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• Paulita Gonzalez

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-PT IPOHPT (TFUBT) TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT -PT IPOHPT TPO VO HSVQP CJFO EJGFSFODJBEP EF PSHBOJTNPT RVF JODMVZF FTQFDJFT DPO DBSQÓGPSPT HSBOEFT Z WJTJCMFT, FT EFDJS NBDSPNJDFUPT (NBDSPIPOHPT V IPOHPT TVQFSJPSFT). -PT FKFNQMPT NÃT DPOPDJEPT EF NBDSPNJDFUPT TPO MBT iTFUBTu (QBMBCSB BNQMJBNFOUF VTBEB FO &TQBÒB QBSB SFGFSJSTF B MPT IPOHPT DPNFTUJCMFT). 5JFOFO TPNCSFSP Z UBMMP Z TV IÃCJUBU OBUVSBM TPO MB DBNQJÒB Z MPT CPTRVFT. -B NBZPS QBSUF EF FTUPT PSHBOJTNPT TJNQMFNFOUF OP TPO DPNFTUJCMFT QFSP IBZ FTQFDJFT JNQPSUBOUFT RVF QVFEFO TFS DPOTVNJEBT. &M OÙNFSP EF FTQFDJFT WFOFOPTBT FT NVZ SFEVDJEP NJFOUSBT MBT MFUBMFT TPO VO NÎOJNP QPSDFOUBKF. -PT IPOHPT DPNFTUJCMFT NÃT GBNJMJBSFT TPO MPT DVMUJWBEPT, MPT DVBMFT TF WFOEFO FO MPT TVQFSNFSDBEPT, GSFTDPT P FO DPOTFSWB. -PT NBDSPNJDFUPT UJFOFO NVDIBT GPSNBT Z BTQFDUPT EJGFSFOUFT. -PT CPMFUPT DPNFTUJCMFT UJFOFO QPSPT FO WF[ EF MBNJOJMMBT FO MB QBSUF JOGFSJPS EFM TPNCSFSP; MBT USVGBT DSFDFO EFCBKP EF MB UJFSSB Z OP UJFOFO UBMMP OJ TPNCSFSP (*MVTUSBDJÓO l). &M IVJUMBDPDIF FT VO QMBUJMMP NFKJDBOP QSPEVDJEP DVBOEP MBT NB[PSDBT EF NBÎ[ FTUÃO JOGFDUBEBT QPS IPOHPT. -TUPT, MÓHJDBNFOUF OP TPO iTFUBTu. 4F BDPTUVNCSB EJTUJOHVJS FM PSJHFO EF MPT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT Z FM IFDIP EF RVF JODMVZFO VOB HSBO WBSJFEBE EF GPSNBT, FOUSF MBT DVBMFT UFOFNPT: MPT RVF JOGFDUBO MBT NB[PSDBT EF NBÎ[, MPT HBTUFSPNZDFUFT, MPT CPMFUPT, MPT HSVQPT EF IPOHPT Z, QPS TVQVFTUP, MBT iTFUBTu. .VDIBT QVCMJDBDJPOFT (Q.FK. .BZ FU BM., l998B) TF SFGJFSFO B MPT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT, EFGJOJÊOEPMPT BNQMJBNFOUF QBSB JODMVJS MBT EJGFSFOUFT GPSNBT Z BTQFDUPT. &T JOUFSFTBOUF DPNQBSBS FTUPT UÊSNJOPT VUJMJ[BEPT FO PUSPT JEJPNBT. &O JUBMJBOP MPT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT TPO MMBNBEPT GVOHIJ DPNNFTUJCJMJ (IPOHPT DPNFTUJCMFT), Z OP FYJTUF VOB QBMBCSB RVF DPSSFTQPOEB B MB USBEVDDJÓO EF iTFUBu. &O JOHMÊT TF VTB iXJME FEJCMF GVOHVTu (QM. GVOHJ, QSPOVODJBEP HFOFSBMNFOUF DPO VOB iHu GVFSUF). i.VTISPPNTu UJFOF VO TJHOJGJDBEP TJNJMBS B iTFUBTu QFSP OP JOEJDB RVF FTUB FTQFDJF QBSUJDVMBS EF IPOHPT TFB DPNFTUJCMF. &O FM EJBMFDUP $IFXB EF .BMBXJ, CPXB EFTDSJCF VO IPOHP DPNFTUJCMF, VOB UFSNJOPMPHÎB RVF UJFOF, FO QSÃDUJDB, FM NJTNP TJHOJGJDBEP EF iIPOHP TJMWFTUSF DPNFTUJCMFu.

-PT )4$ MF BHSFHBO TBCPS B MPT BMJNFOUPT CÃTJDPT JOTÎQJEPT QFSP TPO UBNCJÊO VO BMJNFOUP OVUSJUJWP. -PT OPNCSFT MPDBMFT EF MPT IPOHPT 5FSNJUPNZDFT (*MVTUSBDJÓO 6) SFGMFKBO MBT DSFFODJBT MPDBMFT EF RVF ÊTUPT TPO VO TVTUJUVUP FGFDUJWP EF MB DBSOF, VOB DSFFODJB DPOGJSNBEB QPS MPT BOÃMJTJT OVUSJDJPOBMFT. /P UPEPT MPT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPOUJFOFO FTUB HSBO DBOUJEBE EF QSPUFÎOBT QFSP TV WBMPS OVUSJUJWP QVFEF TFS DPNQBSBEP DPO FM EF NVDIBT FTQFDJFT WFHFUBMFT. "EFNÃT EF QSPQPSDJPOBS VO DPNQMFNFOUP TVTUBODJBM B MBT EJFUBT EF MBT QPCMBDJPOFT QPCSFT EF MPT QBÎTFT FO EFTBSSPMMP, TPO VOB GVFOUF JNQPSUBOUF EF JOHSFTPT. -PT )4$ TF WFOEFO FO NVDIPT NFSDBEPT MPDBMFT Z TV SFDPMFDDJÓO DPNFSDJBM IB QSPQPSDJPOBEP OVFWBT GVFOUFT EF JOHSFTPT FDPOÓNJDPT QBSB NVDIBT QPCMBDJPOFT SVSBMFT. -BT EFNBOEBT EF IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT TFMFDDJPOBEPT QPS QBSUF EF &VSPQB Z +BQÓO TJHVFO SFQSFTFOUBOEP HSBOEFT JOHSFTPT FDPOÓNJDPT QBSB QBÎTFT DPNP #IVUÃO, MB 3FQÙCMJDB 1PQVMBS %FNPDSÃUJDB EF $PSFB Z 1BLJTUÃO. -PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT UJFOFO UBNCJÊO QSPQJFEBEFT NFEJDJOBMFT, BMHVOBT EF MBT DVBMFT TF FODVFOUSBO FO MBT FTQFDJFT DPNFTUJCMFT ($VBESP l). -PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT ÙUJMFT ()46), QPS MP UBOUP, DPOUSJCVZFO B MB EJFUB, B MPT JOHSFTPT FDPOÓNJDPT Z B MB TBMVE EF MB HFOUF. .VDIBT FTQFDJFT UJFOFO UBNCJÊO VO QBQFM FDPMÓHJDP GVOEBNFOUBM B USBWÊT EF MB SFMBDJÓO TJNCJÓUJDB (NJDPSSJ[B) RVF GPSNBO DPO MPT ÃSCPMFT. -BT USVGBT Z PUSPT )4$ JNQPSUBOUFT EFQFOEFO EF MPT ÃSCPMFT QBSB TV DSFDJNJFOUP Z OP QVFEFO TFS DVMUJWBEPT BSUJGJDJBMNFOUF. -BT NJDPSSJ[BT QFSNJUFO RVF MPT ÃSCPMFT DSF[DBO FO UFSSFOPT QPCSFT FO TVTUBODJBT OVUSJUJWBT. -PT CPTRVFT EF NJPNCP EF ¦GSJDB DFOUSBM Z NFSJEJPOBM OP FYJTUJSÎBO TJO MB BZVEB EF MPT IPOHPT. -B JNQPSUBODJB EF MPT )4$ TJHVF DSFDJFOEP QPS NVDIBT SB[POFT GVOEBNFOUBMFT. -B QSPIJCJDJÓO EF MB UBMB FO NVDIPT QBÎTFT IB SFOPWBEP FM JOUFSÊT QPS MPT 1'/.

