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THEARTOFWOODWORKING

HOMEWORI$HOP

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WORKSHO GPU I D E

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LATHE SPEED CHART FACEPTATE TURNING SPEEDS Diameter Upto 2"thick 0ver2"thick 1 2 5 0R P M 1 0 0 0R P M U ot o 8 ' lOOORPM 7 5 0R P M 8-r2', I2_T8' 750 RPM 3 O OR P M 300 RPM slowest speed More than18"

Thickness UpIoZYz" 2%-4', Morethan4"

SPINDTE TURNING SPEEDS Upto 12"long 12-24"long 2 5 0 0R P M 1 7 5 0R P M 1750RPM 1250RPM 1250RPM 7 5 0R P M

0ver24"long 1 2 5 0R P M 1 O OR OP M slowest

TIGHTING ANDSPACE REQUIREMENTS F()RTURNING strictly to turn- pleof stepsfromyourlathe. Thefloor Turning doesnotrequire a greatdealof lf yourshopis devoted thelatheanywhere needs to bestrongandcomfortable. butthelayout ofyourshopwill ing,youcanlocate space, g depend on thetypeof workyoudo. youhaveroomforit, alongwitha bench M a n yt u r n e risn s t a cl la r p e t i nt o justoneof sever- grinder, thephysical stress of standing a bandsaw,anda reasonablereduce lf turningrepresents projects you amount forlongperiods andto prevent damage of storage spaceforworkin al stepsin thefurniture tool.Install someshelvs y o u r progress, handtools,andotheracces- to a dropped b u i l d t, h ec e n t r al lo c a t i o ni n likesandpaper. Theplacement ingin a dryareaof theshopforstoring betakenbya table sories, shopwillprobably butsince woodandworkin progress. A tableor the ofthebandsawis noicrucial, sawandjointer.Inthiscase,locate posi- benchis usefulforanypreparatory frequently, work withenough room youwillbesharpening latheneara window vouneedto oerform. nomorethana cousotheworkspaceis nottoorestricted. tionthegrinder Lighting Take advantaqe of aa much natural linhf

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BANDSAW

nnaaihle.

r"""'"'"' uoe an adjuetable deek lamp for addiLional a rttfi cta l Iiqht

Clearance Leave 3 feet of clearance in front; can be poeittoned a1atnet a wall. Leave aufftctent opace for workin4 on an outboard bed

Light'ing Frovide lt7ht from above and Lo the rtqhL of Lhe blade; porLable clamp-on Itqht.can be ueed

BENCH GRINDER

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t Lighting and clearance EeeL locatton ie near lathe etnce toola requtre frequent qnndinq. Neede clearance and liqht on fronL only; portable clamp-on Itqht can be atmed dtrectly aL wheel

Clearance No clearance needed on Lhroat-column eide; requtree aL leaeL 4 feet on other atdee for lon7 boarde, Keep Itne of work clear. Can be poeitioned aqainet a wall or in a corner

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WOODTURNING

THE ART OF WOODWORKING

WOODTIJRNING

TIME-LIFE BOOKS ALEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA ST.REMYPRESS MONTREAL. NEWYORK

I I THE ART OF WOODWORKING was produced by ST.REMYPRESS PUBLISHER KennethWinchester PRES/DENT PierreLdveilld SeriesEditor SeriesArt Director SeniorEditor Editor Art Directors Designers PictureEditor Writers ResearchAssistants Contr ibuting Illu strators

Administrator ProductionManager SystemCoordinator Photographer AdministrativeAssistant Proofreader Indexer

PierreHome-Douglas FrancineLemieux Marc Cassini Iim McRae Normand Boudreault,Luc Germain, SolangeLaberge H6lbneDion, Michel Gigubre ChristopherJackson Andrew Jones,Rob Lutes Bryan Quinn, David Simon GillesBeauchemin,RolandBergerat, Michel Blais,Jean-GuyDoiron, RonaldDurepos,RobertPaquet, JacquesPerrault,Maryo Proulx, JamesTh6rien NatalieWatanabe MichelleTurbide Jean-LucRoy RobertChartier Dominique Gagn6 GaretMarkvoort ChristineM. Iacobs

Time-Life Booksis a division of Time Life Inc., a wholly ownedsubsidiaryof THE TIME INC. BOOK COMPANY TIME.LIFEINC. Presidentand CEO fohn M. Fahey Editor-in-chief JohnL. Papanek

TIME-LIFEBOOKS President Vice-President, Directorof Marketing ExecutiveEditor ExecutiveArt Director

Iohn D. Hall NancyK. fones RobertaConlan Ellen Robling

ConsultingEditor ProductionManager

JohnR. Sullivan MarleneZack

THECONSUIIANTS fohn fordan turns wood in Antioch (Nashville),Tennessee. Primarily known for his texturedand carvedhollow vessels and small-neckedbottles,he is regularlyfeaturedat major turning exhibitions.His work haswon numerousawards, and is in the permanentcollectionof severalmuseumsand corporations,aswell asthe White House. GilesMiller-Mead taught advancedcabinetmakingat Montreal technicalschoolsfor more than ten years.A nativeofNew Zealand,he hasworked asa restorerof antiquefurniture. Betty Scarpino is a professionalwood turner from Indianapots, Indiana.A former editor of AmericanWoodturner magazine,shehastaught woodworking and wood turning coursesin the United Statesand Canada.Her work is featured in many galleries. Wood turning p.cm.- (TheArt of woodworking) Includesindex. ISBN0-8094-9s16-3 l. Turning I. Time-Life Books.II. Series. TT202.W631994 684'.083-dc20 94-9598 CIP For information about any Time-Life book, pleasecall l-800-621-7026,or write: ReaderInformation Time-Life CustomerService P.O.BoxC-32068 Richmond,Virginia 2326r-2068 @ 1994Time-LifeBooksInc. AII rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproducedin any form or by any electronicor mechanicalmeans,including information storageand retrievaldevicesor systems,without prior written permissionfrom the publisher,exceptthat briefpassages may be quoted for reviews. Printed in U.S.A. Publishedsimultaneouslyin Canada. TIME-LIFE is a trademarkof Tirne WarnerInc. U.S.A. R 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 r

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CONTENTS 6 INTRODUCTION 12 L4 16 20 23 26 28 3l

SETTINGUP Anatomy of a lathe Tool restsand lathestands Lathetools Latheaccessories Measuringand marking tools Safety Selectingwood

116 TURNING PROJECTS 118 Off-centerturning I20 Goblets 1,24 Liddedboxes L29 Dried flower vase L32 Nuts and seedpods I34 Thbletops 136 Laminatedbowls 138 Laminatedplates I4O GLOSSARY

32 SHARPENING 34 Sharpeningtechniques 46 48 49 53 64 73 79

SPINDLE TURNING A galleryof spindlecuts Settingup Basicspindlecuts Decorativespindlecuts Split and carvedturnings Finishing

82 84 96 103 111

FACEPLATETURNING Mounting methods Bowl turning Hollowing out the bowl Natural-topbowls

T42 INDEX T44 ACKNOWTEDGMENTS

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BettyScarpinodiscusses

THE BASICSOF TURNINGWOOD of Missouri14yearsago,I first s an industrialartsstudentat theUniversity pedestal lathe turn the for the tablein thephotograph. Since usedthe to spindle grown my knowledge have and matured-as has the field of then, techniques and itself. While I making traditional spindle-turned furniture woodturning stillenjoy Multi-centered andsculptural andobjects, I alsolikewhatI seeothersaccomplishing. pushed backthefrontiersof whatcanbecreated on thelathe. turningshave foundation in thebasics: Aswith anycraft,woodturningdemands a strong the properties Buildingon anddesignconsiderations. of wood,toolsandtechniques, yourcreativityin a hostof challenggivesyoutheabilityto express thisknowledge ingways,fromthetraditionalto theavant-garde. thata woodturnershouldmaster. Spindleturningrepresents oneof thebasics turningas Amongotherthings,it improves toolcontrol,whichhelpswith faceplate my teaching aroundthe well.Asa professional, full-timewoodturner,I structure it givespeoplea placeto start,andit helpsmeto continuelearningin the basics; process. FromtheIndianapolis Children's Museumto WoodenBoat Schoolin Maine from I havederivedtremendous satisfaction to theOntarioWoodShowin Canada, youngandoldgettinghookedon turning.Oneof mygoalsaspasteditor watching to providereaders with a knowledge of thebasics and of.AmericanWoodturnerwas to enticethemwith examples of whattheycouldaccomplish. primarilyon makingbowls;newideas Thegrowinginterestin turningisfocused with faceof whatbowlsandvessels shouldlooklikeabound.I, too,amfascinated plateturning,asit holdspotentialfor development in yearsto come.Muchof myfaceplateworkisnotfunctional; thepieces aresimplylovelyto behold. AsI continueto explorethevastarenaof woodturning,I havebecomemoreand moreawareof thecomplexity anddiversityof thecraft.Thefieldiswideopen,ready in whatpromises to beanexciting to beexplored, andI amhappyto beimmersed andrewardingcareer.

BettyScarpinooperates a woodturningstudioout of her homein Indiana.A former editorof lrrnericanWoodturner, Indianapolis, Scarpinotravekthroughoutthe UnitedStatesand Canadateaching and demonstrating herwoodturningexpertise.

