and luxury skyscrapers in the background shows the gap just as clearly. A: (3) the first one is more effective, though, because it shows people living in the same place, but who lead extremely different lives. B: (4) that the poverty gap affects large numbers of people, and not just one or two unfortunate people, though. A: I know where you’re coming from, but in my opinion, seeing people makes a greater impression. B: You’ve got a point there. So (5) the first photo then.

3

Write a dialogue between Javi and Julia discussing ideas for how volunteers can help their local community, and deciding which idea is best. Practise your dialogue. Javi: Julia: Javi: Julia: Javi: Julia: Javi: Julia:

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B

1 Compare and contrast the two pictures. How important are these places to a local community? 2 What other facilities are necessary in a community? Why?

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Work in groups of three. Student A will ask Student B one of the questions below and then ask Student C for his or her opinion. Swap roles for each question. 1 Are there any changes or improvements you’d like to make to your community? Why? / Why not? 2 Would you prefer to live in a close-knit community or in a large city? Why? 3 Is vandalism tolerated where you live? Why? / Why not? 4 What can be done to deal with underage drinking? 5 What do you think is a fair punishment for joyriding? Why? Unit 4

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Reading

The Innocence Project

DNA testing brings new light to old cases

1 Read the text and write down who these people are. 1 Betty Anne Waters 2 Barry Scheck

2 Read the text again and answer the questions in your own words.

a

We have all heard the phrase ‘innocent until proven guilty’. When suspects are accused of a crime, we should treat them as innocent until we know for sure they are guilty of the crime. Theoretically, everyone should have a fair trial and judges and juries are asked to keep an open mind about all the evidence that is presented to them. But what happens when innocent people are convicted by mistake?

B

In 1992, Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld set up the Innocence Project at Yeshiva University’s School of Law to address this issue. The project’s chief aim was, and is, to aid prisoners who have been convicted of a crime by mistake to have their sentences changed. DNA testing, which was not widely available in the past, can often now be used to prove a convicted person’s innocence.

C

Apart from taking on the cases of people who claim that they are innocent, the Project also aims to inform the general public about the justice system and its weaknesses. For example, they clearly explain the causes of wrongful convictions. According to the Innocence Project, 75% of prisoners who have had their sentences changed following DNA testing had been convicted due to being misidentified by witnesses. Others were convicted on the grounds of scientific evidence which is later proven to be incorrect. All too often, scientific tests are not carried out properly, or their results are misrepresented in court. Furthermore, 25% of cases where the sentences were changed involved false confessions by the defendant. The reasons why suspects admit to crimes they have not committed can include not fully understanding the charges, or sometimes even pleading guilty thinking that they can later prove their innocence.

D

E

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So, how successful is the Project? The Innocence Project run at Yeshiva University has so far led to over 300 people proving that they didn’t commit the crime they were convicted of. Proving your innocence from the inside of a prison cell can be a long and difficult process, however. The film Conviction: The Incredible True Story of Betty Anne Waters shows the tremendous struggle those fighting for freedom face. Betty Anne fought for years to prove that her brother Kenny Waters was not guilty of murdering a neighbour. In her first letter to the Innocence Project, she explains how her family’s bad reputation in the town where they lived led to her brother becoming the most likely suspect ‘for this horrific crime’. With the help of the Innocence Project, Betty Anne managed to get Kenny’s conviction changed – eighteen years after his original sentence. The work done by the Innocence Project has shown that there are problems in legal and justice systems. Scheck and Neufeld hope not only to free innocent people, but to fix systems that allow wrongful convictions to take place. Consequently, they have also gone to great lengths to propose reforms to the legal system that are necessary to ensure innocent people are not sent to prison in the future.

1 What is the main goal of the Innocence Project? 2 What have a quarter of people who have been accused by mistake done? 3 What is the film mentioned about? 4 Who have suggested changes to the legal systems?

3 Write T (true) or F (false) for 1–4. Explain your answers. 1 75% of all defendants are convicted after being identified by witnesses. 2 Not understanding the charges is the only reason why innocent people admit to committing a crime. 3 Kenny Waters spent eighteen years in jail before being proved innocent.

4 Choose the correct meanings for the words from the text. 1 trial A court case B test 2 innocent A simple, childlike B not guilty 3 grounds A basis B earth, floor 4 face A admit B confront

5 The letter c can have a hard sound /k/ or a soft sound /s/. Write /k/ or /s/ to show which sound c has in these words. Which word has both sounds? 1 innocence 2 suspects 3 accused

4 convicted 5 justice 6 successful

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Writing 1 Read the statement in the essay title. Write whether the writer agrees or disagrees with the statement, and give evidence from their essay.

Think and plan 5 Find the key words in the writing task. Then complete the table with your ideas. ‘The advantages of community service are greater than the disadvantages.’ Discuss.

‘Welfare benefits encourage people not to work.’ Discuss. 1

2

3

4

The welfare state provides citizens with money and other benefits when they cannot find work. Nowadays, it appears many people rely on these benefits long-term. The question is, do people choose not to work because of these benefits? On the one hand, some people take advantage of the system and believe the state has to make sure they live comfortably. For this reason, as long as they have income from the state they do not try to find work or become financially independent. On the other hand, many people need state help through no fault of their own, as they are unable to work. In addition, many people claim benefits for a short period of time and do everything they can to become independent again. In conclusion, despite the fact that there will always be people who abuse the system, most people only use benefits as a temporary solution. In most cases, benefits do not encourage people not to work.

Text analysis 2 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1 (Paragraph 2) Which phrase could be replaced with providing that or if? 2 (Paragraph 3) What is the purpose of this paragraph? 3 (Paragraph 4) Find a conditional sentence. Which conditional is used?

Writing skills 3 In the model essay, which phrases are used to: 1 add points? 2 show results? 3 show contrast?

Community service Advantages

Disadvantages

6 Answer the questions. 1 2 3

What will you do in Paragraph 1?

Which ideas from exercise 5 will you include in: Paragraph 2?

Paragraph 3?

What will your conclusion be in Paragraph 4?

Write and check 7 Read your ideas in Think and plan again and write a rough version of your essay. Then check these points and write a neat version. Do you … rephrase the statement in the introduction? present both sides of the argument? use linking phrases where necessary?

Key phrases There are both advantages and disadvantages, however, … One benefit / negative effect is … In my opinion, the advantages / disadvantages are greater than / outweigh …

4 What other phrases could the writer have used? Addition: Result: Contrast:

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Unit 4

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