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• Maria Fernández

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Vocabulary reference

Countries and nationalities Argentina (n) /ˌɑːdʒənˈtiːnə/ Argentinian (adj) /ˌɑːdʒənˈtɪniən/ Argentina, argentino, argentina Australia (n) /ɒˈstreɪlɪə/ Australian (adj) /ɒˈstreɪliən/ Australia, australiano, australiana Canada (n) /ˈkænədə/ Canadian (adj) /kəˈneɪdiən/ Canadá, canadiense Colombia (n) /kəˈlʌmbiə/ Colombian (adj) /kəˈlɒmbiən/ Colombia, colombiano, colombiana France (n) /frɑːns/ French (adj) /frentʃ/ Francia, francés, francesa Greece (n) /ɡriːs/ Greek (adj) /ɡriːk/ Grecia, griego, griega India (n) /ˈɪndiə/ Indian (adj) /ˈɪndiən/ India, indio, india

VOC APP

Geography (n) /dʒiˈɒɡrəfi/ geografía History (n) /ˈhɪstri/ historia Maths (n) /mæθs/ matemáticas Music (n) /ˈmjuːzɪk/ música PE (n) /ˌpiː ˈiː/ educación física Science (n) /ˈsaɪəns/ ciencias naturales

Classroom objects bin (n) /bɪn/ papelera board (n) /bɔːd/ pizarra book (n) /bʊk/ libro calculator (n) /ˈkælkjuleɪtə(r)/ calculadora chair (n) /tʃeə(r)/ silla desk (n) /desk/ mesa, pupitre

Italy (n) /ˈɪtəli/ Italian (adj) /ɪˈtæliən/ Italia, italiano, italiana

dictionary (n) /ˈdɪkʃənri/ diccionario

Japan (n) /dʒəˈpæn/ Japanese (adj) /ˌdʒæpəˈniːz/ Japón, japonés, japonesa

laptop (n) /ˈlæptɒp/ ordenador portátil

Mexico (n) /ˈmeksɪkəʊ/ Mexican (adj) /ˈmeksɪkən/ México, mexicano, mexicana

door (n) /dɔː(r)/ puerta MP3 player (n) /ˌem piː θriː ˈpleɪə(r) / reproductor de MP3 notebook (n) /ˈnəʊtbʊk/ cuaderno

Portugal (n) /ˈpɔːtʃʊɡl/ Portuguese (adj) /ˌpɔːtʃuˈɡiːz/ Portugal, portugués, portuguesa

pen (n) /pen/ bolígrafo

Russia (n) /ˈrʌʃə/ Russian (adj) /ˈrʌʃn/ Rusia, ruso, rusa

poster (n) /ˈpəʊstə(r)/ póster

South Africa (n) /ˌsaʊθˈæfrɪkə/ South African (adj) /ˌsaʊθ ˈæfrɪkən/ Sudáfrica, sudafricano, sudafricana

ruler (n) /ˈruːlə(r)/ regla

Spain (n) /speɪn/ Spanish (adj) /ˈspænɪʃ/ España, español, española

wall (n) /wɔːl/ pared

Turkey (n) /ˈtɜːki/ Turkish (adj) /ˈtɜːkɪʃ/ Turquía, turco, turca the UK (n) /ðə ˌjuː ˈkeɪ/ British (adj) /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/ Reino Unido, británico, británica the USA (n) /ðə ˌjuː es ˈeɪ/ American (adj) /əˈmerɪkən/ Estados Unidos, e stadounidense

School subjects Art (n) /ɑːt/ arte English (n) /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ inglés French (n) /frentʃ/ francés

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Starter unit

pencil (n) /ˈpensl/ lápiz rubber (n) /ˈrʌbə(r)/ goma de borrar school bag (n) /ˈskuːl bæɡ/ mochila, bolsa window (n) /ˈwɪndəʊ/ ventana

Prepositions of place behind /bɪˈhaɪnd/ detrás (de) between /bɪˈtwiːn/ entre in /ɪn/ en in front of /ɪn ˈfrʌnt ɒv/ delante de next to /ˈnekst tuː/ junto a on /ɒn/ sobre, encima de under /ˈʌndə(r)/ bajo, debajo de

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Grammar reference

Subject and object pronouns and possessive adjectives

have got Interrogativa

Respuestas breves

Pronombre sujeto

Pronombre objeto

Adjetivo posesivo

Have I got … ?

Yes, I have.

No, I haven’t.

Have you got … ?

Yes, you have.

No, you haven’t.

I

me

my

you

you

your

Has he / she / it got … ?

Yes, he / she / it has.

No, he / she / it hasn’t.

he / she / it

him / her / it

his / her / its

Have we got … ?

Yes, we have.

No, we haven’t.

we

us

our

Have you got … ?

Yes, you have.

No, you haven’t.

you

you

your

Have they got … ?

Yes, they have.

No, they haven’t.

they

them

their

Usos Have got se utiliza para indicar posesión o hablar de los miembros de la familia.  He’s got a ruler.   We’ve got two pens.  I’ve got a sister. Nota: En las respuestas breves no se incluye got.  Have you got a calculator? Yes, I have. NO Yes, I have got.

Usos Los pronombres sujeto sustituyen a sustantivos y nombres propios.   Katy is English. She’s from Manchester. Los pronombres objeto siguen a un verbo o una preposición.   I like chocolate. I like it.   I play with my friends. I play with them. El posesivo en ’s se utiliza para indicar que algo pertenece a alguien.  Katy’s dictionary  the boys’ notebooks Los adjetivos posesivos se colocan delante de los sustantivos para indicar a quién pertenecen estos últimos.   My pencil is blue.  This is our classroom. Nota: El pronombre sujeto nunca se puede omitir.   It is on the desk. NO Is on the desk.

Possessive ’s La forma ’s va detrás de los sustantivos en singular.   the teacher’s desk  Tom’s book Se añade ’ a los sustantivos en plural acabados en s.   the students’ school bags  my parents’ laptop Añadimos ’s a los sustantivos en plural que no acaban en s.   the children’s teacher  the men’s chairs

have got Afirmativa

Negativa

I’ve got

I haven’t got

You’ve got

You haven’t got

He / She / It’s got

He / She / It hasn’t got

We’ve got

We haven’t got

You’ve got

You haven’t got

They’ve got

They haven’t got

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Starter unit

Demonstrative pronouns Singular

Plural

this

these

that

those

Usos Los pronombres demostrativos se utilizan para identificar objetos o personas sustituyendo a los sustantivos. This y these hacen referencia a cosas o personas que están cerca.   This is my laptop.   These are my friends. That y those se refieren a personas o cosas que están más lejos.   That is our teacher.   Those are my books.

Imperative Afirmativa

Negativa

Look at the book.

Don’t look at the book.

Sit down.

Don’t sit down.

