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Unit 3: THE GEOSPHERE: minerals and rocks 1. The geosphere 2. Minerals 3. Minerals and their properties 4. Rocks 5. Igneous and metamorphic rocks VOCABULARY: 1. Mineral, rock, raw material (materia prima), depth (profundidad), crust (corteza), mantle (manto), consist of ( be formed from, formado de), core (núcleo), huge (enorme), inner core (núcleo interno), outer core (núcleo externo), layer (capa), surface layer (capa superficial), thick (grueso), plain (llanura). 2. Fixed chemical composition (composición química fija), crystalline structure (estructura cristalina), shape (forma), crystalline network (red cristalina), cool (enfriar), amorphous (amorfo), quartz (cuarzo), feldspar (feldespato), mica (mica), ore (mena). 4. Sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, igneous or magmatic rock, detrital sedimentary rock, conglomerate (conglomerado), sandstone (arenisca), clay (arcilla), saline rock, gypsum (yeso), limestone rocks (rocas calizas), living beings, coal (carbón), oil (petróleo), remains (restos). 5. Molten (fundido), plutonic and volcanic rocks, granite, syenite, gabbro, basalt, pumice, andesita, slate, marble.

1. THE GEOSPHERE The solid part of the Earth Its temperature increases with depht

(3ºC / 100m)

Activity 5 on page 28. Copy and complete the table

below in your notebook.

Activity 6 on page 28

TYPES OF CRUST América – Atlantic Ocean – Europe

THE OCEANIC CRUST América – Atlantic Ocean – Europe

2. MINERALS

There are amorphous minerals because their components do not have time to form geometrical shapes. Examples: opal.

3. MINERALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Density

Cleavages (exfoliación)

Fracture

Lustre (brillo)

Colour

Streak (raya)

Hardness (dureza) Actividad. Copia en tu libreta estas siete propiedades de los minerales con su definición y con ejemplos. Para ello tendrás que copiar los recuadros que aparecen en las páginas 62 y 63 de tu libro en

español. Actividad. Copia en tu libreta los diez minerales que forman la escala de Mohs en orden creciente de dureza.

Density Relationship between the mass and the volume of a mineral (Relación que existe entre la masa del mineral y su volumen)

LOW

NORMAL

(baja)

Sulfur (Azufre) (2 g/cm3)

HIGH (alta)

Galena (Galena) (7 g/cm3)

Mercury

Gold

(Mercurio) (13,5 g/cm3)

(Oro) (19 g/cm3)

Cleavage

(exfoliación)

When a mineral breaks into smooth, flatsided fragments (Un mineral tiene exfoliación cuando al golpearlo y romperlo presenta caras planas)

IN SHEETS (en láminas)

White mica

Black mica

(Moscovita o mica blanca)

(Biotita o mica negra)

Gypsum (Yeso)

Cleavage

(exfoliación)

IN CUBES (en cubos)

Halite (Halita o sal común)

Galena (Galena)

Sylvite (Silvina)

Cleavage

(exfoliación)

IN RHOMBOHEDRON (en romboedros)

Calcite (Calcita)

Fracture When minerals break into irregular pieces (Los minerales que no se rompen presentan distintos aspectos, que en conjunto se denominan fractura)

CONCHOID (Concoide)

FIBRILLAR (Fibrilar o astillosa)

Silex

Asbestos

(Silex)

(Asbesto)

Lustre (Brillo) How the surface of the mineral appears when it reflects light (Aspecto que presenta la superficie de un mineral cuando refleja la luz)

METALLIC

VITREOUS OR GLASSY

Pyrite

Gold

(Pirita)

(Oro)

Olivine (Olivino)

GREASY

Talc (Talco)

Colour

Sulfur

Malachite

(Azufre)

Olivine

(Malaquita)

Azurite (Azurita)

(Olivino)

Graphite (Grafito)

Streak (Raya) The colour of the mineral in powder form (El color del mineral pulverizado; es más característico y constante que el color del mineral por lo que se utiliza para su identificación)

WHITE

Gypsum (Yeso)

BROWN OR BLACK

Pyrite (Pirita)

HARDENESS (Dureza) Resistance that the material has to being scratched (Resistencia que opone un mineral a ser rayado)

PARA MEDIR LA DUREZA SE UTILIZA LA ESCALA DE MOHS Esta escala está constituida por 10 minerales dispuestos en orden, de forma que cada uno raya a los anteriores y es rayado por los posteriores. Ejemplo: el apatito raya a la fluorita, calcita, yeso y talco, pero es rayado por el feldespato, cuarzo, topacio, corindón y diamante. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pv5h9K7eOwI

