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• Antonio Oliver

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English phonemic symbols 1.

Vowel sounds. 1. A. Monothongs (single vowel sounds). 1.B. Ejemplos de escritura de las vocales inglesas. 1.C. Dipthongs (double vowel sounds). 1.D. Tripthongs (triple vowel sounds). 1.E. Silent Vowels 2. Semi-vowels. 3. Consonant sounds. 4. Frases para practicar los sonidos 5. Palabras diferenciadas en un solo fonema 6. Homophones. 7. Tabla resumen.

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English phonemic symbols Voiced

Glottal

h

Voiceless Voiced

g

Voiceless

k

Velar

ŋ

ɭ j

Voiced

Palatal Voiceless

Palatoalveola r Postalveola r

Voiced

ʒ

ʤ

Voiceless

ʃ

ʧ

Voiced

r

Voiceless Voiced

Alveol ar

Voiceless

d t

Voiced

ð

Voiceless

θ

Dental

Labiodental Bilabial

z s

n

ɭ

v f

Voiced Voiceless Voiced

b

Voiceless

p Plosive

m Fricativ e

Affricat e

Nasal

w Lateral

Semivowel

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1. Vowel sounds. 1. A. Monothongs (single vowel sounds): 1 /ί:/ Se parece a nuestra “i” pero es más larga y muy cerrada. Normalmente aparece en palabras que se escriben con “ea”, “ee” o “ie”. Ejemplos: /bί:n /, /hί:l /, / tί:n /, /ί:t /, /nί:d /, /θrί: /, /tί:ʧ /...

/I /

Se pronuncia entre la “e” y la “i” españolas. Es un sonido breve. Aparece siempre en los plurales y en la 3ª persona singular de los verbos terminados en “s” en presente. Normalmente se escribe con “e” o “i”. Ejemplos: /bIn /, /hIl /, /tIn /, /It /, /’prItI /, /’kIzIz /, /’bIzI /... 2

/е/

Se pronuncia muy parecido a la “e” española. Es un sonido breve. Nunca aparece al final de una palabra (siempre lleva una consonante detrás). Normalmente corresponde, en la escritura, a “e”, “a” o “ea”. Ejemplos: /send /, /’enI /, /ten /, /ben /, /’redI /, /get /, /frend /... 3

/æ/. Es una vocal nasal, entre la “a” y la “e” españolas. Suena como la “e” catalana en “el tricicle” (como una “a” pronunciada apretando la nariz con los dedos). Es un sonido corto, y muy frecuente en el inglés americano. Normalmente se escribe “a”. Ejemplos: /ænd /, /bæd /, /‘hæpI /, /flæt /, /fæt /, /hænd /, /kæt /... 4

/ʌ /

Este sonido es prácticamente igual que la “a” española. Quizá un poco más parecido a una “o” española, generalmente se escribe como una “o” o una “u”. En el habla del norte de Gran Bretaña se le da una pronunciación muy curiosa: es muy cerrado y suena como una “u”, pero sólo en palabras que realmente se escriben con “u” (por ejemplo, /’husbænd/ en vez de /’hʌsbænd/). Ejemplos: /dʌs /, /kʌm /, /bʌs /, / kʌp /, /fʌn /, /ʌp /, / lʌv /, /sʌn /... 5

©EOICartagena+Oliver1999

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/ɑ:/

Es una “a” española muy, muy larga, casi como 3 “a” juntas. Generalmente se escribe “a” + “r ” o “a” + “l”. Ejemplos: /ɑ: /, /ɑ:sk /, /hɑ:f /, / klɑ:s /, / ɑ:nt /, /pɑ:k /... 6

/ɔ:/

Es un fonema largo, como 3 “o” españolas. Al escribir, puede corresponder a casi cualquier cosa (“o”, doble “o”, “o” + “r ”, “ou”, “aw”... ). Ejemplos: /dɔ:/,/mɔ:/, /ɔ:l /, /spɔ:t /,/ wɔ:m /,/jɔ: /, / wɔ:tə /... 7

/ɒ/

Es como la “o” española pero más abierta (más parecida a una “a”). Es un sonido corto, breve. Al igual que el sonido /e /, no aparece nunca al final de una palabra y necesita una consonante detrás. Generalmente se escribe “o” o “a”. Ejemplos: /wɒz /,/wɒʃ /,/stɒp /, / wɒt /,/nɒt /,/ wɒnt /, / dɒg /... 8

/u:/

Parecido a nuestra “u” pero más largo y más cerrado (tirando a “o”). Se pronuncia poniendo los labios como para decir “o”, pero diciendo “u”. Tampoco puede aparecer al final de una palabra, y se suele escribir “u”, “o”, doble “o”, “ou”... Ejemplos: /ju: /,/ʃu: /, /tu: /, / tru: /,/blu: /,/ du: /, /gru:p /... 9

/ʊ/

Este sonido es parecido al anterior, pero más corto. Es como la “u” española, pero más abierto (al pronunciarlo hay que abrir la boca un poco más que al pronunciar una “u” española). Tampoco lo encontraremos al final de ninguna palabra. Normalmente se escribe “o”, “ou”, “u” o algo parecido, así que es difícil saber cuándo hay que pronunciar /u: / y cuándo /ʊ /. Ejemplos: /bʊk /, /’wʊmən /, /kʊk /, / lʊk /, /’ʃʊgə /... 10

/ǝ/

La llamada “schwa” es el sonido más típico del inglés. Es la “e” de las palabras francesas acabadas en “eu” (p.ej., Gerard Depardieu). Teóricamente pronunciaremos así una vocal abierta o semiabierta (a, e, o) que no lleve acento. Lo interesante de este sonido es que al hablar deprisa cualquier vocal sencilla, incluso cualquier diptongo o triptongo tiene tendencia a sonar así. Ejemplos: /ǝ /, /ǝf /,/tǝ /,/ðǝ /, /’lǝtǝ /,/’dInǝ /, /’brɒðǝ /... 11

12 /ɜ:/ La schwa larga es típica de palabras que se escriben con “i” + “r” , “u” + “r” o, a veces, “e” + “r ”. Ejemplos: /’θɜ:sdeI /,/’nɜ:vəz /,/nɜ:z /,/ʧɜ:ʧ /,/wɜ:d /,/wɜ:k/... ©EOICartagena+Oliver1999

