• Author / Uploaded
• Gilberto Quintana

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Length 1 ft 5 12 in 5 0.3048 m 1 mi 5 5280 ft 5 1609.344 m 1 nautical mile (nmi) 5 6076 ft 5 1852 m 1 yd 5 3 ft 5 0.9144 m 1 angstrom (Å) 5 1.0 E210 m

Volume 3

3

2

2

1 ft 5 0.028317 m 1 U.S. gal 5 231 in3 5 0.0037854 m3 1 L 5 0.001 m3 5 0.035315 ft3 1 U.S. fluid ounce 5 2.9574 E25 m3 1 U.S. quart (qt) 5 9.4635 E24 m3 1 barrel 5 42 U.S. gal 5 0.15899 m3

Mass 1 slug 5 32.174 lbm 5 14.594 kg 1 lbm 5 0.4536 kg 1 short ton 5 2000 lbm 5 907.185 kg 1 tonne 5 1000 kg 1 U.S. ounce 5 0.02835 kg

Area 1 ft 5 0.092903 m 1 mi2 5 2.78784 E7 ft2 5 2.59 E6 m2 1 acre 5 43,560 ft2 5 4046.9 m2 1 hectare (ha) 5 10,000 m2

Velocity 1 ft/s 5 0.3048 m/s 1 mi/h 5 1.466666 ft/s 5 0.44704 m/s 1 kn 5 1 nmi/h 5 1.6878 ft/s 5 0.5144 m/s 1 kn 5 1.1508 mi/h Mass flow 1 slug/s 5 14.594 kg/s 1 lbm/s 5 0.4536 kg/s

820

Acceleration 2

1 ft/s 5 0.3048 m/s2

Volume flow 1 gal/min 5 0.002228 ft3/s 5 0.06309 L/s 1 3 106 gal/day 5 1.5472 ft3/s 5 0.04381 m3/s 1 ft3/s 5 0.028317 m3/s

Conversion Factors Pressure

Force

2

1 lbf/ft 5 47.88 Pa 1 lbf/in2 5 144 lbf/ft2 5 6895 Pa 1 atm 5 2116.2 lbf/ft2 5 14.696 lbf/in2 5 101,325 Pa 1 inHg (at 208C) 5 3375 Pa 1 bar 5 1.0 E5 Pa 1 torr 5 (1/760)atm 5 133.32 Pa 5 2.7845 lbf/ft2

1 lbf 5 4.448222 N 5 16 oz 1 kgf 5 2.2046 lbf 5 9.80665 N 1 U.S. (short) ton 5 2000 lbf 1 dyne 5 1.0 E25 N 1 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz) 5 0.27801 N 1 poundal 5 0.13826 N 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm.pies/s2

Energy

Power

1 ft ? lbf 5 1.35582 J 1 Btu 5 252 cal 5 1055.056 J 5 778.17 ft ? lbf 1 kilowatt hour (kWh) 5 3.6 E6 J 1 calorie 5 4.1868 J 1 therm 5 1 E5 Btu 5 1.0551 E8 J

1 hp 5 550 ft ? lbf/s 5 745.7 W 1 ft ? lbf/s 5 1.3558 W

Specific weight 3

821

Density

3

3

1 slug/ft 5 515.38 kg/m3 1 lbm/ft3 5 16.0185 kg/m3 1 g/cm3 5 1000 kg/m3

1 lbf/ft 5 157.09 N/m

Viscosity

Kinematic viscosity

1 slug/(ft ? s) 5 47.88 kg/(m ? s) 1 poise (P) 5 1 g/(cm ? s) 5 0.1 kg/(m ? s)

1 ft2/h 5 0.000025806 m2/s 1 stokes (St) 5 1 cm2/s 5 0.0001 m2/s

Temperature scale readings 9 5 TC

5 9 (TF

TF 5 1 32 TC 5 2 32) TR 5 TF 1 459.69 TK 5 TC 1 273.16 where subscripts F, C, K, and R refer to readings on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin, and Rankine scales, respectively. Specific heat or gas constant* 1 ft ? lbf/(slug ? 8R) 5 0.16723 N ? m/(kg ? K) 1 Btu/(lbm ? 8R) 5 4186.8 J/(kg ? K)

Thermal conductivity* 1 Btu/(h ? ft ? 8R) 5 1.7307 W/(m ? K)

*Although the absolute (Kelvin) and Celsius temperature scales have different starting points, the intervals are the same size: 1 kelvin 5 1 Celsius degree. The same holds true for the nonmetric absolute (Rankine) and Fahrenheit scales: 1 Rankine degree 5 1 Fahrenheit degree. It is customary to express temperature differences in absolute temperature units.

