• Author / Uploaded
• yespeter

Citation preview

STUDENT TEXT

\merican anguage burse Book 8 Defense Language In stitu te English Language C enter

Preface The American Language Course (ALC) is a comprehensive, multilevel language program for teaching English for vocational and professional purposes. It is designed primarily for intensive English language training in a classroom setting, but can easily be adapted for slower-paced instruction. The ALC’s curriculum has been developed by the Defense Language Institute English Language Center (DLIELC), which is a US Department o f Defense school under the operational control o f the US Air Force. The primary focus o f the ALC is to provide a language curriculum for a diverse international military population. To that end, the course includes not only general English topics, but also military topics of a general nature highlighting the typical language military personnel will encounter in their professional and vocational career fields. The ALC has, however, also been very successfully used in non-military learning environments and in US high schools with immigrant student populations.

Course components The coordinated instructional packages for Books 1-30 consist o f the following:

> Instructor text (IT) > Student text (ST) >- Language laboratory activities text with audio scripts and answer key (LLAT)

> Audio recordings >- Computer based training (CBT)

> Quiz kit > Optional training aids

Inquiries and orders Please address inquiries and requests for more information about DLIELC publications to DLIELC/LESL 2235 Andrews Avenue JBSA-Lackland, Texas 78236-5259 E-mail: [email protected] ©2004 by Defense Language Institute English Language Center and its licensors. Notice o f Rights: All rights reserved. No part o f this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission o f the publisher.

Second Edition, January 2004 Eighth printing, January 2014 BOOK 8 PREFACE

ALC Book 8: Scope and Sequence, Lessons 1 - 5 Lesson 1

Vocabulary

Getting directions The 4 directions > Giving directions > Measuring the temperature

>

2

Let’s get in shape! Getting in shape > Having fun in your free time > Adjectives and their opposites >

3

Using the phone A long distance call > Using the phone book > Using a pay phone >

4

Leave a message Calling about an apartment > Renting an apartment » Saying time before and after the hour >

5

Functions

Grammatical Structures

Skills

►Give directions using a city or state map

> Future with BE + going to ►Follow oral and written directions on a map > affirmative and negative statements ►Repeat a dialog > Yes/no questions ►Select the inference > Information questions ►Complete a box outline from an oral text > Comparative adjectives better/worse (than) and ►Punctuate a paragraph superlative adjectives ►W rite a logically the best/worst sequenced paragraph

►Clarify ownership using possessive forms of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives

>

» Ask for and give help using the telephone

>

> Make and respond to requests to speak to someone and have a telephone conversation

>■ Using tell + indirect object + (THAT) noun clause (noun clause as direct object) in affirmative and negative imperatives

Present active infinitive as direct object after begin, forget, learn, like, need, remember, start, try, want > Possessive pronouns mine, yours, hers, his, ours, theirs

►Follow oral and written directions on a map ►Repeat a dialog ►Select the inference ►Identify main idea and write the topic of a text ►Complete a box outline from an oral text ►Punctuate a paragraph ►Write a logically sequenced paragraph

Comparative adjectives ►Repeat a dialog with morel less + > Select the inference adjective (+ than) and ►Follow semi-technical superlative with the written instructions most!least (+ adjective) ►Complete a box outline > Possibility with may and from an oral text might > Punctuate a paragraph > Whom (alternative > Write a logically Who) in affirmative sequenced paragraph information questions > Repeat a dialog > Select the inference > Identify main idea and write the topic of a text > Follow semi-technical written instructions > Complete a box outline from an oral text > Punctuate a paragraph > Write a logically sequenced paragraph

Review Lesson 5 reviews all vocabulary and structures introduced in Lessons 1 - 4.

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

Notes to the Student The American Language Course focuses on four components of language learning: vocabulary, grammatical structures, language functions, and skills. • The lessons present vocabulary (individual words as well as expressions) that the learner needs to understand and use in order to communicate effectively in English. Each new lesson builds on the vocabulary of the previous lessons. The language included is appropriate for learners working in professional and vocational contexts. A significant feature of the General English phase of the ALC is that military vocabulary is included wherever applicable. • The presentation of grammar is carefully sequenced. The grammatical structures presented in the lessons are the forms a language learner needs in order to speak and write standard English. New grammar is often depicted in charts or tables that serve to focus the learner’s attention on the particular structure being presented. • Language functions are the ways we use a language to communicate. In each lesson, exercises that focus on functions show the learner how and when to use certain words, phrases, and sentences. • In addition, language and academic skills exercises are interspersed throughout the lessons. These focus on developing the learner’s language proficiency in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The Scope and Sequence chart located on the previous page shows the content of the current book. The four columns outline the new material as it relates to the language acquisition components described above. Each lesson begins with a table of contents followed by a preview page. The preview page provides a summary of the new material presented in the lesson. Each ALC book has four lessons introducing new material and one review lesson. These are followed by a homework section and daily evaluation exercises. Various appendices are also included. The homework and the evaluation exercises are at the back of this text. It generally takes about two hours to complete the daily homework assignments. The evaluation exercises are short quizzes that give both the teacher and the student feedback on how well students have learned the material. Assign these exercises after each lesson is completed. The appendices follow the fifth lesson. Appendix A provides an alphabetical list of new vocabulary presented in this book. The number of the lesson in which each word or phrase is introduced is provided next to the entry. Appendix B presents a list of grammatical structures introduced in the book; a lesson number is provided along with each entry for easy reference. The other appendices are included as reference materials.

