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ɦɪn̪ d̪ iː

िह दी Hindi

sarvabhāshin

Script

The Hindi letters and words described in this book are each accompanied by a pronunciation key in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Please refer to these IPA keys for the exact pronunciation of a Hindi letter or word. The IPA is a scientific notation used for accurately transcribing the sounds of most human languages. More about the IPA can be found at http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipa . The similarities describedin this book between the pronunciations of Hindi letters and ‘corresponding’ English letters are only guidelines and should be considered as such.

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k

क् This letter has a sound similar to k

in

4

skip

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ɡ

ग् This letter has a sound similar to g

in

5

go

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

k

ɡ

क्

ग्

6

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p

प् This letter has a sound similar to p

in

speak

7

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b

ब् This letter has a sound similar to b

in

8

bat

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These are the letters we’ve seen so far

k

ɡ

ग्

p

b

क् प्

ब् 9

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ʨ

च् This letter has a sound similar to tch

in

catch

10

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ʥ

ज् This letter has a sound similar to dge

in

badge

11

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These are the letters we’ve seen so far

k

ɡ

ग्

p

प्

b

ब्

ʨ

ʥ

क् च्

ज् 12

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◌्

Notice that all the letters we’ve seen so far have this sign below them –

If we remove this sign, then the pronunciation of the letters changes slightly. The letters are then pronounced with this vowel after them –

ə This vowel is pronounced similar to a

in

America

13

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This is how the letters look when the sign

◌् is removed,

that is, when the vowel ə is added to them

kə

ɡə

क

ग

pə

प

bə

ब

ʨə

ʥə

च

ज 14

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ɪ

ि◌ This sign has a sound similar to i

in

pin

This sign is written before a letter

15

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This is how the sign for ɪ is written

kɪ

ɡɪ

क

िग

pɪ

bɪ

िप

िब

ʨɪ

ʥɪ

िच Note that the sign

िज ◌् below the letter is removed for writing this sign 16

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ʊ

◌ु This sign has a sound similar to u

in

bull

Thissign is written below a letter

17

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This is how the sign for ʊ is written

kʊ

ɡʊ

गु

pʊ

पु

bʊ

बु

ʨʊ

ʥʊ

कु चु Note that the sign

जु ◌् below the letter is removed for writing this sign 18

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Look at these sequences made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen

kəkɪkʊ

ɡəɡɪɡʊ

क ककु

गिगगु

pəpɪpʊ

bəbɪbʊ

पिपपु

बिबबु

ʨəʨɪʨʊ

ʥəʥɪʥʊ

चिचचु जिजजु Notice how letters in a word are all ‘joined’ by the line at the top

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Some more sequences –

kəkək

kəkkə

ककक्

क क

ɡəɡəɡ

ɡəɡɡə

गगग्

गग

Notice the change in shape of the letters? In short –

kə

क

+

k

क्

=

kək

कक्

but

k

क्

+

kə

क 20

=

kkə

क

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Have a look at this list–

k

p

ʨ

क्

ɡ

प्

b

च्

ʥ

ग् ब् ज्

Therefore, the ‘half letter’ forms are like a different ‘version’ of the forms having

◌् below them

They occur at the beginning or in between a word, but not at the end of a word

21

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Here are combinations of the half letter forms of the letters we’ve seen, along with the forms containing the vowel ə –

k

क् ɡ

ग् p

प् b

ब् ʨ

च् ʥ

ज्

+ + + + + +

kə

क ɡə

ग

pə

प

bə

ब

ʨə

च

ʥə

ज 22

= = = = = =

kkə

क

ɡɡə

ग

ppə

प

bbə

ब

ʨʨə

च

ʥʥə

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Here are combinations of the half letter forms of the letters we’ve seen, along with the forms containing the vowel ʊ –

k

क् ɡ

ग् p

प् b

ब् ʨ

च् ʥ

ज्

+ + + + + +

kʊ

कु

ɡʊ

गु

pʊ

पु

bʊ

बु

ʨʊ

चु

ʥʊ

जु 23

= = = = = =

kkʊ

कु

ɡɡʊ

गु

ppʊ

पु

bbʊ

बु

ʨʨʊ

चु

ʥʥʊ

ु

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Similar combinations containing the vowel ɪ –

k

क्

kɪ

+

ɡ

ग्

+ + + +

ʥ

ज्

=

िप

+

िब

िग ppɪ

=

bɪ

ʨ

च्

िग

ɡɡɪ

pɪ

b

ब्

= ि क

ɡɪ

p

प्

क

kkɪ

िप bbɪ

=

िब

ʨɪ

ʨʨɪ

िच

= ि च

ʥɪ

ʥʥɪ

िज Notice anything different? 24

=

ि

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The ‘half letters’ appear after the sign

ि क

ि◌ɪ

िग

So, if a half letter has to appear along with a letter containing the sign

ि◌ɪ,

the half letter appears after this sign

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Let’s try some more combinations of joining letters –

kə

b

ʨɪ

kəbʨɪ

bə

ɡ

ʥʊ

bəɡʥʊ

क + ब् + िच = कि च ब + ग् + जु ɡɪ

k

pʊ

=

ब जु ɡɪkpʊ

िग + क् + पु = िग पु

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j

य् This letter has a sound similar to y

in

yo-yo

27

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r

र् This letter has a sound similar to r

in

Italian Roma

This is a ‘rolled’ /r/, as in Spanish or Italian

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l

ल् This letter has a sound similar to l

in

29

lad

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ʋ

व् This letter has a sound similar to v

in

victory

30

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

j

r

य्

र्

l

ʋ

ल्

व् 31

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This is how the sign for ə is written on these letters

jə

rə

य

र

lə

ʋə

ल Note that the sign

व ◌् below the letter is removed for writing this sign

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This is how the sign for ɪ is written on these letters

jɪ

rɪ

lɪ

ʋɪ

िय

र

िल

िव

Note that the sign

◌् below the letter is removed for writing this sign

33

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This is how the sign for ʊ is written on these letters

jʊ

यु

rʊ

lʊ

ʋʊ

लु Note that the sign

वु ◌् below the letter is removed for writing this sign

Also, notice the special form of the letter rʊ

34

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Look at these combinations containing the ‘half letter’ forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

jəjjə

rərrə

यय

रर

ləllə

ʋəʋʋə

ल ल

वव

35

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र्

r likes being different from the rest

The ‘half letter’ form of

र्

r jumps on top of the next letter –

jərjə

rərrə

यय

रर

lərlə

ʋərʋə

लल

वव

36

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This is how the half letter forms of these letters look (besides

र्

य्

j

l

r) –

ल्

ʋ

व्

We’ve already seen the behavior of the half letter form of on the previous page

37

र्

r

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Here are combinations of the half letter forms of the letters we’ve seen, along with the forms containing the vowel ə –

j

य्

+

r

र् l

ल् ʋ

व्

jə

य

=

rə

+ + +

र lə

ल ʋə

व

38

jjə

य

rrə

= = =

र llə

ल

ʋʋə

व

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Here are combinations of the half letter forms of the letters we’ve seen, along with the forms containing the vowel ʊ –

j

य्

+

r

र् l

ल् ʋ

व्

jʊ

यु

=

rʊ

+ + +

jjʊ

यु

rrʊ

= lʊ

लु ʋʊ

वु

Watch out for rrʊ –

39

= =

llʊ

लु

ʋʋʊ

वु

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Similar combinations containing the vowel ɪ –

j

jɪ

य्

+

r

िय

jjɪ

=

िय

rɪ

र्

+

l

र

rrɪ

=

र

lɪ

ल्

+

ʋ

िप

llɪ

= ि ल

ʋɪ

व

+ र्

िव

ʋʋɪ

=

िव

r and its derivatives trouble us again, this time rrɪ

र 40

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Some more heartache caused by

र्

r

Look at these letter combinations –

k

क् ɡ

ग् p

प् b

ब् ʨ

च् ʥ

ज्

+ + + + + +

rə

र

rə

र

rə

र

rə

र

rə

र

rə

र

More to come J 41

= = = = = =

krə ɡrə prə brə ʨrə ʥrə

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j

य् l

ल् ʋ

व्

+ + +

rə

र

rə

र

rə

र

= = =

Remember how rrə is written –

र

42

jrə lrə ʋrə

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These letters look similar and behave similarly –

b

ʋ

ब्

व्

43

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In Hindi, when the sound ə ends a word, sit is usually not pronounced