*OUSPEVDDJÓO: TFOUBS MBT CBTFT

DPNP VOB GVFOUF BMUFSOBUJWB EF JOHSFTPT Z EF USBCBKP QBSB MB HFOUF RVF BOUFSJPSNFOUF USBCBKBCB FO MB TJMWJDVMUVSB. -PT )4$ IBO UFOJEP VO QBQFM QSFQPOEFSBOUF FO MB DSFBDJÓO EF OVFWBT GVFOUFT EF JOHSFTPT FO $IJOB Z &TUBEPT 6OJEPT. 1BSB NÃT JOGPSNBDJÓO WFB MPT $BQÎUVMPT 3 Z 4. &O TÎOUFTJT, MPT )4$ TPO JNQPSUBOUFT QPS USFT SB[POFT QSJODJQBMFT: x 4PO GVFOUFT EF BMJNFOUBDJÓO (NÃT MPT CFOFGJDJPT B MB TBMVE); x 4PO GVFOUFT EF JOHSFTPT; x .BOUJFOFO MB TBMVE EF MPT CPTRVFT. 53"%*$*0/&4 & )*4503*" %&- 640 -B FUOPNJDPMPHÎB FT FM FTUVEJP EF MB HFOUF Z EF MPT IPOHPT Z FT VOB NBUFSJB EF JOUFSÊT BDBEÊNJDP SFDJFOUF. 4VT PSÎHFOFT TF SFNPOUBO B VOB EF MBT QVCMJDBDJPOFT NÃT GBNPTBT UJUVMBEB .VTISPPNT, 3VTTJB BOE IJTUPSZ (8BTTPO Z 8BTTPO, l953). &TUB PCSB, QVCMJDBEB EF GPSNB QSJWBEB, FT SJRVÎTJNB FO JOGPSNBDJÓO TPCSF MB DVMUVSB Z MB IJTUPSJB EF MPT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT. 4J CJFO MB FUOPNJDPMPHÎB FNQF[Ó DPO VO DMBSP JOUFSÊT QPS MPT )4$, FO TV EFTBSSPMMP TVCTJHVJFOUF IB EFNPTUSBEP VO GVFSUF JOUFSÊT QPS MPT IPOHPT BMVDJOÓHFOPT Z QPS TV JNQPSUBODJB DVMUVSBM (4DIVMUFT, l940; 8BTTPO, l968). "VORVF ÊTUB TJHVF TJFOEP VOB NBUFSJB EF JOUFSÊT DPNQSFOTJCMF, MPT SFGMFDUPSFT IBO WVFMUP B BMVNCSBS IBDJB MPT )4$. %VSBOUF MPT ÙMUJNPT WFJOUF-USFJOUB BÒPT MPT JOWFTUJHBEPSFT IBO JODSFNFOUBEP TVTUBODJBMNFOUF OVFTUSP DPOPDJNJFOUP TPCSF MBT USBEJDJPOFT MPDBMFT EF ¦GSJDB, "TJB Z .FTPBNÊSJDB (.ÊYJDP Z (VBUFNBMB). 6OB QSJNFSB EJTUJODJÓO BCPSEB MPT DPODFQUPT EF NJDPGJMJB Z NJDPGPCJB. &O MBT TPDJFEBEFT P DVMUVSBT NJDPGÎMJDBT MPT IPOHPT TPO NVZ BQSFDJBEPT Z FYJTUF VOB GVFSUF USBEJDJÓO EF VTP QPQVMBS. -BT DVMUVSBT NJDPGÓCJDBT UJFOFO VOB FTUJNB NFOPS QPS MPT IPOHPT Z HFOFSBMNFOUF MPT WFO DPO DJFSUP SFDFMP (8BTTPO Z 8BTTPO, l953). &M SFHJTUSP DPMPOJBM CSJUÃOJDP FO ¦GSJDB DPOUJFOF QPDB JOGPSNBDJÓO BDFSDB EFM VTP MPDBM EF MPT )4$, B QFTBS EF RVF MB QPCMBDJÓO FO UPEB ¦GSJDB NFSJEJPOBM MPT IB DPOTVNJEP EVSBOUF TJHMPT (.PSSJT, l994; 1JFBSDF, l985). -B IJTUPSJB EFM VTP EF MPT )4$ IB TJEP CJFO EPDVNFOUBEB FO $IJOB, BVORVF NVDIB EF FTUB JOGPSNBDJÓO FTUÃ UPEBWÎB FO DIJOP (*MVTUSBDJÓO 3). $IJOB FT VO FKFNQMP EF QBÎT NJDPGÎMJDP NJFOUSBT FM 3FJOP 6OJEP FT DMBTJGJDBEP HFOFSBMNFOUF DPNP NJDPGÓCJDP. 4JO FNCBSHP, FTUBT EJTUJODJPOFT TF FTUÃO WPMWJFOEP NFOPT DMBSBT, Z TJ CJFO FYJTUF UPEBWÎB VOB EÊCJM USBEJDJÓO EF SFDPMFDDJÓO FO FM OPSUF EF &VSPQB FO HFOFSBM, DBEB WF[ NÃT HFOUF SFDPMFDUB NFOPT BMJNFOUPT EF MPT CPTRVFT, TPCSF UPEP QPS SB[POFT DPNFSDJBMFT (%ZLF Z /FXUPO, l999), SB[ÓO QPS MB DVBM MPT JONJHSBOUFT EF QBÎTFT NJDPGÎMJDPT UBNCJÊO IBO DBNCJBEP TVT BDUJUVEFT. &O &TUBEPT 6OJEPT, QPS FKFNQMP, IBZ VO HSVQP FO FYQBOTJÓO EF HFOUF RVF SFDPMFDUB )4$. -BT USBEJDJPOFT DBNCJBO EF QBÎT FO QBÎT: MBT SFHJPOFT DFOUSBMFT Z NFSJEJPOBMFT EF *UBMJB TPO GVFSUFNFOUF NJDPGÎMJDBT, QFSP MB USBEJDJÓO EF SFDPMFDDJÓO Z DPOTVNP EF )4$ FT NFOPT NBSDBEB FO FM TVS EFM QBÎT. $BUBMVÒB UJFOF NBZPS JOUFSÊT FO MPT )4$ DPNQBSBEB DPO MBT EFNÃT SFHJPOFT FTQBÒPMBT. 5SBEJDJPOFT WBSJBCMFT FYJTUFO UBNCJÊO FO MB 3FQÙCMJDB 6OJEB EF 5BO[BOJB ()ÅSLÕOFO, 4BBSJNÅLJ Z .XBTVNCJ, l994). 'JOMBOEJB SFQSFTFOUB VO QVOUP EF FODVFOUSP EF USBEJDJPOFT NVZ JOUFSFTBOUFT: MB JOGMVFODJB IJTUÓSJDB EF MB DVMUVSB TVFDB IJ[P NVZ QPDP QBSB QSPNPWFS FM JOUFSÊT MPDBM BM PFTUF EFM QBÎT QFSP, BM FTUF, MB QPCMBDJÓO EF ,BSFMJB RVF MMFHÓ EFTEF MB 'FEFSBDJÓO EF 3VTJB QBSB FTUBCMFDFSTF MMFWÓ USBEJDJPOFT NÃT GVFSUFT EF BGJDJÓO B MPT )4$ ()ÅSLÕOFO, l998). -PT SVTPT TPO GBNPTPT QPS TV BGJDJÓO HFOFSBM (QFSP OP VOJWFSTBM) QPS MPT IPOHPT Z, EVSBOUF MPT GJOFT EF TFNBOB, TF NVFWFO FO HSBOEFT DBOUJEBEFT IBDJB MPT CPTRVFT FO CVTDBT EF FTUF BQSFDJBEP BMJNFOUP. ('JMJQPW, l998). -PT FTUPOJBOPT UJFOFO VO EJDIP RVF EFTDSJCF FTUB QBTJÓO SVTB: iEPOEF OBDF VO IPOHP, IBZ VO SVTP FTQFSÃOEPMPu. &O MB ,BSFMJB GJOMBOEFTB TF BDPTUVNCSBCB EFDJS: iHSJUBOEP DPNP SVTPT FO CPTRVF EF IPOHPTu2. 2

*OGPSNBDJÓO QSPQPSDJPOBEB QPS .BSJB )ÅSLÕOFO.