Usos El imperativo se utiliza para dar instrucciones y órdenes. La forma de imperativo coincide con la del infinitivo sin to. La negativa se construye con Don’t seguido del infinitivo sin to.

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Vocabulary reference

VOC APP

Families

Dates: ordinal numbers

aunt (n) /ɑːnt/ tía

first /fɜːst/ primer(o)

brother (n) /ˈbrʌðə(r)/ hermano

second /ˈsekənd/ segundo

cousin (n) /ˈkʌzn/ primo, prima

third /θɜːd/ tercer(o)

dad (n) /dæd/ padre, papá

fourth /fɔːθ/ cuarto

daughter (n) /ˈdɔːtə(r)/ hija

fifth /fɪfθ/ quinto

grandfather (n) /ˈɡrænfɑːðə(r)/ abuelo

sixth /sɪksθ/ sexto

grandmother (n) /ˈɡrænmʌðə(r)/ abuela

seventh /ˈsevnθ/ séptimo, sétimo

husband (n) /ˈhʌzbənd/ marido

eighth /eɪtθ/ octavo

mum (n) /mʌm/ madre, mamá

ninth /naɪnθ/ noveno

parents (n) /ˈpeərənts/ padres, padre y madre

tenth /tenθ/ décimo

sister (n) /ˈsɪstə(r)/ hermana

eleventh /ɪˈlevnθ/ undécimo

son (n) /sʌn/ hijo

twelfth /twelfθ/ duodécimo

uncle (n) /ˈʌŋkl/ tío

thirteenth /ˌθɜːˈtiːnθ/ decimotercer(o)

wife (n) /waɪf/ mujer, esposa

fourteenth /ˌfɔːˈtiːnθ/ decimocuarto fifteenth /ˌfɪfˈtiːnθ/ decimoquinto

Parts of a house

sixteenth /ˌsɪksˈtiːnθ/ decimosexto

balcony (n) /ˈbælkəni/ balcón

eighteenth /ˌeɪˈtiːnθ/ decimoctavo

bathroom (n) /ˈbɑːθruːm/ (cuarto de) baño bedroom (n) /ˈbedruːm/ dormitorio dining room (n) /ˈdaɪnɪŋ ˌruːm/ comedor door (n) /dɔː(r)/ puerta garden (n) /ˈɡɑːdn/ jardín kitchen (n) /ˈkɪtʃɪn/ cocina lift (n) /lɪft/ ascensor living room (n) /ˈlɪvɪŋ ˌruːm/ sala de estar

seventeenth /ˌsevnˈtiːnθ/ decimoséptimo nineteenth /ˌnaɪnˈtiːnθ/ decimonoveno twentieth /ˈtwentiəθ/ vigésimo twenty-first /ˌtwenti ˈfɜːst/ vigésimo primer(o) twenty-second /ˌtwenti ˈsekənd / vigésimo segundo thirtieth /ˈθɜːtiəθ/ trigésimo

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stairs (n) /steəz/ escaleras

parents (n) /ˈpeərənts/ padres, padre y madre

swimming pool (n) /ˈswɪmɪŋ ˌpuːl/ piscina

brothers and sisters (n) /ˌbrʌðəz ænd ˈsɪstəz/ hermanos y hermanas

toilet (n) /ˈtɔɪlət/ baño, aseo window (n) /ˈwɪndəʊ/ ventana

Pets bird (n) /bɜːd/ pájaro cat (n) /kæt/ gato dog (n) /dɒɡ/ perro fish (n) /fɪʃ/ pez, peces rabbit (n) /ˈræbɪt/ conejo snake (n) /sneɪk/ serpiente Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 1 Home 

I was born in … /ˈaɪ wəz bɔːn ɪn/ nací en 2014 = twenty fourteen /ˌtwenti ˌfɔːˈtiːn/ dos mil catorce (2014) 1998 = nineteen ninety-eight /ˌnaɪntiːn naɪnti ˈeɪt/ mil novecientos noventa y ocho 077 = oh double seven /əʊ ˌdʌbl ˈsevn/ cero setenta y siete

Functional language My name is … My date of birth is … My address is …

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Grammar reference

Present simple: be

there is / there are + a, an, some and any

Afirmativa

Negativa

Completa Contracta

Completa

Contracta

I am

I’m

I am not

I’m not

You are

You’re

You are not You aren’t

He is She is It is

He’s She’s It’s

He is not She is not It is not

He isn’t She isn’t It isn’t

We are

We’re

We are not

We aren’t

You are

You’re

You are not You aren’t

They are

They’re

They are not

They aren’t

Usos El verbo be se utiliza para dar información sobre una persona, un lugar o un objeto.  I am English.   Vigo is in Spain.    The books are on the desk. En el registro informal de la lengua oral y escrita, se utiliza la forma contracta.  It’s Monday today.  You’re late. Interrogativa

Respuestas breves

Am I … ?

Yes, I am.

No, I’m not.

Are you … ?

Yes, you are.

No, you aren’t.

Is he … ?

Yes, he is.

No, he isn’t.

Is she … ?

Yes, she is.

No, she isn’t.

Is it … ?

Yes, it is.

No, it isn’t.

Are we … ?

Yes, we are.

No, we aren’t.

Are you … ?

Yes, you are.

No, you aren’t.

Are they … ?

Yes, they are.

No, they aren’t.

Usos La interrogativa con be se utiliza para formular preguntas sobre una persona, un lugar o un objeto. Nota: En las respuestas breves afirmativas, no se utiliza la forma contracta del verbo. Yes, I am. NO Yes, I’m.  ‘Is Harry in your class?’  ‘Yes, he is.’  ‘Are those pens blue?’  ‘No, they aren’t.’

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 1 Home 

Afirmativa Completa

Contracta

Singular

There is a / an …

There’s a / an …

Plural

There are some …

—

Completa

Contracta

Singular

There is not a / an …

There isn’t a / an …

Plural

There are not any …

There aren’t any …

Negativa

Usos Utilizamos there + be para indicar si algo existe o no.   There is a lift at school.   There isn’t a swimming pool. Con sustantivos en plural, se utiliza la forma de plural de be.   There are some chairs.   There aren’t any windows. En el registro informal de la lengua oral y escrita, se utiliza la forma contracta. Nota: No existe una forma contracta para There are.   There’s a big desk in my bedroom.   There isn’t a sofa and there aren’t any chairs.   There are four posters on the wall. Con los sustantivos en singular, se utiliza a o an.   There’s a big TV.   There’s an orange door. Con los sustantivos en plural, utilizamos some o any: some en las frases afirmativas, y any en las negativas.   There are some books in my bag.   There aren’t any pens.