Appendix A Physical Properties of Fluids 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

Castor oil

SAE 10 oil

0.06

Glycerin

0.04 0.03

SAE 30 oil

Crude oil (SG 0.86)

0.02

Absolute viscosity μ, N · s / m2

0.01 6 4 3

Kerosene Aniline

2

Carb 1 × 10 – 3

Mercury

on t etra

chlo

ride

6 Ethyl alcohol

4 3

Benzene

Water Gasoline (SG 0.68)

2 1 × 10 – 4 6 4 3

Helium

2 Carbon dioxide Air

1 × 10 – 5

Fig. A.1 Absolute viscosity of common fluids at 1 atm. 808

5 – 20

Hydrogen 0

20

40 60 Temperature, °C

80

100

120

Physical Properties of Fluids 1 × 10 – 3 8 6 4 3 2

Glycerin Helium SAE 10 oil Hydrogen

Kinematic viscosity ν, m2 / s

1 × 10 – 4 8 6

SAE 30 oil

4 3

Air and oxygen

2 Carbon dioxide

1 × 10 – 5 8 6

Crude oil (SG 0.86)

4 3 2 1 × 10 – 6 8 6

Kerosene Benzene Ethyl alcohol Water

4 3

Gasoline (SG 0.68)

2

Carbon tetrachloride

Mercury

Fig. A.2 Kinematic viscosity of common fluids at 1 atm.

1 × 10 – 7 –20

0

20

40 60 Temperature, °C

80

100

120

809

810 Appendix A Table A.1 Viscosity and Density of Water at 1 atm

T, 8C

ρ, kg/m3

μ, N ? s/m2

ν, m2/s

T, 8F

ρ, slug/ft3

μ, lb ? s/ft2

ν, ft2/s

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1000 1000 998 996 992 988 983 978 972 965 958

1.788 E23 1.307 E23 1.003 E23 0.799 E23 0.657 E23 0.548 E23 0.467 E23 0.405 E23 0.355 E23 0.316 E23 0.283 E23

1.788 E26 1.307 E26 1.005 E26 0.802 E26 0.662 E26 0.555 E26 0.475 E26 0.414 E26 0.365 E26 0.327 E26 0.295 E26

32 50 68 86 104 122 140 158 176 194 212

1.940 1.940 1.937 1.932 1.925 1.917 1.908 1.897 1.886 1.873 1.859

3.73 E25 2.73 E25 2.09 E25 1.67 E25 1.37 E25 1.14 E25 0.975 E25 0.846 E25 0.741 E25 0.660 E25 0.591 E25

1.925 E25 1.407 E25 1.082 E25 0.864 E25 0.713 E25 0.597 E25 0.511 E25 0.446 E25 0.393 E25 0.352 E25 0.318 E25

Suggested curve fits for water in the range 0 # T # 1008C: ρ(kg/m3 ) < 1000 2 0.0178 0 T °C 2 4°C 0 1.7 6 0.2% ln z5 Table A.2 Viscosity and Density of Air at 1 atm

T, 8C

ρ, kg/m3

240 0 20 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500

1.52 1.29 1.20 1.09 0.946 0.835 0.746 0.675 0.616 0.525 0.457

μ < 21.704 2 5.306z 1 7.003z2 μ0

273 K TK

μ, N ? s/m2 1.51 E25 1.71 E25 1.80 E25 1.95 E25 2.17 E25 2.38 E25 2.57 E25 2.75 E25 2.93 E25 3.25 E25 3.55 E25

μ0 5 1.788 E23 kg/(m # s)

ν, m2/s

T, 8F

ρ, slug/ft3

μ, lb ? s/ft2

ν, ft2/s

0.99 E25 1.33 E25 1.50 E25 1.79 E25 2.30 E25 2.85 E25 3.45 E25 4.08 E25 4.75 E25 6.20 E25 7.77 E25

240 32 68 122 212 302 392 482 572 752 932

2.94 E23 2.51 E23 2.34 E23 2.12 E23 1.84 E23 1.62 E23 1.45 E23 1.31 E23 1.20 E23 1.02 E23 0.89 E23

3.16 E27 3.58 E27 3.76 E27 4.08 E27 4.54 E27 4.97 E27 5.37 E27 5.75 E27 6.11 E27 6.79 E27 7.41 E27

1.07 E24 1.43 E24 1.61 E24 1.93 E24 2.47 E24 3.07 E24 3.71 E24 4.39 E24 5.12 E24 6.67 E24 8.37 E24

Suggested curve fits for air: ρ5 Power law: Sutherland law:

p     Rair < 287 J/(kg # K) RT

μ T 0.7