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• Enrique Bellido

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Terracing and Rural Development Andamarca, Ayacucho 2005

Dr: Ann Kendall Director The Cusichaca Trust

Cusichaca 1978

The Huillca Raccay Tableland in 1978

Cusichaca: irrigated terraces

Proyecto Cusichaca-CT archaeological

Case Study 1

investigations revealed the Quishuarpata canal had been previously restored - by the Incas who modified its design. 45ha came under irrigation for the community of Chamana.

Rehabilitation to restore terraces to their full potential under irrigation Here, in the follow-up project the farmers achieved continuous cropping.

Tipo de Andén del Primer Grupo Son los construidos en estratos múltiples;con riego, sutil inclinación para la distribución del agua, con la base excavada y rellena de piedras; cascajo, y encima de éste un metro de tierra agrícola. Muros de dos caras, con cimentaciones y inclinación de 5 a 15 grados.

Ejemplo: Cara expuesta detrás del muro frontal

En algunos casos se ha verificado el uso de arcilla o de tierra arcillosa colocada en la base del andén Inca y la parte baja del muro de sostenimiento. Con riego esta característica promovió una actividad microbiológica, pues aumenta la temperatura del terreno y se incrementa el reciclaje de nutrientes (como ocurre también en los camellones del lago Titicaca.

Inca Terracing at Choquebamba at 3400m alt.: Irrigation restored in 1995 by CT, Patacancha Project.

Case Study 2

Upper Pumamarca Canal, which fed 3 sectors of terracing totalling 160ha. Inca Period system restored CT (1991-95). Following production figures achieved in 1994/95 on 43 ha of rehabilitated terraces of the first system at Pumamarca worth US$ 39,000, it was calculated that the 160ha could potentially pay for the cost of restoration within 4 years. If 50% of the terraces achieved continuous cropping this restoration would be worth US $216, 000 p.a..

1992-95 Pumamarca canal in Patacancha Valley, Ollantaytambo

Restoration of canal. Traditional technology with stones permanent material for construction, clay to seal the canal base and sand for good drainage.

Canal under restoration at Pumamarca, 1994. CT’s Patacancha Project . The fort of Pumamarca mid left.

Restoration of terracing at Chuquebamba

Important visit 1997

Despedida Party

Apurimac and Ayacucho: Abandoned terracing built during the Huari occupation c.AD600 in the Chicha-Soras Valley

A new challenge for CT’s rehabilitation projects

Case 3: Ayapampa Restoration Project. To re-introduce irrigation culture & maintenance of terracing was a challenge. Post-rehabilitation The . Ayapampa (N) canal & aqueduct. Community elders informed us that it was rehabilitated 100 years earlier – by their grandparents.

Pre-rehabilitation

Andeneria en Laymicocha, Larcay: obra de riego en restauración por CT

Laymicocha project in Larcay involves the rehabilitation of 4 small stone-wall reservoirs and 2 small stretches of canal. A trench was excavated to find the clay floor, unexpectedly, a outlet stone was discovered along with the small stone which plugged it. This late pre-Hispanic system distributed water to the terraces below.

Laymecocha, third reservoir in the series restored 2005, showing water cascading from 2 to 3.

Seminars on traditional technology are the cornerstone of our agricultural extension programme and rehabilitation projects. They have proved a useful forum for discussing related issues of social responsibility, animal husbandry, effective use of natural resources, productivity and markets.

Teaching and discussion within the community during restoration of the Upper Pumamarca canal, Patacancha Project – 1994.

Greenhouses are an extension of the local concept of protected micro-climates. At high altitude they provide the only option for a range of vegetables & horticultural produce.

Red peppers & tomatoes have been grown here at an altitude of 4000m!

Pre-Inca and Inca terracing and irrigation canal rehabilitated, Pumamarca 1994: Proyecto Patacancha - CT

Community Restoration in the rehabilitation of terraces •

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One-day, competitive training events for groups of farmers, men, women and children representing villages and institutions including schools and Municipalities. Relearning how to restore and maintain their terracing. At the end of the day every group wins a prize of seeds, first prize often includes agricultural implements. Normally between 50 – 80 people participate and 2 to 4 terraces are restored.

Pata Raymi, Andamarca, 2005

Figure showing Cusichaca Trust’s terrace mission (Andén) at the heart of its latest project.

Organización Local Restauración •Riego •Andén

Recursos Naturales

Circuitos Turísticos

La Cultura Andina

Andén

Agricultura Tradicional

Infraestructura Agrícola Agricultura Orgánica

Comercialización

Manejo Pecuario

Nutrición

The Potential of terraces. Sustentainability in the face of climatic change and rainfall patterns The advantages of retention of humidity and enhanced microbiologícal activity which create microclimates Their contribution to improving diet and health through agro-ecological (organic) cultivation Their contribution to tourism through enhancing the form and beauty of the landscape Expanding fair-trade and organic markets favour naturally produced foods In the view of socio-economists, improved social organisation could underpin an expansion of terrace agriculture if this was complemented with integral programmes of rural development, for instance nutritional health and tourism.

Food production on terraces

Prueba de Permeabilidad