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JohnIordantalksabout

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basement shopto professionals makingalivingwiththeirlathes. Woodturningasanartformbeganin the1940s withthelikesof BobStocksdale, MelvinLindquist, Prestini. Althoughworking RudeOsolnik,andthelateJames independently, theywerepursuingthesamegoals: refinedandelegant turnedwood objects, whether functional or purelydecorative. The1970s andearly'80s sawanew generation of turnerswillingto pushtheboundaries ofwhatwasesthetically acceptpossible: ableandtechnically MarkLindquist turningspalted woodandusingchain saws to producesculptural DavidEllworthpioneering objects; theuseof benttools to produce thin-walled hollowturningswithincredibly BillHunter smallopenings; carvingandsculpting theoutsideof vessels afterthepiecewasturned. TheAmerican Association ofWoodturners, now5,000members strong, wasformed in 1985. These days,anannualsymposium of theAAWprovides easy access to informationandinsfuctionforanyone interested in ttresubject. Worlshops aroundthecountry aswellasboolaandvideotapes, alsofrrlfillthesamerole. I havebeensupporting myselfandmyfamilyasa full-timewoodturnerfor the pasteightyears,sellingmy workthroughgalleries andcraftshows,andteaching woodturningthroughouttheUnitedStates andseveral othercountries. Although I teachbowlturning,theworkthatI doisprimarilyhollow-turned vessels featuring carvedandtexturedsurfaces. Theyareturnedfromgreenwood,withthegrainorientedparallelto theaxisof thelathe,alsoknownasspindleturning.Thisprovides morestabilityasthewooddries.I amalways aftertheperfectcurve,thefineline, thesubtledetails. Therearemanyvalid approaches andwaysto turnwood,andI wouldliketo offer justthreebasicrulesto helpaspiringturners: 1.SHARP TOOLS: Notonlyaresharptoolsmuchmoreeffective, theymaketurningalot morefun!A largepercentage youexperience of theproblems will bedirectly caused bytoolsthatarenot assharpastheyshouldbe. 2.TURN:Thereisno substitute for timeon thelathe.Experience counts. 3. HAVEFUN!-Don't besoserious thatyoucan'tenjoytheprocess. Turnjust for thejoyof turning,improvingyourskillsandmakingshavings, knowingthatyou don'thaveto producea finishedproducteverytimeyouturn.

woodturnerfrom Antioch(Nashville), IohnJordanis a professional Tennessee. He hasproducedtwo videoson woodturning,and his worksareon disolayin severalmuseums and corDorations.

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oodturninghascomeof age.Thelast10yearshaveseena tremendous increase in the numberof peopleinterestedin the craft-from hobbyiststuming in their

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INTRODUCTION

BonnieKlein on

THE APPE,AL OF TI-]RNINGWOOD process. I am addictedto discovery, progress, f turn simplyfor theloveof thecreative I. and the fact that while perfectionis foreverelusive,yesterday's challenges often becomethebasicskillsof tomorrow.I lovethe distinctsmellof thevariouswoods, with which thesoundof shavings astheyarecut by a sharptool,andthequickness a form emerges from a blockof material. andbasIn thepastI haveenjoyedmanyothercrafts,suchasspinning,weaving, ketry.Eachoffersits ownappealtothesenses: thearomaof spinningfreshwool,the soundof a shuttle,thesmellof wetreedsfor a basket,andtheclickingof knittingneewith turningunusualmaterialssuchasbone,plastic,taguanuts, dles.Experimenting for eyes,ears, aluminum,and horn hasled to manymoreinterestingsensations hands,andnose. but whenI discovI havebeenmakingthingsfor asfar backasI canremember, eredwoodturningmorethan20yearsagoit becamemy favoritewayto createsomething. It startedwhen my daughterwanteda doll house.During the processof in thesmall-scale building,lighting,andfurnishingthehouse,I becameinterested camefrom thefactthatmy fatherwas toolsI neededto use.Maybethatfascination oncea builderhimself. About eightyearsago,I designed and beganproducinga smallwood turning My machinehasa 5-inchswingandis lathe,liketheoneshownin thephotograph. is available includingchucks, A wide range of accessories l2 inchesbetween centers. jig, plate. This was new for whatI like and an indexing a beginning tools,a threaded "small-scale its and what has developed into an area of own in the to call turning," projects, gallery world, with tools, classes, and even shows. woodturning Oneof thegreatvirtuesof a smalllatheis its portability.Manypeoplenow take a lathewith themto useat craftfairs,on vacation,or southfor thewinter.I am able There to travelwith 10lathes,tools,andwoodin thebackof my vanto teachclasses. purchased lathes necessary severalsmall andthe aremanyschooldistrictsthat have especiallylike thequietness of the tools-all for thepriceof a largelathe.Shopteachers projectsmaybeturnedfiom scraps. machineandthefactthatmanyof thesmall-scale many Because woodturningis somethingI feelstronglyabout,I havevolunteered hoursof teachingturningto kids.I am involvedwith turningfull time and I feel veryfortunatethatI am ableto earna goodincomefrom sellinglathes,tools,turnings,andmy expertise.

SheisfeaBonnieKleinisa woodturnerin Renton,Washington. turedhereturninga spinningtop-one of herfavoritesmall-scale productionitems-on theKein lqthe,whichshedeveloped in 1985.

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SETTNGI.IP hewoodlatheis perhaps the tially the sameasthoseusedby oldestof all woodworking (page14). modernwoodworkers machines. Primitiveformsof this Indeed,manywoodturnerspretool wereusedby the Etruscans fer olderlathesto newerones, in the 9th Centurv B.C. And refurbishingthem and setting throughoutitslonghiitory thetool themon stands of theirownmakhasbeenusedin virtuallythesame ing (pageI8). Woodworkers were way.Somewhat likeapotter'swheel beneficiaries of technological laid on its side,thelathespinsa advances in machining madedurwoodblankwhilea turnershapes ingtheIndustrialRevolution when thewoodwith chisel-like tools.The latheswereadaptedto turn metIathemakesit possibleto shape als,aswellaswood.Thisnewfield woodintoflowing,roundedforms broughtthewoodturnera wide in awaythatothertoolscannot. rangeofchucksandaccessories to TheearliestlatheswerehumanTurningblanlcs aretypicallyavailablein holdthemostdelicateandtricky powered, with a pieceof cord shortpieces.Someof themorepopulnrexamples ofturnedobjects, fromgoblets to wrappedaroundtheblank,conareshownin thephotoabove.Resting atopa lacebobbins. nectedto a springysaplinganda zebrawoodboardaresamplesof tulipwood,kingThechapterthat followsis an treadle. With a fewmodifications, wood,and ebony.For a selection of thebest introductionto thelatheandthe this evolvedinto the polelathe woodsfor turning refertopage31. (page took (page20) andaccessories popularwith Britishbodgers, who 23)neededfor turningwoodblanl$ traveledfrom town to town,workingfreshlyfallentrees intofurnitureparts,bowls,andotherfinishedproducts. Also into chairs.Flywheels anddriveshafts wereaddedto the includedin thechapter isa sectionon safety precautions and design, andthelatheemerged (page28). asoneof theengines behind equipment themassproductionof Windsorchairsin themid-18th Thelatheremains oneof themostpopularwoodworking Century.Turningbecamea specialized trade. tools,andwoodturningis a craftwith anintriguingcachet, With thecomingof theIndustrialRevolution, heavy-cast likecarvingor marquetry. It isnothardto understand why:A engine-powered lathesforevertooktheelbowgrease out latheenables thewoodworker to turn something beautiful of turning.With minor changes, theselatheswereessen- fromnothingmorethana stickof wood.

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Turnedlegsand otherfurniturepartsareshapedon thelathe in a process calledspindleturning.In thephotoat lefi,a wood blnnkis mountedbetyveen thelathe\fixed headstock in the upperleft-handcornerand theadjustabletailstocknearthe centerof thephoto.Thetailstockcanslidealongthelathebed to accommodate thewo*piece.Theblankwill beturnedinto a cylinderand thenshapedwith a varietyof turning tools.

ANATOMYOFALATHE a lathe,consider \ [ f henyouchoose Y Y carefi.rlly thetypeof turningyou will bedoing.Somemodelsaremade specifically forfaceplate turning,in which theblankis secured onlyon theheadstock.Othersaresmallenoughto reston

HeadEtoak Holda blankafor both faceplate and opindle work;central ahaft that turna epindleie attached to motor via drive belt. Removable coverallowoac@6s to drive belt and indexinqhead

a benchtop. Thelatheshownbelowisa typicalfreestanding modelusedforboth spindleandfaceplate turning. Lathesizeis measured in two ways: swingand capacity. Swingis twicethe distance between theheadstock spindle

Tool reat Provideagupport and fulcrum point for toioilswhenturning, Heiqht of reat can be adjuoted and lockedin place with lever; reet can be rotated to the deaired anqle for faceplate turnin7

Faceplate Standard lathe attachment; blank is fastened to faceplate whiohia then threaded onto headatoak apindle

Locking lever Lockatailatock in place

and the bed,which limits the diameter of blanks. Capacityis the distance betweenthe headstockand tailstock, which limits the length of blanks.The weight of the lathe is important, as greaterweight providesstabilityand

Tailatock epindle A hollowahaft with a reveree taper that holda centers in a friation fit to turn apindlework: turn in4 t aiIatock handwheel advanceaand retracte apindle

Spindle loak Lockatailetock epindle tn PEC9

Tailstoak handwheel Advanceeand retracte tailotock epindleto aecure workpiece Tailstoak 1ecureaone end of blank for apindleturnin6.9lideaalonq bed to accommodate blanka of different len6the

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t Onloff ewitch -...tL-L

and t betweenheadetock ta1atoak to poeition tool reet wiLhre1pec7 to workpiece:Iockin4lever gecures baee to bed

Eed Made of two caet-iron or tubular steel tracka, or wava.tvpicallv "

up\""ii't

Variable epeed aontrol lever lncreaeeeor decreaaeaapeedof apindlerotation without ohuttin7 off the lathe; pulledout, and turned to chan1e6?eed

incheaaparL; accurately maahinedeo that tool baae and tailstock olide emoothly

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damoens vibration.Anotherfeatureto consideris how easyit is to change largerworkpieces speeds; mustbeturned at lower speedsthan smallerones. Changingthe speedof somelathes involves switching a drivebeltbetween HEADSTOCK ASSEMBTY Fixed-width pulley Featurea four adiuatable otepe. On lathee'with variable-apeedadjuatment, apindleapeed ia chanqed by manually movinqbelt from one etep to another: on variable-apeedmodela, belt ie lefb as ia

pulleys; twosetsof stepped othermodpulleysystems elshavevariable-speed thatallowthespeed to bechanged withoutswitching offthetool. Ifyou decideto buy a usedlathe, checkthe motor,bearings,spindle

lndexinq head Enableaapindleto be rotated a preset.number of de1reeab5r hand whencarvinq flutea, reeda,and apiral turninqo on a blank. Featurea one rinq of 60 holea epaced 6" aparb around the head and another of B holea epaced45' aparL;indexinqpin ia inaerbed in a hole whencarvin7 ie bein1done and taken out to rotate apindle. Lathe muat be awitched off durin7 entire operation 5pindle nut Looeenato removeapindlefor replacinqbelta and bearinqo Headatoak epindle Threadedhollowahaft to which variouachucka are ecrewedin place; ranqea from %inch to 1% incheain diameter.Hollowis Morae-taperedto hold varioua centere with a fricbion fit

Indexing pin Fita into holea in indexina head; ineerLedto hold headatock apindle eteady and retracted to rotate

The1951s-vintage WadkinBursgreen latheisprizedfor its machiningcapacitiesand innovativefeatures,suchasa brakethat stopsspinningblanksquickly and a removable bedsegmentnearthe headstock to accommodate large-diameterfaceplatework.

