• Categories
• Contaminación
• Contaminación del aire
• Contaminación del agua
• Gestión de residuos
• Residuos

Citation preview

“Year of National Dialogue and Reconciliation”

LANGUAGE CENTER OF THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTA

Monograph: “ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION” Student’s name: Egoavil Soto Mishel Cycle: Conversation II Days: Monday-Wednesday-Friday Timetable: 8-10pm. Date: 02/04/18 Teacher’s name: Rivera Altamirano Juan Carlos Principal’s name: Juan Martinez Guillen

Nuevo Chimbote – Peru

I.

DEDICATION

To God for keeping me alife, to my parents for the support that offer me when I really need, to my classmates for their kidness and teamwork, to my teacher because he supported me in the perform of my monograph and the last to all who are interested in the subject that I will expose.

II.

INTRODUCTION

In this monograph I talk about one of the most important problema in the planet. The climatic change and pollution it’s because our actions as the humans such as: cars ejected very much carbón dioxide, the trash in the sea, in ground and the air, all these actions are the lack of information about the damages that a producto r waste can cause in the environment, the lack of technology to properly dispose of waste and produce cleanly. Besides the great advance of technology and new job opportunities bring pollution to the irresponsibility with the planet and bad habits. The planet earth is the only habitad that houses life for that reason we should be taken care of, also we must think about the new generations and our descendants. So I chose this topic because I want people to be aware of the irreparable damage they are causing to the earth and I expect that people take awareness and take care about the planet where we live. I will show information about causes of pollution, the consequences and finally some recomendations for this serious problem.

INDEX

CONTENT ....................................................................................................................... 5

III. 1.

GENERALITIES ............................................................................................................. 5

2.

CAUSES .......................................................................................................................... 5 A.

Industries ................................................................................................................ 5

B.

Transportation....................................................................................................... 6

C.

Agricultural Activities.......................................................................................... 6

D.

Deforestation ......................................................................................................... 7

E.

Trading Activities ..................................................................................................... 7

F.

Residences................................................................................................................. 7 CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................................................... 8

3. A.

Effects of Air Pollution ........................................................................................ 8

B.

Effects of Soil Pollution ...................................................................................... 9

C.

Effects of Water Pollution .................................................................................. 9

D.

Human health ...................................................................................................... 10 RECOMEDATIONS: .................................................................................................... 11

4. A.

Implementing environmental policies........................................................... 11

B.

Air ........................................................................................................................... 11

C.

Water ...................................................................................................................... 12

D.

Waste ..................................................................................................................... 12

E.

Nature conservation and biodiversity............................................................... 13

IV.

CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................... 15

V.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES................................................................................. 16

III. CONTENT 1. GENERALITIES Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. In 2015, pollution killed 9 million people in the world. Pollution may be of the following types: o Air pollution o Noise pollution o Water pollution o Soil pollution o Thermal pollution

o Radiation pollution

2. CAUSES Let us first take a look at the causes of environmental pollution: A. Industries Industries

have

been

polluting our environment especially

since

the

beginning of the industrial revolution,

as

mentioned

above, notably due to the increasing

use

of fossil

fuels. In the 19th century and for a significant part of the 20thcentury, coal has been use to make machines work faster, replacing human force. Though pollution by industries mainly causes air pollution, soil and water contamination can also occur. This is particularly the case for power-

generating industries, such as plants producing electricity (May they be a dam, a nuclear reactor or some other type of plant). Also, the transportation of this energy can be harmful to the environment. We can take as an example the transportation of petrol through pipelines; if there is a leak in the pipeline, soil will automatically be polluted. At the same time, if the tanker transporting the petrol from its production plant to the place where it will be consumed leaks or sinks, the water will get contaminated. B. Transportation Ever since men abandoned animal

power

travel, pollution environment has

to

of

the

become

higher and higher. Its levels have only been increasing until

now.

Similarly

to

industries, pollution caused by transport can mainly be attributed to fossil fuels. Indeed, humans went from horse carriages to cars, trains (which, before electricity, used to be propelled by coal), and air planes. As the traffic is increasing every day, pollution follows that evolution. C. Agricultural Activities Agriculture is mainly responsible for the contamination of water and soil. This is caused by the increased use of pesticides, as well as by the intensive character of its production. Almost all pesticides are made from chemical substances and are meant to keep diseases and threatening animals away from the crops. However, by keeping these forms of life away, harm is almost always made to the surrounding environment as well.