So, for instance

कर

is pronounced

kər not

kərə

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These are some actual Hindi words Can you read them? –

कर

बच

क

गुल

िगर

पर

जुग

पुल

लब

गव

च पल जग

च कर पव िब कु ल िवजय

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Here are their pronunciations and meanings – kər

bəʨ

rʊk

कर

बच

do ɡɪr

save pər

stop ʥʊɡ

flower pʊl

िगर

पर

जुग

पुल

fall ləb

but ɡərʋ

era ʨəppəl

bridge ʥəɡ

लब

गव

lip ʨəkkər

pride pərʋ

क

ɡʊl

गुल

च पल जग slipper bɪlkʊl

world ʋɪʥəj

च कर पव िब कु ल िवजय circular motion

festival

totally, completely

46

victory

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s

स् This letter has a sound similar to s

in

47

sit

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ɕ

श् This letter has a sound similar to sh

in

48

ship

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ɦ

This letter has a sound similar to h

in

49

hat

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

s

ɕ

स्

श् ɦ

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This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters

sə

ɕə

ɦə

sɪ

ɕɪ

ɦɪ

sʊ

ɕʊ

ɦʊ

स श ह िस िश िह सु शु Note that the sign

◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs 51

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These are the half letter forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

s

स् ◌

ɕ

ɦ

◌

52

श् ◌

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Have a look how When

r

र्

र्

r combines with the letters we’ve just seen

r is the first letter in the combination –

s

rs

र् + स् = स् r

ɕ

र् +

स

rsɪ

स

rsʊ

सु

rɕə

श

rɕ

र् + श् = श् r

rsə

ɦ

rɕɪ

श

rɕʊ

शु

rɦə

ह

rɦ

=

rɦɪ rɦʊ

53

ह

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When

s

र्

r is the second letter in the combination –

r

sr

स् + र् =

्

srə srɪ

ि ु

srʊ

ɕ

r

ɕr

श् + र् =

्

ɕrə ɕrɪ

ि ु

ɕrʊ

ɦ

r

ɦr

+ र् =

ɦrə ɦrɪ ɦrʊ

Notice the special form of ɕr and its derivatives –

्

ि 54

ु

ि ु

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ɦ causes the pronunciation of certain vowels before and after it to change slightly.

Rule If the vowel immediately before

ɦ is ə

Then the sequence əɦ becomes ɛɦ and əɦə becomes ɛɦɛ

ɛ sounds like ai

in

fair

Note that this rule does not apply if the vowel immediately after

ɦ is a long vowel.

We will come across long vowels later in this book.

Some pronunciation examples will make this vowel-change rule a little clearer.

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Can you read these Hindi words? –

बस

सब

सज

हर

सुर िससक पुिलस कह रह

सह

लहर पहर

वजह शहर श ल शु िव व

पश

वग

56

व

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Here are their pronunciations and meanings – bəs

səb

səʥ

ɦər

बस

सब

सज

हर

enough sʊr

all sɪsək

decoration pʊlɪs

every kɛɦ

सुर िससक पुिलस कह melody rɛɦ

sob sɛɦ

रह

सह

stay ʋəʥɛɦ

endure ɕɛɦɛr

police lɛɦɛr

tell pɛɦɛr

लहर पहर wave ɕəkl

1/8 of a day ɕʊkr

वजह शहर श ल शु reason

city, town

ʋɪɕʋ(ə)*

spərɕ

िव व world

appearance, form sʋərɡ

पश

वग

touch

heaven

Venus ɦrəsʋ(ə)*

व short

*(ə) in brackets means that this vowel may or may not be pronounced, or pronounced very lightly

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n

न् This letter has a sound similar to n

in

58

new

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m

म् This letter has a sound similar to m

in

mother

59

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

n

m

म्

न्

60

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This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters

nə

mə

न

म

nɪ

mɪ

िन

िम

nʊ

mʊ

नु Note that the sign

मु ◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs 61

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These are the half letter forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

n

न् ◌

m

62

म् ◌

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Have a look how When

r

र्

र्

r combines with the letters we’ve just seen

r is the first letter in the combination –

n

rn

र् + न् = न् r

m

rnə rnɪ

न न

rnʊ

नु

rmə

म

rm

र् + म् = म्

rmɪ rmʊ

63

म मु

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When

n

र्

r is the second letter in the combination –

r

nr

न् + र् =

्

nrə nrɪ

ि ु

nrʊ

m

r

mr

म् + र् =

्

mrə mrɪ mrʊ

64

ि ु

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Some actual Hindi words –

मन

कम कमल चमक

शरन िमलन महक गम िज म र म ज म च बल िवन

पि चम जह नुम

वन पर म स पन

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Here’s how they sound and what they mean – mən

मन

kəm

kəməl

ʨəmək

कम कमल चमक

mind

less

lotus

shine

ɕərən

mɪlən

mɛɦɛk

ɡərm

शरन िमलन महक गम refuge

meeting

fragrance

hot

ʥɪsm

rəsm

ʥənm

ʨəmbəl

िज म र म ज म च बल body

custom

birth

Chambal, a river in central India

ʋɪnəmr(ə)

िवन polite sʋəpn(ə)

वन dream

pəɕʨɪm

ʥɛɦɛnnʊm

पि चम जह नुम west pərɪɕrəm

hell səmpənn

पर म स पन hard work

66

completed, acquired

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t̪

त् This letter has a sound similar to t

in

Spanish toro

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue touches the back of your front teeth

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d̪

द् This letter has a sound similar to d

in

Spanish diez

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue touches the back of your front teeth

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

t̪

d̪

त्

द्

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This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters

t̪ ə

d̪ ə

त

द

t̪ ɪ

d̪ ɪ

t̪ ʊ

d̪ ʊ

ित

द

तु Note that the sign

दु ◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs 70

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These are the half letter forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

t̪

त् ◌ Note how d̪

d̪

द् ◌

द् has no special half letter form

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However, both these letters have special half forms other than the ones on the previous page when they join with themselves

t̪

t̪

t̪ t̪

त् + त् =

्

t̪ t̪ ə t̪ t̪ ɪ t̪ t̪ ʊ

d̪

d̪

ि ु

d̪ d̪

द् + द् =  ्

d̪ d̪ ə d̪ d̪ ɪ

d̪ d̪ ʊ

72

ु

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d̪

d̪

द् also has a special shape when it joins with j य j

d̪ j

द् + य् =

्

d̪ jə d̪ jɪ d̪ jʊ

73

ि ु

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Have a look how When

r

र्

र्

r combines with the letters we’ve just seen

r is the first letter in the combination –

t̪

rt̪

र् + त् = त् r

m

rt̪ ə rt̪ ɪ

त त

rt̪ ʊ

तु

rmə

द

rm

र् + द् = द्

74

rmɪ

द

rmʊ

दु

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When

t̪

र्

r is the second letter in the combination –

r

t̪ r

त् + र् =

्

t̪ rə t̪ rɪ t̪ rʊ

m

r

ि ु

mr

द् + र् =

्

mrə mrɪ mrʊ

Note the slightly unexpected shape of t̪ r

75

ु

्and its derived forms

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Here are some Hindi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –

दम

दु म

ितल

दल

दन मदद दु मन सम पत ह

बहतर स र मु त

मह व िव ुत पिव

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And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean – d̪ əm

d̪ ʊm

t̪ ɪl

d̪ ɪl

दम

दु म

ितल

breath

tail

sesame

heart

d̪ ɪn

məd̪ əd̪

d̪ ʊɕmən

səmərpɪt̪

दल

दन मदद दु मन सम पत day

help

enemy

surrendered

ɦəd̪ d̪

bɛɦt̪ ər

sət̪ t̪ ər

mʊd̪ d̪ ət̪

limit, boundary

better

seventy

mɛɦɛt̪ t̪ ʋ(ə)

ʋɪd̪ jʊt̪

pəʋɪt̪ r(ə)

period, time interval d̪ rəʋj(ə)

ह

बहतर स र मु त

मह व िव ुत पिव importance

electricity

holy, sacred

77

liquid

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ʈ

ट् This letter has a sound similar to t

in

ash tray

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth

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ɖ

ड् This letter has a sound similar to d

in

rushed

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

ʈ

ɖ

ट्

ड्

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This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters

ʈə

ɖə

ट

ड

ʈɪ

ɖɪ

ट

िड

ʈʊ

ɖʊ

टु Note that the sign

डु ◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs 81

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These are the half letter forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

ʈ

ट् ट् ◌

ɖ

ड् ड् ◌

Note how neither of themgenerally turns into a ‘half letter’

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However, both these letters have special half forms other than the ones on the previous page when they join with themselves

ʈ

ʈ

ʈʈ

ट् + ट् =  ्

ʈʈə ʈʈɪ

ʈʈʊ

ɖ

ɖ



ɖɖ

ड् + ड् =  ्

83

ɖɖə ɖɖɪ

ɖɖʊ

ि 

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Both these letters also have special half forms other than the ones on the previous pages when they join with j

ʈ

j

य् ʈj

ट् + य् =

ʈjə

्

ʈjɪ

ि ु

ʈjʊ

ɖ

j

ɖj

ड् + य् =

्

ɖjə ɖjɪ ɖjʊ

Note that it isn’t the letters we’ve just seen whose shape changes It is j

य् that changes its shape

84

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Have a look how When

r

र्

र्

r combines with the letters we’ve just seen

r is the first letter in the combination –

ʈ

rʈ

र् + ट् = ट् r

ɖ

rʈə rʈɪ

ट ट

rʈʊ

टु

rɖə

ड

rɖ

र् + ड् = ड्

rɖɪ rɖʊ

85

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When

ʈ

र्

r is the second letter in the combination –

r

ʈr ʈrə

+ र् =

ʈrɪ ʈrʊ

ɖ

r

ɖr

ड् + र् =

ɖrə ɖrɪ

ि

ɖrʊ

Note the special shape of r

र् when it is the second letter

of a combination with these letters

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Here are some Hindi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –

डट तट मटर डगर िनडर

डु कर

क र

ुट

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And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean – ɖəʈ

t̪ əʈ

məʈər

ɖəɡər

be

coast

green peas, pisum

path, track

डट तट मटर डगर determined

sativum nɪɖər

ɖʊkkər

िनडर

डु कर

fearless

hog, boar

kəʈʈər

t̪ rʊʈɪ

cruel

error

क र

ुट

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Remember this letter?

k

क् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

kʰ

ख् It has a sound similar to ck-h

in

brick-house

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Remember this letter?

ɡ

ग् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ɡʱ

घ् It has a sound similar to ggh

in

egghead

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Remember this letter?

p

प् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

pʰ

फ् It has a sound similar to ph

in

uphold

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Remember this letter?

b

ब् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

bʱ

भ् It has a sound similar to bh

in

clubhouse

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Remember this letter?

ʨ

च् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ʨʰ

छ् It has a sound similar to ch-h

in

church-house

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Remember this letter?

ʥ

ज् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ʥʱ

झ् It has a sound similar to dgeh

in

badgeholder

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These are the letters we’ve seen so far

kʰ

ɡʱ

ख्

घ्

pʰ

bʱ

भ्

ʨʰ

ʥʱ

फ् छ्

झ् 95

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This is how the sign for ə is written on these letters

kʰə

ɡʱə

ख

घ

pʰə

फ

bʱə

भ

ʨʰə

ʥʱə

छ Note that the sign

झ ◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs

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This is how the sign for ɪ is written on these letters

kʰɪ

ɡʱɪ

िख

िघ

pʰɪ

bʱɪ

फ

िभ

ʨʰɪ

ʥʱɪ

िछ Note that the sign

िझ

◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs 97

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This is how the sign for ʊ is written on these letters

kʰʊ

ɡʱʊ

खु

घु

pʰʊ

bʱʊ

भु

ʨʰʊ

ʥʱʊ

फु छु Note that the sign

झु ◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs

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These letters look and sound similar –

pəpɪpʊ

pʰəpʰɪpʰʊ

पिपपु

फ फफु

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These are the half forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

kʰ

pʰ

ʨʰ

ख् ◌ फ् ◌ छ् ◌

ɡʱ

bʱ

ʥʱ

Note the slightly different half form of ʨʰ

100

घ् ◌ भ् ◌ झ् ◌ छ्

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Have a look how When

र्

र्

r combines with the letters we’ve just seen

r is the first letter in the combination –

rkʰ

rkʰə

rkʰɪ

rkʰʊ

ख्

ख

ख

खु

rɡʱ

rɡʱə

rɡʱɪ

rɡʱʊ

घ्

घ

rpʰ

rpʰə

rpʰɪ

फ्

फ

फ

rbʱ

rbʱə

rbʱɪ

rbʱʊ

भ्

भ

भ

भु

rʨʰ

rʨʰə

छ्

छ

rʥʱ

rʥʱə

झ्

झ

घ

rʨʰɪ

छ rʥʱɪ

झ

101

घु rpʰʊ

फु

rʨʰʊ

छु rʥʱʊ

झु

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When

kʰr

र्

r is the second letter in the combination –

kʰrə

kʰrɪ

्

kʰrʊ

ि

ɡʱr

ɡʱrə

ɡʱrɪ

्

ɡʱrʊ

ि

pʰr

pʰrə

ु

pʰrɪ

्

pʰrʊ

ु

bʱr

bʱrə

bʱrɪ

्

ि

ʨʰr

ʨʰrə

ु

ʨʰrɪ

्

bʱrʊ

ʨʰrʊ

ि

ʥʱr

ʥʱrə

ʥʱrɪ

्

ʥʱrʊ

ि

ु

Note the slightly different shape of ʨʰr

् and its derivatives

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Can you read these Hindi words? –

रख िसख परख घर दु ख घुटन खपत िघचिपच िपघल घनच कर 103

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Here are their pronunciations and meanings – rəkʰ

sɪkʰ

pərəkʰ

रख िसख परख member of

keep

insight

the Sikh faith

ɡʱər

d̪ ʊkʰ

ɡʱʊʈən

house

sadness

suffocation

घर दु ख घुटन kʰəpət̪

ɡʱɪʨpɪʨ

consumption

closely packed, crowded

pɪɡʱəl

ɡʱənʨəkkər

melt

blockhead, dolt

खपत िघचिपच िपघल घनच कर 104

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Some more words with some of the letters just seen –

छल छत कु छ झुक समझ

िझझक

छह िझकिझक िछटक मगरम छ 105

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Here are their pronunciations and meanings – ʨʰəl

ʨʰət̪

kʊʨʰ

ʥʱʊk

छल छत कु छ झुक subterfuge səməʥʱ

roof

some, a little ʥʱɪʥʱək

समझ

bend

िझझक

understanding ʨʰɛɦ

hesitation ʥʱɪkʥʱɪk

six ʨʰɪʈək

fretting məɡərməʨʨʰ

splash, scatter

crocodile

छह िझकिझक िछटक मगरम छ 106

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And even more words with some of these new letters –

कफ भर डफ फर फलक भय

म फट

सफल दु लभ िवदभ

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Here are their pronunciations and meanings – kəpʰ

bʱər

ɖəpʰ

pʰɪr

phlegm

fill

tambourine

again

pʰələk

bʱəj

bʱrəm

pʰəʈ

board

fear

delusion

split, burst

कफ भर डफ फर फलक भय

म फट

səpʰəl

d̪ ʊrləbʱ

ʋɪd̪ ərbʱ

successful

rare

Vidarbha, region in

सफल दु लभ िवदभ south-central India

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Remember this letter?

t̪

त् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

t̪ ʰ

थ् It has a sound similar to th-h

in

bath-house

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Remember this letter?