1.B.Ejemplos de escritura de las vocales inglesas: /ί:/

cheesse, free, key, mean, meet, peace, please, team, 5

esteem, steel, steal

/I /

big, give, him, ill, milk, ship, thick, thin, thing, think, this, kiss, lip, flip, it

/е/

bed, bread, end, friend, head, leg, neck, pen, hen, spend, bend, lend, send

/æ/

fat, ham, hand, hat, land, map, that, exam, crack, thank, bank, blank

/ʌ/

but, club, cup, cut, fun, husband, gun, luck, pub, sun

/ɑ: /

arm, bar, car, far, glass, grass, half, part, star, start

/ ɔ: /course, fall, for, hall, horse, law, sport, store, talk,four, door

/ɒ/

cost, dog, fog, hot, lost, pot, rot, wash, wrong, stop,

spot

/u:/ /ʊ/

blue, choose, cool, group, lose, moon, shoe, truth, tool book, cook, foot, full, wool, look, pull, put, room, soot

/ǝ/

finger, letter, member, mentor, tutor, doctor, theatre, weather, woman

/ɜ:/

bird, earn, first, girl, hurt, learn, nurse, word, work, world, urban, urgent

1.C. Dipthongs (double vowel sounds): *Como regla general, la primera vocal de los diptongos ingleses es bastante más larga que la segunda.

1 /ɑI / Imagina decir la palabra española “hay”, pero alargando mucho la “a”. Estás diciendo “I” (yo), o su homófono: “eye” (ojo). Ejemplos: /ɑI /, /hɑI /, /wɑIn /, /nɑIz /, /bɑI /, /qwɑIt /... 2 /eI / Sin comentarios, excepto recordar que la “e” es bastante larga. Ejemplos: /re In /, / eIt /, / deI /, / peI /, / leIk /, / treIn /... 3

/ɔI /

Muy parecido a la pronunciación de la palabra española “hoy”. 6

Aunque hay que recordar que la /ɔ /es muy parecida a la “a” española, y muy larga. Ejemplos: /bɔI /, /tɔI /, /nɔIz /, /vɔIz /, /en’ʤɔI /, /ɔIl /... 4 /eǝ/ Sin comentarios. Ejemplos: /eǝ /, /’eǝrɒpleIn /, /keǝ /, /weǝ /, /heǝ /, /ðeǝ /... 5 /Iǝ/ Hay que recordar que la “i” es abierta, casi una “e” española. Ejemplos: /Iǝ /, /hIǝ /, /ɑI’dIǝ /, /’θIǝtrə /, /bIǝ /, /wIǝ /... 6 /ʊǝ/ Este es un diptongo muy poco frecuente. Muchos lo simplifican hasta hacer que suene simplemente /ɔ: / o /u: / Ejemplos: /pʊǝ /, /tʊǝ /, / ’tʊǝrIst /, /ʃjʊǝ /, /ʤʊǝl /... 7 /ɑʊ / Sin comentarios. Ejemplos: /nɑʊ /, /mɑʊθ /, /ə’bɑʊ t /, /hɑʊz /, /dɑʊn /, /brɑʊn /... 8 /ǝʊ/ Ojo con este diptongo: los españoles solemos pronunciarlo mal (“ou”). Ejemplos: /sǝʊ /, /nǝʊ /, /kǝʊld /, /gǝʊ /, /dǝʊnt /, /rǝʊd /...

1.D. Tripthongs (triple vowel sounds): *Como regla general, la segunda vocal de los triptongos ingleses es bastante más corta que las otras 2 que la rodean. Según algunos autores, los triptongos son simplemente diptongos a los que se añade una “schwa”

1 /ɑIǝ/ Sin comentarios. Ejemplos: /fɑIǝ /, /’vɑIǝlIn /, /lɑIǝ /, /’ɑIǝlænd /, /’ɑIǝrəz /, /qwɑIǝt /...

/eIǝ/

Se trata de un extraño triptongo derivado. Frecuentemente es resultado de añadir una terminación “er” a un diptongo típico. Ejemplos: /ðeIǝ /, /pleIǝ /... 2

/ɔIǝ/

Atención a este triptongo. Es poco frecuente y no siempre reconocido por los expertos. Ejemplos: /rɔIǝl /, /dIs‘trɔIǝ /, /Im‘plɔIǝ /... 3

/ɑʊǝ/ Bastante frecuente y difícil de pronunciar. Los españoles tenemos tendencia a introducir una “g” delante del sonido “u”. Así, para decir “tower”, pronunciamos /’tɑguǝ / en vez de /’tɑuǝ /. Ejemplos: /ɑʊǝ /, /flɑʊǝ /, /ʃɑʊǝ /, /pɑʊǝ /... 4

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/ǝʊǝ/ Algunos estudiosos no lo reconocen.

Sin embargo, este triptongo derivado existe en la práctica, en palabras con la típica terminación “er”: Ejemplos: /lǝʊǝ /, /slǝʊǝ /... 7

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1.E.

Silent

vowels:

© THINK in English No 14

*Identifying silent vowels can enormously improve how your English sounds, and the good news is that most silent words follow quite strict rules. The vast majority of silent vowels are found in the penultimate syllable of polysyllabic words.

A The “a” can be silent in all words of 3 or more syllables ending “-ary” (although it can also be pronounced /ǝ/) . If the “a” is silent, the “t” in the “-tary” words is often pronounced /ʧ/ and the “d” in the “dary” words is often pronounced /ʤ /: arbitrary, boundary, contemporary, dictionary, discretionary, evolutionary, expeditionary, extraordinary, hereditary, imaginary, insurrectionary, legendary, legionary, library, mercenary, missionary, necessary, ordinary, precautionary, preliminary, reactionary, revolutionary, sanctuary, secondary, secretary, solitary, stationary, unitary, visionary, etc.

The “a” can always be silent in adverbs ending “-ically”:

analytically, athletically, automatically, basically, characteristically, comically, critically, cynically, democratically, dramatically, drastically, enthusiastically, fantastically, frantically, heroically, historically, horrifically, hygienically, hysterically, pathetically, rhythmically, scientifically, specifically, statistically, stoically, symmetrically, terrifically, tragically, etc.