Furthermore, as agriculture gets more and more intensive to feed the increasing world population, more environments and ecosystems are destroyed to make space for the crops. Some of them, like rapeseed – used to make oil – demand a lot of space for a relatively small output. D. Deforestation Deforestation has an effect on global air quality because trees release water vapor into the air which affects atmospheric temperatures and other crucial elements that keep this earth of ours ticking over nicely. When there are fewer trees, less water vapor is released into the air, which means an imbalance occurs and we start to see the effects of global warming and temperature rises. As well as causing a rise in the global temperature, deforestation affects the air that we breathe. This is because all trees take in carbon dioxide and other pollutants which are known to cause a lot of problems in the atmosphere. This inevitably results in all of us breathing dirtier and more polluted air than we otherwise would. E. Trading Activities Trading activities including the

production

exchange

of

goods

and and

services. Concerning goods, pollution can be caused by packaging

(which

often

involves the use of plastic, which is made from fossil fuels) or transport, mainly. F. Residences Finally, residential areas provide their fair share of pollution as well. First, to be able to build homes, natural environment has to be destroyed in

one way or another. Wildlife and plants are driven away and replaced by human constructions. As it requires the work of industries, construction itself is also a source of contamination of the environment. Then, when people settle in, they will produce waste every day, including a part that cannot be processed by the environment without harm yet. 3. CONSEQUENCES

A. Effects of Air Pollution Greenhouse gases, like fossil fuels released by vehicles and factories, and methane, released by livestock, contribute to air pollution and add to climate change by raising the earth's temperature. In a vicious circle, climate change then makes a certain type of air pollution worse. A reaction between combusting fossil fuel emissions and sunlight creates smog, a yellowish or blackish fog also known as "ground level ozone."

Climate

creates

more

change allergenic

also air

pollutants, such as mold caused by damp conditions and pollen caused by a longer pollen season and increased pollen production. Air pollution can have a serious heath impact on humans. If you are exposed to very high levels of air pollutants, you may experience irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, wheezing, coug hing and breathing problems and have a greater risk of heart attacks. Air pollution can also exacerbate existing lung and heart conditions, like asthma. Smog can irritate the eyes and throat and also damage the lungs. Children, senior citizens and people who work or exercise outside are at a greater risk. Those most at risk are people with asthma or allergies because pollutants can make their symptoms worse and trigger asthma attacks. Across the world, climate change leads to more drought, heat waves, rising sea levels, storms, warming oceans and rising sea levels, which affect animal species by destroying their natural habitats.

B. Effects of Soil Pollution Pollutants in soil, most often

from

sources, and

industrial

deforestation

improper

waste

disposal, put animals and plants

in

danger.

Soil

polluted by chemicals eventually becomes infertile and unable to support crops and other plant life. This hinders food production and can lead to malnourishment in local communities. If soil pollutants produce contaminated food, anyone who eats it may become ill. Toxic soil may also cause illness through skin contact or inhalation.

C. Effects of Water Pollution Pollutants in water resulting from trash, oil spills, sewage spills and runoff from agricultural fields, construction sites and factories affect native plant and animal species. Drinking contaminated water caused by sewage overflow may cause sickness and digestive problems in humans. Pollutants such as mercury in fish and seafood can lead to serious health problems, especially in children and pregnant women. When water is poisoned, many

animals

die.

Six

months after the 2010 BP oil spill, which affected 16,000 miles of U.S. coastline, over 8,000 animals were reported dead. Animals are also often injured or killed by solid waste discarded in water.

D. Human health Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 500 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, Over ten million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in 2013, and 1,535 people died, most of them children. Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. A 2010 analysis estimated that 1.2 million people died prematurely each year in China because of air pollution. The WHO estimated in 2007 that air pollution causes half a million deaths per year in India. Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the United States could be over 50,000. Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are at additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects. An October 2017 study by the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health found that

global

pollution,

specifically toxic air, water, soils and workplaces, kill nine million people annually, which is triple the number of deaths caused by AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and 15 times higher than deaths caused by wars and other forms of human violence.

4. RECOMEDATIONS A. Implementing environmental policies  Further pursue efforts to decouple economic growth and employment creation from pollution pressures and energy and resource use;  extend environmental policy attention to unsolved or new challenges, including nature conservation and diffuse pollution from agriculture and transport;  continue

efforts

to

harmonise,

streamline

and

further

develop

environmental legislation within an integrated Environmental Code;  strengthen and extend use of economic instruments to internalise external costs, and to progress towards sustainable production and consumption;  improve the efficiency and transparency (e.g. accounting practices) of water and waste related services provided at municipal level;  ensure that voluntary agreements become more effective and efficient (e.g. clear targets, reliable monitoring, improved transparency and third party participation);  increase economic analyses of environmental policy measures, with the aim of achieving environmental objectives more cost-effectively.