3

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-PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT: QFSTQFDUJWB HMPCBM EF TV VTP F JNQPSUBODJB QBSB MB QPCMBDJÓO

3&$6"%30 2

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*OUSPEVDDJÓO: TFOUBS MBT CBTFT

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5

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2 $BSBDUFSÓTUJDBT: CJPMPHÓB, FDPMPHÓB, VTPT, DVMUJWBDJØO

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7

8

-PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT: QFSTQFDUJWB HMPCBM EF TV VTP F JNQPSUBODJB QBSB MB QPCMBDJÓO

-B DMBTJGJDBDJÓO EF MPT IPOHPT FO FM SFJOP WFHFUBM QSFTFOUB DPOTFDVFODJBT QSÃDUJDBT JOWPMVOUBSJBT. /P SFTVMUB TJFNQSF DMBSP TJ FO MPT FTUVEJPT FUOPCPUÃOJDPT TF JODMVZF B MPT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT, DPNP FO FM DBTP EF VO FTUVEJP EF 5VSRVÎB (&SUSVH, 2000). i&UOPNJDPMPHÎBu FT FM UÊSNJOP DPSSFDUP RVF JOEJDB RVF TF FTUÃ IBCMBOEP EF IPOHPT, BTÎ DPNP iGMPSBu JOEJDB RVF FTUBNPT IBCMBOEP EF QMBOUBT. &M UÊSNJOP FRVJWBMFOUF QBSB MPT IPOHPT FT iNJDPUBu. -B UFSNJOPMPHÎB RVF TF SFGJFSF B MPT IPOHPT QPESÎB QBSFDFSOPT QPDP GBNJMJBS, QFSP TV VTP OPT BZVEB B JEFOUJGJDBS, EF GPSNB DMBSB, MB JOGPSNBDJÓO QVCMJDBEB TPCSF MPT )4$ RVF, EF OP TFS BTÎ, QPESÎB QFSEFSTF P JHOPSBSTF. &TUSVDUVSB Z BMJNFOUBDJØO -PT IPOHPT UJFOFO EJWFSTBT GPSNBT, UBNBÒPT Z DPMPSFT (*MVTUSBDJÓO l). .BDSPNJDFUPT FT VOB DBUFHPSÎB HFOFSBM VTBEB QBSB MBT FTQFDJFT RVF UJFOFO VOB FTUSVDUVSB RVF TF QVFEF PCTFSWBS B TJNQMF WJTUB Z RVF QSPEVDF FTQPSBT, UBMFT DPNP MBT TFUBT P MBT USVGBT. /PT SFGFSJNPT HFOFSBMNFOUF B FTUBT FTUSVDUVSBT WJTJCMFT DPNP iDBSQÓGPSPTu P iDVFSQPT GSVDUÎGFSPTu (FT EFDJS, iQPSUBEPSFT EFM GSVUPu). -PT IPOHPT TF QSFTFOUBO DPNP VO UFKJEP EF GJMBNFOUPT RVF, FO TV DPOKVOUP GPSNBO VO NJDFMJP DPNP, QPS FKFNQMP, FO MB QBSUF FONPIFDJEB EF VO QFEB[P EF GSVUB P EF QBO. &M TPNCSFSP EF VO IPOHP, P EF VO HSVQP EF IPOHPT, DPOTJTUF UBNCJÊO FO VOB TFSJF EF GJMBNFOUPT, EFOTBNFOUF BHSVQBEPT QBSB GPSNBS FM DBSQÓGPSP. -PT GJMBNFOUPT FTQFDJBMJ[BEPT QSPEVDFO FTQPSBT RVF TF EJGVOEFO EF VOB HSBO WBSJFEBE EF NBOFSBT. &TUBT FTQPSBT QVFEFO TFS PCTFSWBEBT FO HSBOEFT DBOUJEBEFT QPOJFOEP FM TPNCSFSP EF VO IPOHP TPCSF VOB IPKB EF QBQFM CMBODP Z DVCSJÊOEPMP DPO VO WBTP (*MVTUSBDJÓO 3). &M DPMPS, GPSNB Z NPEP FO MPT DVBMFT MBT FTQPSBT TF EFTBSSPMMBO BZVEBO B JEFOUJGJDBS FM IPOHP. -PT )4$ HFOFSBMNFOUF TPO DPOPDJEPT DPNP iTFUBTu TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT. &TUP QVFEF DBVTBS DPOGVTJPOFT QPS VO CVFO OÙNFSP EF SB[POFT: MBT FTQFDJFT DPNFTUJCMFT UJFOFO GPSNBT EJGFSFOUFT, BMHVOBT DPO BOJMMPT (QFMMFKJUP CBKP FM TPNCSFSP) Z PUSBT DPO QPSPT, BMHVOBT DPO UBMMPT, PUSBT OP (*MVTUSBDJÓO l). &TUF MJCSP QSFGJFSF MB UFSNJOPMPHÎB HFOFSBM EF iIPOHP DPNFTUJCMFu QBSB EFGJOJS MB HSBO EJWFSTJEBE EF GPSNBT Z UBNCJÊO QBSB EJTUJOHVJSMBT DMBSBNFOUF EF MBT TFUBT DVMUJWBEBT (3FDVBESP l). {$ØNP TF BMJNFOUBO MPT IPOHPT -PT IPOHPT EFQFOEFO EF NBUFSJBMFT WJWPT Z NVFSUPT QBSB TV DSFDJNJFOUP. 0CUJFOFO TV OVUSJNFOUP FO USFT GPSNBT CÃTJDBT: x 4BQSÓGJUP3 m DSFDJNJFOUP FO NBUFSJB PSHÃOJDB NVFSUB; x 4JNCJÓUJDP m DSFDJNJFOUP FO BTPDJBDJÓO DPO PUSPT PSHBOJTNPT; x 1BUÓHFOP P 1BSBTÎUJDP m DSFDJNJFOUP DPO EBÒP B PUSPT PSHBOJTNPT. -B NBZPS QBSUF EF MBT FTQFDJFT EF )4$ TPO TJNCJÓUJDBT Z GPSNBO NJDPSSJ[BT DPO MPT ÃSCPMFT (WFB NÃT BEFMBOUF). -PT IPOHPT TBQSÓGJUPT DPNFTUJCMFT UBNCJÊO TPO SFDPMFDUBEPT FO GPSNB TJMWFTUSF QFSP TPO NÃT DPOPDJEPT Z NÃT BNQMJBNFOUF WBMPSJ[BEPT FO TVT GPSNBT DVMUJWBEBT. -PT IPOHPT QBSÃTJUPT QSPEVDFO FOGFSNFEBEFT FO MBT QMBOUBT Z VO QFRVFÒP OÙNFSP EF FTUPT NJDSPNJDFUPT (P NJDSPIPOHPT) FT DPNJEP FO GPSNB EF NBUFSJBMFT IVÊTQFEFT JOGFDUBEPT (*MVTUSBDJÓO 2). -BT EJGFSFOUFT GPSNBT EF BMJNFOUBDJÓO TF NVFTUSBO FO MB *MVTUSBDJÓO 2 Z TF EFTDSJCFO CSFWFNFOUF FO MPT QÃSSBGPT TJHVJFOUFT. -PT IPOHPT TBQSØGJUPT -PT IPOHPT DPMPOJ[BO MB NBEFSB FO QVUSFGBDDJÓO Z MBT TVTUBODJBT PSHÃOJDBT QSFTFOUFT FO FM TVFMP. .VDIBT FTQFDJFT OP QVFEFO TFS WJTUBT B TJNQMF WJTUB (NJDSPNJDFUPT) QFSP IBZ NBDSPNJDFUPT (DPNFTUJCMFT) RVF DSFDFO FO USPODPT DBÎEPT Z HSVQPT EF IPOHPT RVF DSFDFO FO MBT QBSUFT NVFSUBT P RVF TF FTUÃO NVSJFOEP EF ÃSCPMFT RVF BÙO FTUÃO FO QJF. -B TFUB DPNÙO P iCPMB EF OJFWFu ("HBSJDVT BSWFOTJT) FT VOB FTQFDJF TJMWFTUSF DPNFTUJCMF DPNÙONFOUF SFDPMFDUBEB, RVF TF FODVFOUSB FO MBT ÃSFBT EF QBTUPSFP Z DVCJFSUBT EF 3

4BQSÓGJUP EFTDSJCF VO PSHBOJTNP RVF TF BMJNFOUB QPS EJHFTUJÓO FYUFSOB EF NBUFSJBT PSHÃOJDBT NVFSUBT.

