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Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Central University of Venezuela Faculty of Engineering School of Chemistry English II

ASSIGNMENT 2

Professor:

Student:

Carolina Lizardi

Evelin Gil

Caracas, December 2020

26.122.600

ACTIVITY 1: ESTABLISHING THE FIELD Read the following short extracts from a series of Introductions. In what ways do they “establish” or “introduce” the field. Write your comments in the spaces provided. (a)  Designs and construction sites are unique due to their varying local conditions characteristics that result in increased complexity in decision-making activities and lead to a high degree of freedom in project engineers’ and managers’ choice of actions. The variation and a significant number of changing (or “ill-structured” (Jonassen, 2011)) conditions in construction sites hinder individuals’ abilities to effectively associate designs to the physical project context. This is about the construction field. I guess they try to stablish how they analyze different characteristics of the ground and/or environment of a possible construction site before they decide whether to approve or disapprove a project. (b)  Among the problems of structural optimization that of shape optimization of crosssections is certainly important. The fundamental task is to minimize the material area of the cross-section under rigidity and/or stress constraints. In general, this kind of problem is very difficult to solve analytically because from a mathematical point of view the problem is reduced to problems with unknown boundaries and non standard functionals. Several authors have made important contributions in the past. One of the earliest results of cross-section optimization is the work by De Saint Venant [24], where for the first time the problem of the optimal structural design was formulated as a problem with unknown boundaries. 

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(Optimum design of thin-walled closed cross-sections: a numerical approach ,M. Serra

Department of Structural Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari,

Italy ) In this case I am not very sure about the topic, but, I see they try to solve some problems about structural optimization by e2 reducing the material area of cross-sections (c)  Biological waste stabilization has remained an integral part of water pollution control practices for many decades. Environmental engineers have successfully applied it to the treatment of domestic as well as industrial wastewater. However, due to the fact that traditional aerobic biological wastewater treatment, like the activated sludge process, requires high cost and professional skill, it has gained little practical application in developing countries (Bhatti et al., 1993a). Since the water pollution problem in developing countries has become quite serious, relatively inexpensive and simple technologies must be developed for its timely control. In addition to this, biological treatment of highly concentrated industrial wastes requires and effective pre-treatment technology that could cut costs and reduce organic loads to a sufficiently low level compatible to single-step aerobic handling. To make both ends meet, high-rate anaerobic treatment technology, such as the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process (Lettinga et al., 1980), is potentially one of the most favourable options. (7) Above all, an important advantage of this technology lies in its energy conservation characteristic- a point of vital human concern. I guess this article is part of the ecological field. The thing is to find more effective ways, cheaper and simpler, to treat water wastes since it has become a huge problem, especially in developed countries.

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PREVIOUS RESEARCH Read the extracts and discuss the following questions:



In what ways do authors cite previous research?

A= They use different ways, such as images to show a visual support of what they try to communicate, previous articles mentioning titles, authors and publication date; also they can mention previous studies or experiments made by other people in the past.



In what order do they do it?

A= The order might be images, previous articles, experiments, author, date. 

What reasons determine their choice?

A= They use previous material available to support their “thesis”

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1. Division of flow past 900 branches of closed conduits (Fig.1) is encountered in flow systems of water and wastewater purification plants (Benefield 1984) and conduit network systems associated with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. In the past, a large number of experimental studies (Ito and Imai 1973; Blaisdell and Manson 1963; Gardel 1957; McNown 1954) have provided various energy loss coefficients for dividing flow in closed circular conduits. In a very limited range of discharge ratios, Miller (1971) has obtained the experimental loss coefficients for flow past a branching square conduit. He asserted that the data of branching circular conduits are directly applicable to branching of noncircular conduits. Fu et al. (1991) validated a numerical model related to three-dimensional dividing flow in rectangular conduits using test data. (taken from Dividing Rectangular Closed Conduit Flows, A.S. Ramamurthy et al., Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Dec.1996)

2: …….. Gessler (1968) and Little and Meyer (1972) were among the first to systematically study the process of bed armouring. In a series of laboratory experiments they generated armour layers by running (over an extended period of time) sediment-free water through straight flumes with broadly mixed (nonuniform) sediment. Based on their data, they established relationships between the initial and final bed-material. Data obtained by Garde, Al-Shaikh Ali, and Diette (1977) in a similar type of experiment supported Gessler’s bed-armouring theory, which is a probabilistic approach. Garde et al. also measured the time variation of the mediangrain diameter of the bed-surface material. Support for Garde’s approach was provided also by Lane and Carlson’s studies of armouring in the San Luis Valley Canals in Southern Colorado.