BOOK 8 PREFACE

■

■

I

USER NOTES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

Book 8

Contents

LESSON 1:

Getting directions ................................................................ 1

LESSON 2:

Let’s get in shape! ............................................................. 33

LESSON 3:

Using the phone ................................................................ 65

LESSON 4:

Leave a message.................................................................. 93

LESSONS:

Review ............................................................................. 123

APPENDICES: A: Word List ......................................................................... A -l B: Structure List ................................................................... B -l C: The English Alphabet .................................................... C-l D: American English Sounds .............................................. D-l E: List of Contractions ........................................................ E-l F: Spelling Rules for Regular Past Tense Verbs ................ F-l G: Principal Parts of Some Irregular Verbs ......................... G -l H: Patterns of Irregular Verbs ............................................. H-l !: Punctuation and Capitalization ....................................... 1-1 J: Lesson Resources ............................................................ J-l B8L2#1 Vocabulary (Workout schedule) ...................... J-3 B8L2#2 Listening skill (Student B’s Map) .................. J-5 HOMEWORK:

....................................................................................... HW-1

EVALUATION EXERCISES:

......................................................................................... EE-1

BOOK 8 PREFACE

v

USER NOTES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

iSHMHkfii ~ I"..

1

jjMjgfiM

■r

’^gajgjg

gT T ; ■ ■

>

1 ■ ■ I* ■

■iigaWI

■ ill BMW V E i ■MBml

W

m

W

m

'

m '■

(HSli

'I

II

Getting directions VOCABULARY:

In what direction is Los A n g e le s ? ...................................3 Getting to the airport......................................................... 7

DIALOGS:

Giving d irection s............................................................ 11

READING:

Making in fe r e n c e s ......................................................... 1 2

VOCABULARY:

Measuring the tem peratu re......................................... 14

LISTENING:

Skills.................................................................................. 16

WRITING:

Punctuating a paragraph................................................17

GRAMMAR:

Talking about the future with BE going t o ................18 Negating sentences with BE going t o ......................... 20 Asking yes/no questions with BE going t o ................... 22 Asking wh-questions with BE going to......................... 24

WRITING:

Sequencing sentences in a paragraph......................... 26

GRAMMAR:

Comparing good and bad test scores.............................28

WRITING:

Taking notes in a box outline......................................... 30

PERFORMANCE CHECK: Classifying vocabulary words......................................... 32

BOOK 8 LESSON 1

1

Preview

What’s new in Lesson 1?

NEW VOCABULARY Nouns

avenue block Celsius (C) centigrade corner degrees (°) direction directions east exclamation mark exit Fahrenheit (F) freeway ground highway ice kilometer mile

Other words

north park quotation marks road south temperature thermometer west Verbs

be -> was going to fall ►fell (down) follow freeze —►froze grow —'>grew land take (a right/left, a street) take off —►took off

best better east for (distance) for (time) north of (north of, etc.) south straight (ahead) west worse worst

NEW GRAMMAR STRUCTURES

LANGUAGE FUNCTION

We’re going to finish on time. When are we going to leave? Jet Stream Air is better/worse than Silver Air. Blue Sky Air is the best/worst airline.

Give directions using a city or state map.

2

How can I get t o ________ ? Take Highway 35 north for 15 miles. Take exit 85 and turn left. Go west for 4 blocks and take a right. Go straight ahead for 2 blocks. Go up Pine Street to Main Street and turn left. Go down the street to the corner of Main and 3rd.

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

Vocabulary

In what direction is Los Angeles?

Student 1

Are you going on a trip?

Student 2

Yes, to San Antonio.

Student 1

Where’s that?

Student 2

It’s in the US.

Student 1

Oh really! What part of the US is that in?