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threads, andlathebedfor wear.Make surethe tool restand tailstockrun smoothlyandall lockingleverswork. Alsomakesurethatthespindlethreadis ifnot, chucks standard; undotheraccessoriesmustberethreaded to fit.

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TOOL RESTSAND LATHESTANDS I tool restactsasa fulcrurnfor your A t u r n i n gt o o l s p , r o v i d i r ragf i x e c l , horizontalweight-bearing surfacefor balancing andbracinga toolasyoucut into a spinningblank.Thetool reston a latheis madeup of two parts:a tool baseand the detachable restitself,The basecanslidealongthe lengthof the lathebed,according to the needsof thework.Thetool restmountsin the base;the heightand angleof the rest areadjustable so it canbe positioned parallelto thelathebedfor spindleand faceplate work,perpendicular to the bedfor faceplate work,or at an anglein between. In addition,thebaseirndrest canbe mountedon an outboardbed for large-diameter faceplate turning. Therearea numberof differenttool restsfor specialized turning tasks; a selectionis shownbelow.

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5HO7Tt? Weighinqdown a lathe b e c a u s el u r n i n g w o o d c a n c a u e e a q r e a f ,d e a l o f v i b r a t i o n , a l a L h en e e d sf , o

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be aq qf.ahle ac. nn".qible.

E v e nL h e b e s t l a L h e i e a n i n e f f i c i e n La n d d a n g e r o u om a c h i n ei f i L i s n o L w e i g h e dd o w n p r o p e r l y . 7 i n c em o e L m o d e r nl a l h e s t a n d o are madeof lighlweiqht at.eel if. ic. ner.eaaarrr g6

w e i q ht r h e md o w n w i l h c e m e n Lb l o c k so r o a c K o filled wiLheand, as shown he re, lo reduc e vibraf,ion a n d n o i e e .S o l t i n qt . h e lalhe to your workohoV f l o o r i s a n o t r h e ro V L i o n .

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TOOLRESTS Standard tool baae )ltdee alongthe laLhe bed; featuree a fiLLinq for tool rest ehaft. A lever-operated cam mechaniem locke baae tn poeiLion on Lhe bed. Daae ahown te the Lype thaL comea with moeL lathee

Tall tool baae Ueed on lat.hea wtLh lower out;board beda for Lurnin7 larqe faceplate work. thie baee te 4 inchee taller than et;andard baaee; a lever-operaLed cam mechantem te used Lo lock the baee tn poottion

?tandard tool reat. Mounl;e in Lool baee for 7eneral faceplaLe and epindle work: comeo wtth lathe

thort rest Ueedfor emallerepindle and faceplatework:Lypically 6 tncheelonq

Long reet Mountedin two eLandard tool baeeo for lon7 epindle work; avatlabletn 18- and 24-tnch lenqLhe

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5-ahaped bowl reat Ueedfor turning the outeideand inerdeof bowla

Right-anglereet MounLedin eLandard LoolreeltLo Lurn bowl blanke; Ion4 eide te poetLioned perpendrcular to lat he bed to Lurn face of bowl, whtle ohorc eide ie poeitioned parallel Lo taLhe bed to work etdeo. Lonq etde Lyptcallymeaeuree 7 tnchee

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DRESSING A TO()LREST

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ffi,r i* ijii lll Jl,liil'iljlll lbiiillliliiiilli il* l[ 9HO7Tt? A dju oti n g Iath e h eight, T h e h e i g h Lo f a l a t . h ei e c r u c i a l t o effictenN t u r n i n 7 .C o m m e r cai l l a t h e e L a n d sa r e o l L e n I o o l o w , w h t c hc a n m a k e i l d i f f i c u l L | o c o n N r oyl o u r t u r n i n g l o o l e . Y o u aloo may Niremore as a resulL. A e a r u l e o l l h u m b , L h eh e i q h f , o f a l a l h e ' ss p i n d l e o s h o u l d b e l e v e lw i l h y o u r e l b o w e . l f n e r ' . e c c a . rJ t' Jvvnv l

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your latheto Nhe?ro?er heightby bolNing tt to eolid blocksof densehardwood n witrhfoam rubberqluedt o F -.i--.::-_,, Lheirundersides.

Smoothing a worntoolrest B e c a u sa e t o o l r e s ti s m a d eo f s o f t e r s t e e tl h a nt h e s t e e lu s e df o r t u r n i n g tools,it will eventually developlowspots, m a r k sa, n dn i c k s l. f n o tr e m e d i e dt h, e s e imperfection wsi l l b e t r a n s f e r r et o d the b l a n k sy o ut u r n ,o r m a k et h e t o o ly o u a r eh o l d i n sgk i pa n dp o s s i b lcya u s ea n a c c i d e n tY. o uc a nd r e s sa t o o lr e s te a s i l y w i t h a s i n g l e - c ubta s t a r m d i l lf i l e . H o l d i n tgh e f r l ei n b o t hh a n d sa t a n a n s l p i n i h p r p c . i n r r c h i t : n r n c c iLhr reu tL nv yn

surface(above). Makea seriesof overl a p p i n gs t r o k e u s n t i ly o ur e m o v e allthe n i c k sa n d h o l l o w fsr o mt h e r e s t ,t h e n s m o o t ht h e s u r f a c e w i t h 2 0 0 - g r i st a n d p a p e ro r e m e r yc l o t hf o l l o w e db y a l i g h t a p p l i c a t i oonf f l o o rw a x ,b u f f e ds m o o t h .

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SETTINGUP

A LATHE STAND Olderlathesareprizedbywoodturnersbecause theywereoftenbuilt betterthannewermodels. Theonly problem is thatthesevintage lathes oftenlacka standor a working motor. F o r t u n a t eiltyi,s e a s yt o e q u i pa lathewithboth.Lathesneedless powerful motors thanmoststationary machines. A%-homodel thatrunsat 1725RPM-halfthesoeed of a table sawmotor-willdo.

A lathestandneeds to beheavy and solid,liketherugged shop-built version primarily shownbelow, constructed from2-by-6s. Themotoris mounted withthepulleys behind thelathe, under guard. Thestandalsofeatures a safety pedalthatallows a wooden tension youto release belttension andstop thespindle instantly. Refer to theillustrationforsuggested dimensions. Forthestand,startbycuttingthe legsto lengthfromfour2-by-6s, then

Safety guard

sawa triangular notchfromthebottom of eachlegto makefeet.Joineach pairof legswithtwocrosspieces, locatjustabove ingonecrosspiece thefeet andthe other7Yz inchesfromthetoo of the legs.Cuttheshelff romtwo 2-by-6s, andscrewthepieces to the lowerlegcrosspieces. Next,installthetop,cut fromtwo plywood. 2-by-6s anda pieceof %-inch Screwthe boards andtwobraces to the upperlegcrosspieces, thenfasten

%-hPmotor Lathe bed

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l % x 5 ' 1x 4 5 "

Hinged tenoion pedal

Croeapiece 1'1"x5'/,,"x11"

Leg 1'/"x5'1"x34" thelf 1'/l'x5'/"x48"

Croaapiece 11"x51"x11"

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the plywood t o t h e 2 - b y - 6 sa, s s h o w n a b o v eB . o l tt h e l a t h et o t h e t o p o f t h es t a n d . S c r e wt h e m o t o rt o a m o u n t i n g b o a r dc u t f r o m% - i n c hp l y w o o dT. h e n f a s t e nt h e b o a r dt o t h e t o p w i t h b u t t h i n g e s ot h e s t e p si n t h e m o t o rp u l l e y a r ei n l i n ew i t h t h e h e a d s t o cpku l l e y . o u n tt h e d r i v eb e l t s t e p s( b e l o w )M p u l l e y s . o nt h e

Next,makeandinstall thetension pedal.Connected bya lengthof wire plate, to themotor-mountlng thiswoodpedal you en willallow to slacken the drivebeltwithsimplefootpressure, disengaging fromtheheadthemotor stockandstopping rotation. spindle Cutthepedalfrom2-by-4stockso thatit willextend outfromunder the shelb f ya b o u4t i n c h ew s h e ni t i s

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i n s t a l l e dA. t t a c ht h e t e n s i o np e d a l w i t h a n o t h e hr i n g et o t h e u n d e r s i d e o f t h e s h e l f ,d i r e c t l yu n d e rt h e m o t o r . B o r eh o l e st h r o u g ht h e t o p ,t h e s h e l f , a n d t h e p e d a tl o a c c o m m o d a t he e w i r et h a tw i l l c o n n e ct th e p e d a tl o t h e m o t o r - m o u n t i nb go a r d A . ttach a l e n g t ho f h e a v y - g a u gwei r et o t h e u n d e r s i doef t h e p e d a la n d p a s si t t h r o u g ht h e t h r e eh o l e sy o u d r i l l e d a n d o v e rt h e h e a d s t o c kN. o w p u s h t h e m o t o r - m o u n t i nbgo a r dt o w a r d t h e I a t h ea n d h o l dt h e w i r ea g a i n s t i t . K e e p i n gt h e t e n s i o np e d a lf l a t o n t h e f l o o r ,p u l lt h e w i r et a u t .C u t t h e w i r e a n d s c r e wi t t o t h e b a c ko f t h e m o t o rm o u n t i n gb o a r d( b e l o w ) . R e l e a steh e m o t o rt;h e t e n s i o np e d a l s h o u l dr i s ef r o mt h e f l o o r .T o c h e c k t h e n e d a l s t e nn n i t t h e w i r es h o u l d p u l lt h e m o t o r - m o u n t i b no g a r da n d m o t o rt o w a r d tsh e l a t h e ,r e l e a s i ntgh e t e n s i o no n t h e b e l t . Lastly,installan on/offswitchfor the m o t o ra t t h e f r o n to f t h e l a t h es t a n d , a n d p l a c ec o n c r e t e b l o c k so r o t h e r h e a v yo b l e c t so n t h e s h e l ft o w e i g h downthe standand reducevibration.