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Vocabulary reference

Daily routine brush your hair (v) /ˌbrʌʃ jɔː(r) ˈheə(r)/ peinarse clean your room (v) /ˌkliːn jɔː(r) ˈrʊm/ limpiar la habitación do your homework (v) /ˌdə jɔː(r) ˈhəʊmwɜːk/ hacer los deberes eat breakfast (v) /ˌiːt ˈbrekfəst/ desayunar feed an animal (v) /ˌfiːd æn ˈænɪml/ dar de comer a un animal get dressed (v) /ɡet ˈdrest/ vestirse get up (v) /ɡet ˈʌp/ levantarse go to bed (v) /ˌɡəʊ tə ˈbed/ acostarse go to school (v) /ˌɡəʊ tə ˈskuːl/ ir a la escuela

VOC APP

fun (adj) /fʌn/ divertido interesting (adj) /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/ interesante scary (adj) /ˈskeəri/ que da miedo

Festivals blossom (n) /ˈblɒsəm/ flores de los árboles boat (n) /bəʊt/ barco, barca costume (n) /ˈkɒstjuːm/ trajes, disfraces fireworks (n) /ˈfaɪəwɜːks/ fuegos artificiales harvest (n) /ˈhɑːvɪst/ cosecha

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have a shower (v) /ˌəv ə ˈʃaʊə(r)/ darse una ducha

Seasons

make the bed (v) /ˌmeɪk ðə ˈbed/ hacer la cama

spring (n) /sprɪŋ/ primavera

wash your hands (v) /ˌwɒʃ jɔː(r) ˈhændz/ lavarse las manos

Free time activities chat online (v) /tʃæt ˌɒnˈlaɪn/ chatear on line

summer (n) /ˈsʌmə(r)/ verano autumn (n) /ˈɔːtəm/ otoño winter (n) /ˈwɪntə(r)/ invierno

Functional language

go shopping (v) /ˌɡəʊ ˈʃɒpɪŋ/ ir de compras

Talking about free time activities

go swimming (v) /ˌɡəʊ ˈswɪmɪŋ/ ir a nadar

What do you do on Fridays?

go to the cinema (v) /ˌɡəʊ tə ðə ˈsɪnəmə/ ir al cine hang out with friends (v) /ˌhæŋ aʊt wɪð ˈfrendz/ salir con los amigos

What time does it start / finish?

listen to music (v) /ˌlɪsn tə ˈmjuːzɪk/ escuchar música

I play the piano on Fridays.

play an instrument (v) /ˌpleɪ æn ˈɪnstrəmənt/ tocar un instrumento play computer games (v) /ˌpleɪ kəmˈpjuːtə(r) ɡeɪmz/ jugar con juegos electrónicos play / sing in a band (v) /ˌpleɪ / ˌsɪŋ ɪn ə ˈbænd/ tocar / cantar en un grupo de música

Making arrangements Do you want to … ? Are you free on Wednesday?

play sport (v) /pleɪ ˈspɔːt/ hacer deporte read books (v) /red ˈbʊks/ leer libros

How about Saturday?

watch TV (v) /wɒtʃ ˌtiː ˈviː/ ver la tele Yes, that’s good for me.

Adjectives boring (adj) /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ aburrido exciting (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ divertido, emocionante Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 2  The things we do 

Sorry, I’m busy.

2

Grammar reference

Present simple: affirmative and negative

Present simple: questions Interrogativa

Afirmativa I / You / We / They

eat

fruit.

He / She / It

eats

fruit.

Negativa I / You / We / They

don’t eat

fruit.

He / She / It

doesn’t eat

fruit.

Usos El present simple se utiliza para referirse a hábitos y acciones que se repiten.  I watch TV every day.  He gets up at seven o’clock. También se emplea el present simple para hablar de cosas permanentes y ciertas.  We live in Africa.   Elephants make a lot of noise. La forma afirmativa del present simple se construye con el infinitivo sin to. En la tercera persona del singular (he/she/it), se añade -s o -es al verbo.  I clean – he cleans   you go – she goes Ortografía Cuando el verbo acaba en -y, esta se elimina antes de añadir -ies; si acaba en -sh o -ch, se añade -es.  you study – she studies   they wash – it washes   I teach – she teaches La forma negativa del present simple se construye con do not o does not + el infinitivo sin to. En el registro informal de la lengua oral y escrita, se utilizan las formas contractas (don’t, doesn’t).  I don’t eat fruit.   She doesn’t make breakfast.

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 2  The things we do 

Respuestas breves

Do

I/ you / we / they

eat fruit?

Yes, I / you / we / they do.

No, I / you / we / they don’t.

Does

he / she / it

eat fruit?

Yes, he / she / it does.

No, he / she / it doesn’t.

Usos La forma interrogativa del present simple se utiliza para formular preguntas sobre hábitos y acciones que se repiten, o para descubrir si algo es permanente o cierto.   Do you make your bed?   Does she live in the UK? En las respuestas breves afirmativas, se utiliza do o does; en las respuestas breves negativas, se emplea don’t o doesn’t.   Do they speak Spanish?   Yes, they do.   Does he listen to music?   No, he doesn’t. En preguntas encabezadas por Wh-, la partícula interrogativa se coloca al comienzo. Estas frases siempre incluyen do o does.  What do you eat?   NO What you eat?  When does she watch TV?

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Vocabulary reference

VOC APP

School

After-school clubs

canteen (n) /kænˈtiːn/ cafetería (del instituto)

fashion design (n) /ˌfæʃn dɪˈzaɪn / diseño de moda

changing room (n) /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ ˌruːm/ vestuario

ice hockey (n) /ˈaɪs ˌhɒki/ hockey sobre hielo

coach (n) /kəʊtʃ/ entrenador, entrenadora

martial arts (n) /ˌmɑːʃl ˈɑːts/ artes marciales

hall (n) /hɔːl/ entrada

music (n) /ˈmjuːzɪk/ música

head teacher (n) /ˌhedˈtiːtʃə(r)/ director, directora de instituto

street dance (n) /ˈstriːt dɑːns/ street dance, danza de calle

ICT room (n) /ˌaɪ siː ˈtiː ruːm/ sala de informática

taekwondo (n) /ˌtaɪ ˌkwɒn ˈdəʊ/ taekwondo

library (n) /ˈlaɪbri/ biblioteca

technology (n) /tekˈnɒlədʒi/ tecnología

playground (n) /ˈpleɪɡraʊnd/ patio playing fields (n) /ˈpleɪɪŋ ˌfiːldz/ zona deportiva science lab (n) /ˈsaɪəns ˌlæb/ laboratorio de ciencias sports hall (n) /ˈspɔːts hɔːl/ gimnasio staffroom (n) /ˈstɑːfruːm/ sala de profesores

Sports do … athletics (n) /æθˈletɪks/ hacer atletismo gymnastics (n) /dʒɪmˈnæstɪks/ hacer gimnasia judo (n) /ˈdʒuːdəʊ/ hacer judo weightlifting (n) /ˈweɪtlɪftɪŋ/ levantar/hacer pesas go … cycling (n) /ˈsaɪklɪŋ/ andar en bici ice skating (n) /ˈaɪs ˌskeɪtɪŋ/ patinar running (n) /ˈrʌnɪŋ/ correr skiing (n) /ˈskiːɪŋ/ esquiar swimming (n) /ˈswɪmɪŋ/ nadar play … basketball (n) /ˈbɑːskɪtbɔːl/ jugar al baloncesto football (n) /ˈfʊtbɔːl/ jugar al fútbol handball (n) /ˈhændbɔːl/ jugar al balonmano hockey (n) /ˈhɒki/ jugar al hockey tennis (n) /ˈtenɪs/ jugar al tenis

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 3  Live and learn 

Learn it! Confusing words weekday (n) /ˈwiːkdeɪ/ día de labor weekend (n) /ˌwiːkˈend/ fin de semana

Functional language Making suggestions How about playing ice hockey? Let’s do street dance. Why don’t we go to the music club?