$BSBDUFSÎTUJDBT: CJPMPHÎB, FDPMPHÎB, VTPT, DVMUJWBDJÓO

9

IJFSCB. -BT FTQFDJFT DPNFTUJCMFT EF 'BWPMVT TPO SFDPMFDUBEBT EF MB NBEFSB NVFSUB EF MPT CPTRVFT QMVWJBMFT USPQJDBMFT. -PT )4$ VTBEPT QPS MPT JOEJPT :BOPNBOJ EFM #SBTJM TPO UPEPT TBQSÓGJUPT Z DSFDFO FO MBT ÃSFBT EF UBMB Z RVFNB EPOEF IBZ USPODPT FO EFTDPNQPTJDJÓO (1SBODF, l984). &O TV IÃCJUBU OBUVSBM, FM WPMVNFO Z WBMPS EF MBT FTQFDJFT TBQSÓGJUBT VTBEBT DPNP BMJNFOUP FT SFEVDJEP FO DPNQBSBDJÓO DPO MPT IPOHPT TJNCJÓUJDPT DPNFTUJCMFT, BVORVF TF SFDPMFDUB MB NBZPS QBSUF EF FTQFDJFT TBQSÓGJUBT DPNFTUJCMFT. 4V WBMPS HFOFSBM FT NVDIP NÃT BMUP QPSRVF TPO BNQMJBNFOUF DVMUJWBEPT: SFDJFOUFNFOUF GVF DBMDVMBEB VOB DJGSB EF l8 NJM NJMMPOFT EF EÓMBSFT &&.66. QBSB FM DPNFSDJP HMPCBM BOVBM EF FTQFDJFT TBQSÓGJUBT DVMUJWBEBT ($IBOH, l999; WÊBTF UBNCJÊO FM $VBESP l9). -BT FTQFDJFT TBQSÓGJUBT OFDFTJUBO VO BQSPWJTJPOBNJFOUP DPOTUBOUF EF NBUFSJB PSHÃOJDB BEFDVBEB QBSB TPTUFOFS MB QSPEVDDJÓO FO TV IÃCJUBU OBUVSBM Z FTUP QVFEF TFS VO GBDUPS MJNJUBUJWP EF MB QSPEVDDJÓO. -B DVMUJWBDJÓO EFM IPOHP KBQPOÊT TIJJUBLF (-FOUJOVMB FEPEFT) FO VO ÃSFB EF $IJOB FTUÃ BNFOB[BEB QPS MB GBMUB EF SBNBT EF ÃSCPMFT BEFDVBEPT EF MPT CPTRVFT WFDJOPT (1BVMJ, l998). -PT NBDSPNJDFUPT TBQSÓGJUPT TPO UBNCJÊO BMUBNFOUF WBMPSJ[BEPT QPS TVT QSPQJFEBEFT DVSBUJWBT. -B NBZPS QBSUF TPO DVMUJWBEPT, BVORVF MBT FTQFDJFT EFM HÊOFSP (BOPEFSNB (*MVTUSBDJÓO 9) UBNCJÊO TPO SFDPMFDUBEBT FO TV IÃCJUBU OBUVSBM. -B MJTUB EF NBDSPNJDFUPT TJNCJÓUJDPT DPO QSPQJFEBEFT NFEJDJOBMFT FT NVDIP NÃT CSFWF, QFSP IBZ JOEJDBDJPOFT EF RVF IBO TJEP FTUVEJBEPT NFOPT QPSRVF OP QVFEFO TFS DVMUJWBEPT (3FTIFUOJLPW, 8BTTFS Z 5BO, 200l). -PT IPOHPT TJNCJØUJDPT -B GPSNB NÃT DPNÙO EF TJNCJPTJT BTPDJBEB DPO MPT )4$ FT DPOPDJEB DPNP NJDPSSJ[B (*MVTUSBDJÓO 2). .VDIBT QMBOUBT EFQFOEFO EF FTUB BTPDJBDJÓO IPOHPT-SBÎDFT QBSB DSFDFS TBOBT. 6O UJQP FTQFDJBM DPOPDJEP DPNP FDUPNJDPSSJ[B (&.$) TF FODVFOUSB FO MPT ÃSCPMFT RVF DSFDFO FO MB UBJHB SVTB Z FO MPT CPTRVFT USPQJDBMFT EFM #PSOFP, F JODMVZF UBOUP MFHVNJOPTBT BSCÓSFBT DPNP DPOÎGFSBT. ($VBESP 3). -BT &.$ FTUÃO GPSNBEBT UÎQJDBNFOUF QPS NBDSPNJDFUPT F JODMVZFO NVDIBT EF MBT QSJODJQBMFT FTQFDJFT DPNFTUJCMFT RVF TPO SFDPMFDUBEBT FO TV BNCJFOUF OBUVSBM, UBMFT DPNP MBT FTQFDJFT EF $BOUIBSFMMVT Z EF "NBOJUBT. -B NJDPSSJ[B DPOUSJCVZF BM DSFDJNJFOUP EF MPT ÃSCPMFT FO MPT UFSSFOPT DBSFOUFT EF OVUSJFOUFT, UBMFT DPNP MBT [POBT CPTDPTBT EF NJPNCP EF ¦GSJDB DFOUSBM Z NFSJEJPOBM ($BNQCFMM, l996). 6OB FTQFDJF EF HVBOUF EF $6"%30 3 GJMBNFOUPT FOWVFMWF MB SBÎ[, QFOFUSBOEP FO TV 'BNJMJBT EF QMBOUBT DPO IPOHPT FDUPNJDPSSÓ[JDPT FTUSVDUVSB QFSP OP FO TVT DÊMVMBT, GPSNBOEP VO DPNFTUJCMFT DPOUBDUP WJWJFOUF FOUSF MPT IPOHPT Z FM ÃSCPM. -PT '".*-*" &+&.1-04 #FUVMBDFBF #FUVMB (BCFEVMFT) IPOHPT DPOUSJCVZFO B RVF MPT ÃSCPMFT TVDDJPOFO $BFTBMQJOJPJEFBF "G[FMJB, #SBDIZTUFHJB, FM BHVB EF VOB DVFODB NÃT BNQMJB Z MF TVNJOJTUSBO *TPCFSMJOJB, +VMCFSOBSEJB TVTUBODJBT OVUSJUJWBT SFDPHJEBT FO VO ÃSFB NBZPS. &M $BTVBSJOBDFBF $BTVBSJOB ÃSCPM, QPS TV MBEP, QSPQPSDJPOB B MPT IPOHPT MPT $VQSFTTBDFBF $VQSFTTVT DBSCPIJESBUPT FTFODJBMFT. %JQUFSPDBSQBDFBF 4IPSFB, %JQUFSPDBSQVT, .POPUFT -PT 5FSNJUPNZDFT QSFTFOUBO JNQPSUBOUFT &VQIPSCJBDFBF 6BQBDB FTQFDJFT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT. &TUPT IPOHPT 'BHBDFBF $BTUBOFB (DBTUB×P), $BTUBOPQTJT¸ DSFDFO TPMBNFOUF FO BTPDJBDJÓO DPO MPT UFSNJUFT 'BHVT (CBZB EFM OPSUF), /PUIPGBHVT (CBZB EFM TVS), Z TVT OJEPT EFQFOEFO EF MBT NBUFSJBT PSHÃOJDBT 2VFSDVT (SPCMF) RVF USBFO FTUPT JOTFDUPT EF TVT WJBKFT FO CVTDB EF i-FHVNFTw "DBDJB BMJNFOUP FO MPT ÃSCPMFT. "VORVF MPT 5FSNJUPNZDFT .ZSUBDFBF &VDBMZQUVT TPO IPOHPT TBQSÓGJUPT, WJWFO FO TJNCJPTJT DPO 1JOBDFBF 1JOVT (QJOPT), 1JDFB (BCFUPT), "CJFT (BCFUPT), -BSJY (BMFSDF) MPT UFSNJUFT. )BO TJEP SFHJTUSBEBT WFJOUF FTQFDJFT 1BQJMJPOPJEFBF 1FSJDPQTJT DPNFTUJCMFT EF FTUF HÊOFSP FO ¦GSJDB Z "TJB /ZDUBHJOBDFBF /FFB (1FHMFT Z 7BOIBFDLF, l994). 4PO DPUJEJBOBNFOUF 7ÏBTF EFUBMMFT TPCSF FDUPNJDPSSJ[BT FO MPT ÈSCPMFT USPQJDBMFT SFDPMFDUBEBT Z WFOEJEBT (*MVTUSBDJÓO 6). &M IPOHP FO "MFYBOEFS Z )PHCFSH (1986).