Student 2:

It’s in the south, in the state of Texas.

EXERCISE A

San Antonio

* Visit the Alamo * Climb the Tower of the Americas * See the Riverwalk

Look at the map of the US. Repeat the sentences.

3. North, south, east, and west are directions. 4. Houston is south of Dallas. 5. Chicago is in the north of the United States. 6

. San Antonio is in the south of the United States.

7. Los Angeles (L.A.) is west of San Antonio. 8

. L.A. is 1,403 miles from San Antonio. (There are 1.6 kilometers in one mile.)

9. You take a freew ay or highway going west to travel from San Antonio to L.A. 10. In what part of the United States are Washington, D.C. and New York? BOOK 8 LESSON 1

3

EXERCISE B

Look at the map of Texas. Repeat the sentences.

1. San Antonio is in the south of Texas. 2. Dallas is in the north of Texas. 3. Travel between cities is much faster and easier when you use a freeway. 4. You can take Interstate Highway 35 (IH-35) north from San Antonio to Dallas. 5. IH-35 also goes through Austin. 6

. To get from El Paso to Houston, drive east on IH-10 for about 12 hours.

7. From El Paso to Dallas, take IH-10 east, then IH-20 east. 8

. To drive from Dallas to Houston, take IH-45 south for 240 miles.

9. US freeways end before you get into Mexico or Canada. 10. Which road can I take to get to Houston from San Antonio? EXERCISE C

Make sentences about Map 2. Use the words in the box below.

north

south , . ! highway

north of

east ,, treeway

south of

west Interstate

east of

west of

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

Washington Ave. S

)

co 1-1

e

U?J f

Stret

M ap 3

Post Office

r Base Ops

N

+o3 £ m aS1 C

Rx

$ X

In i

in i

nb

Tepee Road

ini

>< X

o

o X

PARK

Longhouse Road r

TEXAS BANK

$ I si ■ ■

1 ^ Mf^ ~ 0G0 “ 1 D D Mi 1 -a ' O o 1 tr i ti

s

£

$

3c =J

T3 (0

o

City Hal!

o

cc ai > £

Houston Highway

BOOK 8 LESSON 5

133

1 1

EXERCISE R

Listen to the paragraph and complete the chart.

What is the topic of the paragraph?

EXERCISE S

Read the paragraph and select the main idea.

Jack wants to buy a new car. He is tired of the problems with the one he has now. He looked at four new cars last week. One of them was cheap, but it didn’t look good to him. He would like to buy a very good new car, but many new cars are very expensive. He thinks he may buy a Japanese car. They are sometimes cheap, and they work well. a. Jack looked at four cars. b. Japanese cars are good. c. Jack is looking for a new car.

134

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

EXERCISE T

Listen and write the missing words.

Manager: Green Hills Apartment. Ms. Black: I’m _______________ for an apartment with two____________ Do you have an y _______________ ? Manager: Yes,_______________ have one. Ms. Black: Does it have a _______________ and a ________________? Manager: Yes, it does. Ms. Black: How many bathrooms does it have? Manager: T h e_______________ has two baths and________________ for $660. Ms. Black: What about a _______________ ? Manager: T h e _______________ is $150. Can I show it to you today? Ms. Black: Yes. I can come after work at about 5. Manager: Great! See you at 5. The office is in the front.

EXERCISE U

Put the sentences in order. Then write the paragraph. The manager showed her an apartment on Tuesday. She moved into her apartment yesterday. She called an apartment manager last week. Ms. Black needed a place to live. She looked in the Yellow Pages for an apartment. She paid a deposit.

BOOK 8 LESSON 5

135

EXERCISE V EXAMPLE:

Use tell to ask someone to give a message to another person. Teacher: John called. Student: Tell Mark that John called.

1

.

Mark

5.

John

2

.

him

6

.

them

3.

her

7.

4.

the teacher

8

EXERCISE W

.

Bill the se:

Practice a role-play with a partner. Then perform it for the class.

2. Answer the phone at your job. The person wants to speak to your friend, but your friend is at work. Take a message.

You need to call a taxi. You are downtown. Ask someone to show you how to use the pay phone. 3. A mechanic from Al’s Garage calls. General Allen’s car is ready. Take the message.

4. Call a travel agent. You want to fly to Mexico next week. Ask about flight schedules.

136

5. Call your husband or wife at work. Tell him/her you must work late today. You cannot pick him/her up until 7 p.m.

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

EXERCISE X

Solve the math problem. Write the final answer in the box. (52 - 14)

+

(4 x 20)

-

29

(103 - 99) a.

subtract the first two numbers

b.

multiply 4 x 20

c.

subtract 99 from 103

d.

divide the answer in c. into the answer in b.

e.

add the answer in d. to the answer in a.

f.

subtract 29 from the answer in e.