LATHETOOLS machines, the , i nlikeotherstationary '., ,l latheis not equipp.d*ith blud.t or bits.Instead, you needto buya setof turningtoolsto do your work.These woodchisels, toolsresemble exceptthey aretempered andshaped differently, with longerhandlesandbladesfor bettercontrol andleverage. T[rning toolscanbedividedinto two basicgroups:cuttingandscraping tools.

Cuttingtoolsaremost oftenusedin spindleturning,wherethegrainof the woodrunsoaralleltothelathe'saxisof rotation.Thesetoolsincludegouges, chisels, andpartingtools.Scraping tools areusuallyusedin faceplate turning, wherethe grainrunsperpendicular to theaxisof rotation. Traditionally, all turningtoolswere madeof carbonsteel,but thismaterial

has a tendencyto overheatduring grindingand with continuoususe. Turningtoolsmadeof high-speed steel (HSS)retaintheiredgeup to sixtimes longerthan carbonsteel,makingthe additionalexpense worth it in thelor-rg run.In fact,sometools,likedeep-fluted bowl gougesand largescrapers, are onlyavailable in HSS.Whethertheyare madefrom high-speed or carbonsteel,

CUTTING TO(ITS

Featureaa roundedbody for makin4beadeor pommelo; easterto control than a otraiqhL ekew.Availabletn %- and 1-inchwidthe

An7ledcuttin7 tool uaed for makrnqbeada,V-cuta,and ahouldercuta and for emoothin4aurfacea;beveledat 42' on both top and bottom. Availablein widLhabetweenI and 1'/,inchea

Radiusedekew A stratqht okewqiven

-\ parttnq tool f,hat Diamond-shaped 5/u tapere from inch wideat center of blade

a curved ed4e on the 7rtnder: enables complex emoothin4 cuto to be made withouL dt4qtnq inLo the work

to /s inch wide aL the edqeo, enabling it. to cut with leaa frictton Lhan atandard partina tool

9tandard partin7 tool Narrowcutting tool uaedfor makin7 otzing cuto; beveled on top and bottom at 5O'. Available in /-- and'/.-inch widLhe

Cuttinq tool uaedto rou7h ouf,cylinderofrom aquareeLock for epindlework:beveledaL 30". Avail' able in widthebetween% and 1%inchee

Fluted parting tool Tartinq tool with covealonqthe boLLom:Laperefrom t/u to'/a inchat the top of btade.Twoleadin7apuraat the bottom ecore outlineof cuL ftrat, reducinqfriction and bindinq

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turning tools shouldalwaysbe kept in described sharp,usingtechniques the following chapterbeginningon page32. A blunt tool is an accident waitingto happen. Thereis a bewilderingvarietyof turning toolson the market,yet only eight mostcomto undertake to 10areneeded mon turning.A beginner's tool kit is outlinedbelow at right.

In their questfor bettertools,somewood turnersdesigntheir own. California engineerand wood turner lerry Glaser developeda line of nrning toolsusing A-11high-speedsteel,someof which are shownin thephoto at right. The hollow aluminum handlesarefilled with lead shot to dampenvibration and give the proper weight to the tool. Someof the handlesand bladesare interchangeable.

9pindle gouge thallower than bowl qouqeewith a finqernailgrind beveledat 3O": uaedfor cuLttnqbeade and coveaand for 4eneralepindlework. Availablein widthe between%and %inch

tseadingtool )quare chiaeluaed to producebeadeand Vqroovea;beveledat 60". Avai' labletn %-and %-inchwtdtha

Eowlgouge Deeper-fluted veraionof the epindle qouge;uaedin ehapinq bowlo,cupa,and other faceAvailable 'plate b e t wwork. een% a n d % i ntnc widLha h

BASICTOOLKIT A WOOD TURNER'S . A l-inch roughinggougefor rapid removalof stock betweencenters .2 skewchisels: a %-or f-inch tool f o r p l a n i n ga n dt a p e r i n ga;n da % - i n c h toolfor finerworksuchas shaping cuts curvesand makingdecorative .2 spindlegouges:a %-or 1-inch tool for generalspindleturning,and a tl-inchtool for finerspindlework . A %-inchdiamondsectionparting tool for partingoff and makingsizingcuts

Deep-flute bowlgouge A bowlqougewtLha deeper fluLeuaedtn roughin4and finiehinqbowls,vesaela,and other faceplatework.Availablein widtha between'Aand 3/,inch

Square-endchieel )imilar to a skewchisel but groundotratqhf,acroee; availablein %-and 1-inchwidtho

. A %-inchbowlgougefor faceplate t u r n i n go f b o w l su p t o 1 0 i n c h e si n diameter . A %-inchdeep flute bowl gougetor faeonlaio trrrnino

. A%]nchroundnosescraperlor upconcave surfaces and cleaning faceplate work hollow . A 1-inchsquare-end flalscrapertor convex surfaces teningandsmoothing

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SCRAPING TO()TS

t Square--< end ecraper Uaedfor flattentnq and amoothinqconvex faceplaf,eworksuch ae the outeide of bowla;cuttin4 ed4e beveledon the underetdeat-BO'. Availablein widtha between%and 1 inch

Skew Sideautting sarapere 9 pecialized%-inch ecrazero ueedon the insideof bowp ana other hollowfaceplatework

6AraPerg Anqled 1%-inch

equare-endacraperfor roundingconvexaurfaces and markingconcenLilccute in faceplatework;comeain leftand riqht-handedmodela

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t Roundnoae qaraPer Oenerat-purpoee ecrapin4tool for emoothin7 and finiahin7concaveeurfacee in faceplate workeuchaa bowle or hollow veeeela;available in widtha from % Lo 1 inch

Halfround aara?er Larger1%-inchveraionof round-noaeacraperfor heavyduty bowlwork;comea in leftand right-handedmodele

Domed ocraper Versionof round-noee ecraper for makinqfine ohearinqcute and finiahing inaideof bowleand other hollowfaceplate work:availablein widLhe between%tolinch

SPECIATTY T()(lTS Hook tool Fatterned afLer apecialLygwediah woodLurningtoola; ueed in end-Trainhollowinq. thort hookie for hollowworkwith aradual inLeriorcurvea:lonq hookia for forms wrth tiqht int.ernalcurves,such ae a neckedvaee.Sold without handlee

Diek ahiael Featureaa 1-inch beveleddiek at Lip: tip ie removable for aharpeninq

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t hollowin7of vaaea,boxes, and other hollowturninqe:idealfor areae difficult to reach with a bowlaouae. lnterchangeable cuttinq ringeare aharpenedon Lheinaidebevel;removedand installed'witha eetecrew, Krnga are 5/a,7aand elainch in diameter

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LATHEACCESSORIES ountingstockin a latherequires Ifyouare basicaccessories. several centers, or spindleturnturningbetween ing, you will needa varietyof centers andtailstockof that fit in the headstock the machine(page24). Thesecenters grip the blank at both endsasit turns. Faceplate turnings,suchasbowlsor plates,canbe screwedto a simplefaceplateand threadedonto the headstock. Smalleror moredelicateturnings,suchas lacebobbins,shouldbeheldby a chuck. Thereis a widerangeof lathechucls, eachservinga differentpurpose,from the simple screwchuck to the scroll chuck.Thelattercomesfrom the field of metalworkand featuresthreeor four jaws that open or closearound the workpiece.Somechucksaredesigned ascombinationchucks,and comprise a numberofparts that canbe reconfigured to hold stockin severalways.

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L Arboracrewahuck 1 Uaedto mountface- J" plate workto the headetock; mounts in pilot holedrilled in workpiece,Includeaa 2%-inchbackin4waaherfor Iarge work:aome models feature adjustable acrews

/ Lpiootanua* Dovetail chuak t\\ ) il Ueedto mount Usedto mount Rk\:-./4 f a c-.-, er' nIaLe work Nl Illi---;,;fiiiil rllry'." i bowla and other w Yneneadgt'ock; Nllllllr'"r"' faceplate work to the headstock; ae acrew collar ia tiqhtened with wrencheaahown, beveledjawe expandaqainet a dove' tailed receas turned in base of workpiece.Fart of combinationchuakeyetem

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Three-wayeplit ring ahuck Uaedto mount lon7 hollow turninga euchas qobleta and vaaeato the headatock; beveledrinqe fit into aizinqcut made in work' pieceand lock a7ainet beveledinternal face of chuckcollar.Fart of combination chuck evetem

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A COTTECTION OFCHUCKS

turnina workin r" A headsiock or borin7 attach' mento in the tailatock: fea' turee Morae taper ahaft

Bowlscanbemountedfor finishing theirbases with a setof widejaws,an accessory for a four-jaw scrollchuck. Thejaws holdthebowlrim with rubber into a seriesof stoppers that arescrewed adjustable slots holes.Somemodelshave in additionto theholessothejaws can holdirregularlyshaped faceplatework; themodelshowncanbeusedwith bowls up to 10inchesin diameter.