B. Air  Reduce or eliminate environmentally harmful subsidies in the energy and transport sectors;  reinforce measures to limit NOx and CO2 emissions from motor vehicle use and emissions of NMVOCs from solvent use;  develop more rational transport pricing and taxation to further internalise associated environmental costs, and to encourage more fuel efficient and less polluting modes;  develop mechanisms to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of control policy options, and make broader use of economic incentives for achieving air quality objectives;  take further measures to reduce total final energy consumption in the residential sector.

C. Water  Develop a comprehensive strategy to address diffuse pollution of surface and groundwater, including a mix of measures to further reduce nutrient surpluses from agriculture and to implement specific, more stringent requirements for farmers in vulnerable areas;  further reduce point source pollution of water through further investments in advanced treatment facilities, and through increasing the incentive function of water effluent charges;  address diffuse water pollution by heavy metals in a comprehensive manner, through extension of charging for rainwater collection and treatment;  enhance flood prevention in the main river basins by developing partnership approaches among stakeholders, and by including flood plain areas in regional land use planning and nature conservation;  pursue efforts to develop water quality monitoring, particularly for pesticides and nutrients in groundwater and lakes;  take

further

steps

towards

implementation

of

water

resource

management using a river basin approach

D. Waste  Improve efficiency of household waste management by opening the disposal market to competition, with monitoring and control by public authorities;  conduct an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the Duale System for recycling packaging material, and of material recycling schemes in general; assess their environmental benefits compared with other forms of treatment and disposal;  further develop implementation of the principle of extended producer responsibility in the industrial sector, possibly expanding the use of economic incentives;  elaborate plans to ensure that treatment and disposal of waste (e.g. hazardous waste, household waste) which is unsuitable for recycling are

organised efficiently, building on enhanced co-operation between federal and regional authorities and better identifying future infrastructure needs;  continue efforts aimed at upgrading landfill sites to meet legal requirements, and at remediating closed dump sites and contaminated sites, especially in the New Länder;  take measures to improve the availability and timeliness of data pertaining to waste generation, treatment and disposal at the national level.

E. Nature conservation and biodiversity  Formally adopt a set of specific national objectives for nature conservation, and develop specific nature conservation plans at the level of the Länder;  increase understanding and awareness of nature conservation and biodiversity issues among decision-makers and the general public; in particular, develop and adopt a national biodiversity strategy;  strengthen efforts and set targets for creating new protected areas (including Natura 2000 sites) and improve the representativeness of the network of protected areas;  obtain agreement and transposition, at the Länder and local levels, of the federal objective of reducing the rate at which land is urbanised to 30 hectares per day by 2020;  establish

a

performance

assessment

system

to

increase

the

transparency and effectiveness of spatial and landscape planning decisions;  extend the role of landscape protection groups in stakeholder mediation procedures concerning extension and management of protected areas;  further improve the effectiveness of voluntary agri-environmental measures by ensuring that they are applied on an ecologically appropriate scale;  encourage private landowners to conserve nature and biodiversity on their land, e.g. through a wider range of economic instruments.

News like that make me feel worry about the future, what kind of world we are leaving to our progeny, they will suffer because of us. Probably the will have to fight for water, they won’t have clean oxygen, they won’t have enough food, they will have to bear high temperatures. We need to make a big change to make an impact in our future and in ours progeny’s future. If we continue in this pattern, there will be more than some countries without water service, also the air pollution will expand to more countries, and deforestation will keep increasing global warming.

IV.

CONCLUSIONS

 The environmental pollution is a serious problem that if it isn’t treated soon, later humans could disappear.  We have read about different disasters around the world caused by our irresponsibility, ambition, greed, and they keep being bigger than the last ones.  High temperatures have been registered in different countries, and every year they keep increasing. In the same way, low temperatures have been registered in some countries. Everything is due to global warming.  Must implement mandatory environmental policies to each country to reduce the pollution that we currently live.

V. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES Alice. (2015). Acerca de nosotros: pacwa.org. Recuperado el 2018, de sitio web de pacwa.org: http://www.pacwa.org/deforestation-effects-onair-pollution/



Gillespie, C. (24 de April de 2018). Acerca de nosotros: SCIENCING. Recuperado el 26 de April de 2018, de sitio web de SCIENCING: https://sciencing.com/negative-effects-pollution-5268664.html



PERFORMANCE, W. P. (2000). ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEW

.

París:

Organization

for

Economic

Cooperation

and

Development. 

Rinkesh. (2009). Acerca de nosotros: Conserve energy future. Obtenido de sitio web de Conserve energy future: https://www.conserve-energyfuture.com/causes-and-effects-of-environmental-pollution.php#abh_posts



Sampath, N. (2011). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. India: Chettinad College of Engineering and Technology.