The “a” is also silent in the following words: Barbara, separate, separatism, separatist, tetanus.

The “a” can also be silent (or pronounced /ǝ/)in the following words: Niagara, scandalous.

The “au” can be silent in: restaurant

E The “e” is silent before the suffix “-ful”: careful, disgraceful, distasteful, graceful, hopeful, peaceful, resourceful, shameful, spiteful, tuneful, useful, wasteful, etc.

purposeful,

The “e” is always silent before the suffix “-less”: blameless, careless, graceless, hopeless, priceless, purposeless, remorseless, shameless, shapeless, sleevless, smokeless, spineless, stateless, tuneless, useless, etc.

The “e” is always silent before the suffix “-ly”: accurately, approximately, barely, carefully, completely, definitely, desperately, entirely, extremely, homely, hopefully, intimately, likely, lively, lonely, loosely, lovely, sparsely, etc.

The “e” is silent before “-ment”: achievement, acknowledgement, advertisement, agreement, amazement, amendment, amusement, announcement, apartment, appointment, argument, arrangement, astonishment, attachment, commandment, comment, commitment, compartment, complement, compliment, department, detachment, development, disagreement, disappointment, discouragement, element, employment, etc.

The “e” is silent before the suffix “-some”: lonesome, tiresome, wholesome.

As you know, the “e” is normally silent at the end of a word after a consonant (name, tire...). Except: Aborigine, acne, adobe, agape, anemone, Apache, apostrophe, Ariadne, catastophe, Chile, coyote, epitome, facsimile, finale, hyperbole, karaoke, karate, Penelope, posse, recipe, simile, Zimbabwe. In these words, the final “e”

is pronounced “I“. In the words “be”, ”he”, “me” and “we”, the “e” is pronounced / i: /. The “e” is silent in most names ending “-es”: Charles, Giles, James, Maldives, Philippines, Seychelles, Wales...

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But not in Greek names like Achilles, Xerxes, etc.

and other names, like Agnes, Dolores, Frances...

The “e” is silent in plurals ending “-es”, names, friends...

except words ending “-dges”, “-ses”, “-sses”, “-ches”, “-shes” in which the ending is pronounced /Iz/. wedges, houses, kisses, watches, wishes.

Also with exceptions: headaches

The “e” is always silent between a consonant and “-able”: blameable, changeable, giveable, hireable, likeable, manageable, marriageable, moveable, noticeable, peaceable, pronounceable, saleable, serviceable, sizeable, traceable, unpronounceable, etc.

And also in words ending “-ceable”. The “e” is included to make the “c” soft (/s/): noticeable, peaceable, pronounceable, serviceable, traceable...

The “e” can be silent or pronounced “ǝ“ in the penultimate syllable of long words, like: blackberry, Catherine, cemetery, confectionery, conference, considerable, cranberry, difference, different, federal, Frederick, general, inference, interest, interesting, javelin, liberal, literate, mackerel, opera, preference, reference, refrigerant, Roderick, several, severance, stationery...

The “e” is silent in the combination “-ge- + vowel”: changeable, manageable, marriageable, pageant, etc.

The “e” is silent in the combination “-geo- in these words: bludgeon, dungeon, outrageous, pigeon, sturgeon, surgeon.

But not in Geography, Geometry, Geotermics, etc. The “e” is silent in a number of compound words in which the “e” is silent in the first element:

The

bracelet, forecast, homestead, Iceland, mistletoe, ninety, pineapple, rosemary, scapegoat, sideburn, sidecar, simpleton, somebody, someone, something, somewhat, somewhere, Stonehenge, tableware, tapeworm, timetable, whereabouts, whereas... “e” is silent or pronounced /ǝ / in: camera, every, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, literary, literature, preferable, preposterous, remunerative.

The “e” is also silent in: Berkeley, evening, Wednesday..

ocean,

omelette,

sovereign,

temperament,

vegetable,

The “e” is silent or pronounced /ǝ/ in all regular past tenses and past participles (“-ed”) except those ending “-ded” or “-ted”: i The “i” is silent in the combination “-ci-“ followed by a vowel. The final syllable sounds /ʃ/: artificial, beneficial, commercial, electrician, financial, judicial, magician, musician, official, racial, social, suspicion, suspicious, technician, etc.

The “i” is silent in the combination “-si-“ followed by a vowel. The final syllable sounds /ʃ/: admission, aggression, Asia, allusion, animadversion, apprehension, commission, compassion, comprehension, compression, compulsion, concession, conclusion, concussion, confession, confusion, convulsion, decision, delusion, depression, dimension, discussion, diversion, division, emission, excursion, expansion, explosion, expression, expulsion, extension, fusion, illusion, immersion, implosion, impression, intermission, inversion, mansion, mission, obsession, omission, oppression, 10

passion, pension, percussion, permission, Persia, persuasion, perversion, possession, pretension, procession, profession, propulsion, recession, repression, repulsion, revision, Russia, session, submersion, succession, suspension, television, tension, transmission, version.

The “i” is silent in the combination “-ti-“ followed by a vowel. The final syllable sounds /ʃ/: abortion, absorption, acclamation, accommodation, action, activation, addiction, addition, administration, adoption, affection, agitation, alienation, ambition, animation, apparition, aspiration, assassination, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, carnation, caution, circulation, circumlocution, civilisation, cognition, combination, combustion, communication, compensation, competition, composition, condemnation, congratulation, conjugation, consternation, construction, consumption, conviction, correction, corruption, creation, declaration, declination, defection, deflection, deletion, demolition, demonstration, depletion, derivation, description, destination, determination, detonation, direction, discretion, disembarkation, domination, education, election, emancipation, embarkation, emotion, erection, evolution, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, exclamation, exertion, exhaustion, exhortation, expectation, expedition, explanation, extortion, faction, fascination, formation, foundation, function, generation, graduation, imagination, imperfection, imposition, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, indiscretion, information, inquisition, installation, institution, intention, interpretation, interruption, introduction, intuition, invention, investigation, invitation, invocation, irritation, lamentation, lotion, mention, misinterpretation, motion, multiplication, nation, objection, observation, occupation, opposition, ordination, organisation, perception, perfection, population, position, potion, precognition, prediction, premonition, preparation, preposition, prescription, presumption, prevention, probation, production, prohibition, promotion, pronunciation, proposition, prosecution, provocation, publication, qualification, question, realisation, reception, reclamation, recognition, reconciliation, redemption, reflection, regeneration, registration, reincarnation, rejection, relation, relaxation, repetition, reproduction, reputation, resolution, resurrection, resuscitation, revolution, salvation, satisfaction, selection, sensation, specification, standardisation, starvation, subtraction, suggestion, supposition, termination, tradition, translation, tuition, ventilation, visualisation, vocation.