Pin ahuak Uaed whenrouqhin1 out lar4e faceplate blanka mounted to the headetock: ineerted into hole bored in workpiece. Fart of combinationchuckayetem

Four-jaw saroll ahuck Another combinationchuckoyatem that can be uaed as a dovetail, api4ot, pin, or ocrew chuck;jawo expandand conLractron 9lraeaa9 chuak acroll ia rotated with wrencheeahown. W Larqerjawo can be added

Threading aaaeeeory Latheji6 uaed to turn external and internal threada in faceplate workpieceo.Turnedworkpieae 'ie with chuck or faceplate ia mounted in iia which then inetalledon lathe'bed:cutter and Jacoie cnucx are mounted in headatoak. Workis then advanced into cutter by turninq handwheelto cut threada

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SETTINGUP

(lF CENTERS A SETEGTION Two-apur drive center Mounted in headatock epindleto center and drive epindlework; ,) point centere the workpiecewhile chiael-likeopura enqaqeana f,urnit. Featurea Morae taper shaft; uaeful with blankewhoeeendaare not gquare

Four-epur drive aenter Mounted in headatock apindleto cenherand drive epindle work;featuree Morae taper ahaft. )ffere better qrip and drive on 6quarecut worKthan two-opur center

Dead aenter Mountedin tailatock epindle to center and drive epindlework;featuree Moraetaper ahaft. Kemainafixed with reepect to epinning work;eomelubricationia needed. Modelehownie a cup center, featurin7 raiaed rinq to prevent eplittin7 of emall work Live aenter Mounted in tailatock apindleto center workpiece;featurea Morae taper ehaft. Larqehub containe bearinqa,allowin4center to 6pin with the work, elrminatinqfriction

Cone center Uaedwith a livecenter to oupport hollowworkpieceathat are heldat the headstockend only: conehaa aeveralotepe of decreaein4diametere

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Laae-bobbinoenter Mountedin headatock to turn emall workauchaa bobbine; featurea Morae taper ahaft, Tapered 6quare hole will hold stocks/a-to %-inchequare

illlrllttllltll]Ill1 llfllll tlllllltlljjtll]illlfil]l]ilflt]llllfilJ llli 9HO7Tt? tharpening a drivecenter Drivecentere ehouldbe kept ' ae eharpaeyourturninq toole.lf the ezurbor ooinlof a drivecenlerare dullor chipped, Lheywillnol 4rip lhe workpiece cenNere, reoulNinq VroperlybeLween in an off-centermounlina,To eharpena drivecenter,qrind a 35' bevelon the undereideof eachepuron a benchqrinder,ae ehown here.Donot keeVthe opuroon lhe wheel too lonq,ae the heat,qeneraledmay eofLen Nhem. Thenremove Nhecent.erpoini with a hexkeyand eharVeniNt o a uniformtaper. ReVlace lhe Vointin Ihe centereo lhat iNprotrudee '/oinchbeyond the oVure,and,tiqhNenit, with lhe key.

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Magnetic bar 1"x1"x30"

x 30"

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TOOTS FOR TURNING TWORACKS and toolsorganized Keepyourturning withinreachwithoneof theseshopTheyaresimpleto make; builtracks. in theillustraadaptthedimensions yourtoolcoltionsto accommodate Therackshownat top is lection. it madefromYo-and%-inchPlywood; thetools to separate features spacers themfrom anda bracethat orevents To maketherack, fallingforward. andsides cuttheback,top,bottom, of theframeandscrewthe pieces to the Mountthespacers together. backwitha screwat thetopandbot2%inchthestripseuery tom,spacing position thebraceabout es.Finally, 1 inchfromthe bottomof the rack spacer. andscrewit to everysecond Therackshownat bottomrelieson barto holdtoolsupright. a magnetic of a frame,thisrackfeatures Instead panel.Cut backing a'/uinchplywood thelipfromsolidwoodandborea row holesto accomof 2-inch-diameter of yourturning modate thehandles through tools;drilleachholehalfway the lip andspacethem2/zinches apart.Attachthe lip f lushwiththe bottomof the panel,drivingscrews themagfromtheback.Toposition neticbar,seta fewof yourtools the upright in therack-including one-andmarka lineacross shortest theoanelat thelevelof theblades. stripof wood a 1-inch-square Screw overthelineandgluea to thepanel stripto thewoodwithconmagnetic tactcement. whichevAsa safety consideration, er rackyoubuild,mountit besiden o tb e h i n d - y o ul ra t h eT. h i sw i l l e l i m i n a thea v i n tgo r e a c ho v e tr h e toolwhileit is running.

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MEASURINGAND MARKINGTOOLS espiteitsvisualappealandempha"feel" sison asa methodof judging theprogress of a workpiece, wood turningis an exacting craft.Toobtain precision, therequired theheadstock of yourmachinemustrun smoothlyand true,andtheworkpiece mustbecarefully centered. Thetoolsillustratedbelowandon page27will helpyouto setupyourlathe andaccurately measure theprogress of yourwork.Usethemwell;it is difficult to judgeabowlbdepthby eyeor duplicatethecontoursof aturnedlegwithout a setofcalipers.

Thecommercial centerfinder shownin thephotoat left takestheguesswork out of mountingspindlestockto the lathe. Thejig isparticularly usefulfor round and octagonal stocltandfor remounting workoncethewasteendshavebeencut away.Theblankis heldin thebottomof thejig, rappedwith a mallet, rotateda quarterturn, and thenhit again.The two linesscoredon the endwiII indicate thecenterofthepiece.For addedconvenience,mountthe jig on a wall.

CHECKING THEBEARII{GS F(lRRUNOUT

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Usinga dialindicator lf yourlatheis an oldermodel,checkthe bearings periodically for runout-theamountof wobblein thespindle. Clampa dialindicator to a magnetic baseandposition it withits plunger touching the lathe'sspindle(above), thencalibrate

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thedialto zerofollowing themanufacturer's instructions. Turn theshaftof the latheby hand;thedialindicator will register bearing runout.lf the runoutexceeds 0.005inch,the bearingsshouldbereplaced.

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SETTINGUP

TURNING TOOLS F()RW()OD MEASURING ANDMARKING lnaide calipera Uaedto determineineidediameter of hollowturninqa;available in 4-,6- and B-inchepana /

Combination calipere Feature a seL of inaidecaliperaaL one end and a eet of outside caltpereat Lheother; ueeful for eizin4 lide to fit turned boxee. Availablein 6- to 12-inchapane

Outeide calipera Ueedto determinethtckneae of aptndleor faceplate work; availablein 4-,6- and Btnchepano

Dial aalipers Uouallyuaedto meaeurzwallthicknesa;makeaprecieeinaideand outstdemeasurementa.Graduated in'/ooo'inchincrementa

Compase Uoedto ecrrbea circle on a blank; typical apan io 6 to B inchea Double-endedcalipere Featurea eet of dutside calipereaL each end.A dimeneion Lakenat one end ia automaLicallytraneferred to the other; caltperedo noL haveto be removedfrom workpieceto take meaaurement.Availablein B- and Center finder Quicklylocatee center of equare, round, or octagonalapindleetock up to 6 inchee wide;featurea ateel ecorin4 blade to mark stock

Depth gauge A ehop-made4au4econaietin4of a woodhandleand two dowelsuoedto determineLhedepth of bowlaand hollow turnin4e;the lonqerdowelfeaturee depLhincremente. Modelshowncan meaoure bowleup to 17incheein dtameter

9izing tool Attached to a beadinqor partinq tool, ae ahown,for producinqaccurate diametera in apindlework;knob oppoeitecuttinq edqereeto blank aqaineteptnntng aa cutter reduces thickneee

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SAFETY turningisconsidered to be I Ithough A a relatively safepursuit,it isnotfree ofdanger. Gettingyourfingerspinched between aspinning blankandatoolrest is onlyonehazard. Mostturningaccidentscanbeattributed to mountinga blankonthelatheimproperly, or using inappropriate speed or tooltechnique. Carefully centera blankon thespindle andcheckthatyouareusingtheproper speedfor thejob beforeyoustart

turning.Thespeedmustbecompatible with the sizeand weightof the workpiece;seethe front endpaperof this book for a chartindicatingthe appropriatespeeds for variousturningoperations.Finally,neverusea cuttingtool for somethingit wasnot designed to do, andmakesureyour toolsaresharp. The safetyaccessories shownbelow areasimportantassharptools.Because of the largeamountof chipsand dust

producedby turning,eyeandfaceprotectionareessential. Wooddustpacks somehiddenhazardsas well. Exotic woods,suchasrosewood andtulipwood, producetoxicdustthatcancauseserious eye,throat,and skin irritation.Weara dustmaskor respiratorwhenturning any woodandequipyour shopwith an adequate dustcollectionsystem. A shopmadedusthood for thelatheis shown onpage29.

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HOOD FOR THELATHE A DUST of wastewoodand a greatvolume Turning cangenerate plywood, the dusthood from%-inch dust.Builtentirely positioned directlybehinda workshownat leftcanbe pieceto drawchips,shavings, fromyour andsawdust your Refer dustcollector. latheandconvey thisdebristo Makethe dimensions. for suggested to the illustration for the hoodto sit at the levelof the standhighenough whenthe baseis on the shopfloor. workpiece T o b u i l dt h ej i g ,c u tt h eb a s ea n ds t a n da, n dc o n n e c t joint.Next,cutthefoursides themwithan edgehalf-lap pieces andtaperwithi2-inch-square of thehood,starting glue andscrews ingeachto 6 inchesat the back.Use at Cuta panelto fit the opening to connect the pieces. its edgessothat it fits the backof the hood,beveling snugly.Usea sabersawto cut a holefor a dustcollecto thehood. backpanel thenglueandscrewihe tionhose, Attachthe hoodto the standwiththreeanglebrackets on eachsideof the stand.Thefrontof the hoodshould protrude theassembly. overtheedgeof thestandto balance hoseintothe To usethejig, inserta dustcollector behindtheworkbackpanel.Placethedusthooddirectly pieceandturnon the dustcollector youstart before of thebase at thebottom Youcaninstallcasters turning. a n ds t a n di,f d e s i r e d .

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TIPS TURNING SAFETY o Donotwearlooseclothes, necktres, or r i n g sw h i l et u r n i n gr ;e m e m b teorr o l l u p y o u rs r e e v e s .