The answer is BOOK 8 LESSON 5

EXERCISE Y

1.

Select the best answer.

Janet forgot_____ her room. a. cleaning b. cleans c. to clean d. cleaned

2.

Tell Lt Smith that I need_____ him today. a. see b. to see c. seeing d. saw

3.

George_____ on the ice, but he’s okay. a. grew b. found c. hit d. fell

4.

The plane w ill_____ at 3:00 this afternoon. a. b. c. d.

deposit hold on hang up land

Please_____ the door. It’s cold in here.

5.

a. call b. shut c. rent d. deposit 6

.

She has a silver_____ She wears it on her arm. a. b. c. d.

138

clock bell watch fan

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

7.

Julie didn’t talk to the captain because the line w a s_____ a. b. c. d.

8

.

busy healthy cheap terrific

I need som e_____ to use the pay phone. a. change b. message c. lines d. slots

9.

These bananas are only fifteen cents a pound. They’r e _____ a. b. c. d.

10.

important interesting cheap fun

Ted and Bob talked to each other on the phone last night. They had a a. slot b. conversation c. change d. message

11.

This coat costs a lot of money. It’s _____ a. important b. difficult c. exciting d. expensive

12.

To make a call on a pay phone, you must put coins into th e -------a. b. c. d.

13.

bell slot block cup

You’ve got mail! From _____ is your letter? a. b. c. d.

who what why whom

BOOK 8 LESSON 5

14.

How much is the apartment you have_____ ? a. for rent b. to deposit c. to take d. straight ahead

15.

Dan and Linda work in a _____ They make cars there. a. basement b. gymnasium c. factory d. conversation

16.

W hat_____of fruit do you want after dinner? a. shape b. kind c. change d. line

17.

Sam’s not here now. Can y o u _____ ? a. grow up b. take off c. call back d. work out

18.

I’m not sure. Mr. Brown may not be here. Can y ou ___

, and I’ll see?

a. hold on b. take off c. call back d. hang up 19.

Col Johnson_____ for you. It’s on your desk. a. b. c. d.

2 0

.

put these flowers on my table? a. b. c. d.

140

got in shape had a good time left a message returned a call

Whom Who What Where

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

APPENDIX A

Word List F

A

e» 0

factory ..................................... ........3 Fahrenheit (F)......................... ........ 1 fall -» fell (down)..................... ........ 1 find —►found........................... ........3 follow....................................... ........ 1 for (distance)........................... ........ 1 for (time)................................. ........ 1 for rent.............................................. 4 forget forgot (to)................. .......... 2 free tim e.......................................... 2 freeway............................................ 1 freeze —» froze.................................. 1 from (tim e)...................................... 4 fu n ................................................... 2

a quarter after / past / till / to (hour).. 4 answering machine........................... 4 apartment........................................ 4 area code.......................................... 3 avenue.............................................. 1 basement.......................................... 4 beautiful......................................... 2 be "back............................................ . ^j bedroom.......................................... 4 be going to....................................... 1 bell.................................................. 3 b e s t................................................ 1 Vip+.+pr ..................... 1 b lock .............................................. 1 boring............................................ ?, busy................................................ 3

G garden .................................... ......... 4 get —►got in shape............... ..........2 ground................................... ..........1 grow —►grew......................... ..........1 gymnasium (gym)................. ..........2

C call.................................................. call b a ck ......................................... call u p ............................................ Celsius (C)....................................... centigrade....................................... change .......................................... cheap .............................................. c o in ................................................ comma............................................ conversation................................... corner..............................................

3 4 3

H half past (hour)..................... hang up -> hung u p ............. have —►had a good time........ have —►had fun..................... healthy................................. hers....................................... highway.................................

1 1

3 3 3 1

3 1

hit —» h i t ............................... hold - » held ............................. hold on-> held o n ................... hold the lin e ........................... How can I get there?...............

D

degree(s) (°) ........................................ 1 deposit (v ) .......................................... 3 deposit (n ) .......................................... 4 difficult .............................................. 9, dining room ........................................ 4 direction ............................................ 1 directions............................................ 1

BOOK 8 APPENDIX A

1 2 1 9, 1

3

.......... 2 .......... 2 ...........2 ...........2 ...........1

..........2 ..........2 .......... 4 ...........4 ...........4 ...........1

I

important............................... in (good) shape ....................... interesting............................... international...........................