The “i” is also silent in the following words: admirable, aspirin, business, fruit, (but not guilty), medicine (but not medicinal), Parliament, participle, suit...

O The “o” is silent in the following words: jeopardise, jeopardy, Leonard, leopard.

In the combination “-tory”, the “o” can be silent. The syllable sounds /tʃrI/: conservatory, history, laboratory, predatory, refectory, story, territory, etc.

The “o” can be silent in the following words: agoraphobia, agoraphobic, allegory, contemporary, corporal, decorative.

category,

chocolate,

comfortable,

U The “u” is often silent in the combinations “gua-“ , “gue-“ , “gui-“ and ”cui-“. The function of the “u” is to keep the “g” hard (/k/): guarantee, guard, guardian, guess, guest, Portuguese, disguise, guide, guitar, biscuit, circuit...

And also in: build, building, buoy (homophone of “boy”), buoyant, vocabulary.

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2. Semi-vowels. 1 /j/ 50 % vocal, 50% consonante. En el alfabeto fonético inglés, la letra jota representa un sonido como el que hay al principio de la palabra española “hierro”. A menudo lleva detrás una “u” larga (ju:). No aparece nunca al final de una palabra o de una sílaba. Al escribir, suele corresponder a una "y”, una “i” o una “u” entre consonantes. En el inglés de América, el grupo /ju:/ se pronuncia de un modo peculiar: /u:/. Así, /nju:/ (new) se convierte en /nu:/; /’stju:dǝnt/ (student), en /’stu:dǝnt /, etc. Ejemplos: /jIǝ /, /jes /, /‘jǝlǝʊ /, /jet /, /nju: /, /’mjuzIk /, /’bju:tI /...

/w/

Es una “u” cerrada. Este símbolo representa el sonido que tenemos, por ejemplo, al principio de la palabra española “hueso”, que suena como si tuviera una “b” suave delante. Nunca encontraremos este sonido al final de una palabra. Cuando encontramos un fonema /w/, casi siempre habrá una “w” al escribir esa palabra. Ejemplos: /wɒnt /, /swIm /, /wɒt /, /wʌn /, /wIʧ /, /wǝl /... 2

3. Consonant sounds. 1 / l / En términos generales, es un fonema igual que la “ l ” española. Junto con la “r”, suele alargar la vocal que le precede. Muy a menudo, no se pronuncia cuando está al final de una sílaba, sobre todo si tiene detrás una “k”. La doble “l” se pronuncia como si fuera una sola “l”, nunca como la “elle” castellana. Ejemplos: /lɑIf /, /ɔ:l /, / ‘teIbl /, /lʊk /, /mIlk/,/ tɔ:k/,/ʧɔ:k/... 2 /r/ Es mucho más suave que la “r ” española. Este fonema no se pronuncia cuando aparece al final de una sílaba, y tampoco cuando aparece al final de una palabra, a menos que la palabra siguiente comience con un sonido vocálico. Al igual que el fonema anterior, la /r / normalmente alarga la vocal que tiene delante. Ejemplos: /rIʧ /, /rɒŋ /, /rɑIt /, /ru:m /, /rʌn /, /ɑ: /, /wɔ:/, /kɑ: /... 3 /m/ Este fonema es idéntico a la “ m “ española. Ejemplos: /mæn /, /mɔ: /, /mIst /, /men /... 4 /n/ Igual que la “ n “ española. Ejemplos: /’nɔ:tI /, /nί:z /, /’θInə /, /kæn /...

/ŋ/

Es una “ n “ nasal y más larga de lo normal. Al escribir, corresponde a “n“ + “g“ o “n“ + “k“.

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Ejemplos: /’sIŋgə /, / ‘lɒŋgə /, /θIŋ /, /sIŋ /... 6 /h/ Es una jota suave, típica del español de Andalucía. No hay tanta fricción en la garganta como en la jota normal. Algunos hablantes la suavizan bastante (por ejemplo, si aparece detrás de consonante oclusiva) o no la usan en absoluto (por ejemplo, los londinenses). Para terminar de complicarlo, a veces la “h“ es muda. Ejemplos: /həl‘ǝʊ /, /‘hʌndrəd /, /ɑʊǝ /, /‘ɒnIst /, /hu: /... 7 /s/ Corresponde exactamente a una “ s “ española. Se la llama “ese suave“ o “ese silbante” para distinguirla del siguiente fonema. Teóricamente, encontraremos este sonido al principio de todas las palabras que empiezan con “s“, y de muchas que empiezan con “c“. También en teoría, la “s” final precedida de /p/, /t/, /k/, /θ/, /f/ (“ petaca, zafa”) ha de pronunciarse así, aunque en la práctica encontraremos muchas excepciones. Ejemplos: /si: /, /sɔ: /, /jes /, /pi:s /, / ‘sIrkl /... 8 /z/ Este símbolo representa al fonema “s“ fuerte. También llamado “ese sonora” (al pronunciarla, las cuerdas vocales vibran), este sonido no existe, en teoría, en el español de España, pero es muy frecuente en el español de Hispanoamérica. Suelen pronunciarse así todas las letras “z” que escribimos en palabras inglesas; también las letras “s” finales precedidas de vocal o consonante sonora, aunque en la práctica encontraremos también innumerables excepciones. Ejemplos: /wɒz /, / ‘bIzI /, /zu: /, /‘lIzenz/, /dΛz /... 9 /ʃ/ Fonema sordo (sin vibración de las cuerdas vocales) de la familia de la “s“. Generalmente lo encontramos con la grafía “sh“ o “sch” (en palabras de origen alemán). Ejemplos: /ʃi: /, /wɒʃ /, /fIʃ /, /ʃu: /, /ʃɔ: /... 10

/ʧ/Es un sonido sordo que equivale, poco más o menos, a nuestra “ch“.

