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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

Unit 5: Instrument families

INDEX: 1. Instrument families 2. The orchestra 1

IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Basic vocabulary Bow: arco To bow: frotar. Brass instrument: instrumentos de viento metal. Double bass: contrabajo. Edge: bisel. Electrophones: electrófonos. Embouchure: embocadura. Feathers: plumas. Guitar: guitarra. Hammer: martillo. Harp: arpa. Horn: trompa. To join: unir, juntar. Lute: laúd. To pluck: puntear. To shake: agitar. Slide brass instruments: instrumentos de viento metal de varas. Stick: palo. To strike: golpear. String instruments: instrumentos de cuerda. To Stretch: extender. 2

Proyecto Bilingüe

IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

Reed: lengüeta (single-reed: lengüeta simple; double-reed: lengüeta doble). Trumpet: trompeta. Trombone: trombón. To rub: frotar. Valved brass: instrumentos de viento metal de válvulas. Woodwind instrument: instrumentos de viento madera.

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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

1. Instrument families There are different ways to classify musical instruments. One way is to group them as they are in a Western orchestra: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion.

1.1. String instruments

A string instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by strings that vibrate. The

most common string instruments are violin, cello, viola, double bass, guitar, and harp.

All

string

instruments

produce sound from one or more vibrating strings. The body of the instrument then transmits the sound to the surrounding air. They are usually categorized by the technique used to make the strings vibrate. The three most common techniques are bowing, plucking, and striking .

1.1.1. Bowing Bowing (Italian: Arco) is a method used in some string instruments, including the violin, viola, cello, and the double bass. The bow consists of a stick with many hairs stretched between its ends that make the string vibrate.

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IES Las Encinas

Violin

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

Viola Cello

Double bass

Bow

1.1.2. Plucking Plucking (Italian: pizzicato) is the method of playing by using a finger or by some type of plectrum on instruments such as the guitar, harp or lute. This category includes keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord, which uses feathers (now plastic plectra) to pluck the strings.

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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

1.1.3. Striking The third common method of sound production in stringed instruments is to strike the string with a hammer. By far the most well-known instrument to use this method is the piano.

1.2. Woodwind instruments

A woodwind instrument is a musical instrument which produces sound when the player blows air against an edge or a thin piece of wood called a reed. Most of these instruments were originally made of wood, but some, such as the saxophone and some flutes, are now commonly made of other materials like metals or plastics.

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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

Types of woodwind instruments: •

Single-reed instruments use just one reed. When air is

forced between the reed and the mouthpiece, the reed vibrates, creating the sound. Single reed instruments

include

the clarinet

and saxophone

families. •

Double-reed instruments use two small pieces of cane

joined together at the base. The air vibrates between the two pieces of cane. Double-reed instruments include the oboe, the cor anglais or the bassoon. •

Flutes produce sound when air is blown across a hole.

Flutes include transverse flutes and the recorder family.

Clarinet

Oboe 7

IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

1.3. Brass instruments A brass instrument is a musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the player’s lips into an "embouchure". Modern brass instruments generally come in one of two families: valved brass instruments that use a set of valves to change the pitch and slide brass instruments that use a slide to change the length of tubing. The main brass instruments are the horn, the trumpet, the trombone and the tuba.

Trumpet

Horn

Tuba

Trombone

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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

1.4. Percussion instruments

A instrument

percussion is

any

object

which produces a sound by being hit with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which makes the object vibrate. When

classifying

instruments by function it is useful to note if a percussion instrument makes a definite pitch or indefinite pitch. For example, some percussion instruments (such as the marimba and timpani) produce an obvious fundamental pitch and can therefore play melody and serve harmonic functions in music. Other instruments (such as drum and crash cymbal) produce sounds with such complex overtones and a wide range of prominent frequencies that one can’t distinguish a pitch. Some of the main percussion instruments are the drum, the timpani, the xylophone, the vibraphone, the marimba or the triangle.

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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

Finally, the electrophones are instruments that keep their acoustic resonators but are also amplified and altered electronically, for instance the electric guitar.

2. The orchestra

An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually with string, brass, woodwind sections, and possibly a percussion section as well. A smaller orchestra (of about fifty musicians or fewer) is called a chamber orchestra. A full size orchestra (about 100 musicians) may sometimes be called a symphony orchestra. Conducting is the act of directing a musical performance by using visible gestures. Orchestras, choirs, concert bands and other musical ensembles often have conductors.

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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

Exercise 1: Match with arrows!

A brass instrument

A percussion instrument

A woodwind instrument

A string instrument

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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

Exercise 2: Write some examples for the different instrument families:

String:____________________________________________________________________________________

Woodwind:______________________________________________________________________________

Brass:_____________________________________________________________________________________

Percussion:_______________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4: Write the instrument family name for each colour, then fill in the blanks:

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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

Proyecto Bilingüe

Exercise 5: Do you know what this is? What instruments use this object? Do you know what its function is?

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IES Las Encinas

1º de ESO

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Proyecto Bilingüe