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(from Simulation of Bed Armouring in Alluvial Channels, Hong-Yuan Lee et al., Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Sept.1986) Previous research: author or information prominent There are several ways in which previous research may be mentioned. A convenient classification would be to distinguish between those in which the author(s) are specifically fronted (at the beginning of a sentence, as or part of the grammatical subject) and those in which emphasis is placed on the research itself. Consider the following:

Author prominent: 1. Manson (1969) showed that ......             Researcher(s) as subject 2. Manson’s theory (1969) claims that ......... Researcher(s) part of possessive noun phrase. 3. Manson’s (1969) theory of ............ is generally Researcher(s) part of possessive noun phrase.  accepted.  4. According to Manson (1969), the ....

Researcher(s)  “reported”.

Information prominent: a.The ...........was established by Manson (1969). b.. Previous research has shown that .......... (Manson, 1969).  c.It has been shown that ...... (Manson, 1969). d. It has been established that ............. 1-3 e.The ..... is probably ........... (Manson,1969). f. The ............. may be ........... 1-3

Researcher(s) as passive agent. Parenthetical citation.(active) Parenthetical citation (passive) Superscript.. Parenthetical (with authorial comment) Superscript (with authorial comment)

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Read the following and classify the citations according to the examples given in the Tables. 1. However, recent work has shown that stress and dissolution need not be applied simultaneously to produce brittle cracking in binary face-centered cubic (fcc) alloys. 23

SUPERSCRIPT

2. Experiments with high-sediment concentrations and laminar-flow conditions have been performed by Ali and Georgiadis (1991), Crapper and Ali (1996), and Kusada et al. (1993, 1996).  RESEARCHER AS PASSIVE AGENT 3. As cited in ASCE (1988), Rodi (1980) listed classes of problems of interest to hydraulic engineers that have been or can be solved by turbulence modeling, and provided guidance for turbulence model selection appropriate for each class. While 3D models are becoming more popular, depth-averaged models continue to be developed and used (Molls and Chaudhry 1995). PARENTHETICAL CITATION (ACTIVE) 4. The elastic stress field in an initially stress free, coated solid due to various forms of normal loading has been analysed by, amongst others, Barovitch et al.1 RESEARCHER AS PASSIVE AGENT. 5. Howard Gardner’s (1983) theory of multiple intelligences has great potential for helping revolutionize our concept of human capabilities. Gardner’s basic premise is that intelligence is not a single construct: individuals have at least seven distinct intelligences that can be developed over a lifetime. RESEARCHER PART OF POSSESSIVE NOUN PHRASE

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ACTIVITY 3. WRITING ACTIVITY (a)  Re-write examples 2 and 4, making them author prominent. Example 2: Ali and Georgiadis (1991), Crapper and Ali (1996), and Kusada et al. (1993, 1996) have performed Experiments with high-sediment concentrations and laminar-flow conditions. Example 4: Barovitch et al, amongst others, has analysed the elastic stress field in an initially stress free, coated solid due to various forms of normal loading.

(b) Re-write example 3, making the first sentence from Rodi (1980) information prominent. Classes of problems of interest to hydraulic engineers that have been or can be solved by turbulence modeling, and provided guidance for turbulence model selection

appropriate

for

each

class

were

listed

by

Rodi

(1980).

(c)  Re-write example 5, making it information prominent. 5. The theory of multiple intelligences has great potential for helping revolutionize our concept of human capabilities. The basic premise is that intelligence is not a single construct: individuals have at least seven distinct intelligences that can be developed over a lifetime, Howard Gardner (1983).

(d) Copy one reference or citation from the paper you have chosen. The field of tissue engineering has conventionally involved culturing cells, seeding them into biocompatible scaffolds, and allowing growth and maturation (in vitro or via bioreactor) to form the desired tissues(Gao G, Cui X, 2016) PART 2

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Article: 3-D BIOPRINTING TECHNOLOGIES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE: CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS Authors:         

Elliot S. Bishop a,b Sami Mostafa c Mikhail Pakvasa c Hue H. Luu b Michael J. Lee b Jennifer Moriatis Wolf b Guillermo A. Ameer d,e Tong-Chuan He b ,Russell R. Reid a

Advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing have increased feasibility towards the synthesis of living tissues. Known as 3D bioprinting, this technology involves the precise layering of cells, biologic scaffolds, and growth factors with the goal of creating bioidentical tissue for a variety of uses. Early successes have demonstrated distinct advantages over conventional tissue engineering strategies. Not surprisingly, there are current challenges to address before 3D bioprinting becomes clinically relevant. Here we provide an overview of 3D bioprinting technology and discuss key advances, clinical applications, and current limitations. While 3D bioprinting is a relatively novel tissue engineering strategy, it holds great potential to play a key role in personalized medicine.

Move 1:

Establishing the field 8

Introducing the general topic (within the field) The article belongs to the medicine field, more specific, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Generalizations about the topic Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technologies are progressively improving and our article explains very well the different methods and exoeriments available. There is still a long way before we can achieve our final goal, but, the future looks bright. Reviewing previous research There are severa cites in our article. Experiments, articles, papers, studies, etc. To show previous resulta and support the theory that 3d bioprinting will eventually become clinically relevant.

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