1 0

-PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT: QFSTQFDUJWB HMPCBM EF TV VTP F JNQPSUBODJB QBSB MB QPCMBDJÓO

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$BSBDUFSÎTUJDBT: CJPMPHÎB, FDPMPHÎB, VTPT, DVMUJWBDJÓO

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11

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$BSBDUFSÎTUJDBT: CJPMPHÎB, FDPMPHÎB, VTPT, DVMUJWBDJÓO

13

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3 BMJNFOUP 2 DPNFTUJCMF 1 NFE. 1

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$BSBDUFSÎTUJDBT: CJPMPHÎB, FDPMPHÎB, VTPT, DVMUJWBDJÓO

-FOUJOVT

28

&TQFDJFT DPNFTUJCMFT SFQPSUBEBT EF 24 QBÓTFT; DPNP BMJNFOUP, PDIP (FTDBTBNFOUF SFQPSUBEP).

BMJNFOUP 16

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DPNFTUJCMF 12 -ZDPQFSEPO

NFE. 5 22 BMJNFOUP 9 DPNFTUJCMF 10

.BDSPMFQJPUB

NFE. 10 13 BMJNFOUP 7 DPNFTUJCMF 6

.PSDIFMMB

NFE. 1 18 BMJNFOUP 14 DPNFTUJCMF 4

1MFVSPUVT

NFE. 5 40 BMJNFOUP 22 DPNFTUJCMF 18

1PMZQPSVT

NFE. 7 30 BMJNFOUP 15 DPNFTUJCMF 9

3BNBSJB

NFE. 12 44 BMJNFOUP 33 DPNFTUJCMF 11

3VTTVMB

NFE. 5 128 BMJNFOUP 71 DPNFTUJCMF 54 NFE. 25

4VJMMVT

27 BMJNFOUP 26 DPNFTUJCMF 1

5FSGF[JB

NFE. 2 7 BMJNFOUP 5 DPNFTUJCMF 2

5FSNJUPNZDFT

27 BMJNFOUP 23 DPNFTUJCMF 4 NFE. 3

5SJDIPMPNB

52 BMJNFOUP 39 DPNFTUJCMF 13 NFE. 17

5VCFS (USVGBT)

18 BMJNFOUP 8 DPNFTUJCMF 10

7PMWBSJFMMB

17

12 BMJNFOUP 5 DPNFTUJCMF 7 NFE. 1

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1 8

-PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT: QFSTQFDUJWB HMPCBM EF TV VTP F JNQPSUBODJB QBSB MB QPCMBDJÓO

$6"%30 6

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$*&/5¶'*$0

"HBSJDVT BSWFOTJT "HBSJDVT TFNPUVT "NBOJUB TQJTTB

"NBOJUB GMBWPDPOJB "NBOJUB HFNNBUB #PMFUVT DBMPQVT $IMPSPQIZMMVN NPMZCEJUFT

$PQSJOVT BGSJDBOVT $PQSJOVT BUSBNFOUBSJVT

(ZSPNJUSB FTDVMFOUB

(ZSPNJUSB JOGVMB )FMWFMMB MBDVOPTB -BDUBSJVT QJQFSBUVT

-BDUBSJVT UPSNJOPTVT -BNQUFSPNZDFT KBQPOJDVT -FO[JUFT FMFHBOT

-FQJPUB DMZQFPMBSJB .PSDIFMMB FTDVMFOUB 1BYJMMVT JOWPMVUVT

1IBMMVT JOEVTJBUVT 1PEBYJT QJTUJMMBSJT

3BNBSJB GPSNPTB

3VTTVMB FNFUJDB

4USPQIBSJB DPSPOJMMB 4VJMMVT QMBDJEVT 5SJDIPMPNB QFTTVOEBUVN

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RVF QSFTFOUBO EJGFSFODJBT FO TV DPNQPTJDJÓO RVÎNJDB. 4F DPOPDF QPDP TPCSF FTUF SBTHP QBSUJDVMBS EF MBT FTQFDJFT WFOFOPTBT P QPUFODJBMNFOUF WFOFOPTBT. &O FM $VBESP 3 PGSFDFNPT VO SFTVNFO EF MPT FQJTPEJPT GVFSUFNFOUF QVCMJDJUBEPT EF FOWFOFOBNJFOUP HFOFSBMJ[BEP. )B IBCJEP VO JODSFNFOUP TPSQSFOEFOUF EF FOWFOFOBNJFOUPT Z NVFSUFT FO 6DSBOJB FO MPT ÙMUJNPT EJF[ BÒPT. 4F IBO EBEP WBSJBT FYQMJDBDJPOFT, JODMVZFOEP VO CBKÓO FO MB TJUVBDJÓO FDPOÓNJDB Z MB CÙTRVFEB EFTFTQFSBEB EF BMJNFOUPT5 P QSPEVDUPT QBSB MMFWBS B MPT NFSDBEPT MPDBMFT. -PT JOGPSNFT SFHVMBSFT EF FOWFOFOBNJFOUPT FO MPT &TUBEPT 6OJEPT TPO QVCMJDBEPT FO FM QFSJÓEJDP .D*MWBJOFB (Q.FK. $PDISBO, l983). &TUPT FQJTPEJPT TPO JOTJHOJGJDBOUFT FO DPNQBSBDJÓO DPO MPT DFOUFOBSFT EF JOEJWJEVPT RVF SFDPMFDUBO Z DPOTVNFO IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT TJO QSPCMFNBT. .JMMPOFT EF QFSTPOBT EF UPEP FM NVOEP DPNFO DPUJEJBOBNFOUF IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT TJO QSPCMFNBT EF TBMVE, Z FT JNQPSUBOUF NBOUFOFS FM TFOUJEP EF MB QFSTQFDUJWB DVBOEP TF BOBMJ[BO MPT FQJTPEJPT EF FOWFOFOBNJFOUP. -B DPOUBNJOBDJØO EF MPT )4$ " SBÎ[ EFM BDDJEFOUF EF $IFSOÓCJM FO 6DSBOJB, FO MPT BÒPT PDIFOUB, TF FGFDUVBSPO JOWFTUJHBDJPOFT EF NBUFSJBMFT SBEJPBDUJWPT FO MBT GVFOUFT EF BMJNFOUP TJMWFTUSF Z QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF FO MPT )4$. 'VF FYQSFTBEB VOB QSFPDVQBDJÓO NBZPS UBNCJÊO TPCSF MB BDVNVMBDJÓO EF NFUBMFT QFTBEPT Z DPOUBNJOBOUFT FO MPT NBDSPNJDFUPT. 6O FTUVEJP TPCSF MB BTJNJMBDJÓO EF SBEJP-DFTJP QPS NFEJP EFM DPOTVNP EF IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT, FO FM 3FJOP 6OJEP, DPODMVZÓ RVF ÊTUB EFQFOEF NÃT EF MBT FTQFDJFT DPOTVNJEBT RVF EF MB DBOUJEBE DPOTVNJEB (#BSOFUU FU BM., 200l). -PT IPOHPT NJDPSSÎ[JDPT DPNQBSBEPT DPO MBT FTQFDJFT TBQSÓGJUBT QBSÃTJUBT QSFTFOUBCBO FTQFDÎGJDBNFOUF VOB NBZPS SBEJPBDUJWJEBE. &M DPOTVNP EF )4$ FO FM 3FJOP 6OJEP FT SFEVDJEP FO DPNQBSBDJÓO DPO PUSPT QBÎTFT, QFSP FM FTUVEJP SFWFMB VOB JOEJDBDJÓO HFOFSBM EF MPT SJFTHPT QPUFODJBMFT QBSB MB TBMVE. 6O DBTP SFQPSUBEP EF DPOUBNJOBDJÓO TF SFGFSÎB B MB NF[DMB BDDJEFOUBM EF FTQFDJFT TJMWFTUSFT EF IPOHPT QPUFODJBMNFOUF WFOFOPTPT DPO MPT DPNFTUJCMFT JNQPSUBEPT QPS MPT &TUBEPT 6OJEPT ((FDBO Z $JDIPXJD[, l993). &TUPT BDPOUFDJNJFOUPT TPO SBSPT, TJO FNCBSHP, Z OP FYJTUF OJOHVOB OPUJDJB EF EBÒPT B MB TBMVE EF MBT QFSTPOBT FO &VSPQB. -" $6-5*7"$*»/ %& )0/(04 $0.&45*#-&4 )BZ NÃT P NFOPT VO DFOUFOBS EF FTQFDJFT EF IPOHPT RVF QVFEFO TFS DVMUJWBEBT ("OFYP 4), UPEBT TBQSÓGJUBT. &O MPT NFSDBEPT DPNFSDJBMFT QSFEPNJOBO MBT FTQFDJFT "HBSJDVT CJTQPSVT, -FOUJOVMB FEPEFT Z 1MFVSPUVT ($VBESP l8) RVF SFQSFTFOUBO NÃT P NFOPT FM 35 QPS DJFOUP EF MBT FTQFDJFT DVMUJWBEBT EFM NVOEP ($IBOH, l999). -BT FTQFDJFT NBZPSNFOUF DVMUJWBEBT DSFDFO FO VOB BNQMJB WBSJFEBE EF TVCTUSBUPT PSHÃOJDPT, JODMVZFOEP MPT EFTFDIPT EF MBT QSPEVDDJPOFT EF BMHPEÓO Z DBGÊ. -BT UFDOPMPHÎBT FTUÃO CJFO FTUBCMFDJEBT Z TF IBO JOTUJUVJEP FO NVDIPT QBÎTFT JNQPSUBOUFT JOEVTUSJBT EF IPOHPT. )B IBCJEP VO HSBOEF JODSFNFOUP FO MB QSPEVDDJÓO FO MPT ÙMUJNPT EJF[ BÒPT, TPCSF UPEP DPNP SFTVMUBEP EFM BVNFOUP EF MB QSPEVDUJWJEBE FO $IJOB. -PT JOGPSNFT EF ¦GSJDB (.TIJHFOJ Z $IBOH, 2000), .ÊYJDP (.BSUÎOF[-$BSSFSB FU BM., 200l) Z MBT TFMWBT BNB[ÓOJDBT CSBTJMFÒBT (1BVMJ, l999) TVCSBZBO RVF MBT DVMUJWBDJPOFT EF IPOHPT PGSFDFO PQPSUVOJEBEFT FDPOÓNJDBT BM JHVBM RVF CFOFGJDJPT OVUSJDJPOBMFT Z QBSB MB TBMVE. &O UPEB $IJOB TF MMFWBO B DBCP DVMUJWBDJPOFT FO QFRVFÒB FTDBMB RVF QPESÎBO TFS NPEFMPT BQSPQJBEPT QBSB MB USBOTGFSFODJB EF UFDOPMPHÎBT. -B DVMUJWBDJÓO EFM IPOHP EF MB DÃTDBSB EFM BSSP[ (7PMWBSJFMMB WPMWBDFB) TF JOUFHSB DPO MB QSPEVDDJÓO BSSPDFSB EFM 7JFU /BN. %POEFRVJFSB RVF TF DVMUJWFO MBT FTQFDJFT TBQSÓGJUBT TF OFDFTJUB VO DPOTUBOUF TVNJOJTUSP EF NBUFSJBT QSJNBT. -B FYQBOTJÓO EF MB QSPEVDDJÓO EF TIJJUBLF FO 2JOHZVBO, 5