d̪

द् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

d̪ ʱ

ध् It has a sound similar to dh

in

adhere

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These are the letters we’ve just seen –

t̪ ʰ

d̪ ʱ

थ्

ध्

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This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters

t̪ ʰə

d̪ ʱə

थ

ध

t̪ ʰɪ

d̪ ʱɪ

िथ

िध

t̪ ʰʊ

d̪ ʱʊ

थु Note that the sign

धु ◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs 112

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These are the half forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

t̪ ʰ

थ् ◌

d̪ ʱ

113

ध् ◌

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This is how

When

र्

र्

r combines with the letters we’ve just seen

r is the first letter in the combination –

rt̪ ʰ

rt̪ ʰə

rt̪ ʰɪ

rt̪ ʰʊ

थ्

थ

थ

थु

rd̪ ʱ

rd̪ ʱə

rd̪ ʱɪ

ध्

ध

When

t̪ ʰr

र्

ध

धु

r is the second letter in the combination –

t̪ ʰrə

t̪ ʰrɪ

्

ि

d̪ ʱr

rd̪ ʱʊ

d̪ ʱrə

d̪ ʱrɪ

्

ि

114

t̪ ʰrʊ

ु d̪ ʱrʊ

ु

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ध् d̪ ʱ also has a special form when it joins as the second letter with

d̪

d̪ ʱ

द् d̪

d̪ d̪ ʱ

द् + ध् =  ्

d̪ d̪ ʱə d̪ d̪ ʱɪ

d̪ d̪ ʱʊ

115

ि ु

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Here are some Hindi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –

थक धम यु

पथ कथक प थर ुव

म य ि थत िस

116

सव थम

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And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean – t̪ ʰək

pət̪ ʰ

थक

पथ

be tired, exhausted

path

d̪ ʱərm

d̪ ʱrʊʋ

धम religion, faith jʊd̪ d̪ ʱ

यु war

kət̪ ʰək

pət̪ t̪ ʰər

कथक प थर Kathak, a north Indian dance form məd̪ ʰj(ə)

ुव

Stone st̪ ʰɪt̪

म य ि थत

name of the pole star prəsɪd̪ d̪ ʱ

central

located sərʋ(ə)prət̪ ʰəm

िस

सव थम

famous

foremost

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Remember this letter?

ʈ

ट् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ʈʰ

ठ् It has a sound similar to th

in

penthouse

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Remember this letter?

ɖ

ड् The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ɖʱ

ढ् It has a sound similar to dh

in

madhouse

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These are the letters we’ve just seen –

ʈʰ

ɖʱ

ठ्

ढ्

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This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters

ʈʰə

ɖʱə

ठ

ढ

ʈʰɪ

ɖʱɪ

ʈʰʊ

ɖʱʊ

ठ

ढ

ठु Note that the sign

ढु ◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs 121

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These letters look and sound similar –

ʈəʈɪʈʊ

ʈʰəʈʰɪʈʰʊ

ट टटु

ठ ठठु

ɖʱəɖʱɪɖʱʊ

d̪ əd̪ ɪd̪ ʊ

ढ ढढु

द ददु

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These are the half letter forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

ʈʰ

ठ् ठ् ◌

ɖʱ

ढ् ढ् ◌

Note how neither of them generally turns into a ‘half letter’

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However, both these letters have special half forms when they join with j

ʈʰ

j

य्

ʈʰj

ठ् + य् =

्

ʈʰjə ʈʰjɪ

ि ु

ʈʰjʊ

ɖʱ

j

ɖʱj

ढ् + य् =

्

ɖʱjə ɖʱjɪ ɖʱjʊ

Note that it isn’t the letters we’ve just seen whose shape changes It is j

य् that changes its shape

124

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र्

This is how

When

र्

r combines with the letters we’ve just seen

r is the first letter in the combination –

rʈʰ

rʈʰə

rʈʰɪ

ठ्

ठ

ठ

rɖʱ

rɖʱə

ढ्

ढ

When

र्

rɖʱɪ

ढ

rʈʰʊ

ठु rɖʱʊ

ढु

r is the second letter in the combination –

ʈʰr

ʈʰrə

ʈʰrɪ

ʈʰrʊ

ɖʱr

ɖʱrə

ɖʱrɪ

ɖʱrʊ

Note the special shape of r

र् when it is the second letter

of a combination with these letters

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Here are some Hindi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –

ढक

पठन

ढचर

ठहर

ढ कन

गु ल

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And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean – ɖʱək

pəʈʰən

ɖʱəʨər

ढक

पठन

ढचर

cover

reading

framework

ʈʰɛɦɛr

ɖʱəkkən

ɡʊʈʈʰəl

ठहर

ढ कन

गु ल

wait

lid, covering

lumpy, knotty

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ŋ

ङ् This letter has a sound similar to ng

in

sing

It is not pronounced like the ng

in

128

finger

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ɲ

ञ् This letter has a sound similar to ni gne ñ

in in in

onion French montagne Spanish España

129

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ɳ

ण् This letter has a sound similar to n

in

wander

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth

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These are the letters we’ve just seen –

ŋ

ɲ

ɳ

ङ् ञ् ण्

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This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters

ŋə

ɲə

ɳə

ŋɪ

ɲɪ

ɳɪ

ŋʊ

ɲʊ

ɳʊ

ङ ञ ण िङ िञ िण ङु ञु णु Note that the sign

◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs 132

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These are the half letter forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

ङ् ङ् ◌

ŋ

ɲ

ण् ◌

ɳ

Note how

ङ्

ञ् ◌

ŋ does not generally turn into a ‘half letter’

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Here are some Hindi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –

ल ग श ख

र ग

स घ

ज गल स गम

च चल म जुल रि जत िनर जन

प च कि चत्

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And some more –

िनपुण

त ण

मरण

मण िववरण िवतरण द ड

म डल

पि डत

च ड

135

म डप क

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And here are their meanings and pronunciations. How did you fare? – ləŋɡ

rəŋɡ

səŋɡʱ

ल ग

र ग

स घ

lameness

colour

group

ɕəŋkʰ

ʥəŋɡəl

səŋɡəm

श ख ज गल स गम conch

jungle

confluence, meeting

ʨənʨəl

mənʥʊl

nɪrənʥən

च चल म जुल िनर जन fickle, playful

charming, pleasant

devoid of passion

prəpənʨ

rənʥɪt̪

kɪnʨit̪

प च रि जत कि चत् universe

ङ् In fact,

delighted

somewhat

Note that in all the above examples, ŋ and

ञ् ɲ occur in combination with other letters

ङ् ŋand ञ्ɲand never occur in their full forms in Hindi; always in combination

Note that when combining with च् ʨ छ् ʨʰ

ज् ʥ झ्ʥʱ , the pronunciation of ञ् ɲ is like न् n 136

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Here are the meanings and pronunciations of the remaining words – nɪpʊɳ

t̪ ərʊɳ

smərəɳ

िनपुण

त ण

skilful, accomplished

young

remembrance

bʱrəməɳ

ʋɪʋ(ə)rəɳ

ʋɪt̪ (ə)rəɳ

मरण

मण िववरण िवतरण wandering, roaming

description

distribution

d̪ əɳɖ

məɳɖəɭ

məɳɖəp

द ड

म डल

म डप

punishment

circle

pəɳɖɪt̪

prəʨəɳɖ

पि डत scholar

च ड tremendous

137

pavilion erected for festivities kəɳʈʰj(ə)

क from the throat, guttural

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ञ् ɲ has a special form when it combines with ज् ʥ ʥ

ɲ

ɡj

ज् + ञ् =

्

ɡjə ɡjɪ

ि

ɡjʊ

So, not only does the combination letter have a special form, it also has a different pronunciation

्

In other words,

ɡj

138

य्

ु

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Here are some Hindi words with this combination letter –

jəɡj(ə)

य sacrificial rite sʊʋɪɡj(ə)

सुिव intelligent sərʋəɡj(ə)

सव all-knowing, omniscient ʋɪɡjəpt̪ ɪ

िव ि release, announcement

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Do you notice any similarity in how these letters sound? –

kəkɪkʊ

kʰəkʰɪkʰʊ

क ककु

खिखखु

ɡəɡɪɡʊ

ɡʱəɡʱɪɡʱʊ

गिगगु

घिघघु ŋəŋɪŋʊ

ङिङङु All these letters are articulated at the same area of the mouth, that is, at the back of the roof of the mouth.

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And what about in these letters? –

ʨəʨɪʨʊ

ʨʰəʨʰɪʨʰʊ

ʥʱəʥʱɪʥʱʊ

ʥʱəʥʱɪʥʱʊ

चिचचु छिछछु जिजजु झिझझु ɲəɲɪɲʊ

ञिञञु All these letters are articulated at the same area of the mouth, that is, at the middle part of the roof of the mouth.