Giving opinions That’s a good / bad idea. That sounds interesting / boring / dangerous. No, thanks! I don’t want to do that.

3

Grammar reference Verb + -ing / noun

Adverbs of frequency 100%

I / You / We / They

like

He / She / It

likes

I / You / We / They

like

He / She / It

likes

listening to music.

always 80%

usually 65%

often 50%

sometimes 0%

never

Do

I / you / we / they

Does

he / she / it

Do

I / you / we / they

Does

he / she / it

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 3  Live and learn 

like

like

listening to music? Science?

Usos Para indicar que algo nos gusta, utilizamos la estructura like + verbo en -ing / sustantivo.  I like swimming.  He likes Geography. Podemos utilizar distintos verbos para decir en qué medida nos gusta o no nos gusta algo.  I love gymnastics. 

 

 I like gymnastics.   I don’t mind gymnastics. 

Usos Estos adverbios se utilizan para indicar con qué frecuencia realizamos las acciones. Cuando acompañan al verbo be, se colocan detrás de él.   I am always in the canteen at 12.45.   Assemblies are usually interesting. Sin embargo, los adverbios de frecuencia se colocan delante del resto de los verbos.  We sometimes watch TV before school.  Harry never goes to bed early. En la forma interrogativa, los adverbios de frecuencia siguen al sujeto.   Are Science lessons always fun?   Do you often go to the library at break?

Science.

 I don’t like gymnastics.   I hate gymnastics. 

 

4

Vocabulary reference

VOC APP

Adjectives

Transport

boring (adj) /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ aburrido

aeroplane (n) /ˈeərəpleɪn/ avión

cheap (adj) /tʃiːp/ barato

boat (n) /bəʊt/ barco, barca

dangerous (adj) /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/ peligroso

bus (n) /bʌs/ autobús

difficult (adj) /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/ difícil

cable car (n) /ˈkeɪblkɑː(r)/ teleférico

easy (adj) /ˈiːzi/ fácil

canoe (n) /kəˈnuː/ canoa

exciting (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ divertido, emocionante

helicopter (n) /ˈhelɪkɒptə(r)/ helicóptero

expensive (adj) /ɪkˈspensɪv/ caro

motorbike (n) /ˈməʊtəbaɪk/ motocicleta

fast (adj) /fɑːst/ rápido

train (n) /treɪn/ tren

high (adj) /haɪ/ alto

tram (n) /træm/ tranvía

long (adj) /lɒŋ/ largo low (adj) /ləʊ/ bajo noisy (adj) /ˈnɔɪzi/ ruidoso

Learn it!

quiet (adj) /ˈkwaɪət/ callado, (guardar) silencio

Travel words

safe (adj) /seɪf/ seguro

journey (n) /ˈdʒɜːni/ viaje

scary (adj) /ˈskeəri/ que da miedo short (adj) /ʃɔːt/ corto slow (adj) /sləʊ/ lento

Weather cloudy (adj) /ˈklaʊdi/ nublado, nuboso cold (adj) /kəʊld/ frío dry (adj) /draɪ/ seco foggy (adj) /ˈfɒɡi/ (haber) niebla hot (adj) /hɒt/ caliente, (hacer) calor icy (adj) /ˈaɪsi/ helado snowing (v) /ˈsnəʊɪŋ/ nevando stormy (adj) /ˈstɔːmi/ (haber) tormenta sunny (adj) /ˈsʌni/ soleado warm (adj) /wɔːm/ caliente wet (adj) /wet/ mojado, húmedo windy (adj) /ˈwɪndi/ ventoso, con viento

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 4 Extremes 

ride (n) /raɪd/ paseo travel (v) /ˈtrævl/ viajar trip (n) / trɪp/ viaje

Functional language Asking for travel information How long does the journey take? How often do the buses / trains go? How much is a ticket?

4

Grammar reference

Comparative adjectives Ortografía

Adjetivo

Comparativo

Adjetivos cortos Se añade -er

fast

faster

Adjetivos cortos acabados en -e Se añade -r

strange

stranger

Adjetivos cortos acabados en vocal + consonante La consonante se duplica, y se añade -er

big

bigger

Adjetivos acabados en -y La -y se elimina antes de añadir -ier

scary

scarier

Adjetivos largos Se añade more delante del adjetivo

frightening

more frightening

Adjetivos irregulares ¡Hay que aprendérselos!

good bad

better worse

Usos Los adjetivos en grado comparativo se utilizan para comparar dos personas, lugares o cosas. La partícula than a menudo sigue al adjetivo en grado comparativo.  I’m older than you.   London is bigger than Madrid.   Books are more interesting than films.

Superlative adjectives Ortografía

Adjetivo

Superlativo

Adjetivos cortos Se añade -est

cold

coldest

Adjetivos cortos acabados en -e Se añade -st

strange

strangest

Adjetivos cortos acabados en vocal + consonante La consonante se duplica, y se añade -est

hot

hottest

Adjetivos acabados en -y La -y se elimina antes de añadir -iest

dry

driest

Adjetivos largos Se añade most delante del adjetivo

popular

most popular

Adjetivos irregulares ¡Hay que aprendérselos!

good bad

best worst

Usos Los adjetivos en grado superlativo se utilizan para comparar una persona, un lugar o una cosa con otros dos elementos o más. El artículo the se añade delante del adjetivo en grado superlativo.  I’m the youngest person in my family.   Galicia is the wettest region in Spain.   Maths is the most difficult subject I study.