. E n s u rteh e r ei s a d e q u a lt ieg h t i nfgo r y o u rw o r kT. h el a t h es h o u l dh a v ea s e l; a c ei t m u c hn a t u r al il g h ta sp o s s i b l p i f y o u rs h o ph a so n e . b ya w i n d o w

. W h i l et u r n i n gc,o n c e n t r aotnet h ew o r k a t h a n da, n di a k ef r e q u e nbtr e a ktso avoidfatigue.

. Always workwithtoolsthatareproperly r W h e nu s i n gt h e i n d e x i npgi n ,m a k e s h a r p e n eDdu. l lt o o l sa r em o r ed a n g e r s u r et h eI a t h ei s u n p l u g g et odp r e v e n t o u st h a ns h a r po n e s . M a k es u r et h el a t h ei s p r o p e rgl yr o u n d - t h es p i n d lfer o mr o t a t i nagc c i d e n t a lbl ye; sureto disengage the pin beforeplugging . Keepthetoolrestascloseto theworke d ,a n do n i t so w ne l e c t r i c cailr c u i t . l ei t h o uitn t e r f e r i nwgi t h p i e c ea sp o s s i b w i n t h el a t h e . . W h e nf i n i s h i n gd ,o n o tu s el a r g ec l o t h s , y o u ra b i l i t yt o u s ey o u rt o o l sp r o p e r l y ; rotatetheworkby handfirstto seethat a st h e ym a yc a t c ha n dp u l ly o u rf i n g e r s . Checkfor defectsin thewoodyouare p l a n n i ntgo t u r n ;a v o i db l a n ktsh a th a v e i t t u r n sf r e e l y . i n t ot h ew o r k . twists,splits,or knots. o D on o to p e r a tteh el a t h eu n d etrh e . Checkthe speedof yourlathebefore toolfor thejob. i n f l u e n coef a l c o h oolr m e d i c a t i o n . youturnit on;do notuseexcessive usethecorrect speeds. . Always

. Wearappropriate at safetyequipment a l lt i m e s .

29

SETTINGUI)

I T I T

CH AN G ITNHGELA T HSEP E E D

r

thedrivebelt 1 Loosenins I T oc h a n gteh es p e e od na t a t h teh a t f e a t u r esst e p p epdu l l e y su,n p l u g the m a c h i naen dl r f to p e nt h eh e a d s t o c k

I

c o v e rS . t e nn n t h p t p n s i n nl e v e tro d i s e n g a g et h e r a t c h e at n d r a r s et h e m o t o r , r e l e a s i nt g h e d r i v eb e l tt e n s i o n a n dl o o s eningthe belt (right).

I I T I I I I T I I T I I

r)

Changing the speed L f o s e t t h ed e s i r e d s p e e df,o l l o wt h e m a n u f a c t u r e irn' ss t r u c t i o n sf o ra d j u s t i ntgh e p o s i t i oonf t h e b e l t .( O nt h e m o d esl h o w n , t h e s ei n s t r u c t i o nasr ep r i n t e do n a n a m e p l a toen t h e u n d e r s i d eo f t h e h e a d s t o ccko v e r .R ) e f e tr o t h e f r o n te n d o a o ef ro r a c h a r t h a tw i l l h e l py o us e l e c t h e r i g h ts p e e df o r t h e b l a n k

y o up l a nt o t u r n ,P o s i t i otnh e d r i v eb e l to n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s t e po n t h e m o t o rp u l l e ya n dt h e na l i g ni t w r t ht h e c o r r e cst t e p o n t h e h e a d s t o cpku l l e y( a b o v e )O. n c et h e d r i v eb e l t i s i n p o s i t i o ns,t e po n t h e t e n s i o nl e v e ra g a i nt o l o w e rt h e m o t o r a n dt i g h t e nt h e b e l t .C l o s et h e h e a d s t o ccko v e r .

30

I I I I I I I I I I T I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I

SELECTINGWOOD woodfor turn{ n someways,selecting I ing is like choosinglumberfor any woodworkingproject.Stockshouldbe freefrom defects,suchasknots,splits, checks,and shakes. Blanksfor spindle turningshouldbe straight-grained; for bowlsandotherfaceplate work, grainis lessof a concern.In fact,a wildly figured pieceof woodcanyielda stunningbowl. In other ways,selectingwood for turning has someadvantages: Since woodturnersarenot limitedto boards

I I I I I T I I I I I I I I I

r

sources. Seethelist belowfor thecharacteristics and usesof somecommon turning woods. While it is preferableto turn wood thathasbeenair-driedor kiln-driedto a moisturecontentof 8 to l0 percent,green woodcansometimes beused.Blanlsfor Iarge,deepbowlsaresometimes bestcut from a freshlyfelledtree.Yetwhilegreen wood is easierto turn, it shrinksmore, and end sealershouldbe usedto helu preventexcessive checking.

A SETECTION OFWOODS FORTURNING WOOD TYPE

CHARACTERISTICS ANDUSES

PRICE ANDAVAILABITITY

Apple

grainandfine,even Hard,toughwoodwithattractive straight texture; lightsapwood, reddish-brownish heartwood. Goodworkability;accepts finishes well.Excellent forsmall,ornate turnings. A heavy, densetropical exoticwithmedium texture andstraight grain;purple, to irregular orange, rustandyellowin colorwith blackmarkings. Moderate workability; f inishes wellandtakes a highpolishyetproduces noxious dustwhensanded. Used for smallspindle turningprojects suchasvases, cutlery and toolhandles. grain,moderately Straight to interlocked coarse texture, light reddish-brown to mediumred.Goodto excellent workability, depending on species; takesfinishes verywell;a tough,strong woodforgeneral turning. grain,occasionally Straight curlyor bird's-eye, f inetexture; reddish-brown heartwood andwhitesapwood. Goodto moderate workability; accepts finishes verywell.Hardanddense, maple is suitable forgeneral andfineturning. grainwithfine,eventexture; yellowish-brown Interlocked with variegaied Moderate streaks. to difficultworkability; accepts finishes verywellandtakesan unusually highpolish. ldealfor ornate turning. grain;f ine,eventexture; pinkish-brown Straight to reddishbrown. Excellent workability; takesa highpolish. Typically used forfine,ornate turning, andmusical instruments. grain,depending goldenStraight to interlocked onthespecies; brownto dark,purplebrown. Goodworkability; accepts finishes well,provided thespecies is nottoooily.Usedforfineturning. grain, lrregular medium-f inetexture; richgolden-pinkish hue withsalmon to redstripes. Difficult workability; splitseasily. Accepts finishes verywell;canbebrought to an unusually high polish, yetproduces noxious dustwhensanded. Usedforsmall,

plentifu Moderate; relatively I

t I T

andplanls,smalloffcutsat thelumberyardor fallenfruit treesat a localorchard canprovidethe neededraw materials. Turningis typicallydonewith hardwoods,as softwoodsare often incapableof renderingsharpdetail.Exotic woodsarepopularwith manyturners because of their strikingfigure;however,many arebeingharvestedat an alarmingrateand somearescarceand veryexpensive. Checkwith your local dealerfor exoticsfrom well-managed

Cocobolo

Mahogany

Maple

0livewood

Pear

Rosewood

Tulipwood

orn:to ir rrninoc

31

Expensive; scarce

Moderate; becoming scarce

Inexpensive to moderate, depending onfigure; plentiful relatively Expensive; rare

Expensive; rare

Expensive; becoming scarce

Veryexpensive; scarce

flafifftd""ii''' .

*

I

t I

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t I I I T I I I I I I I I I I I

SWENNG lI *,::"#H.,liffi#Sf:Xfffffifi: I r -

(rrarylwwr:ai€.''-.Y::'-,:1:,]:::1e;;.i;..l;..;;;;;;n*;;|;;i;rJ woodturnine.Dullc

Takethenecessa results. onyourlathe. Thereis somedisagre

turnerSastowhatthisangleshouldbire.|onceyouhavechosen.asharpening

atechyouwill needto dgvelop method, to raisinga burrona Thesecret for everytool.Butaslon! asa bevelis freesharpen Seasoned_turners stepin the (coicave)or flat, scraper-anessential eitherhollow-ground {qu:: acommercial hand,butforthebeginner, pTsgs5s-i5 toapply sharpening it will work rill. ,q,ryou gainexperijig for useona grinderis a sharpening asyouholdthe lightpressure ence,youmaysettleuporiangleithat Thereisawide investment. worthwhile grinding wheel. the against is blade Grinding your of turning. style suit andwheels stones range ofsharpening page 34. on discussed page35and.the chartof grinding Theinventory_on available. turnwaysto sharpen Not surpriiirigly,thereareseveral you youwiththeinformation onpage36shouldprovide. with bench- wheels ing tools.A fe* t*ners do all theirsharpening ptrchase. an informed need to make grinding a on sharpen exclusively Others slipstones. stones and requiremainteLiketurningtools,grindersthemselves you methodof formingtheedge Thisisa quickandeasy wheel. (page36) that willensure wheel occasionally Dressingthe project nance. when turning a particulaily midway ihrough need, particles. by fresh abrasive your are.being sharpe.ne{ tools may quickly. however, A wheel, edge up an youw;nt to touch it from cut:ing Checkyourwheelsfor cracksby tappingthem:A wheelin ieaveroughmarkson the6lade,preventing goodconditionwill producea ringingsound.Asanadditional quickly-As shownin thii relatively it to dull an"dcausing cleanly yougrind. whenever precaution, weareyeprotection safety rough-sharpby Start is igood compromisef there chaptbr,

A wet/drygrinder is valuablefor sharpening turning tools.Itswheelrotatesmoreslowlythan benchgrinder,reducingthe that of a conventional riskthat thetemperof thetoolwill bedestroyed.