4. ROCKS Rocks is a natural material that consists of minerals Types or groups of rocks

SEDIMENTARY

IGNEOUS OR MAGMATIC

METAMORPHIC

Sedimentary rocks Are formed from fragments of other rocks or the remains of living things or dissolved salts that precipitate

Types of sedimentary rocks

Detrital

Saline

Formed from fragments of other rocks

Formed when dissolved salts in the water precipitate because the water evaporates

Limestone Consist mainly of calcite

Can be formed from the remains of living things (skeletons, shell…) or through chemical processes (stalactites and stalagmites)

FOSSILS FUELS: Coal, oil and natural gas were formed millions of years ago from plant and animal remains. Some people think they are a type of sedimentary rocks but other people don’t agree with it.

Detrital sedimentary rocks Are formed from fragments of other rocks. There are three types according to the size of their grains

Conglomerates (conglomerados) (grains greater than 2 mm in diameter)

Sandstone (arenisca) (grains between 2 mm and 1/16 mm)

Clay (arcilla) (grains smaller than 1/16 mm)

How are detrital sedimentary rocks formed?

Saline sedimentary rocks Are formed when salts dissolved in the water precipitate because the water evaporates.

Halite (halita)

Gypsum (yeso)

Limestone sedimentary rocks Are formed from the remains of living things or through chemical processes (when calcite dissolved in water precipitates)

Stalactites and stalagmites Limestones (calizas)

Fossil fuels Are formed from plant (coal) and animal remains (plankton: oil and natural gas)

Coal (carbón)

Oil (petróleo)

Natural gas

Activities. Answer the following questions: a) Do most rocks consist of one or more minerals? b) How many types of rocks are there? c)

How many types of sedimentary rocks are there?

d) How can the sedimentary rocks be formed? e)

How do the grains differ between clays, sandstones and conglomerates?

f)

What types of sedimentary rocks are formed by dissolved substances that precipitate? And from the remains of living things? Write some examples

g) Which is the main difference between a stalactite and a stalagmite?

Do most rocks consist of one or more minerals?

Most rocks consist of many minerals but other, such as quartzite, only have one minerals (calcite).

How many types of rocks are there?

There are three types of rocks: Sedimentary, Igneous or Magmatic and Metamorphic.

How many types of sedimentary rocks are there?

There are three types of sedimentary rocks: Detrital rocks, Saline rocks and Limestone rocks.

There are also another type, FOSSIL FUELS: coal, oil and natural gas.

How can the sedimentary rocks be formed?

The sedimentary rocks can be formed from fragments of other rocks or the remains of living things or dissolved salts that precipitate.

How do the grains differ between conglomarates, sandstones and clays?

The three types of detrital rocks differ in the size of their grains.

What types of sedimentary rocks are formed from

dissolved substances that precipitate? And from the remains of living things? Write some examples

Saline and limestone rocks. Examples: halite, gypsum, stalactites and stalagmites

Limestone rocks and fossil fuels. Examples: limestones and coal.

What is the main difference between a stalactite and a stalagmite?

A stalactite hangs from the ceiling of a cave and a stalagmite rises from the floor of a cave.

5. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS MAGMA

Molten material from the Earth’s interior. It is a mixture of gases and minerals in a liquid state.

COOLS

Igneous or Magmatic rocks TWO TYPES

PLUTONIC rocks Are formed when magma cools deep inside the Earth

(depending on where magma or lava cools)

VOLCANIC rocks Are formed when lava cools on the Earth’s surface

Differences between plutonic and volcanic rocks PLUTONIC rocks

VOLCANIC rocks

1. Are formed when magma cools in the deep inside the Earth

1. Are formed when lava from volcanoes solidifies on the Earth’s surface

2. Cooling very slowly

2. Cooling very quickly

3. Many crystals with similar sizes

3. Few crystals

Examples: granite syenite and gabbro

Examples: pumice, andesite and basalt

PLUTONIC rocks

Granite (granito) (most common in continental crust)

Syenite (sienita)

Gabbro (gabro)

VOLCANIC rocks

Pumice (pumita)

Andesite (andesita)

Basalt (basalto)

(most common in oceanic crust)

METAMORPHIC ROCKS Igneous and sedimentary rocks of the deep inside the Earth

High pressure and high temperature

In solid state

Examples: slate, marble and gneis

Clay

Very high pressure and high temperature

SLATE (pizarra)

Granite

Limestone

Very high pressure and high temperature

Very high temperature and high pressure

GNEIS MARBLE (mármol)

Metamorphic rocks

Activities 12 and 13 on page 32. Activities 1 and 2 on page 34. Activities 1 and 2 on page 35.