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These letters don’t all look similar, but they sound similar –

ʈəʈɪʈʊ

ʈʰəʈʰɪʈʰʊ

ट टटु

ठ ठठु

ɖəɖɪɖʊ

ɖʱəɖʱɪɖʱʊ

डिडडु

ढ ढढु ɳəɳɪɳʊ

णिणणु All these letters are articulated at the same area of the mouth, that is, with the tongue curled back and touching the roof of the mouth.

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These letters look similar, but don’t sound similar –

ŋəŋɪŋʊ

ɖəɖɪɖʊ

ङिङङु

डिडडु

In fact, both these letters look and behave exactly the same, the only difference being the additional dot beside

143

ङŋ

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Some more similar-sounding letters, which we’ve already seen –

t̪ ət̪ ɪt̪ ʊ

t̪ ʰət̪ ʰɪt̪ ʰʊ

तिततु

थिथथु

d̪ əd̪ ɪd̪ ʊ

d̪ ʱəd̪ ʱɪd̪ ʱʊ

द ददु

धिधधु nənɪnʊ

निननु All these letters are articulated at the same area of the mouth, that is, with the tongue touching the front teeth.

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And even more similar-sounding letters, which we’ve already seen –

pəpɪpʊ

pʰəpʰɪpʰʊ

पिपपु

फ फफु

bəbɪbʊ

bʱəbʱɪbʱʊ

बिबबु

भिभभु məmɪmʊ

मिममु All these letters are articulated at the same area of the mouth, that is, with the lips touching each other.

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◌ं This sign is a ‘shortcut’ sign for the following letters – ŋ

ɲ

ɳ

n

m

ङ्

ञ्

ण्

न्

म्

Its pronunciation depends on what letter comes after it.

Have a look at these words and their pronunciations– ɕəŋkʰ

श ख

शंख conch rəŋɡ

र ग

रं ग colour

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ʨənʨəl

च चल

चंचल fickle, playful rənʥɪt̪

रि जत

रं िजत delighted kəɳʈʰj(ə)

क

कं from the throat, guttural pəɳɖɪt̪

पि डत

पंिडत scholar səmpənn

सपन

संप न

completed, acquired ʨəmbəl

च बल

चंबल

Chambal, a river in central India

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Let’s look at it in a little more detail. In these words,

◌ं is like a shortcut for ङ्

ŋ–

ʈəŋɡə

rəŋɡʊ

शंख

रं ग

In these words,

◌ं is like a shortcut for ञ् ɲ –

ʨənʨəl

rənʥɪt̪

चंचल

रं िजत

In these words,

◌ं is like a shortcut for ण् ɳ –

kəɳʈʰj(ə)

pəɳɖɪt̪

कं In these words,

पंिडत ◌ं is like a shortcut for म् m

səmpənn

ʨəmbəl

संप न

चंबल

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Have a look at these words – sən̪ t̪

सत

संत saint ɡrən̪ t̪ ʰ

थ

ंथ book bən̪ d̪

बद

बंद closed sʊɡən̪ d̪ ʱ

सुग ध

सुगंध fragrance

In these words, the pronunciation of as well as its shortcut

◌ं

न् n,

is ‘dental’ n̪ , that is, the tongue touches the back of the front teeth just like it does when you pronounce

त् t̪ थ् t̪ ʰ

द् d̪ ध् d̪ ʱ

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We can see a pattern over here.

If

◌ंoccurs before the following letters – k

kʰ

ɡ

ɡʱ

क् ख् ग् घ् ʨ

ʨʰ

ʥ

ʈ

ʈʰ

ɖ

ɖʱ

ट्

ठ्

ड्

ढ्

t̪

t̪ ʰ

d̪

d̪ ʱ

त् थ् द् ध् pʰ

प् फ्

ŋ

ʥʱ

च् छ् ज् झ्

p

then its pronunciation is

b

n

ɳ

n̪

bʱ

ब् भ् 150

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Now, have a look at these words – ʋənɕ

वंश clan ɦəns

हंस swan Note –

- the pronunciation of

◌ं in these words is n

- the only way of writing these words is with our shortcut letter that is, they cannot be written with

न् n

◌ं

So –

If

◌ं occurs before the following letters – ɕ

s

श्

स् 151

then its pronunciation is

n

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Great.

Now, an obvious question. What if a word starts with a vowel? How do we write it then?

There’s a slightly different way of doing this –

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If a word starts with a vowel, we use the following letters, instead of vowel signs –

ə

ɪ

ʊ

अ इ उ

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And here are some examples of words that use ‘independent vowels’ – əksər

əd̪ rək

ɛɦɛm

ɛɦməd̪

अकसर अदरक अहम अहमद often

ginger

important

ən̪ t̪

ərt̪ ʰ

ənuɡrɛɦ

अंत

Ahmad, a male name ɪd̪ ʱər

अथ अनु ह इधर

end

meaning

obligation, favour

ginger

ɪksəʈʰ

ɪnʨ

ɪnʥən

ɪlm

इं जन

इ म

इकसठ इं च sixty-one

inch

engine

knowledge

ɪrd̪ ɡɪrd̪

ʊmr

ʊd̪ ʱər

ʊt̪ ər

उधर

उतर

there

go down

ʊnɦət̪ t̪ ər

ʊp(ə)ɡrɛɦ

इद िगद उ all around ʊt̪ t̪ ər

ʊt̪ t̪ əm

उ र उ म उनह र उप ह north

excellent

sixty-nine

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Speaking of vowels, here are some more –

aː

◌ा This sign has a sound similar to a

in

father

This sign is written after a letter

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iː

◌ी This sign has a sound similar to ee

in

bee

This sign is written after a letter

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uː

◌ू This sign has a sound similar to oo

in

tool

This sign is written below a letter

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eː

◌े This sign has a sound similar to é

in

French fiancée

This sign is written above a letter

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oː

◌ो This sign has a sound similar to o

in

Italian Roma

This sign is written after a letter

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This is how the signs for aː, iː, uː, eː and oː are written –

kaː

kiː

का

क

kuː

keː

कू

के koː

को 160

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Here are all the vowels we’ve seen so far, attached to the letter

kə

कk–

kaː

क

का

kɪ

kiː

क

क

kʊ

kuː

कु

कू

keː

koː

के

को 161

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Note the special form of when the sign

रr

◌ू uː is attached to it – ruː

Also note its similarity with

rʊ

rʊ –

ruː

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Here are some Hindi words with the new signs we’ve just seen –

अ छा

अंगूर

इ कस

इं सान

उ ताद

उं तीस

काम

या

खीरा

खंबा

गोबर

वाला

घास

घरे लू

िच दी

चोरी 163

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And some more –

छु टकारा

छछू ंदर

जो

ान

झेलना

झ गा

टमाटर

टोपी

ठीक

ठे ट

डम

डंडा

ढीठ

ढके लना

तलवार

ि कोण 164

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♪♫J

थकावट

थोपना

दा

दु गा

धंदा

धोका

नानी

यूनतम

पिसल

िप ी

फोकट

फे री

बेटा

ब ी

भडी

भंडार 165

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मूख

िम ी

यूरोप

यो ा

रसीला

ब

ले कन

लंका

वा य

िव ा

शीशा

शंका

संक ण

संसार

हथेली

हदु तान And… we’re done For now at least

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How many correct? əʨʨʰaː good

ɪkkiːs twenty-one

ʊst̪ aːd̪ master, teacher

kaːm work

अ छा

əŋɡuːr grape

अंगूर

इ कस

ɪnsaːn human, man

इं सान

उ ताद

ʊn̪ t̪ i ːs twenty-nine

उं तीस

काम

kjaː what

या

kʰiːraː cucumber

खीरा

kʰəmbaː pillar

ɡoːbər cowdung

गोबर

ɡʋaːlaː cowherd

घास

ɡʱəreːluː domestic

घरे लू

ʨoːriː robbery

चोरी

ɡʱaːs grass

ʨɪn̪ d̪ iː rag, dirty cloth

चदी 167

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ʨʰʊʈkaːraː freedom, release ʥoːruː wife