Para pronunciarlo correctamente, conviene recordar que se trata de dos sonidos consonánticos juntos: el fonema /t / (que en inglés es más fuerte que en español) y el fonema /ʃ/ (“sh“), por lo que tendremos que pronunciar una “ch“ española, pero más lentamente, como “a cámara lenta” , tratando de separar esos 2 sonidos. Ejemplos: /ʧɜ:ʧ /, /lΛnʧ /, /wIʧ /, /ʧi:z /, /ʧeə /... 11

/ʒ/

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/ʤ/

Otro fonema de la familia de la “s“. Es muy parecido al anterior, pero sonoro (al pronunciarlo se produce una vibración de las cuerdas vocales). Podríamos definirlo como una mezcla de “d“ y “ll”. Es prácticamente el mismo sonido de la jota de la palabra francesa “je“. Ejemplos: /’juʒjuəl /, /’televIʒən /, /’treʒə /, /’pleʒə /, /’beIʒ /... Partamos del fonema anterior. 13

Si le ponemos delante una “d“ inglesa (más fuerte que la española) tendremos un sonido parecido al de la “y“ en la palabra castellana “yo“. Otra forma de practicarlo es decir la palabra francesa “déjà“ (=“ya“), pero sin pronunciar las vocales. Ejemplos: / ʤɒb /, / ʤΛmp /, / brIʤ /, / ‘ɒrInʤ /, / eIʤ /... 13 /θ/ Este sonido es el de la “z“ española. Se suele escribir “ th”. Ejemplos: / bæθ /, / θIŋ /, / mɑʊθ /, / θri: /, / bəʊθ /...

/ð/

Este sonido es una mezcla de “d“ y “z“. Es una consonante sonora. Lo más parecido que tenemos en español es una “d“ intervocálica como, por ejemplo, en la palabra “ además”. Ejemplos: / ðIz /, / ðeə /, / ðeI /, /wIð /, /‘bri:ðIŋ /... 14

15 /f/ El sonido /f/ es idéntico al de la efe española. Generalmente se escribe con “f”, aunque a veces el grupo “gh” se pronuncia /f/. Ejemplos: / fɑIn /, /’kΛfI /, / fɑ: /, / fæt /, / fɔ: /... 16/v/ En español, “b“ y “v “ se deben pronunciar igual. La distinción que existía en nuestra lengua entre estos dos sonidos desapareció hace ya mucho tiempo. Sin embargo, la uve inglesa se parece aún bastante a una “f“. Ten en cuenta que el inglés es una lengua germánica, y que en alemán “v“ y “w“ suenan “f“ (Volkswagen, Wagner, etc.). Si escuchas hablar a los escoceses, notarás que sus “uves” son en realidad “efes”. Al escribir, suele corresponder a una “v”. Ejemplos: / verI /, / hæv /, / twelv /, /əʊvə /, / Λv /... 17 /b/ Básicamente es la misma consonante española. Pero en inglés la “b” se parece mucho a la “p”: ten esto muy en cuenta cuando escuches a hablantes nativos. Al pronunciarla delante de una vocal se ha de expulsar el aire rápidamente, haciendo una ligera “explosión”. Ejemplos: / bi: /, / bɑI /, / bæg /, / rəʊb /, / bɔI /... 18 /p/ La “p” inglesa es un poco más fuerte que la española. Al escribir, encontramos normalmente una “p”. Ejemplos: /pɔ: / , /pʊʃ/, /peI /, /pæt /, /ʃɒp /... ©EOICartagena+Oliver1999

19 /t/ La “t” inglesa es también más fuerte que la española. A veces, suena casi /ʧ/. Un truco para pronunciar este sonido correctamente es pegar la lengua al paladar, en vez de a la parte trasera de los dientes, como hacemos en español. Desde punto de vista de la ortografía no presenta problemas especiales, puesto que al escribir una “t” casi siempre pronunciaremos /t/. Ejemplos: /wɒt / , / tel /, / teIk /, / pæt /, / lʊkt /...

14

20 /d/ Las mismas observaciones que hicimos sobre el fonema /t/. Al escribir encontraremos normalmente una “d”. Ejemplos: /’dInǝ /, / deI /, /nί:d /, /dIs‘trɔI /, /‘hʌndrəd /... 21 /g/ Es el sonido de la letra “g” en la palabra castellana “gato”. Es mucho más fuerte que la “g” española, hasta el punto de sonar casi como una “k”. Atención a las palabras que se escriben con “g”, puesto que a veces la pronunciaremos /g / y a veces /ʤ /. Ejemplos: / gæb / , /bIg /, / gɔd /, /gǝʊ /... 22 /k/ Básicamente este sonido coincide con el fonema /k/ español. El problema es que puede corresponder a grafías muy distintas: “k”, “c”, “ch”, “q”,... Ejemplos: /‘sIrkl /, /’kΛfI /, / teIk /, / lʊkt /...

©EOICartagena+Oliver1999 SON

LOCK

COT

SUN

LUCK

CUT

15

TIN

DISC

PIN

PUT

COOK

PUSH

CHAR

CHAIN

CHEAP

TEN

DESK

PEN

POT

COCK

POSH

JAR

JANE

JEEP

©EOICartagena+Oliver1999

4. Frases para practicar los sonidos /ί: /These three sheep. / I / This ship is big. /е /Ben sells eggs. /æ /Sam ran back. /ɑ: /Charles can’t dance. /ɒ /John got lost. / ɔ: /Paul saw four forks. / ʊ /Could you cook?. /u: /Choose two tools. /ʌ /One young son. /ɜ: /First learn Bert’s words. /ǝ /Seven policemen. / eI /Jane came late.