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 4 Extremes 

5

Vocabulary reference

VOC APP

Action verbs

Music and musical instruments

make (v) /meɪk/ hacer

classical (adj) /ˈklæsɪkl/ clásico

carry (v) /ˈkæri/ llevar

hip-hop (n / adj) /ˈhɪp ˌhɒp/ hip-hop

climb (v) /klaɪm/ subir

jazz (n / adj) /dʒæz/ jazz

dive (v) /daɪv/ zambullirse, meterse

pop (n / adj) /pɒp/ pop

draw (v) /drɔː/ dibujar

reggae (n / adj) /ˈreɡeɪ/ reggae

fly (v) /flaɪ/ volar

cello (n) /ˈtʃeləʊ/ violonchelo

hold (v) /həʊld/ sujetar

double bass (n) /ˌdʌbl ˈbeɪs/ contrabajo

jump (v) /dʒʌmp/ saltar

drums (n) /drʌmz/ batería

practise (v) /ˈpræktɪs/ ensayar

electric guitar (n) /ɪˌlektrɪk ɡɪˈtɑː(r)/ guitarra eléctrica

sail (v) /seɪl/ navegar

flute (n) /fluːt/ flauta

Adventure equipment

piano (n) /piˈænəʊ/ piano

backpack (n) /ˈbækpæk/ mochila

trumpet (n) /ˈtrʌmpɪt/ trompeta

compass (n) /ˈkʌmpəs/ brújula

violin (n) /ˌvaɪəˈlɪn/ violín

first aid kit (n) /ˌfɜːst ˈeɪd kɪt/ botiquín de primeros auxilios guidebook (n) /ˈɡaɪdbʊk/ guía insect repellent (n) /ˌɪnsekt rɪˈpelənt / repelente de insectos map (n) /mæp/ mapa sleeping bag (n) /ˈsliːpɪŋ ˌbæɡ/ saco de dormir sunscreen (n) /ˈsʌnskriːn/ crema de protección solar tent (n) /tent/ tienda de campaña torch (n) /tɔːtʃ/ linterna

saxophone (n) /ˈsæksəfəʊn/ saxofón

Learn it! Plurals hobby (n) /ˈhɒbi/ hobby, afición hobbies (n) /ˈhɒbɪz/ hobbies, aficiones fish (n) (singular) /fɪʃ/ pez fish (n) (plural) /fɪʃ/ peces

Functional language Phone conversations Hello, it’s … . Can I speak to … ? Sorry, … isn’t here at the moment. Can I take a message? Can you ask her / him to call me back?

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 5  Doing something different 

5

Grammar reference

Present continuous: affirmative and negative

be + subject + -ing form of the verb

Subject + be (not) + -ing form of the verb Afirmativa

Present continuous: questions

Negativa

Interrogativa

Respuestas breves

Am I flying?

Yes, I am.

No, I’m not.

I’m

flying.

I’m not

flying.

Are you flying?

Yes, you are.

No, you aren’t.

You’re

flying.

You aren’t

flying.

Is he flying?

Yes, he is.

No, he isn’t.

He’s

flying.

He isn’t

flying.

Is she flying?

Yes, she is.

No, she isn’t.

She’s

flying.

She isn’t

flying.

Is it flying?

Yes, it is.

No, it isn’t.

It’s

flying.

It isn’t

flying.

Are we flying?

Yes, we are.

No, we aren’t.

We’re

flying.

We aren’t

flying.

Are you flying?

Yes, you are.

No, you aren’t.

You’re

flying.

You aren’t

flying.

Are they flying? Yes, they are.

They’re

flying.

They aren’t flying.

Usos El present continuous se utiliza para describir acciones que se están desarrollando mientras hablamos.  I’m watching TV.  He’s writing an email.  They’re playing hockey. Ortografía Forma en -ing del verbo Con la mayoría de los verbos, se añade -ing.   fly – flying  eat – eating Si el verbo acaba en -e, esta vocal se elimina antes de añadir -ing.   dive – diving  practise – practising Con verbos acabados en vocal + consonante, esta se duplica y se añade -ing.   sit – sitting  swim – swimming

Preguntas encabezadas por partículas interrogativas en (Wh–) What are you doing?

I’m playing computer games.

Usos La forma interrogativa del present continuous se utiliza para preguntar acerca de acciones que se están desarrollando mientras hablamos. Nota: En las respuestas breves, se incluye el verbo be, pero no la forma en -ing del verbo.  ‘Are you studying?’ ‘Yes, I am.’  ‘Is he sailing a boat?’ ‘No, he isn’t.’

Present continuous and present simple Usos Present continuous = acciones que se dan mientras hablamos Present simple = rutinas y acciones que se repiten Las frases en present continuous suelen contener expresiones como now y at the moment.  We’re eating dinner now.  What are you doing at the moment? Las frases en present simple suelen incluir adverbios de frecuencia.  We often eat dinner at 7.00 p.m.  What do you usually do on Saturdays? Nota: Verbos como think (para expresar opiniones), like, love, hate y want no se utilizan en present continuous.  I think sport is fun.  We like football.  NO I’m thinking sport is fun.  We’re liking football. Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 5  Doing something different 

No, they aren’t.

6

Vocabulary reference

VOC APP

Food

Adjectives

apple (n) /ˈæpl/ manzana

beautiful (adj) /ˈbjuːtɪfl/ precioso

beans (n) /biːnz/ judías

boring (adj) /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ aburrido

beef (n) /biːf/ carne de vaca

creative (adj) /kriˈeɪtɪv/ creativo

cheese (n) /tʃiːz/ queso

funny (adj) /ˈfʌni/ gracioso

chicken (n) /ˈtʃɪkɪn/ pollo

horrible (adj) /ˈhɒrəbl/ horrible

chilli sauce (n) /ˈtʃɪli ˌsɔːs/ salsa de chile

imaginative (adj) /ɪˈmædʒɪnətɪv/ imaginativo

milk (n) /mɪlk/ leche

magical (adj) /ˈmædʒɪkl/ mágico

mushroom (n) /ˈmʌʃrʊm/ champiñones

original (adj) /əˈrɪdʒənl/ original

oil (n) /ɔɪl/ aceite

scary (adj) /ˈskeəri/ que da miedo

onion (n) /ˈʌnjən/ cebolla pepper (n) /ˈpepə(r)/ pimienta potato (n) /pəˈteɪtəʊ/ patata

Learn it!

rice (n) /raɪs/ arroz

Plurals

salmon (n) /ˈsæmən/ salmón

person (n) (s) /ˈpɜːsn/ persona

salt (n) /sɔːlt/ sal spices (n) /spaɪsɪz/ especias sugar (n) /ˈʃʊɡə(r)/ azúcar

people (n) (pl) /ˈpiːpl/ gente

Functional language

Everyday objects

Ordering in a restaurant

battery (n) /ˈbætri/ una pila

The waiter

cap (n) /kæp/ gorra

Would you like to order?

chewing gum (n) /ˈtʃuːɪŋ ˌɡʌm/ chicle, goma de mascar

What would you like for / with … ?

chocolate (n) /ˈtʃɒklət/ chocolate hair gel (n) /ˈheə(r) ˌdʒel / gomina key ring (n) /ˈkiː rɪŋ/ un llavero magazine (n) /ˌmæɡəˈziːn/ revistas mobile phone case (n) /ˌməʊbiːl ˈfəʊn keɪs/ una funda de teléfono móvil sweets (n) /swiːts/ dulces water (n) /ˈwɔːtə(r)/ agua

And to drink?