छु टकारा जो

ʥʱeːlnaː to endure

झेलना

ʈəmaːʈər tomato

टमाटर

ʈʰiːk correct, OK

ɡjaːn knowledge ʥʱiːŋɡaː prawn, shrimp ʈoːpiː cap

ठीक

ɖəmruː hand-held drum

डम

ɖʱiːʈʰ impudent, stubborn

ढीठ

t̪ əlʋaːr sword

ʨʰəʨʰuːn̪ d̪ ər shrew rat

ʈʰeːʈ pure

ɖəɳɖaː stick, baton

ɖʱəkeːlnaː to push

तलवार

t̪ rɪkoːɳ triangle

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t̪ ʰəkaːʋəʈ fatigue d̪ aːruː alcohol, booze d̪ ʱən̪ d̪ aː business, trade naːniː maternal grandmother

थकावट दा धंदा

t̪ ʰoːpnaː to tap, pat

थोपना

d̪ ʊrɡaː name of a Hindu goddess

दु गा

d̪ ʱoːkʰaː deceit

नानी

njuːn̪ t̪ əm minimum

धोखा यूनतम

peːnsɪl pencil

पिसल

pɪd̪ d̪ iː Indian robin

pʰoːkəʈ free of cost

फोकट

pʰeːriː circular motion

फे री

bət̪ t̪ iː wick, lamp

ब ी

beːʈaː son bʱɪɳɖiː lady’s finger, okra

बेटा भडी

bʱəɳɖaːr store

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िप ी

भंडार

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मूख

mɪʈʈiː mud, soil

िम ी

juːroːp Europe

यूरोप

joːd̪ d̪ ʱaː warrior

यो ा

rəsiːlaː juicy

रसीला

muːrkʰ fool

but, however

ले कन

ruːbəruː face-to-face

ləŋkaː ancient Sri Lanka

ʋaːkjə sentence

वा य

ʋid̪ jaː knowledge

ɕiːɕaː glass

शीशा

ɕraːd̪ d̪ ʱ Hindu funeral rites

səŋkiːrɳ narrow, limited

संक ण

sənsaːr world

palm of the hand

हथेली

ɦɪn̪ d̪ ʊst̪ aːn one of the names of India

Phew!

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At the beginning of a word, these vowels are written like this–

aː

आ iː

uː

ई

ऊ

eː

oː

ए

ओ 171

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Here are all the independent vowels we’ve seen so far, along with their corresponding vowel signs –

अ

ə

aː

आ ◌ा

ɪ

iː

ʊ

uː

इ ि◌ ई ◌ी उ ए

eː

◌ु

ऊ

◌ू

oː

◌े ओ ◌ो

We already know that

अ ə does not have any vowel sign of its own 172

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Some Hindi words beginning with the new vowel letters we’ve just seen –

आ मा आंगन ई वर धन ऊपर ऊटपटांग एकता एकवचन ओझा ओखली 173

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You should have got all of these right! –

aːt̪ maː soul

आ मा

iːɕʋər god

ई वर

uːpər up, above eːkt̪ aː unity oːʥʱaː soothsayer

*

धन

ऊपर एकता ओझा

iːn̪ d̪ ʱən is also spelled and pronounced

aːŋɡən courtyard

iːn̪ d̪ ʱən fuel uːʈpəʈaːŋɡ absurd, senseless eːkʋəʨən singular oːkʰliː mortar

इं धन in̪ d̪ ʱən

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आंगन धन* ऊटपटांग एकवचन ओखली

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Note that the ‘hook’ on top of

ई iː

is not the same as the ‘hook’ that denotes the half-form of although they look the same

Some examples will make this clear –

mɪrʨaːiː

िमचाई chilli muːrkʰt̪ aːiː

मूखताई stupidity iːɕʋərj(ə)

ई वय glory, splendour

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z

ज़् This letter has a sound similar to z

in

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zebra

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f

फ़् This letter has a sound similar to f

in

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fat

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

z

f

ज़्

फ़्

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This is how the vowel signs we’ve seen are written on these letters

zə

zaː

fə

faː

zɪ

ziː

fɪ

fiː

zʊ

zuː

fʊ

ज़ ज़ू फ़ु

fuː

फ़ू

zeː

zoː

feː

foː

ज़ ज़ा फ़ फ़ा िज़ ज़ी फ़ फ़

ज़े ज़ो फ़े फ़ो Note that the sign

◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs

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These are the half letter forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

z

ज़् ◌

f

फ़् ◌

Note that they look and behave exactly like these letters which we’ve already seen –

ʥ

ज् ◌

pʰ

180

फ् ◌

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In fact, the only difference between these pairs of letters is the dot below –

ʥ z

ज् ज़्

pʰ f

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फ् फ़्

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Here are some Hindi words containing the letters we’ve just seen –

ज़हर

शरीफ़

दरवाज़ा

फ़श

स ज़ी

फ़रं गी

यादा फ़ र ता Could you read them?

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Here are their pronunciations and meanings – zɛɦɛr

ɕəriːf

ज़हर

शरीफ़

poison

honourable

d̪ ərʋaːzaː

fərɕ

दरवाज़ा

फ़श

door

floor

səbziː

fɪrəŋɡiː

स ज़ी

फ़रं गी

vegetables

European

zjaːd̪ aː

fərɪɕt̪ aː

यादा फ़ र ता more

angel

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x

ख़् This letter has a sound similar to ch

in

Scottish loch

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ɣ

ग़् This letter has a sound similar to r

in

French au revoir

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These are the letters we’ve just seen

x

ɣ

ख़्

ग़्

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This is how the vowel signs we’ve seen are written on these letters –

xə

xaː

ɣə

ɣaː

xɪ

xiː

ɣɪ

ɣiː

xʊ

xuː

ख़ ख़ू

ɣʊ

ग़

ɣuː

ग़ू

xeː

xoː

ɣeː

ɣoː

ख़ ख़ा ग़ ग़ा िख़ ख़ी िग़ ग़ी

ख़े ख़ो ग़े ग़ो Note that the sign

◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs

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These are the half letter forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

x

ख़ ◌

ɣ

ग़ ◌

Note that they look and behave exactly like these letters which we’ve already seen –

kʰ

ख् ◌

ɡ

188

ग् ◌

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In fact, the only difference between these pairs of letters is the dot below –

kʰ x

ख् ख़्

ɡ x

189

ग् ग़्

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Can you read these Hindi words? –

बग़ल

ग़ज़ल

ख़ामोश

सुख़

ज़ म

अफ़ग़ान

ग़मगीन

याल

ब शीश

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How many did you get right? bəɣəl

ɣəzəl

xaːmoːɕ

बग़ल

ग़ज़ल

ख़ामोश

armpit

sonnet

silent

sʊrx

zəxm

əfɣaːn

सुख़

ज़ म

अफ़ग़ान

red

wound, bruise

an Afghan, a person from Afghanistan

ɣəmɡiːn

xjaːl

bəxɕiːɕ

ग़मगीन sad, sorrowful

याल thought, care

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A couple of tongue twister letters now –

ɽ

ड़् This letter has a sound similar to tt dd r

in in in

the American pronunciation of better the American pronunciation of ladder Spanish pero

but with the tongue curled further back and ‘flapping’ against the roof of the mouth

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The letter below is pronounced just like the one on the previous page, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little ‘puff of air’

ɽʱ

ढ़् It has a sound similar to th

in

the American pronunciation of Get him!

but with the tongue curled further back and ‘flapping’ against the roof of the mouth

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q

क़् A sound similar to the sound of this letter does not exist in English It sounds like

क्

k, but is pronounced further back in the throat, producing a ‘gulping’ sound

In colloquial Hindi, this letter is pronounced the same as

194

क्

k

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These are the letters we’ve just seen –

ɽ

ɽʱ

q, k

ड़् ढ़् क़्

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This is how these letters look when combined with all the vowels we’ve seen so far –

ɽə

ɽaː

ɽɪ

ɽiː

ɽʊ

ɽuː

ɽeː

ɽoː

ड़ ड़ा िड़ ड़ी ड़ ड़ू ड़े ड़ो ɽʱə

ɽʱaː

ɽʱɪ

ɽʱiː

ɽʱʊ

ɽʱuː

ɽʱeː

ɽʱoː

ढ़ ढ़ा ढ़ ढ़ी ढ़ ढ़ू ढ़े ढ़ो qə

qaː

qɪ

qiː

qʊ

quː

qeː

qoː

क़ क़ा क़ क़ क़ु क़ू क़े क़ो Note that the sign

◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs

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These are the half letter forms of the letters we’ve just seen –

ɽ

ड़् ड़्◌

ɽʱ

क़् ◌

q

197

ढ़् ढ़्◌

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Note that they look and behave exactly like these letters which we’ve already seen –

ड् ◌

ɖ

ढ़् ◌

ɖʱ

क् ◌

k

In fact, the only difference between these pairs of letters is the dot below –

kʰ x

ड् ड़्

ढ् ढ़्

ɡ x 198

k q

क् क़्

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Can you read these Hindi words containing the letters we’ve just seen?