16

/ǝʊ /Don’t go home, Joan. /ɑI /I’m quite right. /ɑʊ /How’s Brown’s cow? / ɔI /Roy’s joy is a toy. /Iǝ /I fear he can hear. /eǝ /Where is their chair? /ʊǝ /I’m sure the Moor is poor. / p /I picked up a piece of paper. / b /He bought a big book. / t /Tom, eat that meat. / d /Dad didn’t add it. / k /Kate cut the cake. / g /Peggy got a good egg. / f /I found eleven figs. / v /This verb has five vowels. / θ /I think Arthur is the best author. / ð /They bathed there. /s /Sue said she was sad. /z /It isn’t easy to please Susan. /ʃ /She showed the fish. /ʒ /It’s a pleasure to watch television. /ʧ /A cheap chop. / ʤ /John has just changed it. /m /Tom must meet Tim. /n /I don’t know his name. /ŋ /She sang a long song. / l /He’ll tell a lie. /r /Richard hat. /w /Where was Wilson’s wife? /j /Yes, you yawned yesterday.

5. palabras diferenciadas en un solo fonema / ί: / v eat heat seat feet seen leave sheep reach

.

/I/ it hit sit fit sin live ship rich

/æ / v. / ɑ: / at art hat heart cat cart had hard ant aunt back bark

ate bed head said lend men bet pen

/е / v. at bad had sad land man bat pan

/æ /

/ ɒ / v. court port spot sport cockcork fox forks shot short

/ ɔ: /

cot pot

17

pat match

part march

/ʊ/ full pull look

v. / u: / fool pool Luke

/ʌ / luck cut done bun hut cuff buck

/ɑ: / lark cat darn barn heart calf bark

/ʌ / v. /æ / but bat cup cap cut cat hut hat run ran rung rang much match sunk sank /ɜ: / bird dirt heard turn learnt burst worst weren’t

/е / bed debt head ten lent best west went

/ v / v. / b / very bury vote boat vigour bigger covered cupboard

/ θ / v. / ð / breath breathe bath bathe worth worthy North Northern

/d/ dare day den

/ʤ/ niece ice place price loose bus once

/s / v. knees eyes plays prize lose buzz ones

/ʃ / v. sheep shop ship sheet wish wash

/ʧ / cheap chop chip cheat which watch

v. there they then

/ʃ / v. she ship show shame shake sheet shell shave shore /n / thin sin

/s / see sip so same sake seat sell save saw

v. /ŋ / thing sing

/j / use you

/z /

v. / ʤ / Jews Jew 18

ton run sun

tongue rung sung

your use yet yes

jaw juice jet Jess

/æ/

/ʌ/

/ɑ:/

ham ban back lack match cat hat

hum bun buck luck much cut hut

harm barn bark lark march cart heart

/ɒ/

/ɔ:/

rod fox cot

roared forks court

road folks coat

/n/

/ŋ/

/ŋk/

thin sin sun ran

thing sing sung rang

think sink sunk rank

/m/

/n/

/ŋ/

sum rum beam seem

sun run been seen

sung rung being seeing

/s/

/ʃ/

/z/

sip sue

ship shoe

zip zoo

/z/

/ʃ/

/ʧ/

was zip

wash ship

watch chip

/ǝʊ/

6. Homophones: A air, ere, heir aisle, isle, i’ll

cast, caste ceiling, sealing cellar, seller 19

allowed, aloud arc, ark alms, arms aren’t, aunt ascent, assent

B bad, bade bald, bawled ball, bawl bare, bear barren, baron base, bass B, be, bee beach, beech bean, been beat, beet beer, bier berth, birth bight, bite boar, bore board, bored bolder, boulder beau, bow bough, bow boy, buoy blew, blue brake, break bread, bred Britain, briton berry, bury but, butt buy, by, b ye

C cannon, canon candid, candied caught, court fir, fur flair, flare flea, flee flour, flower for, fore, four fort, fought forth, fourth foul, fowl

G grease, Greece grate, great

censer, censor cereal, serial cawed, cord, cored, chord coarse, course coal, cole complement, compliment caw, core, corps council, counsel councillor, counsellor cruise, crews currant, current

CH check, cheque choose, chews

D Dane, deign days, daze dew, due dear, deer desert, dessert die, dye

E earn, urne eight, ate ewe, you ewes, use

F fane, fain, feign fair, fare farther, father faun, fawn feat, feet fin, Finn find, fined

L laid, lade lain, lane laud, lord law, lore lead, led leant, lent lessen, lesson loan, lone

M maid, made 20

groan, grown gilt, guilt guessed, guest

H hair, hare heal, heel heard, herd hear, here high, hi higher, hire him, hymn hoarse, horse hole, whole hour, our hew, hue, hugh

I I, ay, aye, eye idle, idol I’ll, isle, aisle in, inn indict, indite its, it’s

K key, quay knew, new knight, night knot, not knows, nose pair, pear pause, paws P, pea peace, piece peer, pier per, purr plain, plane plum, plumb paw, pore, pour practice, practise pray, prey praise, prays, preys principal, principle

Q Q, queue quire, choir

R

mail, male main, mane mantel, mantle mare, mayor marshal, martial meat, meet medal, meddle metal, mettle mean, mien miner, minor missed, mist moat, mote muscle, mussel

N nay, neigh new, knew night, knight none, nun no, know nor, gnaw not, knot

O O, oh, owe ode, owed one, won

P pail, pale pain, pane sight, site sighs, size slay, sleigh sew, so, sow sawed, sword sole, soul soled, soled some, sum son, sun stair, stare stationary, stationery stake, steak steal, steel storey, story straight, strait succour, sucker serf, surf suite, sweet 21

raise, rays, race rap, wrap rapped, rapt, wrapped read, reed rain, reign, rein ring, wring right, rite, Wright, write road, rode, rowed root, route rose, rows rung, wrung

S sail, sale sea, see sealing, ceiling seam, seem seas, sees, seize, c’s scene, seen sell, cell seller, cellar scent, cent serial, cereal shear, sheer

T tail, tale tare, tear taught, taut T, tea, tee their, there threw, through throe, throw throne, thrown tide, tied tier, tear time, thyme tire, tier, tyre too, two told, tolled ton, tun toe, tow