The customer I’d like … I’ll have … … for me, please. Can we have … ?

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 6  Street life 

6

Grammar reference

can / can’t

Countable and uncountable nouns

Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It We / You / They

Afirmativa can

go to the cinema tonight.

Negativa I / You / He / She / It We / You / They

can’t

Interrogativa

Respuestas breves

Can I / you / swim? Yes, he / she / it / we / No, you / they

play the violin.

I / you / can. he / she / it / we / can’t. you / they

Usos Can / can’t se utilizan para dar y pedir permiso, y también para describir capacidades. Permiso Capacidad Can I watch TV? I can speak English. He can’t go to the party. Can you play an instrument? Nota: can / can’t siempre van acompañados del infinitivo sin to.  He can ride a bike. NO He can to ride a bike.

must / mustn’t Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It We / You / They

must

go to bed at 11 p.m.

mustn’t

be late.

Negativa I / You / He / She / It We / You / They

Usos Must / mustn’t se utilizan para expresar obligación y prohibición. Obligación Prohibición I must get up at 6.45 a.m. You mustn’t take photos. They must wear We mustn’t use our uniform. phones in class. Nota: Must / mustn’t siempre van acompañados del infinitivo sin to.  You must eat vegetables.  NO You must to eat vegetables.

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 6  Street life 

Sustantivos en plural

Sustantivos incontables

There are some / a lot of apples.

There’s some / a lot of water.

Negativa Sustantivos en plural

Sustantivos incontables

There aren’t any / many There isn’t any / much potatoes. rice. Interrogativa y respuestas breves Sustantivos en plural

Sustantivos incontables

How many onions are there? There are …

How much milk is there? There’s …

Are there any onions? Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.

Is there any milk? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.

Usos Some, any y a lot of se utilizan con sustantivos contables en plural y sustantivos incontables. Some se utiliza en frases afirmativas para describir una cantidad indefinida de algo.  There are some people in the room.  There’s some food on the table. A lot of se utiliza en frases afirmativas e indica que hay una gran cantidad de algo.   There are a lot of magazines.  There’s a lot of bread. Any se utiliza en negativa e interrogativa.  There aren’t any pens. There isn’t any water.   Are there any pens?  Is there any water? Many acompaña a los sustantivos en plural en frases negativas.  There aren’t many spices. Must se utiliza con sustantivos incontables en oraciones negativas.  There isn’t much meat. Nota: Los sustantivos contables tienen una forma para el singular y otra para el plural; los incontables, sin embargo, tienen una única forma. Con los sustantivos incontables no se utilizan a / an ni los números. Sustantivos contables Sustantivos incontables an onion  four onions salt  two salts

7

Vocabulary reference

VOC APP

Clothes

Height:

boots (n) /buːts/ botas

medium-height (adj) /ˈmiːdiəm ˌhaɪt/ de estatura media

cap (n) /kæp/ gorra

short (adj) /ʃɔːt/ bajo, pequeño

coat (n) /kəʊt/ abrigo dress (n) /dres/ vestido hat (n) /hæt/ sombrero jacket (n) /ˈdʒækɪt/ chaqueta

tall (adj) /tɔːl/ alto

Space travel

jeans (n) /dʒiːnz/ vaqueros

boots (n) /buːts/ botas

jumper (n) /ˈdʒʌmpə(r)/ jersey

breathe (v) /briːð/ respirar

sandals (n) /ˈsændlz/ sandalias

gloves (n) /ɡlʌvz/ guantes

shirt (n) /ʃɜːt/ camisa

helmet (n) /ˈhelmɪt/ casco

shoes (n) /ʃuːz/ zapatos

in orbit (adj / adv) /ɪn ˈɔːbɪt/ en órbita

shorts (n) /ʃɔːts/ pantalones cortos

land (v) /lænd/ aterrizar

skirt (n) /skɜːt/ falda

space station (n) /ˈspeɪs ˌsteɪʃn/ estación espacial

socks (n) /sɒks/ calcetines

spacesuit (n) /ˈspeɪssuːt/ traje espacial

trainers (n) /ˈtreɪnəz/ zapatillas de deporte

take off (v) /ˈteɪk ɒf/ despegar

trousers (n) /ˈtraʊzəz/ pantalones

uniform (n) /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/ uniforme

T-shirt (n) /ˈtiːʃɜːt/ camiseta de manga corta

Appearance Hair: bald (adj) /bɔːld/ calvo curly (adj) /ˈkɜːli/ rizado long (adj) /lɒŋ/ largo medium-length (adj) /ˈmiːdiəm ˌleŋθ/ ni corto ni largo short (adj) /ʃɔːt/ corto straight (adj) /streɪt/ liso wavy (adj) /ˈweɪvi/ ondulado

Learn it! Prices £35.00 = thirty-five pounds (n) /ˈθɜːti ˌfaɪv paʊndz/ treinta y cinco libras (£35.00) £10.99 = ten pounds ninety-nine (n) /ˌten paʊndz ˈnaɪnti naɪn/ diez coma noventa y nueve libras

Functional language

Hair colour:

Can I help you?

blond (adj) /blɒnd/ rubio

No, I’m sorry. But we’ve got it / them in …

brown (adj) /braʊn/ castaño dark (adj) /dɑːk/ oscuro

What size are you?

grey (adj) /ɡreɪ/ cano

Have you got this / these in … ?

white (adj) /waɪt/ blanco Eyes:

How much is it / are they?

brown (adj) /braʊn/ marrón dark (adj) /dɑːk/ oscuro

Small / Medium / Large / Extra large / 38 / 42

green (adj) /ɡriːn/ verde grey (adj) /ɡreɪ/ gris Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 7 Appearances 

I’ll take it / them.

7

Grammar reference

Past simple: be

Past simple: regular verbs

Afirmativa

Afirmativa

I / He / She / It

was

You / We / They

were

small.

Negativa I / He / She / It

wasn’t

You / We / They

weren’t

Respuestas breves

Was I / he / she / it

Yes, I / he / she / it was. No, I / he / she / it wasn’t. small?

talked.

Negativa small.

Interrogativa

Were you / we / they

I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They

Yes, you / we / they were. No, you / we / they weren’t.

Usos Se utiliza was / were para dar información sobre una persona, una cosa o un lugar en el pasado.  Max wasn’t at school.  Miniskirts were popular. Nota: There was / there were son las formas de pasado de there is / there are.  There was a beautiful dress in the shop.  There weren’t many people in the park.

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 7 Appearances 

I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They

didn’t

talk.

Usos El past simple se utiliza para describir acciones y situaciones del pasado.  We watched TV last night.  I visited London in 2012. Las frases en past simple a menudo incluyen expresiones temporales de pasado.  I talked to Jenna yesterday.    Last week we travelled to Australia.   They sailed a boat at the weekend.