E

east(n)(adv) ...................................... exciting .............................................. exclamation mark............................. exercise (n) (v).................................... exit.................................................. expensive........................................

..........4 ..........3

.......... 1 ...........2 ...........2 .......... 2 .......... 3

J

just............................................ ...........3 just a minute......................... ...........3

return a c a ll.....................................4 ring —►rang.......................................3 road.................................................. 1

K

kilometer...........................................1 kind (of).............................................4 L

S

land ( v ) ............................................. 1 least.................................................. 3 leave —>left a message..................... 4 less.................................................... 3 line (phone).......................................3 local.................................................. 3 long distance.....................................3 look f o r .............................................4

shut —» shut.......................................2 sit-up................................................ 2 slot.................................................... 3 south (n) (adv)................................... 1 straight (ahead)............................... 1 T

take a message.................................4 take (a right/ a left/ a street)........... 1 take off—>took o f f ............................. 1 tell - » told .........................................4 temperature..................................... 1 terrific.............................................. 2 th a t.................................................. 4 theirs................................................ 2 thei’mometer..................................... 1 till (time).......................................... 4 to (time)............................................ 4 try —►tried (to )................................. 2

?i/i make -* made a phone c a ll..............3 manage.............................................4 manager...........................................4 m ay.................................................. 3 message..................... .......................4 might................................................ 3 m ile.................................................. 1 mine.................................................. 2 minutes after / past (hour)............... 4 minutes till / to (hour)..................... 4 miss.................................................. 2 moment............................................ 4 more.................................................. 3 most.................................................. 3

U

until (time).......................................4 V

w wait (for).......................................... 4 watch (n ).......................................... 2 west (n) (a d v )................................... 1 whom................................................ 3 work out (v).......................................2 workout (n ).......................................2 worse................................................ 1 worst................................................ 1

N

north (n) (adv)................................... 1 O of (north of, etc.)............................... 1 operator (0 ).......................................3 ours.................................................. 2 out of shape.......................................2 P page.................................................. 3 park.................................................. 1 pay —►paid........................................ 3 pay phone........................................ 3 person.............................................. 3 public phone.....................................3 push-up............................................ 2

X Y

yours................................................ 2

Q

quotation marks............................... 1 R

remember (to)...................................2 rent (n) (v).........................................4 residence.......................................... 4

.-2

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

APPENDIX B PART OF SPEECH

Structure List

STRUCTURE

WORD OR SENTENCE PATTERN

LESSON

Adjectives

Comparative better, worse (+ than)

Summer is better than winter.

1

Adjectives

Comparative more, less + adjective (+ than)

English is less difficult than Chinese.

3

Adjectives

Superlative the best, worst

New York's weather is the worst.

1

Adjectives

Superlative the most, least + adjective

That watch is the most expensive.

3

Pronouns

Interrogative To whom did you give the book? whom as a direct object

3

Pronouns

Possessive mine, yours, hers, his, ours, theirs

2

Verbs

Present active infinitive He forgot to close the window, as direct object after a We want to learn English, mental activity verb

Verbs

Future BE going to

She's going to fly to Chicago.

1

Verbs

Imperative tell + indirect object + that noun clause

Tell him (that) I'll buy his car.

4

Verbs

Modals of possibility may, might

Your friends may/might be late.

BOOK 8 APPENDIX B

My coffee is good. How's yours?

B-1

- USER NOTES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

APPENDIX C

The English Alphabet

TYPESCRIPT

HAND PRINTED

CURSIVE

CAPITAL

SMALL

CAPITAL

SMALL

CAPITAL

SMALL

A

a

A

a

A

a

B

b

3

b

&

b

C

c

C

c

e

a

D

d

D

d

E

e

E

e

z

&

F

f

F

f

4

/

G

g

G

e

9

H

h

H

h

Q if &T

k

I

i

1

i

9

l

J

i

J

j

$

t

K

k

K

k

K

k

L

1

L

1

£

t

M

m

M

m

M

m

N

n

N

n

/!

a

0

0

0

0

0

a-

P

P

P

P

P

P

Q

q

Q

°i

2

f

R

r

R

r

(I

S

s

5

s

S

T

t

T

t

7

t

U

u

U

u

2/

u,

V

V

V

V

V

u-

W

w

W

w

W

w-

X

X

X

X

X

K

Y

y

Y

y

y

Z

z

Z

z

3

BOOK 8 APPENDIX C

i

1

C-1

- USER NOTES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

APPENDIX D

American English Sounds

English is not spelled phonetically. The same sound is spelled several different ways. For this reason it is helpful to assign separate symbols to each sound. The following is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) system. Twenty-four (24) consonant symbols, eleven (11) vowel symbols, and five (5) symbols representing diphthongs are used to represent the significant sounds of American English. These charts are only aids and not to be memorized. However, the students must be aware of the different sounds represented in these charts. They must be able to recognize and repeat them accurately. VOWELS____________________________