V vale, veil vain, vane, vein

W

wail, whale waist, waste wait, weight wear, where, were way, weigh we, wee weak, week weave, we’ve weather, whether we’ll, wheel what, watt why, y wheeled, wield whine, wine which, witch won, one wood, would war, wore whirled, world warn, worn

Y yoke, yolk yaw, your yew, you, ewe 22

7. Tabla resumen. 7.A. Sonidos vocálicos. phonem e

possible spellings

examples

/ί:/

ea, ee, e, ei, eo, ie

sea, free, key, ceiling, people, piece

/I /

i, y, e, u, ui, o

ink, city, added, busy, biscuit, women

/е/

u, e, a, ie, ea, ue

bury, bed, any, friend, head, guest

/æ/

a, ai

cat, plait

/ʌ /

ou, oo, oe, o, u

young, blood, does, love, cut

/ɑ:/

ar, er, au, ea, ua

dark, clerk, laugh, hart, guard

/ɔ:/

or, ou, au, a, aw, oo, oa

horse, thought,caught, all, dawn, door, board

/ɒ /

o, a, ou

body, wash, cough

/u:/

u, ue, ui, oo, ou, o, ew

June, blue, juice, roof, group, two, Jew

/ʊ/

u, oo, ou

push, book, would 23

/ǝ/

many varieties

colour, abroad, has, of, dinner, alive

/ɜ:/

ear, ir, ur, or, er

early, bird, nurse, worm, nervous

©Dani1999

7.B. Diptongos. phonem e

possible spellings

examples

/ɑI / /eI /

i, igh, ie, y, e ai, ay, a, ea, ei, ey

/ɔI/ /eǝ/ /Iǝ/

oi, oy ar, air eer, ear, ere, ier, ia, ea

/ʊǝ/

oor, our, ure, ur, ewe, ua

/ɑʊ/ /ǝʊ/

ou, ow oe, ow, oa, o

I, high, die, cry, eye rain, lay, ate, break, eight, they choice, boy care, chair beer, near, here, pier, pianist, ear poor, tour, sure, cure, sewer, valuable about, now toe, own, road, go

7.C. Triptongos. phonem e /ɑIǝ/

possible spellings

examples

yre, ire, er, ie, ia

/eIǝ/ /ɔIǝ/

ayer, eyer oyer, oya, oyou

/ɑʊǝ/ /ǝʊǝ/

ower, owar, our ower

tyre, fire, higher, quiet, liar player, greyer employer, annoyance, joyous tower, coward, hour slower

7.D. Semiconsonantes. phonem e

possible spellings

examples 24

/j /

eu, ew,u, y, eau, i

/w /

w, u, o

queue, new, use, young, beauty, onion win, queen, one ©Dani1999

7.E. Consonantes. phonem e /l/ /r/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /h/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/

possible spellings

examples

l r m n ng, nk h, wh s, c, sc z, s sh, ss, ci, ti, si, sch

/ʧ/ /ʒ/ /ʤ/

ch, c, cz s dg, g, j, di

/θ/ /ð/ /f/ /v/ /b/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /g/ /k/

th th f, gh, ph v, ph, f b p t d g c, ch, k, q(u)

look rice make now song, think here, where sun, central, science zoo, nose shine, passion, magician, nation, pension, schwa change, cello, Czek measure judge, strange, just, soldier mouth the off, rough, elephant save, Stephen, of but pub teach do agree cottage, Christmas, keep, quiet, Iraq

©Dani1999 25

8.Exercises. 1. Put these words into one of the boxes according to the main vowel sound. Can Gap Any Young Plain Week Hide

/ eɪ /

Lack Need Can’t Them Give Past Let

/ i: /

/ɪ/

Thing Real Quite Might Say State Are

/ aɪ /

Each Dark Heart Love Which Eat Man

/e/

/ ɑ: /

Says Claim Guide Much Fat It But

/æ/

/ʌ/

2. Put these words into their box according to the consonant sound. Fourth Teeth Faith

Fifth Bath Twelfth

Length Thick Cloth

Seventh Through The

Eighth Three This

Warmth Mouth That 26

There Rather Their Either Death Thirty Worth

Then Mother With Together Width Thirteen Theatre

Though Further Father Leather Thin Thursday Fourth

These Them Brother Than Both Truth Method

Those Clothes Another Think Thanks Health Wealthy

/Ɵ/

They Weather Breathe Thief Thousand Birthday Month

/ð/

3. Put these words into a box according to the main vowel sound. Pen It She Or One A Her Ask On Do

Yes In Be For Bus Pizza Verb Bar Hot Who

Desk His He Sport But Again Girl Park Not Too

Help Six Read Four Cup Banana First Star Job Fool

When Film Please Your Club Camera Third Start From School

Tell Milk Speak You’re Some The Word Large Rock You 27

Put Am

Full At

Book Bag

Cook Man

Good Bank

Football Have

/ʊ/ /ɒ/ /æ/ / ɑ: / / u: / /e/ /ǝ/ / i: / / ɔ: / / ɜ: / /ɪ/ /ʌ/ 4. Put these words into a box according to the main vowel sound. Spell Stress Twelve French Get Greece Key Ski Peace Free Stop German

This With Sing Think Is Board Door Small Talk Call Cross Miss

Just Much Lunch Come Love Sister Cassette Today Actor Mister Dog And

Work World Learn Search Birthday Dance Are Car Glass Cigar Uniform Sister

Wrong Want What Got Long Use New Two Blue Juice Shoot Circle

Look Room Could Would Push That Black Stand Thanks Cat Nurse Pill

/ʊ/ /ɒ/ 28

/æ/ / ɑ: / / u: / /e/ /ǝ/ / i: / / ɔ: / / ɜ: / /ɪ/ /ʌ/ 5. Put these words in a box according to the main vowel sound: Could Sure Ought Found Heard Door Good

/ ǝ: /

First Sound Block Own House Would Got

/ʊ/

Groom Church Group Phone Choose Work Room

/ɒ/

/ u: /

Floor Lock Should Thought Bought Now How

/ aʊ /

Don’t Off Move Cook Only Girl More

/ ɔ: /

/ ǝʊ /

29

6 .Put these words in a box according to the main dipthong sound: Hi Hair Change Dear How Date Go Tour