Past simple affirmative spelling rules Con la mayoría de los verbos regulares, se añade -ed.   walk – walked  explain – explained Si el verbo acaba en -e, se añade -d.   describe – described   phone – phoned Con verbos regulares acabados en vocal + consonante, esta se duplica y se añade -ed.   rob – robbed   travel – travelled Si el verbo regular acaba en -y, esta se elimina antes de añadir -ied.   carry – carried   try – tried

8

Vocabulary reference

VOC APP

Geographical features

Learn it!

beach (n) /biːtʃ/ playa

False friends

cave (n) /keɪv/ cueva coral reef (n) /ˌkɒrəl ˈriːf/ arrecife de coral desert (n) /ˈdezət/ desierto forest (n) /ˈfɒrɪst/ bosque island (n) /ˈaɪlənd/ isla lake (n) /leɪk/ lago mountain (n) /ˈmaʊntən/ montaña ocean (n) /ˈəʊʃn/ océano river (n) /ˈrɪvə(r)/ río

bookshop (n) /ˈbʊkʃɒp/ librería library (n) /ˈlaɪbri/ biblioteca

AD or BC? AD is for dates from year 1. BC is for dates before year 1.

Functional language

valley (n) /ˈvæli/ valle

Asking for directions

waterfall (n) /ˈwɔːtəfɔːl/ cascada

Excuse me, how do I get to … , please?

Places in a town

Can you tell me the way to ... , please?

bakery (n) /ˈbeɪkəri/ panadería bank (n) /bæŋk/ banco chemist’s (n) /ˈkemɪsts/ farmacia cinema (n) /ˈsɪnəmə/ cine library (n) /ˈlaɪbri/ biblioteca newsagent’s (n) /ˈnjuːzeɪdʒənts/ quiosco petrol station (n) /ˈpetrəl ˌsteɪʃn/ gasolinera post office (n) /ˈpəʊst ˌɒfɪs/ (oficina de) Correos

Giving directions Turn left / right (at the traffic lights). Go straight on. Go to the end of the street.

shopping centre (n) /ˈʃɒpɪŋ ˌsentə(r)/ centro comercial

Take the first / second / third right / left.

sports centre (n) /ˈspɔːts ˌsentə(r)/ polideportivo

It’s on the corner / at the end of the street / on the left / right.

sweet shop (n) /ˈswiːt ʃɒp/ tienda de chuches train station (n) /ˈtreɪn ˌsteɪʃn/ estación de ferrocarril

History AD /ˌeɪ ˈdiː/ AD (año del Señor) BC /ˌbiː ˈsiː/ AC (antes de Cristo) century (n) /ˈsentʃəri/ siglo conquer (v) /ˈkɒŋkə(r)/ conquistar ruins (n) /ˈruːɪnz/ ruinas, restos site (n) /saɪt/ lugar

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 8  Unusual lives 

8

Grammar reference

Past simple: regular and irregular verbs Verbos regulares

Sujeto

Afirmativa

Negativa

I / You He / She / It We / You / They

climbed. lived. stopped.

didn’t climb. didn’t live. didn’t stop.

Usos El past simple se utiliza para describir acciones y situaciones del pasado. La forma de past simple es la misma para todas las personas del verbo.  I climbed the mountain.  He climbed the mountain.  They climbed the mountain. Con la mayoría de los verbos regulares, se añade -ed.   walk – walked   explain – explained La negativa se forma colocando didn't delante del infinitivo del verbo sin to.  I didn’t go to the beach.    We didn’t swim in the river.

Verbos irregulares

Sujeto

Afirmativa

Negativa

I / You He / She / It We / You / They

went. bought.

didn’t go. didn’t buy.

Los verbos irregulares tienen sus propias formas de past simple.   go – went   buy – bought   meet – met   swim – swam   make – made

Past simple: questions Interrogativa Did

I / you he / she / it we / you / they

Respuestas breves go?

Yes, I / you he / she / it we / you / they No, I / you he / she / it we / you / they

What did

I / you he / she / it we / you / they

do?

did.

didn’t.

–

Usos La interrogativa del past simple se utiliza para preguntar acerca de acciones y situaciones del pasado.   Did you climb the mountain? Yes, I did.   Did they go into the cave? No, they didn’t.  What did you do last week? We went to London.

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 8  Unusual lives 

9

Vocabulary reference

VOC APP

Technology

Entertainment

camera (n) /ˈkæmərə / cámara

audience (n) /ˈɔːdiəns/ público

e-book (n) /iː bʊk/ e-book, libro electrónico

audition (n) /ɔːˈdɪʃn/ casting, audición

games console (n) /ˈɡeɪmz ˌkɒnsəʊl/ videoconsola

author (n) /ˈɔːθə(r)/ autor/a, escritor/a

keyboard (n) /ˈkiːbɔːd/ teclado

novel (n) /ˈnɒvl/ novela

mouse (n) /maʊs/ ratón

perform (v) /pəˈfɔːm/ actuar

smart phone (n) /ˈsmɑːtfəʊn/ teléfono inteligente

title (n) /ˈtaɪtl/ titulo

speakers (n) /ˈspiːkəz/ altavoces tablet (n) /ˈtæblət/ tableta, tablet text message (n) /ˈtekst ˌmesɪdʒ/ mensaje de texto touch screen (n) /ˈtʌtʃ skriːn/ pantalla táctil webcam (n) /ˈwebkæm/ webcam

Learn it! False friends history (n) /ˈhɪstri/ historia

Wi-Fi (n) /ˈwaɪ faɪ/ wi-fi

story (n) /ˈstɔːri/ historia (relato)

Types of film

Functional language

action (adj) /ˈækʃn/ de acción

Making arrangements for the weekend

animated (adj) /ˈænɪmeɪtɪd/ de animación comedy (adj) / (n) /ˈkɒmədi/ comedia documentary (adj) / (n) /ˌdɒkjuˈmentri/ documental drama (n) /ˈdrɑːmə/ película de género dramático fantasy (adj) /ˈfæntəsi/ de género fantástico historical (adj) /hɪˈstɒrɪkl/ histórico horror (adj) /ˈhɒrə(r)/ de terror musical (adj) / (n) /ˈmjuːzɪkl/ musical romantic (adj) /rəʊˈmæntɪk/ romántico science fiction (adj) / (n) /ˌsaɪəns ˈfɪkʃn/ de ciencia ficción western (n) /ˈwestən/ película de vaqueros

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 9 Entertainment 

What are you doing at the weekend / on Saturday? Are you doing anything at the weekend / on Saturday? Who are you going with? What time are you (meeting)?

9

Grammar reference

Future: will / won’t

be going to : affirmative and negative Subject + be (not) + going to + the infinitive without to

Afirmativa I / You He / She / It We / You / They

will

go.