CONSONANTS______________________

Symbol Examples

Symbol Examples

/Pi lb/

past, stop, put, paper take, sent, ten, gentle

cash, half, laugh, hand

It/ Id/ N

father, far, heart, pot, not all, saw, bought, caught

/g/ /ml

gas, eggs, dog, cigar

N

he, meet, teach, chief

hi lei/

in, is, sit, big

hi

met, let, said, bread

/ae/ /a/ hi lou/

day, make, train, vein, steak

book, took, good, should

/u/

food, blue, blew, do, soup

/A/

date, student, do, hard car, chemical, recorder, book arm, my, number, from no, line, find, noon

go, know, coat, tow, pole

M

bed, baby, barber, lab

sing, long, wrong, rank well, laboratory, always, let

cup, son, sun, enough

/«]/ /I/ hi

/ai/

I, nice, tie, buy, by, write

hi

farmer, affirm, phone, laugh

M /ao/

noise, boy, point, oil

very, give, live, seven

out, now, town, mouth

hi lei

/9/

ago, alphabet, listen, student

/5/

the, this, these, weather

hi

her, bird, doctor, earn

hi

see, this, lesson, tapes

hi

zero, rose, blows, dozen

/// III hi

ship, nation, should, push

BOOK 8 APPENDIX D

read, course, for, write

thank, Thursday, bath, north

pleasure, measure, usual have, he, how, hot chair, teacher, picture, march

/tj/ /d3/ /w/

judge, bridge, page, July

D!

yes, you, yesterday, young

we, walk, wish, away

D-1

- USER NOTES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

APPENDIX E

List of Contractions

aren’t

-

(are not)

we’ll

-

(we will / we shall)

can’t

-

(cannot)

we’re

-

(we are)

couldn’t

-

(could not)

we’ve

-

(we have)

didn’t

-

(did not)

what’s

-

(what is)

doesn’t

-

(does not)

where’s -

(where is)

don’t

-

(do not)

who’s

-

(who is / who has)

hasn’t

-

(has not)

won’t

-

(will not)

haven’t

-

(have not)

wouldn’t -

(would not)

he’d

-

(he would / he had)

you’d

-

(you would / you had)

he’ll

-

(he will)

you’ll

-

(you will)

he’s

-

(he is / he has)

you’re

-

(you are)

how’s

-

(how is)

you’ve

-

(you have)

I’d

-

(I would /

I’ll

-

(I will /

I’m

-

(I am)

I’ve

-

(I have)

isn’t

-

(is not)

it’s

-

(it is / it has)

let’s

-

(let us)

mustn’t

-

(must not)

she’d

-

(she would / she had)

she’ll

-

(she will / she shall)

she’s

-

(she is / she has)

shouldn’t

-

(should not)

that’s

-

(that is)

they’d

-

(they would / they had)

they’ll

-

(they will / they shall)

they’re

-

(they are)

they’ve

-

(they have)

we’d

_

1

1

had)

shall)

(we would / we had)

BOOK 8 APPENDIX E

USER NOTES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

APPENDIX F

Spelling Rules for Regular Past Tense Verbs -E D E N D IN G

V E R B E N D IN G

2

consonants

vowels + 1 conso­ nant

2

vowel + y vowel + consonant in a 2 -syallable word with stress on first syllable

consonant + e

vowel + consonant in a 1 -syllable word vowel + consonant in a 2 -syllable word with stress on sec­ ond syllable

consonant + y

BOOK 8 APPENDIX F

B A S E FO R M

PASTTENSE

talk

talked

want

wanted

repeat

repeated

clean

cleaned

T~\l OTT jjx d y

played

open

opened

answer

answered

circle

circled

shave

shaved

stop

stopped

occur

occurred

prefer

preferred

study

studied

dry

dried

try

tried

CC

VVC

\vl vr

add -ed

VC

C£

Drop the -e and add -ed

VC

VC

Cy

Double the consonant and add -ed

Change y to i and add -ed

F-1

USER NO TES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

APPENDIX G

Principal Parts of Some Irregular Verbs

Present

Past

Past Participle

Present

Past

Past Participle

arise

arose

arisen

be bear beat become begin bend bet bid bind bite bleed blow break bring build burst buy

was bore beat became began "bent bet bid bound bit bled blew broke brought built burst bought