/VODB IBCÎB WJTUP HFOUF (FO -WJW DFOUSBM) OP TPMBNFOUF IVSHBOEP FO MPT CBTVSFSPT, TJOP UBNCJÊO MMFWÃOEPTF B MB CPDB MBT TPCSBT EF DPNJEB, OJ TJRVJFSB FO MBT TPDJFEBEFT RVF TF IBO EJWJEJEP, DPNP Q.FK. (FPSHJB Z .PMEPWB ("MNPOE, 2002).

21

2 2

-PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT: QFSTQFDUJWB HMPCBM EF TV VTP F JNQPSUBODJB QBSB MB QPCMBDJÓO

$IJOB (iMB DBQJUBM NVOEJBM EF MPT IPOHPTu) DPOEVKP B VO ESÃTUJDP BHPUBNJFOUP EF MPT CPTRVFT MPDBMFT RVF TVNJOJTUSBCBO MB NBEFSB TPCSF MB DVBM DSFDÎB FTUF IPOHP DPNFTUJCMF (1BVMJ, l998). &M OÙNFSP EF FTQFDJFT TBQSÓGJUBT DVMUJWBEBT FTUÃ DSFDJFOEP DPOTUBOUFNFOUF Z MB JOGPSNBDJÓO Z DPOTFKPT QSÃDUJDPT TPO VSHFOUFNFOUF OFDFTBSJPT (4UBNFUT, 2000). -PT IPOHPT FDUPNJDPSSÎ[JDPT QVFEFO UBNCJÊO TFS iDVMUJWBEPTu. -PT ÃSCPMFT TPO JOPDVMBEPT DPO USVGBT RVF UJFOFO RVF JOGFDUBS MBT SBÎDFT Z GPSNBS MB &.$. -PT ÃSCPMFT TPO DVJEBEPT DPO BUFODJÓO QBSB FTUJNVMBS MB QSPEVDDJÓO EF USVGBT (*MVTUSBDJÓO 4). -PT NÊUPEPT EF iDVMUJWBDJÓOu EF USVGBT TPO DPOTUBOUFNFOUF QFSGFDDJPOBEPT ()BMM FU BM., l998B).

23

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1.3 "VSJDVMBSJB BVSÎDVMB−KVEBF, VOP EF MPT IPOHPT DPNVOFT FO GPSNB EF PSFKB. $PNFTUJCMF. 'SBODJB. $VMUJWBEP BNQMJBNFOUF.

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24 2 4

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2.4 "M DPOTUBUBS FTUB DPOFYJÓO GÎTJDB DPO MBT SBÎDFT EF VO ÃSCPM FT QPTJCMF EFUBMMBS MB TJNCJPTJT RVF FYJTUF FOUSF ÊTUF Z FM IPOHP.

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25

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3.6 (*[R.) &KFNQMBSFT TFDBEPT EF USVGBT TPO DVJEBEPTBNFOUF FUJRVFUBEPT Z BMNBDFOBEPT FO MB DPMFDDJÓO.

2 6

27 -PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT: QFSTQFDUJWB HMPCBM EF TV VTP F JNQPSUBODJB QBSB MB QPCMBDJÓO

3 0SEFOBDJØO: MPT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT, MPT ÈSCPMFT Z MPT VTVBSJPT EF CPTRVFT

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28

-PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT: QFSTQFDUJWB HMPCBM EF TV VTP F JNQPSUBODJB QBSB MB QPCMBDJÓO

3&$6"%30 4

&M NBUTVUBLF Z TV FYQPSUBDJÓO B +BQÓO &O +BQÓO FM 5SJDIPMPNB NBUTVUBLF FT DPOTJEFSBEP EF HSBO WBMPS Z TV DPOTVNP DFSFNPOJBM FT NVZ JNQPSUBOUF EFTEF FM QVOUP EF WJTUB DVMUVSBM ()BMM FU BM., l998B). 3FDPMFDUBEP PSJHJOBSJBNFOUF FO MPT CPTRVFT EF +BQÓO, MB QSPEVDDJÓO EFDSFDJÓ WFSUJHJOPTBNFOUF FO MPT BÒPT PDIFOUB. &O MB CÙTRVFEB EF OVFWBT GVFOUFT TF JEFOUJGJDÓ FM NBUTVUBLF BNFSJDBOP (5SJDIPMPNB NBHOJWFMBSF) DPNP VO TVTUJUVUP BDFQUBCMF EFTDVCSJFOEP EF JONFEJBUP RVF TF QPEÎBO SFDPMFDUBS HSBOEFT DBOUJEBEFT FO FM 1BDÎGJDP OPSPFTUF EF "NÊSJDB EFM /PSUF, EPOEF FM VTP MPDBM FSB NÎOJNP. &M DPNFSDJP GMPSFDJFOUF DPO +BQÓO DPJODJEJÓ DPO MB QÊSEJEB EF USBCBKP DBVTBEB QPS MB QSPIJCJDJÓO EF MB FYUSBDDJÓO NBEFSFSB. &M DPNFSDJP EF FYQPSUBDJÓO CBTBEP FO FM 5. NBUTVUBLF IB TJEP FTUBCMFDJEP UBNCJÊO FO 4JDIVBO, $IJOB (8JOLMFS, 2002; :FI, 2000), #IVUÃO (/BNHZFM, 2000) Z FO MB 3FQÙCMJDB 1PQVMBS %FNPDSÃUJDB EF $PSFB. -BT FYQPSUBDJPOFT EF 5. NBHOJWFMBSF Z PUSBT FTQFDJFT FTUSFDIBNFOUF SFMBDJPOBEBT TF EBO FO ¦GSJDB EFM OPSUF, 5VSRVÎB Z .ÊYJDP QFSP MPT EFUBMMFT BM SFTQFDUP TPO FTDBTPT. &M CFOFGJDJP FDPOÓNJDP QBSB FTUPT QBÎTFT FT SFEVDJEP DPNQBSBEP DPO FM EF "TJB Z /PSUFBNÊSJDB. -PT QSFDJPT QBHBEPT QPS MPT KBQPOFTFT DBNCJBO DPOTJEFSBCMFNFOUF EFQFOEJFOEP EF MB EJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF BCBTUFDJNJFOUP BOVBM Z EF MB DBMJEBE EF MPT IPOHPT DVBOEP MMFHBO BM NFSDBEP. &M NBUTVUBLF FT BQSFDJBEP QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF FO VO FTUBEJP UFNQSBOP EF EFTBSSPMMP Z SFRVJFSF VOB SFDPMFDDJÓO DVJEBEPTB FO MPT FTUSBUPT TVQFSJPSFT EF IVNVT EF MPT CPTRVFT. "MHVOPT SFDPMFDUPSFT OP TPO UBO DVJEBEPTPT: SBTUSJMMBO FM TVFMP QBSB EFTDVCSJS MPT DBSQÓGPSPT RVF FTUÃO OBDJFOEP, MP RVF EBÒB MPT FTUSBUPT EF IVNVT Z BGFDUB MBT DPTFDIBT GVUVSBT. &M NBUTVUBLF FT VO IPOHP NJDPSSÎ[JDP Z TF IBO EFTBSSPMMBEP FTGVFS[PT QBSB MB iPSEFOBDJÓOu EFM FDPTJTUFNB OBUVSBM FO MB 3FQÙCMJDB EF $PSFB Z FO /PSUFBNÊSJDB, DPO FM PCKFUJWP EF JODSFNFOUBS MB QSPEVDDJÓO. &M SFOEJNJFOUP BOVBM FTUÃ UPEBWÎB JOGMVFODJBEP QSFQPOEFSBOUFNFOUF QPS MB EJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF QSFDJQJUBDJPOFT Z QPS MB UFNQFSBUVSB EFM BNCJFOUF FO QFSÎPEPT DMBWFT EFM BÒP. (7ÊBTF FO 1JM[ Z .PMJOB (2002) VO SFTVNFO HFOFSBM EF MBT BDUJWJEBEFT FO /PSUFBNÊSJDB).