33

TECHNIQUES SHARPE,NING

I I I

f) eforeyou cansharpena turning lJ tool,thebevelanglemustbeground properly.Thegrindingrequirements of cuttingandscrapingtoolsareverydifferentbecause of thewavthevareused on thelathe.Thebevelof a cuttinetool mustrub on thestockat all timestJ helo controlthecut.lf theangleis toosharp, thetoolwill beharderto controlandthe cuttingedgewilldull quickly.But if the bevelangleis too steep,you mayhave to hold the tool almostverticallyand applyexcessive pressure. Scrapers, on the otherhand,shaveawaywoodwith a burr. The anglestheyrequiredepend on the typeof scraper you areusing. Not only bevelangle,but the shape of the tip-whether straightacross, skewed at anangle,or curved-is important to considerwhen grindingyour tools.A square-ground spindlegouge, with a tip groundperpendicular to the bladeshaft,isbestfor turningcylinders,

tapers,or otherstraightcuts.A fingernail-groundspindlegouge,with edge cornerscut back,or relieved, will make a bettertool for turningbeadsandcoves. Skewchiselsmay be groundstraight across or curved,depending on theuse. Seepage37 for an illustrationof thetips of variousturningtools. As you grind a bevel,it is criticalto createa single-faceted bevel,thatis,one with a continuousface.Thiscanonlybe achieved by keepingthebevelperfectly flat on the wheelasyou grind.Thejig shownon page39 will helpyou with a troublesometool, the roughing-out gouge.If you usea grinder,thebevelwill havea shallowconcave shape,matching the curveof the grindingwheel.Avoid usinga wheelsmallerthan 5 inchesin diameter;the degreeof curvaturewill makefor a weaktool tip. Grindingon a beltsander(pagea|)wily-teld a flatbevel,whichis equally effective.

I I eharpenedbevel; containga mixture of chromiumdtoxide

concave, and conical atoneg are auited

I I I I I

to curvaLureaof varioueqouqeo

t

and other fine abraaivea

7mail otlatonesand water6ton66 used'ro honebevela of turninq toola; convex,

I I

Any oiletone,waterbtone, or diamondatone uged Lo hone bevel

I I I I I I I I

Dreaeer Uaedto Lrueor reohape4rinder wheelaand expoaea freah cuf,ttnq aurface.)tar-wheel dreeoer (below, top) hae up Lo four etar-ehaped wheele:diamond-poinL d reeser (below,boLtom) ieaturee a dtamond eet in a bronzef,ipand meLalahafL

Thegrinderisa mubipurpose toolfor thewood turner.Here,thenickedcuttingedgeof a skew chiselissquared grirtdingthebevel. before

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)+

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SHARPENING

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t I I I I

r I I I I I I I I I I I I

I

t

Benah grinder Grindin7 or abraaivewheel(lefr,-handoide) equareo and eharpenebladea;cloth wheel(right-handeide) poliaheethe bevelnear the cuttinq edge,Featuree%to%-hp motor; eye ahielde,adjuetable tool reste, and wheel4uarda are standard on most modele;benchtop qrindera are uauallybolted to a workaurface

Neoprene wheel Rubber 4rindinq/aharpeninq wheel;availablein four qrite. Ueedfor qrindinqand eharpeninq;provideea aharp enou4hed4efor turninq without additional buffinq or honin7. Wheelmuat turn away from tool edae to prevent it from catchiiq on Lhe wheelaurface Wet"ldry grinder Large 10- inch water-bath ed wheelhonee bevela;water prevente toole from overheaiing and carriea away metal and qrit. Five-inchdry wheel uaedfor qrindin7.Each wheelequippedwith an adjuatable tool reat

Adjuatabletool reat (riqhl) mounta to benchin front of 4rinder; featurea a 4-inchwidetable with a alot for olidin7jiqa and cente r- d ri IIed fo r rotati ngji ge. Skew-q ri ndingjiq (above,top) holdaakewsat20" anqle, pivota on center pin to qrind radiuaed akewa,and folda out of the way for freeji4 (above, hand 1rindinq.)lidinq aharpeninq bottom) clampa toola under croaabar and slides in 4roove in table

Felt wheel Availablein soft, medium,or hard; dreased with buffin4 compoundto pertorm final potr9nrnq oTcu'Etnqeaqe

Aluminumoxide wheela Standard qrindin7 wheela, availablein 6- and B-inch aizes and a ranqe of qrita Adjuatable tool reat and eharpeningjig Toolreat with tiltinq table (above,iop) mounts to benchin front of 4rinder; table haa alota for elidinq tool 7uidee and four eettinqe on side bracket to adjuat table to auitable anqle for ry bowlqouqea,opindle1ouqee,and ekewa.Availablewith acceoaory tool 7uidea for 7ouqeeand akewa(above,lef:") and for etraiqht chisela and acrapera (above,riqht). Diamond-pointwheeldreeser (tar riqht) ridee in alot in table to dress arinder wheel.

35

I I

SHARPENING

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WHEET IDENTIFICATI(|N GRINDING a grinding wheel Choosing foruse areusually toocoarse supplied ongrinders Thewheels stones are of replacement withturningtools.A widevariety You therightoneis nosimplematter. available, butselecting thecodesmarked onthesideof thewheels, needto decipher quality. Thechart andabrasive describrng theircomposition thesecodes.(Theyareusually belowwill helpyouinterpret manufacturer's symfoundsandwiched between twonumerical lf youplanto usea wheelto grind bolsonthesideof thestone.)

buya carbonsteeltools,andthenhonewitha benchstone, w h e em l a r k eAd 8 0 H 8 V .T h i sm e a ntsh ew h e eils a l u m i n u m (80),andrelatively soft(H),witha medioxide(A),finegrained (8).Theparticles are orconcentration of abrasives umstructure process bya of heatandfusion,knownasvitribonded together (V).Forhigh-speed hardness of I steeltools, a medium fication or J is better.lf youplanto useyourtoolsrightoff thegrinder, a wheelwith a grainsizeof 100or l2O. choose

CHART STAI{DARD MARKING SYSTEM

ABRASIVE (GRAIN) SIZE

zirconium Z:Aluminum 30,36,46, Fine:70,80,90,100, veryfine:220,240,280,320, 8, I0,12,14, Medium: coarse: 54,60 1 2 0 ,1 5 0 ,1 8 0 400,500,600 16,20,24

GRADE SCATE

Hard Medium Soft V W X Y Z N O P Q R S T U H I J K L M A B C D E F G

STRUCTURE

0pen Dense I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 eIc - R:Rubber - E:Shellac - 0: Oxvchloride - BF:Resinoid reinforced B: Resinoid RF:Rubber reinforced S: Silicate V: Vitrified

ABRASIVE TYPE

BOND TYPE

A:Aluminum oxide

C:Silicon carbide

Courl,aevof Lhe American NaLionalItandarda Inot ituf,e

DRESSING A GRINDING WHEEL Truingthewheel A grinding wheelshouldbetruedwhenridges or hollows appear on thestoneor it becomes discolored. Youcanuseeithera star-wheel or dresser. Forthestar-wheel a diamond-ooint d r e s s esrh o w na t l e f t ,m o v et h e g r i n d e r ' s toolrestawayfromthewheel.Withtheguard i n p o s i t i o ns,w i t c ho n t h eg r i n d ear n db u t t thetip of the dresser against thewheel. Then,withyourindexfingerrestingagainst fromsideto the tool rest,movethe dresser (lnset), dresser side.To usethediamond-point the index finger and holdthedevicebetween it tool rest, thumbof onehand,set on the andadvance it towardthe wheeluntilyour indexfingercontacts thetoolrest.Slidethe across thewheel,pressing tip of the dresser your lightlywhilekeeping fingeron thetool r e s t .F o re i t h e d r r e s s ecr ,o n t i n u u e n t i lt h e edgesof thewheelaresquareandyouhave exoosed f reshabrasive.

9tar-wheel dregger

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t I

t I I I I I I I

36

t I

I I I I I I I I I I I

SHARPENING

T()()LS TURNING GRINDING T h ea n g l ea t w h i c hy o u p r e s e nat t o o lt o t h eg r i n d ewr i l l d e t e r m i nt he ea n g l eo f t h e b e v e lT. h ed i a g r a ma t r t g h ts h o w st h e a n g l e sa t w h i c hg o u g e ss, c r a p e r sa,n d s k e wc h i s e l s h o u l db e h e l dt o t h e g r i n d s u i t a b l eb e v e l s . i n gw h e e tl o p r o d u c e

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t I I I I I I I

TURNING T()()L TIPS

Round-nosedecraper (paqe 45) Fnr

ahe

ar

arran'tnn

Ringtool (pase 44) Comeepre4rouna [.a

qnnd bevel to BO', leavinq a burr on the ed4e; for qeneral ecraptng, a 30"

correclt 0evel

Lo 45" anqleworkabeLLer. )ome turnero uoean anqle of 75'to BO'for both tt,nea

1kewchisel(paqea2) Grtnd beveloao they meet.at 40'to 5O'; Lyptcallycomeewtl,h cutt tn4edqean4led aL20'to 30'

Eowl gouge (paqe al) Grrnd bevel Lo 55' anqle. A ftngernail 4rtnd ta ahown aL IefL, wtt h cornera of cutttn4 edge qround back from cutttn4 edqe Lo keep Lhe Lool from diq4in4 inLo eLock; eome turnera uge a eLrat7hL-acroeegnnd

nf

arraninn

Radiueed akew Qage 4?) Hae a eli7htly rounded cuLttnq

ed4e:4rrndbevele eo LheymeeL aL 50" to 60"

9pindle gouge (paqe40) Grind bevelLo v6"

2nntp..4n

h2

qtvena ftngernailor etrai4ht-acroee 4rind

Roughinq-outgouge (pase 3B) Orind bevelto 45" anqle; cutt in4edqeie qround etratqhl,acroog

Parbing tool

(pase44) Gnnd bevele eo t.hey

meeLaL 50'