िबगाड़ना

क़ु दरत

लोमड़ी

बाक़

भेिड़या

मुतािबक़

पढ़ाई

इि फ़ाक़

ऊबड़खाबड़

ख़श क़ मत

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Here are their pronunciations and meanings –

bɪɡaːɽnaː

qʊd̪ rət̪ | kʊd̪ rət̪

िबगाड़ना

क़ु दरत

to spoil

creation

loːmɽiː

baːqiː | baːkiː

लोमड़ी

बाक़

fox

rest, remaining

bʱeːɽɪjaː

mʊt̪ abɪq | mʊt̪ abɪk

भेिड़या

मुतािबक़

wolf

according

pəɽʱaːiː

ɪt̪ t̪ ɪfaːq | ɪt̪ t̪ ɪfaːk

पढ़ाई

इि फ़ाक़

studies, reading

coincidence

uːbəɽ kʰaːbəɽ

xʊɕqɪsmət̪ | xʊɕkɪsmət̪

ऊबड़ख़श क़ मत खाबड़ rough, uneven

fortunate

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And even more vowels –

ɛː

◌ै This sign has a sound similar to ai

in

fair

This sign is written after a letter

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ɔː

◌ौ This sign has a sound similar to a

in

ball

This sign is written after a letter

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This is how the signs for ɛː and ɔː are written –

kɛː

kɔː

कै

कौ

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Notice the similarity in these letter combinations –

keː

kɛː

के कै kaː

koː

kɔː

का को कौ

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At the beginning of a word, these vowels are written like this–

ɛː

ɔː

ऐ

औ

Don’t confuse them with these letters! –

eː

oː

ए

ओ 205

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Another thing to be careful of –

keː

kɛː

के

कै

eː

ɛː

ए

ऐ In other words,

the vowel sign for eː has one ‘stick’ on top, but the vowel letter for eː has none and the vowel sign for ɛː has two ‘sticks’ on top, but the vowel letter for ɛː has only one!

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Here are some Hindi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –

मैदान

बैठक

भैया

ऐनक

ऐसे

दौड़

औज़ार

फ़ौज

शौक न औनेपौने

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And their pronunciations and meanings –

mɛːd̪ aːn ground

मैदान

bʱəjjaː * brother

भैया

bɛːʈʰək sitting, session ɛːnək spectacles

ɛːseː like this, in this manner

ऐसे

ɔːzaːr tool, instrument

औज़ार

fɔːʥ army

शौक न

ɔːneːpɔːneː at any price, at a loss

ɕɔːkiːn enthusiast

d̪ ɔːɽ run, race

* Notice the slightly different pronunciation of

208

बैठक ऐनक दौड़ फ़ौज औनेपौने

भैया – bʱəjjaː , not bʱɛːjaː

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ə

ɪ

अ

ʊ

इ

उ

The vowels above are called short vowels, as their ‘length’ while speaking is comparatively less

aː

iː

आ

uː

ई eː

ऊ oː

ए

ओ

ɛː

ɔː

ऐ

औ

The vowels above are called long vowels, as their ‘length’ while speaking is comparatively more

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Homophones are different letters that have the same sound.

Hindi too has homophonic letters–

ɕ

ष् This letter has a sound similar to sh

in

ship

That is, its pronunciation is the same as

श् 210

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This is how this letter looks when combined with all the vowels we’ve seen so far –

ɕə

ɕaː

ɕɪ

ɕiː

ɕʊ

ɕuː

ष षा िष षी षु षू ɕeː

ɕoː

ɕɛː

ɕɔː

षे

षो

षै

षौ

Note that the sign

◌् below the letter is removed for writing these signs

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This is the half letter form of the letter we’ve just seen –

ष् ◌

ɕ

Note that it looks similar and behaves similarly to this letter which we’ve already seen –

प् ◌

p

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Here are some Hindi words with the new letter we’ve just seen –

uɕaː morning light ʋɪɕəj topic, subject ɦərɕ joy, gladness mənʊɕj(ə) human

ɕəʈkoːɳ hexagon

उषा

pʊrʊɕ man, male

पु ष

िवषय

sən̪ t̪ oːɕ happniess

संतोष

हष मनु य षटकोण

spəʂʈ* clear

प

ʥjoːt̪ ɪɕiː astrologer

योितषी

ɕəɖjən̪ t̪ r(ə) conspiracy

षडयं

* ʂ is pronounced similar to ɕ, but with the tongue curled further back and touching the roof of the mouth

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ष् ɕ has a special form when it combines with क् k

Our new letter

k

ɕ

kʂ*

क् + ष् =

्

kʂə kʂɪ kʂʊ

ि ु

* ʂ is pronounced similar to ɕ, but with the tongue curled further back and touching the roof of the mouth (see page 213)

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Here are some Hindi words with this combination letter –

əkʂər letter, syllable

pəriːkʂaː exam

अ र परी ा

əɕɪkʂɪt̪ uneducated

अिशि त

aːkaːŋkʂaː wish, desire

आकां ा

d̪ əkʂɪɳ south

kʂeːt̪ r(ə) area, region

दि ण े

suːkʂm(ə) fine, subtle

सू म

ləkʂj(ə) aim, target

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◌ँ This sign has a sound similar to n

in

French bon

This sign is written above a letter

Its function is to show that the vowel that comes immediately before it is spoken through the nose This function is called nasalisation

In the pronunciation key, this function is denoted by a

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Have a look at how vowels are written with our nasalisation sign –

ə̃

ãː

ɪ̃

ĩː

अँ आँ इँ ẽː

ɛ̃ː

एँ

ʊ̃

ũː

उँ ऊँ õː

ɔ̃ː

Did you notice how the shape of our nasalisation sign changes when written over

ĩː ,

ɛ̃ː ,

õː and

ɔ̃ː ?

When written over these letters,

◌ँà◌ं This is because these letters have projections at the top Therefore, our nasalisation sign is ‘truncated’ or simplified Also note that though this truncated version looks exactly like our shortcut letter

◌ं

(see Page 146), its pronunciation doesn’t change 217

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This is how our nasalisation sign is written over other letters

bə̃

bãː

bɪ̃

bĩː

bʊ̃

bũː

बँ बाँ ब ब बुँ बूँ bẽː

bɛ̃ː

ब

bõː

bɔ̃ː

ब ब

ब

Again, note how the shape of the nasalisation sign changes depending on whether the base letter has a projection on top –

bɪ̃

bĩː

bẽː

bɛ̃ː

bõː

bɔ̃ː

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Try saying these aloud to notice the difference – jũː in this manner mʊ̃ɦ mouth bãːsʊriː flute

यूँ

ɦũː I am

मुँह

mãːʥʰiː boatman ũːʈ camel

बाँसुरी

माँझी ऊँ ट

kʊãː well

कु आँ

ĩːʈ brick

ट

ʨĩːʈiː ant

bãːĩː left side

बाँ

mãːẽː mothers

माँएँ

bʱɔ̃ːẽː eyebrows

भ एँ

ɦɛ̃ː we/you/they are ɖʱũːɖʱ search

rʊãːsaː sobbing, crying

ँ

ह

kjõː why

ढू ँढ

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आँसा च टी

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When two vowels appear one after the other within a word, the second vowel is written with its independent vowel letter

Look at these sequences containing consecutive vowels – ə.ə

əɪ

bə.ə

bəɪ

əʊ

अअ अइ बअ

अउ bəʊ

बइ

बउ

əiː

əuː

əeː

əoː

bəiː

bəuː

bəeː

bəoː

अई अऊ अए अओ बई बऊ बए बओ 220

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Here are some Hindi words with consecutive vowels in them –

कई

ʥʊaː gambling

जुआ

ɪkaːiː unit

इकाई

mɪʈʰaːiː sweetmeat

िमठाई

kʰaːoː eat

खाओ

d̪ ʱoː.oː wash

धोओ

ʨaːɦɪjeː is needed

चािहए

ʊbaːuː boring

उबाऊ

aːɪeː come

आइए

pəɦʊ̃ʨaːɪeː deliver

प ँचाइए

kəiː many

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A few letters and signs still remain!