/ ʊǝ /

Pair Fine Point Hear Now Nice Cold Tourist

/ ɔɪ /

Fire Where Noise Near Town Take Close There

/ eɪ /

/ aɪ /

Like Plural Voice Real Brown Page Smoke Pure

/ ǝʊ /

Name Wear Royal Here Our Oil Low Europe

/ aʊ /

/ ɪǝ /

Cry Their Toy Poor Hour Plane Home Beer

/ eǝ /

30

7. Put these words into a box according to the main dipthong sound: Night Write My Why Bye They’re Noise Unemploye We’re Noun Count Pound d Sound Row Eight They Day Say Explained Make Great Pay Became Raining Maid Don’t Phone Road Know Show Frozen So Sure Like Bike Train

/ ʊǝ /

/ ɔɪ /

/ eɪ /

/ aɪ /

/ ǝʊ /

/ aʊ /

/ ɪǝ /

/ eǝ /

8. Put these words in a box according to the consonant sound: Watch Which March Teach French Chess 31

John Church

Job Cheap

Jump Cheese

Jacket Chips

Bridge Children

Just

Village

Jeans

January

Germany

Much Imagine Such Garage

Picture Age Butcher Jail

Lunch Orange Much Juice

Which Huge Touch Judge

Catch Bridge Coach Question

/ʧ/

Badge Teache r Manage r Change Joke Jam Strange

/ʤ/

9. Put these words in a box according to the consonantal sound: Is His Tins Bins These Zoo Fish Flash Shoes Machine Sharp Patient Say Yes Stops Stars Sister Six Television Pleasure Unusual Treasure Casualty Leisure Music Essay Days Eyes Pens Use She Shop Short Shout Dish Sugar 32

Asks Revision Ship Polish

/z/

Lesson Garage Crash Push

City Strange Sure Sheep

/s/

Police Vision Tissue Does

/ʃ/

Gets Division Finish Zebra

Makes Usually Station Dozen

/ʒ/

10. Put these words in a box according to the consonant sound: Knives Voice Wives Over View Very From Wife First Friday After Before Five Active Eleven Seventeen Shave Vowel Office Half Fat Coffee Photo Fine Seven Have Love Of Move Have Finger Knife Far Enough Fill If Twelve Visit Off Traffic Fog Elepha nt

33

/f/

/v/

11. Put these words in a box according to the consonantal sound: Yellow Young Your Year Yesterday Use He She Hat Hello Behind Who Wrong Helping Think Anger Wing Doing Cat Comic Coffee Drink Lock Caught What Way Which Where Wheel Well University Beautiful Yes Dirty Few Queen Hungry Hotel High How Hundred Help Living Building Waving Flying Shooting Languag e Park Car Clock Capital Constructi Quiet on Why Water Wrong Window Worry Question Chocolate Look Uncle Young Yield Queue

/k/

/w/

/h/

/ŋ/

/j/

34

ðI ǝ’pIǝrǝns ǝv ðI ’ ɑIlǝnd wen ɑI ’keIm ɒn ’dek nekst ’mɔ:nIŋ wǝz ’ɒltǝgeðǝ

’ʧeInʤd .

ɒl’ðǝʊ ðǝ ’bri:z hǝd

’nɑʊ ’ʌtǝlI ’feIld ,

wI ǝd meId ǝ ’greIt

dIl

ǝv ’weI

djʊǝrIŋ ðǝ ’nɑIt , ǝnd wǝ ’nɑʊ

’lɑIIŋ bI’kɑ:md ’lǝʊ

’Istǝn

ðǝ ’sɜ:fIs . ’ðIs

ǝv ’jelǝʊ

ǝbɑʊt

’sændbreIk

ǝ

’greI kʌlǝd

’kǝʊst .

’i:vn

’hɑ:f

’tInt

In

’wɔ:z

ðǝ ’lɒwǝ

’mɑIl

tǝ

’wu:dz

Indi:d

ðǝ

’sɑʊθ ’Ist ǝv ðǝ

’kʌvǝd ǝ ’pɑ:t

’brǝʊkn

lɑ:ndz ,

ǝnd

lɑ:ʤ ǝv

’ʌp bɑI ’strIks

bɑI

’menI ’tɔ:l

35

’tri:z

’sʌm

ǝv

’pɑIn ’fæmI lI

ðǝ

’ɑʊtɒpIŋ

ðI

’ʌðǝz -’sʌm ’sIŋglI ,

In ’k lʌmps ; bǝt ðǝ ’ʤenrǝl ’kʌlǝrIŋ wǝz ’jʊnIŋfɔ:m ǝnd

’sɑ:d .

ǝv ’neIkId

wItʃ

’rʌn ’ʌp

’rɔ:k . ɔ:l

bɑI

wǝz

’ɑI lǝnd ,

’hI lz

ðǝ

wǝz

θri:

wǝ

ɒ

’fɔ:

’ lɑIkwɑIse

’klIǝ

’streInʤlI

ǝbʌv

ve’ʤIteIʃn In ’spɑIǝz

’ʃeIpt , ǝnd

hʌndrǝd ’fIt ’streInʤIst

ðǝ

ðǝ

ðǝ

In

’spɑI glɑ:s ,

ðǝ

’tɔ:lIst

ɒn

ðǝ

kǝnfIgju’reIʃn

, ’rʌnIŋ

’kʌt ’ɒf

’ʃIǝ

’ʌp

ǝt

ðǝ

frǝm

’tɒp

ɒlmǝʊst

lɑIK

ǝ

’evrI

’pedIstl

’sɑId,

tǝ

pʊt

ǝnd ’ðǝn ’sʌdnlI ǝ

’stætjʊ ɔ:n .

frɒm ’treʒǝ ’ɑIlǝnd bɑI ’rɒbǝt ’lu:Is ’sti:vǝnsǝn. Now write the words represented: 1. dI‘lɑItfʊl 2. ‘grævl 3. mеǝ 4. pɔ: 5. ‘pеItrIɑ:kI 6. ‘rʌbǝ 7. ‘trʌblsǝm 8. rIʤ 9. træns’mIʃǝn 10. ‘zIǝrǝʊ 11. ‘mǝʒǝ

36