2'7

I I

SHARPENING

SHARPENING A ROUGHING-OUT G()UGE Restoring thebevel 1 I P o s i t i ot nh es u a r da n dt u r no n t h e machine. Holdinftne bladebetween the fingers andthumbof onehand, setthecuttingedgeonthetoolrestandadvance it untilthebevellightlycontacts thegrindingwheel. lf youwantto change thebevel angle of thecutting edge, adjust thetool restto thedesired angle. Withyourindex fingeragainst thetoolrest,rollthebladeon thewheeluntiltheentire edgeisground, keeping thebevelflatonthewheelat all times.Continue, checking thebladeregu l a r l yu,n t i l t h ec u t t i n eg d g ei ss h a r p and thebevelangleis correct. To prevent the bladefromoverheating, occasionally dip it in waterif it is carbon steel,or remove i t f r o mt h ew h e etlo l e t i t c o o li f i t i s h i g h - s p e setde e ll.f y o u rg r i n d ehr a sa f e l to r c l o t hw h e e lu, s ei t t o p o l i s h the cuttingedge(sfep2). Otherwise, usea s l i n s t n n p l\ n a o p l f' ie)t ' rsbe

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r I I I I I I I

r) Polishing the cuttingedge L Movethe tool restout of the way,turn o n t h e g r i n d e ra, n d h o l da s t i c ko f p o l i s h i n gc o m p o u n a d g a i n stth e f e l t w h e e fl o r a f e w s e c o n d st o i m p r e g n a t iet w i t h a b r a s i v e .T h e n ,w i t h t h e g o u g ea l m o s vt e r t i c a l ,g r i pt h e h a n d l ei n y o u rr i g h th a n d , h o l dt h e b l a d eb e t w e e nt h e f i n g e r sa n d t h u m bo f y o u rl e f t h a n d ,a n d s e tt h e b e v e l f l a t a g a i n stth e w h e e l .L i g h t l yr o l lt h e bladefromsideto sideacrossthe wheelto p o l i s ht h e b e v e lA. s l i g h tb u r rw i l l f o r mo n t h e i n s i d ee d g eo f t h e t o o l .T o r e m o v ei t , r o l lt h e i n s i d ef a c eo f t h e b l a d ea g a i n stth e wheeu l n t i lt h e b u r rr u b so f f .T e s tt h e t o o l f o r s h a r p n e sbsy c u t t i n ga w o o ds c r a p a c r o s st h e g r a i n .T h e b l a d es h o u l ds l i c e e a s i l yt h r o u g ht h e w o o d .

I I

t I I I I 3B

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I I

SHARPE,NING

t T I I I I T I I I I I I I I I

I

OUILD.ITYOURSELF J INGI N G GOUGE.SHARPE that Thejig shownbelowguarantees r n d l a r g e gr o u g e s t h e t r p so f l o n g e a g h e e al t w i l lc o n t a cyt o u rg r i n d i n w the correctangleto restorethe bevel n nt h ec r r t t i n p e d s e .T h ed i m e n s i o n s g i v e ni n t h e i l l u s t r a t i obne l o ww i l l mostturninggouges. accommodate

C r r i h e h a s ea n d s r r i d ef r o m 7 - i n c hp l y w o o dS. c r e wt h e g u i d e t o g e t h ear n d f a s t e ni t t o t h e b a s e from underwith screwscountersunk n e a t h .M a k es u r et h e o p e n i n gc r e a t e db y t h e g u i d ei s I a r g ee n o u g h t o a l l o wt h e a r m t o s l i d es n u g l y butfreely.

hlnnlr tn thp crrnnnrf

T o r r s et h e i i p s e c r r r iet t o a w o r k s ot h e a r m l i n e su p d i r e c t l y surface w h e e lS . eat he u n d e rt h e g r i n d i n g g o u g eh a n d l ei n t h eV b l o c ka n ds l i d e the arm so the bevelededgeof the g heel. g o u g el i e sf l a t o n t h e g r t n d i n w p l a c e . T h e n ,w i t h C l a m pt h e a r m i n t h e g o u g ec l e a ro f t h ew h e e ls, w i t c h h et o o l o n t h e g r i n d ear n dr e p o s i t i ot n i n t h e j i g . H o l d i n tgh e g o u g ew i t h bothhands,rotatethe bevelededge acrossthe wheelbelow). Stopoccas i o n a l ltyo c o o lt h e b l a d ea n dc h e c k t h e c u t t i n ge d g ep e r i o d i c a lul yn t i l youaresatisfiedwith the results. i i b '

( t o p ' 1 /x 1 / " x 9 " laides\

'',/

"r9"

(.back)/"x2"x2/" ( b o t L o m ) / " x 1 / " x 2/ , "

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r I I I I I I

stockand Cutthearmfrom1-by-2 f r o m % i n c ph l y t h et o o ls u p p o r t parts two of the wood.Screwthe then together, fasten toolsupport t o t h ea r m ,f l u s hw i t h t h eb o t t o m cuta small oneend.FortheV block, w o o db l o c kt o s i z ea n ds a wa 9 0 " . l u et h e wedge o u to f o n es i d e G

39

v v v q '

v

i

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SHARPENING

SHARPENING A SPINDLE G()UGE grinder ona bench 1 Sharpening I Position theguardproperly andturn onthegrinder. Pinching thebladebetween t h ef i n g e rasn dt h u m bo f o n eh a n ds, e t thebladeflatonthetoolrestandadvance rt untilthebevellightlycontacts thestone (/eft).Adjustthetoolrest,if desired, to change the bevelangle.lf thetoolhasa grind,rollthebevelon thestone square asyouwouldfor a roughing-out gouge (page38).lf thetoolhasa f ingernailgrind,rollthecuttingedgeon thewheel andpivotthe handlefromleftto right whilekeeping thebevelf latonthegrind) .o n t i n u e i n gw h e eal t a l l t i m e s( i n s e t C rolling thebladeandmoving thetoolhand l ef r o ms i d et o s i d eu n t i lt h ee d g ei s sharpened, stopping occasionally to check thegrindandcoolthetip.

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thecutting edge ! Honing Z- Oncethebevelhasbeensharpened onthegrinder, usea flat edge, asshown onpage43. Usea convex slipstone matching benchstone to polishthetoolto a razor-sharp edge.Saturate thecurvature of thegouge to remove the burrthatformsonthe thestonewithoil,thenrolltheoutside bevelacross theabrasive inside of thecuttingedge.Puta fewdropsof oilontheslipstone surface(above, /eff.) to createtwomicrobevels on thecutting andhonethe insideedgeuntiltheburrrubsoff (above, right).

40

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SHARPENING

A B()WLG()UGE SHARPENING

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1HO?Tt? Sharpeningwith a belvsander lf youdo naf,own you a benchqrinder, canqrindyourLurninqtoolson a belN lnstall a eander. 1AO-qrir, belt,,mounL Ihe tool uVeide downin a ef,and,and,clamVlhe s t r a n d l oa w o r k s u f r a c e . Io qrinda Lurninq Lool,Lurn onf,heeanderand Vreaalhe bevelflal; on lhe belL.

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grinder Usinga weUdry A d j u s t h e t o o lr e s ts o t h e b e v ew l illrest f l u s hw i t ht h e w h e e sl u r f a c et ,h e nt u r n o n t h e g r i n d e rH. o l dt h e g o u g ef l a t o n t h e t o o l r e s ta n d a d v a n c teh e t o o l u n t i l t h e b e v eils f l a to n t h e s t o n eT. h e n ,h o l d i n g t h e b l a d ei n p l a c e ,r o l lt h e e d g e a c r o s st h e s l o n e( a b o v e )p. i v o t i n gt h e h a n d l ea s n e c e s s a rt yo k e e pt h e b e v e l l t a l l t i m e s .C o n t i n u e f l a to n t h ew h e e a u n t i lt h et o o li s s h a r p T . h eg o u g ei s n o w readyto use.

I SHARPENING

SHARPENING A SKEW CHISEL Using a jig P o s i t i oanc o m m e r c si ahla r p e n ijni g i n frontof thegrinding wheelasclose to the wheel aspossible without touching it. Set u p t h ej i g f o l l o w i nt g h em a n u f a c t u r e r ' s youcan instructions. 0n themodelshown, adjust thetooltableto thecorrect angle for anytool-in thiscase, a straight skewchiswiththe el.Place thetoolguidesupplied jig in thegroove in therestandholdthe chiselin theguide.Buttoneedgeof the chiselblade against onesideof thegroove in theguidesothecutting edgeissquare to thegrinding wheel. Turnonthegrinder andadvance thetooluntilthebevel contactsthewheel. Slidethetoolguidefrom sideto sideto sharpen thebevel. Flipthe tooloverandreoeat theorocess withthe toolagainst theotheredgeof thegroove in theguide(/eff).Whenbothbevels are sharpened, honea microbevel 43). @age Thesametechniques canbeusedwithout jig,using benefit of a sharpening the grinder's toolrest.

SHARPENING A RADIUSED SKEW CHISEL

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jig a radius sharpening 1 Using jigspecially I Secure thechiselin a commercial designed for sharpening radiused skewchisels. Forthe modelshown, hold thelongedgeof thechiselbladeagainst thetriangular support piecein thecenter of thejig andtighten thethumbscrew sothat willlieflatonthegrinding wheel whenyousharpen rt thebevel (above, ieftl.Now,position anadjustable toolrestin frontof the

I I grinding wheel andsetthejigon it, ensuring thatthepivotpin onthebottom of thejig slidesin the holein thecenterof the toolrest.Adjusttheangleof therestsothebevelsitsflatonthe wheel,thentightenit in position(above, right).f urnon Ihe grinder andpivotthe bevelacross thewheel,keeping thejig oressed downonthetoolrestat alltimes.

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SHARPENING

bevel Sharpening thesecond O h c et h e f i r s t b e v e li s s h a r p e n e d , t u r n o f f t h e g r i n d e ar n d w r a pa p i e c eo f m a s k r n tga p ea r o u n dt h e c h i s e lb l a d e whereit meetsthe bottomedgeof the jrg. T h i sw i l l e n a b l ey o ut o t u r nt h e c h i s e ol v e r a n dr e p o s i t i ornt i n t h e j i g s o t h a tt h e s e c o n db e v eyl o ug r i n di s i d e n t t c at ol t h ef i r s t . R e m o v teh e c h i s e fl r o mt h e 1 i g t, u r n i t it so the bottomedge over,and reposition o f t h e j i g i s a l i g n e dw i t ht h e t a p e .T u r no n t h e g r i n d ear n ds h a r p e tnh e s e c o n db e v e l (right)thesamewayyougroundthe first.

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microbevels n