æ ~ æː

◌ॅ This sign has a sound similar to a

in

cat

This sign is written above a letter like so –

kæ ~ kæː

कॅ 222

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At the beginning of a word, this sign is written like this–

æ ~ æː

ऍ

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These signs look similar –

◌̃

æ ~ æː

◌ँ

◌ॅ

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These letters too look similar –

eː

ɛː

æ ~ æː

ए ऐ ऍ

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This sign is used in Hindi only to write words borrowed from English that have the sound æ You may also find such borrowed words written in Hindi with the sign

◌ैɛː

ɡæs ~ ɡæːs

ɡɛːs

गॅस

गैस gas

bæʈriː ~ bæːʈriː

bɛːʈriː

बॅटरी

बैटरी battery

kænsər ~ kæːnsər

kɛːnsər

कॅ सर

कै सर cancer

æpəl ~ æːpəl

ɛːpəl

ऍपल

ऐपल apple

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ɔ ~ ɔː

◌ॉ This sign has a sound similar to a

in

ball

This sign is written after a letter like so –

kɔ ~ kɔː

कॉ 227

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At the beginning of a word, this sign is written like this–

ɔ ~ ɔː

ऑ

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These signs look similar –

æ~ æː

aː

ɔ ~ ɔː

◌ॅ ◌ा ◌ॉ Remember –

◌ॉ≠◌ा + ◌ॅ

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These independent letters also look similar –

aː

ãː

ɔ ~ ɔː

आ आँ ऑ

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This sign is used in Hindi only to write words borrowed from English that have the sound ɔ ~ ɔː You may also find such borrowed words written in Hindi with the sign

◌ा aː

ɦɔl ~ ɦɔːl

ɦaːl

हॉल

हाल hall

nɔrʋeː ~ nɔːrʋeː

naːrʋeː

नॉव

नाव Norway

fɔrm ~ fɔːrm

faːrm

फ़ॉम

फ़ाम form

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rɪ

◌ृ This sign has a sound similar to re

in

return

This sign is written below a letter

Note that this sign behaves like a vowel sign

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This is how the sign for rɪ is written –

krɪ

कृ Notice the similarity in these letter combinations –

kʊ

kuː

krɪ

कु कू कृ

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At the beginning of a word, this sign is written like this–

rɪ

ऋ Don’t confuse it with this letter combo –

t̪ rə

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Some Hindi words which use this sign and its independent letter – krɪɕɪ

rɪɳ

rɪɕɪ

कृ िष

ऋण

ऋिष

agriculture

debt

sage, saint

ʋrɪkʂ

krɪʂɳ*

ɦrɪd̪ əj

वृ

कृ ण

दय

tree

Krishna, a male name

heart

maːt̪ rɪbʱuːmɪ

ɡrɪɦkaːrj(ə)

ʋrɪd̪ d̪ aːɕrəm

मातृभूिम गृहकाय वृ ा म motherland

homework

old-age home

* ʂ is pronounced similar to ɕ, but with the tongue curled further back and touching the roof of the mouth (see page 213)

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One last sign –

ɦ

◌ः This sign has a sound similar to h

in

hat

This sign is written after a letter

Note that this sign behaves like a vowel sign

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This is how the sign for ɦ is written –

kəɦ

कः At the beginning of a word, this sign is written like this–

əɦ

अः 237

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Some Hindi words that contain this sign and its independent letter –

pʊnəɦ

ət̪ əɦ

पुनः

अतः

again

hence, therefore

sʋət̪ əɦ

वतः by oneself, by itself

This sign occurs very rarely in Hindi

Also, it never actually begins a word That is, you will never come across

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अः əɦ

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Before we end, a small list of special combination forms that you might occasionally come across – kt̪

त्

ɡn

्

न्

ʨʰj

्

न्

t̪ n

य्

् न् d̪ b

न्  ् ्

d̪ ʋ

म्  ् व्  ्

d̪ ʱn̪

ɕʨ

्

् d̪ n

d̪ m

ब्  ् न्

ɡʱn

च्

ɕn

ɕl

् ɕʋ

ल्  ् व्

् ɦm

् ɦj

य्  ् 239

न्

म्  ्

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Let’s end with numerals and punctuation

१२३४५६७८९० 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

These are the various punctuation marks used in Hindi –

॰ । .

.

abbreviation full sign stop

Try your hand at these–

3,737

३,७३७

0.611

०.६११

1.2%

१.२%

54,789.01

५४,७८९.०१ 240

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Here is a well-known piece of writing, in its Hindi version –

सभी मनु य को गौरव और अिधकार के मामले म ज मजात वत ता और समानता ा है । उ ह बुि

और अ तरा मा क देन ा

है और पर पर उ ह भाईचारे के भाव से बताव करना चािहए। səbʱiː mənʊɕjõː koː ɡɔːrəʋ ɔːr əd̪ ʱɪkaːrõː keː maːmleː mẽː ʥənm(ə)ʥaːt̪ sʋət̪ ən̪ t̪ r(ə)t̪ aː ɔːr səmaːn(ə)t̪ aː praːpt̪ ɦɛː. ʊnɦẽː bʊd̪ d̪ ʱɪ ɔːr ən̪ t̪ əraːt̪ maː kiː deːn praːpt̪ ɦɛː ɔːr pərəspər ʊnɦẽː bʱaːiːʨaːreː keː bʱaːʋ seː bərt̪ aːʋ kərnaː ʨaːɦɪjeː.

This is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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This is the Hindi alphabet The names of the letters are the sounds of the letters themselves –

1 2

ə

aː

ɪ

iː

ʊ

uː

अ

आ

इ

ई

उ

ऊ

rɪ

eː

ɛː

oː

ɔː

ऋ

ए

ऐ

ओ

औ

kə

kʰə

ɡə

ɡʱə

ŋə

क

ख

ग

घ

ङ

ʨə

ʨʰə

ʥə

ʥʱə

ɲə

च

छ

ज

झ

ञ

ʈə

ʈʰə

ɖə

ɖʱə

ɳə

ट

ठ

ड

ढ

ण

t̪ ə

t̪ ʰə

d̪ ə

d̪ ʱə

nə

त

थ

द

ध

न

pə

pʰə

bə

bʱə

mə

प

फ

ब

भ

म

jə

rə

lə

ʋə

ɕə

ɕə

sə

ɦə

य

र

ल

व

श1

ष2

स

ह

æː

ɔː

qə

xə

ɣə

zə

ɽə

ɽʱə

fə

ऍ

ऑ

क़

ख़

ग़

ज़

ड़

ढ़

फ़

colloquially known as छोटा

श ʨʰoːʈaː ɕə (small ɕə) colloquially known as बड़ा षbəɽaː ɕə (big ɕə) 242

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And these are the vowel and other signs, and their Hindi names –

ʨən̪ d̪ rəbɪn̪ d̪ ʊ

ənʊsʋaːr

ʋɪsərɡ

च िब दु

अनु वार

िवसग

◌ँ

◌ं

rɪ

eː

aː

ɪ

iː

ʊ

◌ः ◌ा ि◌ ◌ी ◌ु ɛː

oː

ɔː

æː

ɔː

uː

◌ू ɦələn̪ t̪ हल त

◌ृ

◌े

◌ै

◌ो ◌ौ ◌ॅ ◌ॉ

Names of vowel signs are normally distinguished from the corresponding independent vowel letters by adding क मा ा kiː maːt̪ raː to them For example –

◌ा ◌ी

आ क मा ा aː kiː maːt̪ raː ई क मा ा iː kiː maːt̪ raː

Good luck!

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◌्

End Typeset in Segoe UI (English & IPA) and Arial Unicode MS & Sanskrit 2003 (Hindi) For more information on the Hindi script and its history – http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm References: A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English John T Platts http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/platts/ Shabdkosh.com http://www.shabdkosh.com

v 2013-06-18 ©2012-2013 Arvind Iyengar. All Rights Reserved.