been borne beaten become begun "bent bet bid bound bitten bled blown broken brought built burst bought

feed feel fight find flee fly forget forgive freeze

fed felt fought found fled flew forgot forgave froze

fed felt fought found fled flown forgotten forgiven frozen

get

got

PIVft o_ •-

grind grow

O ground grew

gotten (got) ocnvftn ground grown

cast catch choose come cost creep cut

cast caught chose came cost crept cut

cast caught chosen come cost crept cut

hang have hear hide hit hold hurt

hung had heard hid hit held hurt

hung had heard hidden hit held hurt

keep know

kept knew

kept known

deal dig do draw drink drive

dealt dug did drew drank drove

dealt dug done drawn drunk driven

lay lead leave lend let lie light lose

laid led left lent let lay lit lost

laid led left lent let lain lit (lighted) lost

eat fall

ate fell

eaten fallen

BOOK 8 APPENDIX G

G-1

Present

Past

Past Participle

Present

Past

Past Participle

make mean meet

made meant met

made meant met

pay put

paid put

paid put

quit

quit

quit

read ride ring rise run

read rode rang rose ran

read ridden rung risen run

spend spin split spread spring stand steal stick sting strike string swear sweep swim swing

spent spun split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung struck strung swore swept swam swung

spent spun split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung struck strung sworn swept swum swung

say see seek shake sell send set shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide speak

said saw sought shook sold sent set shed shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid spoke

said seen sought shaken sold sent set shed shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid spoken

take teach tear tell think throw

took taught tore told thought threw

taken taught torn told thought thrown

G-2

understand understood

understood

wake wear weave weep wet win wind wring write

woken worn woven wept wet won wound wrung written

woke wore wove wept wet won wound wrung wrote

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

APPENDIX H

Patterns of Irregular Verbs

1. Three principal parts the same

IN F IN IT IV E

PAST

PAST P A R T IC IP L E

hit quit split

hit quit split

hit quit split

bet let set

bet let set

bet let set

put cut shut

put cut shut

put cut shut

bid

bid

bid

hurt burst

hurt burst

hurt burst

cost

cost

cost

shed spread

shed spread

shed spread

cast

cast

cast

have make

had made

had made

build

built

built

bend spend send

bent spent sent

bent spent sent

meet read bleed feed lead

met read bled fed led

met read bled fed led

light slide sit shoot hold win shine

lit slid sat shot held won shone

lit slid sat shot held won shone

2. Last two principal parts the same a. Final consonant change only

b. Vowel change only

BOOK 8 APPENDIX H

INFINITIVE

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

find wind bind

found wound bound

found wound bound

dig stick strike

dug stuck struck

dug stuck struck

sleep keep creep weep

slept kept crept wept

slept kept crept wept

think teach buy catch fight seek

thought taught bought caught fought sought

thought taught bought non v a u grrV ix»\rt fought sought

mean leave flee

meant left fled

meant left fled

tell sell

told sold

told sold

lose

lost

lost

hear understand

heard understood

heard understood

a. No similarity

be go do

was went did

been gone done

b. Vowel change - Addition of -n

arise drive fly

arose drove flew

arisen driven flown

ride rise

rode rose

ridden risen

sing ring drink

sang rang drank

sung rung drunk

swim

swam

swum

begin

began

begun

c. Vowel change - Addition of -t or -d

3. Three principal parts differ

c. Vowel change - No -n

H-2

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

d. First and third vowels similar

e. Second and third vowels similar

BOOK 8 APPENDIX H

IN F IN IT IV E

PAST

PAST P A R T IC IP L E

blow know grow throw

blew knew grew threw

blown known grown thrown

run come

ran came

run come

eat give see draw

ate gave saw drew

eaten given seen drawn

break speak choose steal

broke spoke chose stoic

broken spoken chosen

tear wear swear bear

tore wore swore bore

torn worn sworn born

get forget

got forgot

got (gotten) forgotten

o fn la v > O O U l V l i

H-3

U SER NOTES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

APPENDIX I

Punctuation and Capitalization

Punctuation A.

P E R IO D (.)

1. Use a period at the end of a statement or command. The pen and paper are on the table. Go to the chalkboard and write your name.

2. Use a period after an abbreviation or an initial. NOTE: Abbreviated military ranks do not require a period. Feb. (February) Dr. Smith (Doctor Smith) J. Jones (John Jones) B.

Mr. Brown Ms. Little Mrs. White

a.m. p.m. Maj Johnson

Q U E S T IO N M A R K (?)

Use a question mark after a question. Sometimes the question may be written like a statement. How many children are in your family? He’s here today? C.