Afirmativa

Negativa

I’m

going to fly.

I’m not

going to fly.

You’re

going to fly.

You aren’t

going to fly.

He’s

going to fly.

He isn’t

going to fly.

She’s

going to fly.

She isn’t

going to fly.

It’s

going to fly.

It isn’t

going to fly.

Respuestas breves

We’re

going to fly.

We aren’t

going to fly.

Yes, I / you he / she / it we / you / they

will.

You’re

going to fly.

You aren’t

going to fly.

They’re

going to fly.

They aren’t

going to fly.

No, I / you he / she / it we / you / they

won’t.

Negativa I / You He / She / It We / You / They

won’t

Interrogativa Will

I you he she it we you they

go?

go.

Usos Will se utiliza para expresar predicciones sobre el futuro. 'Will + infinitivo sin to' se utiliza con todas las personas del verbo.  I will build a computer.  It will be hotter.  They will move house. La forma contracta ’ll se utiliza en el registro informal de la lengua oral y escrita.  He’ll be late tomorrow.  You’ll enjoy the film. La negativa se construye con won’t + el infinitivo del verbo sin to.  People won’t live in space.  We won’t buy a computer. Se utiliza la interrogativa con will para hacer preguntas sobre predicciones de futuro. Nota: En las respuestas breves afirmativas no se utilizan las formas contractas. (Yes, I will. NO Yes, I’ll.).   Will computers be smaller?   Yes, they will.   Will you fly a plane?   No, I won’t.

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer  Unit 9 Entertainment 

be going to : questions be + subject + going to + the infinitive without to Interrogativa

Respuestas breves

Am I going to fly?

Yes, I am.

No, I’m not.

Are you going to fly?

Yes, you are.

No, you aren’t.

Is he going to fly?

Yes, he is.

No, he isn’t.

Is she going to fly?

Yes, she is.

No, she isn’t.

Is it going to fly?

Yes, it is.

No, it isn’t.

Are we going to fly?

Yes, we are.

No, we aren’t.

Are you going to fly?

Yes, you are.

No, you aren’t.

Are they going to fly? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. Usos Be going to se utiliza para hablar de planes de futuro.  I’m going to play tennis this afternoon.  We aren’t going to go to the cinema. La interrogativa de be going to se utiliza para hacer preguntas sobre planes de futuro. Nota: En las respuestas breves solo se incluye el verbo be, sin going to.   Are you going to travel by bus? Yes, I am.   Is he going to work tomorrow? No, he isn’t.

Irregular verb list Infinitive

Past simple

Past participle

ser / estar

be

/biː/

was / were

/wɒz/ / /wɜː(r)/

been

/biːn/

empezar

begin

/bɪˈɡɪn/

began

/bɪˈɡæn/

begun

/bɪˈɡʌn/

traer

bring

/brɪŋ/

brought

/brɔːt/

brought

/brɔːt/

construir

build

/bɪld/

built

/bɪlt/

built

/bɪlt/

comprar

buy

/baɪ/

bought

/bɔːt/

bought

/bɔːt/

poder

can

/kæn/

could

/kəd/

coger

catch

/kætʃ/

caught

/kɔːt/

caught

/kɔːt/

elegir

choose

/tʃuːz/

chose

/tʃəʊz/

chosen

/ˈtʃəʊzn/

venir

come

/kʌm/

came

/keɪm/

come

/kʌm/

hacer

do

/də/

did

/dɪd/

done

/dʌn/

dibujar

draw

/drɔː/

drew

/druː/

drawn

/drɔːn/

beber

drink

/drɪŋk/

drank

/dræŋk/

drunk

/drʌŋk/

comer

eat

/iːt/

ate

/eɪt/

eaten

/ˈiːtn/

caer

fall

/fɔːl/

fell

/fel/

fallen

/ˈfɔːlən/

encontrar

find

/faɪnd/

found

/faʊnd/

found

/faʊnd/

volar

fly

/flaɪ/

flew

/fluː/

flown

/fləʊn/

conseguir

get

/ɡet/

got

/ɡɒt/

got

/ɡɒt/

levantarse

get up

/ɡet ʌp/

got up

/ɡɒt ʌp/

got up

/ɡɒt ʌp/

dar

give

/ɡɪv/

gave

/ɡeɪv/

given

/ˈɡɪvn/

ir

go

/ɡəʊ/

went

/went/

gone / been

/ɡɒn/ / /biːn/

andar

hang out

/ˈhæŋ aʊt/

hanged out / hung out

/hʌŋ aʊt/ / /hʌŋ aʊt/ hanged out / hung out

tener

have

/hæv/

had

/hæd/

had

/hæd/

sujetar

hold

/həʊld/

held

/held/

held

/held/

saber

know

/nəʊ/

knew

/njuː/

known

/nəʊn/

aprender

learn

/lɜːn/

learnt / learned

/lɜːnt/ / /lɜːnd/

learnt / learned

/lɜːnt/ / /lɜːnd/

salir

leave

/liːv/

left

/left/

left

/left/

hacer

make

/meɪk/

made

/meɪd/

made

/meɪd/

conocer

meet

/miːt/

met

/met/

met

/met/

leer

read

/riːd/

read

/red/

read

/red/

montar

ride

/raɪd/

rode

/rəʊd/

ridden

/ˈrɪdn/

telefonear

ring

/rɪŋ/

rang

/ræŋ/

rung

/rʌŋ/

correr

run

/rʌn/

ran

/ræn/

run

/rʌn/

decir

say

/seɪ/

said

/sed/

said

/sed/

ver

see

/siː/

saw

/sɔː/

seen

/siːn/

vender

sell

/sel/

sold

/səʊld/

sold

/səʊld/

enviar

send

/send/

sent

/sent/

sent

/sent/

sentarse

sit

/sɪt/

sat

/sæt/

sat

/sæt/

dormir

sleep

/sliːp/

slept

/slept/

slept

/slept/

hablar

speak

/spiːk/

spoke

/spəʊk/

spoken

/ˈspəʊkən/

nadar

swim

/swɪm/

swam

/swæm/

swum

/swʌm/

tomar

take

/teɪk/

took

/tʊk/

taken

/ˈteɪkən/

enseñar

teach

/tiːtʃ/

taught

/tɔːt/

taught

/tɔːt/

contar

tell

/tel/

told

/təʊld/

told

/təʊld/

pensar

think

/θɪŋk/

thought

/θɔːt/

thought

/θɔːt/

entender

understand /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understood

/ˌʌndəˈstʊd/

understood

/ˌʌndəˈstʊd/

vestir

wear

/weə(r)/

wore

/wɔː(r)/

worn

/wɔːn/

escribir

write

/raɪt/

wrote

/rəʊt/

written

/ˈrɪtn/

Spectrum 1 Language Trainer

/hʌŋ aʊt/ / /hʌŋ aʊt/