&TUP OFDFTJUB TFS FYBNJOBEP DVJEBEPTBNFOUF VTBOEP MB JOGPSNBDJÓO EJTQPOJCMF TPCSF FM SFOEJNJFOUP, MBT DBOUJEBEFT DPTFDIBEBT Z NBZPS JOGPSNBDJÓO TPCSF MB QSPEVDDJÓO. "CPSEBSFNPT FTUPT UFNBT NÃT BEFMBOUF, FO FTUF NJTNP DBQÎUVMP. -B HFTUJÓO EF MPT )4$ IB UFOEJEP B DPODFOUSBSTF FO TV CJPMPHÎB Z FDPMPHÎB, QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF MPT EF BMUP WBMPS FDPOÓNJDP. )BZ VOB MJUFSBUVSB JNQPSUBOUF TPCSF MBT USVGBT, QPS FKFNQMP ('ÊEÊSBUJPO 'SBOÉBJTF EFT 5SVGGJDVMUFVST, 200l), QFSP QPDPT FTUVEJPT TPCSF MBT FTQFDJFT DPNFTUJCMFT EF 3VTTVMB P -BDUBSJVT, NVDIBT EF MBT DVBMFT TPO SFDPMFDUBEBT Z DPOTVNJEBT MPDBMNFOUF FO MPT QBÎTFT FO EFTBSSPMMP. -PT JOWFTUJHBEPSFT FTUÃO QPOJFOEP NBZPS BUFODJÓO FO MBT SFMBDJPOFT DPNQMFKBT FOUSF MPT BTQFDUPT CJPMÓHJDPT, TPDJBMFT Z FDPOÓNJDPT, VOB NBOJPCSB IBDJB FM FTUBCMFDJNJFOUP EF CBTFT TÓMJEBT QBSB MB QSPEVDDJÓO TPTUFOJCMF EF )4$ RVF FTUÃ TJFOEP BDPHJEB DPO FOUVTJBTNP. .VDIP TF IB FTDSJUP Z TF IB EJDIP BDFSDB EFM NBUTVUBLF (3FDVBESP 4). &T VO QSPEVDUP EF FYQPSUBDJÓO JNQPSUBOUF QBSB NVDIPT QBÎTFT FO EFTBSSPMMP Z IB IBCJEP WBSJBT FYQMJDBDJPOFT RVF FYBNJOBO MB DPTFDIB DPNFSDJBM FO FM DPOUFYUP NÃT BNQMJP EF CPTRVFT Z EF MPT VTVBSJPT EF CPTRVFT (8JOLMFS, 2002; :FI, 2000). &M 1BDÎGJDP OPSPFTUF EF /PSUFBNÊSJDB FT PUSB ÃSFB EPOEF FM UFNB EF MB HFTUJÓO IB TJEP FYBNJOBEP EFUBMMBEBNFOUF (1JM[ Z .PMJOB, 2002; 5FEEFS, .JUDIFMM Z 'BSSBO, 2002). &TUPT FTUVEJPT TPO ÙUJMFT DPODSFUBNFOUF FO MB EFTDSJQDJÓO EF MPT SFDPMFDUPSFT EF IPOHPT Z EF MBT QSÃDUJDBT EF SFDPMFDDJÓO, Z QSPQPSDJPOBO VO DPOUSBTUP ÙUJM DPO MPT QPDPT FTUVEJPT FGFDUVBEPT FO MBT SFDPMFDDJPOFT FYJTUFOUFT FO MPT QBÎTFT FO EFTBSSPMMP (-PXPSF Z #PB, 200l). )BO TVSHJEP, BEFNÃT, BMHVOBT QSFPDVQBDJPOFT TPCSF MB EJTNJOVDJÓO FO MB QSPEVDUJWJEBE Z MB EFTBQBSJDJÓO EF BMHVOBT FTQFDJFT EF NBDSPNJDFUPT ("SOPMET, l995). -B BUFODJÓO TF IB DFOUSBMJ[BEP FO &VSPQB Z VOP EF MPT BSHVNFOUPT JEFOUJGJDBEPT FT FM JNQBDUP DBVTBEP QPS FM JODSFNFOUP EF MB SFDPMFDDJÓO DPNFSDJBM FO &VSPQB EFM FTUF