E X C L A M A T IO N M A R K (!)

Use an exclamation mark after words, sentences, or expressions that show excite­ ment, surprise, or emotion. Any exclamation, even if not a sentence, will end with an exclamation mark. What a game! Look out! Do it! Wow! Oh! D.

Q U O T A T IO N M A R K S (“ ”)

1. Use quotation marks to show the words of a speaker. They’re always placed above the line and are used in pairs. John said, “The commissary closes at 2100 hours today.” “Where are the children?” she asked.

2. If the words of the speaker are divided into two parts, use quotation marks around both parts. “Do you,” she asked, “go to the library after class?”

3. Use quotation marks around the titles of chapters, articles, parts of books and magazines, short poems, short stories, and songs. Last night, I read the chapter “Grammar Is Easy” in our book. Then, I read the article “Learning English” in the newspaper.

BOOK 8 APPENDIX I

1-1

A P O S T R O P H E ( ’)

1. Use an apostrophe in contractions. I’m she’s isn’t aren’t what’s where’s o’clock (of the clock)

they’re can’t Bob’s

2. Use an apostrophe to indicate possession.

a. If the noun is singular, add-’s. Bill’s book the girl’s coat

b. When the noun is plural, add-’s, if the plural does not end in s. the children’s clothes the men’s shirts

c. If the plural noun ends in s, add only an apostrophe. the boys’ shoes the libraries’ books C O M M A (,)

1. Use commas to separate items in a series. We ate sandwiches, potato chips, and fruit for lunch. She looked behind the chairs, under the bed, and in the kitchen for her notebook.

2. Use a comma before the conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, yet when they join independent clauses. We lived in Venezuela for three years, and then we returned to the United States. Frank can speak Chinese well, but he can’t read it.

3. Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase to separate it from the rest of the sentence. After we study this book, we want to take a break. Because John was sick, he didn’t take the test. Looking up at the sky, the small boy suddenly ran home.

4. Use a comma after words such as yes, no, well when they begin a sentence. Do you want to go to the library? Yes, I do.

I didn’t pass the test. Well, study more.

5. Use commas to separate the words of a speaker from the rest of the sentence. “Listen to me,” she said. Jack asked, “Where's my lunch?” “I don’t know,” said John, “the answer to the question.’’ 6

. Use a comma in dates and addresses. June 9, 1970 143 Main Street, Los Angeles, California

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

7. Use a comma in figures to separate thousands. 5.000 (or 5000) 10.000 6,550,000

Capitalization____________________________________________________ 1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence. The boy stood up and walked outside. Your book is behind the chair.

2. Capitalize the names of people, cities, states, countries, and languages. Mark San Antonio Texas Spain Arabic

Bill Chicago California United States Chinese

Mary Houston Florida Canada Russian

Linda London New York Venezuela English

3. Capitalize the names of schools, streets, buildings, bridges, companies, and organizations. Defense Language Institute Main Street Golden Gate Bridge General Motors

University of Chicago Empire State Building Ford Motor Company National Football League

4. Capitalize the days of the week, months of the year, and holidays. Sunday June Christmas

Monday July Easter

Tuesday August Thanksgiving

5. Capitalize titles and military ranks before names. Gen Roberts Professor Land 6

Capt Smith Sgt Jones President Lincoln

. Capitalize the pronoun “I.” I can’t go with you. I’m happy to see you again.

7. Capitalize the first word of every direct quotation. She asked, “Can I sit here?" “We saw her,” said John, “at the university.”

BOOK 8 APPENDIX I

m

m

U SER NO TES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

Lesson Resources B8L2 #1

Vocabulary (Workout schedule) ....................................................... J-3

B8L2 #2

Listening Skill (Student B's Map) ................................................... J-5

BOOK 8 APPENDIX J

H

- USER NOTES -

AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE

Vocabulary — B8L2 #1

Hn eif-nns do push-ups lift weights walk on the treadmill run swim

BOOK 8 APPENDIX J

Sunday

Saturday

Friday

Thursday

Wednesday

Tuesday

Your workout

Monday

Lesson 2 Page 38 Workout schedule

Listening — B8L2 #2 Lesson 2 Page 41 Student B's map Start at the ^ each time.

StudentB

Student A will ask for directions to: © Joe’s Snack Bar © Downtown Cinema © School © Gym

t ♦ W« j » E bus stop

©

s Oak St. ©

© 34th St.

Ask for directions to: O Bob’s Ice Cream Shop © Ann’s Flower Shop © Ron’s Barbershop © Dolly’s Restaurant

Student B’s map:

Maple Avenue Q CA Elm St.

rci