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ONLYIN

BANGLADESH. MYANMAR,

INDIA. INDONESIA, N*PAL, PAKISTAN, PflILIPPINES, SRI LANKA. VIETNAM

CONTENTS -THIS BOOK IS FOR SALE ONLY IN THE COUNTRY TO \^/HICH IT IS FIRST CONSIGNED

BYJoHNW|LEY&soNs(As|A)PTELTDANDMAYNoTBERE-EXPoRTED"

SECTION

Chapter

I

I

33

CHEMISTRY

Carbon Dioxide and Related

Compounds

Basic Chemistry

1.1 Definitions 3 1.2 The ExPression of Concentration 3 1.3 lons, Molecules, and

Bonding

4 Organic and BtochemistrY 4.1 Carbon 77

5

14

1.8 Chemical Kinetics 1.9 Gas Laws 20

16

1.10 Gas SolubilitY: Henry's Law Zl 1,11 SolubititY Product 23 1.12 ComPlexes 25 1.13 Nuclear Chemistry 27

4.11 The TricarboxYlic Acid

Cycle

4.12 Chapter BaslE

2 The ThenodYnamic for Equtllbrlun

:.1 Thermodynamic Relations :.2 Redox Potentials 42 1,3 Corrosion

48

3 Actd-Base ChemistrY -..1 pH 57 I ? Acids and Bases 58 lJ Equivalents and NormalitY -i"4 Solution of Multiequilibria 62

i5 Buffers 3

5 *Acid-Base

34 34

Chapter

Systems

63

Titrations

77

4.2 Properties of Organic Compounds 77 4.3 Functional GrouPs 78 4.4 Aliphatic ComPounds 79 4.5 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 81 4.6 Aromatic ComPounds 82 4.7 ComPounds of Sultur 83 4.8 NaturallY Occurring Organic * Compounds 83 4.9 BiochemistrY 87 4.L0 GlycolYsis 87

9

ConductivitY and Ionic

Strength

71'

Chapter

1.4 Balancing Reactions 1.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 10 1.6 Equilibrium 1,3

I.7

Natural Buffering of Waters from

66

57

61

87

Enzyme

Kinetics

88

Chapter 5 AnalYsis and ConsdtuentE in Water

5.1 Titration 94 5.2 Primary Standards 95 5.3 Acid-Base Titrations 5.4 Complex and PreciPitate

94

95

Formation Titrations 97 5.5 Redox Titrations and Potentiometric AnalYses 98 5.6 Colorimetric AnalYses 103

5.7 Physical AnalYses 106 5.8 ChromatograPhic AnalYses 5.9 Determination of Organic

Matter

109

1l-0

xl

Xii

CONTENTS

SECTIONII MICROORGANISMS IN WATER AND WATER QUALITY Chapter

6.1.

133

6 Microbiology

Bacteria

f35

135

6.2 Eukaryotes 138 6.3 Other Microorganisms 140 6.4 Growth of Microorganisms 140 6.5 Identification and Enumeration of Microorganisms t46

7 Water, Wastes, Disease Disease

157

157

1,65

Chapter 8 Water Components and t8l Quality Standards

8.1 Toxicity of Elements and Compounds 181 1 8.2 Contaminants in Water 782 8.3 Taste and Odor 190 8.4 Bases for Standards 194 8.5 Standards for Drinkine 195

8.6 Drinking Water Standards 8.7 Canadian Inland Water 8.8 8.9

Water

797

Consumption

Guidelines

Reactors

254

264

10.4 Flow and Quality

Equalization

267

System Material

Balances

269

SECTION IV PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES 285

ll Screening and Sedimentation 11.1 Screens and Bar Racks Il.2 Sedimentation 297

Chapter

287 287

I Sedimentation 293 II Sedimentation 298 11.5 Type III Sedimentation: Zone 1,1,.3 Type 1,1,.4 Type

Settling

308

Treatment 323 11.8 Grit Chambers 328 Wastewater

205

11.9 Inlet Hydraulics for

207

8.10 Wastewater Characteristics 208 8.11 Wastewater Production

Sedimentation 21.0

III

SECTION WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT

243

11.6 Weir-Launder Design 319 L1.7 Clarifier Design for Water and

203

Canadian Federal Wastewater

Quality

234

10.1 Setup of Mass Balances 243 10.2 Flow Analysis of CM and PF

10.5

Contamination 1.62 7.3 Indicator Microorganisms

Quality

Plants

Chapter l0 Macs Balances and Hydraulic Flow Regimes

Vessels

and

7.2 Indicators of Fecal

Water

Wastewater Treatment

10.3 Detention Time in

Chapter

7.1, Agents of

9.2 Wastewater Treatment Unit Operations 227 9.3 Hydraulic Design of Water and

217

Basins

345

Chapter 12 Mass Transfer and Aeration

355

12.1 Fick's Law 355 12.2 Gas Transfer 357 12.3 Aeration in Water and Wastewater Treatment Design of Aeration

Chapter 9 Water and Wastewater Treatment Operations 219

12.4

9.1 Water Treatment Operations 219

12.5 Aeration in Biological

Systems

361

364

Wastewater Treatment

373

xiii

-ao**r ,L:trrpter

13

Chapter

Coagulation and

Flocculation -' - Coagulation 384 -*': \lixing and Power )-.,:ipation

384

16.1 Kinetics of Disinfection 16.2 Chlorination 515 1,6.3 Disinfection

389

.l \llxers 391, -' ' Flocculators

16 Disinfecdon

16.4

:

Ozone

Practice

r-

Irradiation

14 Filtration

530

Slow Sand Filters and Rapid

",!-: Support Media and Underdrains -: Sand Filters 439 Filter Beds for Water and

Ir -.itewater Treatment

442

- {ir Binding of Filters 443 * i Rapid Filtration l*::rnatives 446 ! - Pressure Filters 448 - -. Slow Sand Filters 448 * - - Bioiogical Filtration for Water l:::tment 450

ri:

:h,rf*er 15 Physical-Chemical Treahent for Dissolved Coastituents

:

\\'ater Softening 457 : - Lrme-Soda Softening 459 : *: Chemical Stabilization of 'rt t:;f 468 i - Iron and Manganese

i.:::ioval 471 r.: Phosphorus Removal

from

.::e$'ater by Chemical

?:=;pitation 474 : -- I.'rn Exchange 477 : - Fluoridation and lEi:roridation 479 .' i \lembrane Processes, 480 i - Cerbon Adsorption 484

V TREATMEIIT

545

l7 Aerobic Treatment

547

BIOLOGICAT SECTION WASTEWATER

.,r'

{h

534

416

..ii

-

521

1,6.5 Ultraviolet and Ionizing 400

:"-::rs 41,6 - Filtering Materials 418 -*: Headloss in Filters 423 I Backwashing Filters 428 .r'

514

527

16.6 Other Disinfectants iltreF*er

5f3

Chapter

Biologlcal

17.1. Microorganisms in Aerobic Biological Treatment 547 17.2 The Activated Sludge

Process 548 I7.3 Substrate Removal and Growth of Microorganisms 549 Activated Sludge

I7.4

Configurations 554 17.5 Process Analysis 557 17.6 Food to Microorganism Ratio and Sludge Age 560 17.7 Plug Flow Activated Sludge

4i7

Treatment

572

17.8 Variations of the Activated Sludge

17.9

Process

574

Sludge Production in Activated

Sludge Systems 583 17.10 Design of Activated Sludge Processes for Nitrogen and

Phosphorus Removal 586 17.11. Oxygen UPtake in Activated Sludge

Processes

592

17.12 Bulking and Foaming

Sludge

592

17.13 Process OPerating Characteristics and Kinetic

Coefficient Values 595 17.1.4 Fixed Film Processes 595

xiv

CoNTENTS

l8 Anaeroblc Treatment

Chapter

VYastewater

622

18.1 Anaerobic Metabolism 623 t8.2 Process Fundamentals 625 18.3 Process AnalYsis 632 18.4 MisconcePtions and Barriers About Anaerobic Treatment 18.5 New Anaerobic Treatment

Processes 646 18.6 Process Stability

Monitoring

@

and

656

18.7 Comparison of Anaerobic

and

Processes

659 Aerobic Treatment 18.8 Energy Assessment of Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment 661 18.9 Pathogen Reduction in Anaerobic Processes 663

Chapter 19 Tneatment in Ponds' Land Systens, and Wetlande 670

19.1 Overview of Stabilization -

Ponds

670

19.2 Pond TYPes 673 79.3 Design of Pond SYstems 675 19.4 Indicator Microorganism Dieoff in

Ponds

19.7 Wetlands for Wastewater

Treatment

697

20 Sludge Pnrceselng and 709 Iand Appltcadon 20J Sludge Characteristics and

Chapter

Conditioning

20.2

709

Sludge Generation and

Treatment

Processes

713

20.3 Sludge Conditioning 717 20.4 Aerobic Sludge Digestion 20.5 Model for Aerobic Sludge

Digestion 72L 20.6 Sludge Thickening 20.7

720

727

Mechanical Sludge

Dewatering

732

20.8 Land APPlication of

Sludge 738

Chapter 2l Effluent DisPosal tn 751 Natural Waters

zl.L Pollutants in Natural Waters 751 21.2 Loading Equations for

Streams 754 2I.3 Dissolved Oxygen Stream 760

Variation in a

682

19.5 Aerated Lagoons 683 19.6 Treatment of Wastewater in Natural Systems 6U

Appendix

773

Index

789