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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

-1- Hydraulic Turbomachines: Different Types and Application Areas Prof. François Avellan [email protected] Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne

Mechanical Engineering Bachelor: 6th Semester Introduction to Hydraulic Turbomachines

LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

Content 

Pumps and Turbines

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Hydropower 9 Turbines: Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, Bulbs 9 Storage pumps and Pump-Turbines

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Power Generation

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Pumps for Thermal Power Generation

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Pumps for Oil & Gas

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Desalination

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Pumps for Rocket Engines

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Power Hydraulic

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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

Hydraulic Turbines 

Driving Machines 9 Driving Power defined as positive P = ω ⋅ T > 0 P = η T × Ph 9 P Machine Power 9 Ph Available Hydraulic Power Ph = ρ × Q × E 9 Turbine Efficiency

ηT =

P Ph

9 Discharge 9 Specific Energy

Q … ⎡⎣m3 ⋅ s−1 ⎤⎦ E … ⎡⎣J ⋅ kg−1 ⎤⎦ 3

LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

Pumps 

Work Absorbing Machines 9 Pump Power defined as negative P = ω ⋅ T < 0 9 P Machine Power Ph = η P × P 9 Ph Resulting Hydraulic Power Ph = ρ × Q × E 9 Machine Efficiency

ηP =

Ph P

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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

Specific Energy Balance Turbine

ZB

E = gHI − gH I

= g ( ZB − ZB ) − ∑ gHrT

ZB I

I Hydrodynamics

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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

Machine Nomenclature

Hydrodynamics

LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

Runner or Impeller Power Transfer 

Traversing Discharge

Qt … ⎡⎣m3 ⋅ s-1 ⎤⎦ 

Transferred Specific Energy

gH1 − gH 1 = Et ± Erb … ⎡⎣J ⋅ kg-1 ⎤⎦ 

Power Transfer

1 1

Pt = ρQt Et …[MW ]

9 Driving (Turbines)

Qt

P >0

9 Being Driven (Pumps)

P 40 Industrial Processes 9 16th Century

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Industrial Revolution Precursor 9 18th Century

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Prime Mover of Cotton Mills

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200 kW Max. Power Georgius Agricola, "De re metallica", 1556 Energy Conversion

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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

Hydroelectric Power Development 

Water Turbine Development 9 Fourneyron (1830s) 9 Francis Turbine (1840s) 9 Pelton (1880s) 9 Kaplan (1910s )

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Trend to High Specific Power

Machines

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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

Largest Hydropower Plants in the World Hydropower Plant

Country

Capacity

China (2009)

18'200 MW

Brazil / Paraguay

12'600 MW

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Venezuela

10'000 MW

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USA

6'494 MW

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Sayano – Shushensk

Russia

6'400 MW

Krasnoyarsk

Russia

6'000 MW

Churchill Falls

Canada

5'428 MW

La Grande 2

Canada

5'328 MW

Bratsk

Russia

4'500 MW

Ust-llim

Russia

4'320 MW

Tucurui

Brazil

4'245 MW

3 Gorges Itaipú Guri (Raúl Leoni) Grand Coulee

EPFL

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9 Tucurui Dam & Power Plants http://www.eln.gov.br/

LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines

World Class Experimental Infrastructure • Research • Education • Experimental Validation EPFL Testing Facilities Complying IEC 60193 Standards

Max Head: Max Discharge: Generating Power: Max Speed: Pumping Power:

Efficiency Uncertainty