0SEFOBDJÓO: MPT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT, MPT ÃSCPMFT Z MPT VTVBSJPT EF CPTRVFT

29

(1FSJOJ, l998). -B QSFTFSWBDJÓO EF MPT IPOHPT FT, IPZ FO EÎB, VO UFNB DPODSFUP EF EFCBUF FOUSF MPT NJDÓMPHPT. &TUF EFCBUF BQFOBT IB JOJDJBEP, QPS FTP FT JNQPSUBOUF RVF BOBMJDF MPT BNQMJPT BTQFDUPT TPDJBMFT Z FDPOÓNJDPT SFMBDJPOBEPT DPO MB DPTFDIB TJ TF RVJFSF DPOUSJCVJS FO MB EFUFODJÓO EFM EFDMJOP EF MBT FTQFDJFT DPNFTUJCMFT BNFOB[BEBT. -BT TJHVJFOUFT TFDDJPOFT FYBNJOBO FM BDDFTP B MPT TJUJPT EF SFDPMFDDJÓO, MPT SFDPMFDUPSFT Z MPT JNQBDUPT EF MB DPTFDIB. &M DBQÎUVMP QSPTJHVF DPO VO FYBNFO EF MB JOGPSNBDJÓO QVCMJDBEB TPCSF FM SFOEJNJFOUP Z MB QSPEVDUJWJEBE BOUFT EF JOUFOUBS PGSFDFS BTFTPSÎB QSÃDUJDB TPCSF MB HFTUJÓO EF MPT )4$ QBSB VOB QSPEVDDJÓO TPTUFOJCMF. 3&(-".&/5"3 -" 3&$0-&$$*»/ &YJTUFO MFZFT Z QPMÎUJDBT BNQMJBNFOUF EJGFSFOUFT TPCSF MB SFDPMFDDJÓO EF )4$ (WÊBTF UBNCJÊO FM 3FDVBESP 8, $BQÎUVMP 4). &TDBOEJOBWJB PGSFDF MJCSF BDDFTP: DVBMRVJFSB QVFEF SFDPMFDUBS IPOHPT DPNFTUJCMFT NJFOUSBT OP IBHB EBÒP B MB QSPQJFEBE (4BBTUBNPJOFO, l999). &TUB QPMÎUJDB IB TJEP EFTBGJBEB QPS MB NJHSBDJÓO FDPOÓNJDB EF MPT QBÎTFT WFDJOPT RVF GPSNBCBO QBSUF EF MB FY 6OJÓO 4PWJÊUJDB Z MB EJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF USBCBKP CBSBUP QBSB SFDPMFDUBS )4$ Z CBZBT TJMWFTUSFT. $BNCJPT BOÃMPHPT FO &VSPQB EFM FTUF IBO DSFBEP OVFWBT PQPSUVOJEBEFT QBSB MB DPTFDIB DPNFSDJBM Z IBO DBVTBEP QSFPDVQBDJPOFT BDFSDB EF MBT DPTFDIBT JOTPTUFOJCMFT Z MBT GPSNBT EF SFHMBNFOUBS FTUBT SFDPMFDDJPOFT. $POUSPMBS B MPT SFDPMFDUPSFT OP TJFNQSF FT GÃDJM. %FTQVÊT EF MB TFHVOEB HVFSSB NVOEJBM FM HPCJFSOP GJOMBOEÊT JODFOUJWÓ VOB NBZPS DPTFDIB EF )4$ Z TJHVF QSPNPWJFOEP FM VTP EF FTUF SFDVSTP TVCVUJMJ[BEP ()ÅSLÕOFO Z +ÅSWJOFO, l993; 4BMP, l999). &M BDDFTP MJCSF B MB DBNQJÒB FT VO QSJODJQJP EF WJEB FO 4VFDJB Z /PSVFHB Z FM DPOUSPM EF MB SFDPMFDDJÓO EF MPT )4$ (Z EFNÃT 1'/.) OFDFTJUBSÎB VO DBNCJP GVOEBNFOUBM FO MBT QPMÎUJDBT OBDJPOBMFT. -B iTPCSFQSPEVDDJÓOu FT VOB QSFPDVQBDJÓO DPNÙONFOUF FYQSFTBEB UBOUP QBSB MBT SFDPMFDDJPOFT DPNFSDJBMFT DPNP QBSB MB TVCTJTUFODJB. &M UFNPS FOUSF MPT SFTQPOTBCMFT EF PSEFOBDJÓO GPSFTUBM Z PUSBT QBSUFT JOUFSFTBEBT FT RVF EJTNJOVZB MB QSPEVDDJÓO GVUVSB EF )4$. &TUBT QSFPDVQBDJPOFT FTUÃO KVTUJGJDBEBT QFSP FYJTUF FM QFMJHSP EF EBS QBTPT ESBDPOJBOPT, TJO FOUFOEFS FM JNQBDUP EF MB DPTFDIB, QBSB SFHMBNFOUBS B MPT SFDPMFDUPSFT CBTÃOEPTF FO VOB DPNQSFOTJÓO JOTVGJDJFOUF EF DVBOUP TF SFDPMFDUB Z EF MP RVF IBDFO MPT SFDPMFDUPSFT. &M JNQVMTP QSJODJQBM QBSB MB SFHMBNFOUBDJÓO EF MPT SFDPMFDUPSFT FTUÃ FO FM MVHBS EF QSPEVDDJÓO EF MB DPTFDIB. -B JOUSPEVDDJÓO EF FTRVFNBT MFHBMFT UJFOF WBSJBT GVODJPOFT: x 5SBUB (UFÓSJDBNFOUF) EF MJNJUBS MB DBOUJEBE SFDPMFDUBEB; x "TFHVSB RVF MPT SFDPMFDUPSFT UFOHBO QSFTFOUF MBT NFKPSFT QSÃDUJDBT (NÊUPEPT EF SFDPMFDDJÓO NFOPT EBÒJOPT): x 1SPEVDF HBOBODJBT. &O *UBMJB DBEB QSPWJODJB SFHMBNFOUB RVJÊO UJFOF FM EFSFDIP EF SFDPMFDUBS USVGBT (TQ. 5VCFS). -PT SFDPMFDUPSFT UJFOFO RVF BQSPCBS VO FYBNFO TFODJMMP RVF DFSUJGJRVF RVF DPNQSFOEFO DÓNP Z DVÃOEP SFDPMFDUBS. -B DBOUJEBE EF QFSNJTPT FYUFOEJEPT FO &NJMJB 3PNBHOB (VOB EF MBT SFHJPOFT JUBMJBOBT) FO FM BÒP 200l SPOEB MPT 30 000, DBEB VOP EFM WBMPS EF 90 EÓMBSFT &&.66. (;BNCPOFMMJ, 2002, DPNVOJDBDJÓO QFSTPOBM: 5SVGGMFT BOE DPMMFDUJOH QPSDJOJ JO *UBMZ). &O FM QBSRVF OBDJPOBM EF 8JOFNB, 0SFHPO, MB WFOUB EF QFSNJTPT QSPQPSDJPOB VO JOHSFTP DPOTJEFSBCMF BVORVF BMUBNFOUF WBSJBCMF ($VBESP 8). &O #IVUÃO, TÓMP DBOUJEBEFT TJNCÓMJDBT TF HBOBO EF MB WFOUB EF QFSNJTPT (/BNHZFM, 2000). -BT BVUPSJEBEFT MPDBMFT BENJOJTUSBO UBNCJÊO MPT QSPHSBNBT EF DPODFTJÓO EF QFSNJTPT QBSB MJNJUBS FM BDDFTP B TJUJPT EF JOUFSÊT. &TUF TJTUFNB QBSFDF TFS NFOPT JEÓOFP QBSB SFTPMWFS MPT DPOGMJDUPT FOUSF MBT DPNVOJEBEFT DPOGJOBOUFT Z IB PDBTJPOBEP QSPCMFNBT FO MB QSPHSBNBDJÓO EF MB SFDPMFDDJÓO EF USVGBT FO &TQBÒB (EF 3PNÃO, 2002, DPNVOJDBDJÓO QFSTPOBM: 5SBEF JO OÎTDBMPT GSPN /PSUI 4QBJO UP $BUBMPOJB BOE USVGGMF QSPEVDUJPO). &TUF FT VO NFNPSÃOEVN EF MB OFDFTJEBE EF BOBMJ[BS EFUFOJEBNFOUF MB JNQBSDJBMJEBE EF MPT FTRVFNBT RVF JOKVTUBNFOUF FYDMVZFO B MBT QFSTPOBT FO WF[ EF BMFOUBS FM VTP FRVJUBUJWP EF MPT SFDVSTPT OBUVSBMFT.

30

-PT IPOHPT TJMWFTUSFT DPNFTUJCMFT: QFSTQFDUJWB HMPCBM EF TV VTP F JNQPSUBODJB QBSB MB QPCMBDJÓO

$6"%30 8

7FOUB EF QFSNJTPT QBSB MB SFDPMFDDJØO EF NBUTVUBLFT FO FM #PTRVF /BDJPOBM EF 8JOFNB, 0SFHPO, 1997-2002 7"-03 ($ &&.66.)

'*/ %& 5&.103"%"

0#4&37"$*0/&4

7&/%*%04

1997

3 733

365 939

31 EF PDUVCSF

-B NBZPS DPTFDIB EFTEF 1989.

1998

1 246

138 338

7 EF OPWJFNCSF

1999

901

122 350

24 EF PDUVCSF

2000

(512)

(61 180)

(21 EF TFQUJFNCSF)

2001

TJO EBUPT

78 810

4 EF OPWJFNCSF

2002

>1 200

>120 000

(4 EF PDUVCSF)

"º04

1&3.*404

%BUPT JODPNQMFUPT. /P IBZ JOGPSNBDJØO EFTQVÏT EF FTUB GFDIB. %BUPT QSPWJTPSJPT.

'VFOUF: XXX.GT.GFE.VTlS6lXJOFNBlTQFDJBMQSPKFDUT. -PT QFSNJTPT DPNFSDJBMFT TPO WÈMJEPT QBSB MB SFDPMFDDJØO FO %FTDIVUFT, 6NQRB, 8JMMBNFUUF BEFNÈT EFM #PTRVF /BDJPOBM EF 8JOFNB. 4ØMP 8JOFNB QVCMJDB JOGPSNFT JNQPSUBOUFT TPCSF MB UFNQPSBEB EF NBUTVUBLFT (MBT i.VTISPPN DISPOJDMFTw).

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