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• Jubail Esteban

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Articulatory Phonetics  It is a subfield of phonetics.  It is the study of how speech sounds are produce in the vocal tract. Two classes of sounds: Sounds of all languages fall under two categories:  

Consonants Vowels

Difference between CONSONANT and VOWELS: Consonants involve some RESTRICTIONS of air flow while vowels DO NOT have restrictions. CONSONANTS Criteria for describing a consonant:  VOICING- refers to what the vocal chords are doing. It can be classified into two: 

Voiceless Sound- It is a voiceless sound if the air passes through OPEN vocal folds. e.g. [p], [t], [k], [f], [θ], [s], [ʃ], [h], [hw], [ʧ]



Voiced Sounds- It is voiced sound when the air passes through VIBRATING vocal folds. e.g. [b], [d], [g], [v], [∂], [r], [ʓ], [m], [n], [ɧ], [w], [ʤ]

 Place of Articulation- It refers to where the constriction of airflow takes place. 1. Bilabial- It refers to the production of consonant sounds with he use of upper and lower lips which are pressed or almost touching each other. e.g. [p], [b], [m], [hw], [w] 2. Labio-dental- It refers to lips and teeth where the lower lip is touching the upper teeth to articulate the sound. e.g. [f], [v]

3. Lingua-dental/Interdental- It is the sound produced with the tongue contacting the teeth. e.g. [θ], [∂] 4. Lingua-alveolar- It refers to the sound made when the tongue touches the alveolar ridge or the roof of the mouth. e.g. [t], [d], [s], [r], [n], [l] 5. Lingua-palatal- A sound that is produced as the tongue makes contact with the hard palate. e.g. [j] 6. Lingua-velar- The sound made as the tongue raised and touches the soft palate. e.g. [k], [g], [ɧ] 7. Glottal- It is produced at the glottis or the space between the vocal folds. e.g. [h]  Manner of Articulation-It refers to how airflow constricted 1. Plosives/Stops- It is produced by momentary blocking the airflow with the sudden release of blocked air. e.g. [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] 2. Fricatives- It is produced by forcing the air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. This partial closing cause friction and a blowing noise occurs. e.g. [f], [v], [s], [z], [h], [ʃ], [ʓ] 3. Nasals- It refers to the production of sounds with a lowered velum in the mouth and allowing air to escape freely through the nose. e.g. [m], [n], [ɧ] 4. Laterals- It is produced by allowing the air to pass on one or both sides of the tongue. e.g. [l]

5. Glides- The sounds that are produced from constricting the vocal tract but not really obstructing it. e.g. [hw], [w], [j] 6. Affricates- It is formed by stopping the flow of air and then releasing it, so that a friction sound is produced. e.g. [ʧ], [ʤ] 7. Tap- It is produced in a rapid flick of the tongue. e.g. butter  How to describe Consonants?

e.g. [b] stop

voice

[s] voiceless fricative

VOWELS Types of Vowel Sounds:  MONOTHONGS- it involves one vowel quality Example: cat [kæt] sit [sIt] 

DIPTHONGS- It involves two vowel quality

Example: Face [feIs] Boy [bɔI]

bilabial alveolar

Criteria for describing a vowel:  Height- It refers to how high or low the tongue is in the mouth when producing the vowel. e.g. [i] = HIGH

[a] = LOW

 Backness- It refers to how far from front or back the tongue is when producing the vowel. e.g. [i] – the tongue goes front. [a] – the tongue stays in center. [u] - the tongue moves backward.  Roundedness- It refers to how lips are form when producing the vowel. e.g. [i] unrounded [u] rounded  How to describe vowels?

e.g. [u] high rounded [æ] low unrounded

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