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Preface

TOEIC is an English test taken by non-native speakers who want to use English in their international workplace. In actual fact , TOEIC is a very challenging examination. One reason for this is TOEIC questions use many difficult words. Learners, therefore, need a considerable number of business-related vocabulary items. Another reason is TOEIC questions actually requ ire logical th inking. Many candidates who are not familiar with vocabulary items and not comfortable with this type of thinking may find the test hard to attain the score they need. Before you start studying for the test, the first thing you should do is set a goal. If you are taking the test in order to apply for a job, find out what proficiency level is required. Next, find relevant and beneficial materials to practice so as to develop your test-taking strategies . Being aware of the practical demand of learners, we have designed a set of Hackers books at basic and intermediate levels- Hackers TOEIC Lis-

tening

and

Hackers TOEIC Reading

whose materials and questions

are well selected from a variety of sources and from the most recent TOEIC tests . A lot of clear and detailed explanations plus a wide range of practice activities in these books will certainly meet your needs and enable you to achieve a high score on the TOEIC test. Th is series of books can be used in class with the assistance of an instructor or for self-study. Hopefully, you will find these books truly practical and helpful , and you will soon achieve your expected goal.

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3

Hackers TOEIC Reading

Ha ckers TOEIC Reading

Main Features 7 I Main Parts 8 I About TOEIC 1o I TOEIC Tips 12 I TOEIC Reading Test 14 I Your Current Level & Preferred Learning Styles 18 I Diagnostic Test 21

GRAMMAR

03 Active and Passive Voices of Perception Verbs 04 Expressions of the Passive Form

Chaeter 08 Subjunctives

Parts 5 6

Section 1 Basic Sentence Elements Chaeter 01 Subjects, Verbs 01 02 03 04 05 06

01 02 03 04

108

Forms of To-infinitives and Their Subjects Functions of To-infinitives Verbs I Nouns I Adjectives Followed by a To-infinitive Bare Infinitives as Object Complements

Chaeter 10 Gerunds

52

Objects Dummy Object It Complements Noun Complements vs. Adjective Complements

Chapter 03 Modifiers

Section 3 Verbals Chaeter 09 To-infinitives

42

Subjects Dummy Subject It Dummy Subject There Verbs Number / Tense / Voice of a Verb Verbs in the Imperative

Chaeter 02 Objects, Complements 01 02 03 04

100

01 Future I Past/ Past Perfect/ Mixed Subjunctive 02 Other Structures of Subjunctives

01 02 03 04

116

Functions, Forms of Gerunds and Their Subjects Verbs Followed by a Gerund Gerunds vs. Nouns Common Expressions with Gerunds

Chaeter 11 Participles 60

01 Modifiers 02 Modifying Phrases, Modifying Clauses

01 02 03 04

124

Functions of Participles Participial Phrases Present Participles vs. Past Participles Confusing Expressions

Section 4 Parts of S eech Section 2 Verb-Related Structures Chaeter 04 Forms and Types of English Verbs 01 02 03 04

Chaeter 12 Nouns 68

Modal I Auxiliary Verb + Bare Infinitive Auxiliary Verb Be I Have + Participle Form Transitive Verbs, Intransitive Verbs Bare Infinitives in That-Clauses

Chaeter 05 Subject-Verb Agreement

Chaeter 06 Tenses

Chaeter 13 Pronouns

84

Present/ Past/ Future Simple Tense Present/ Past/ Future Progressive Tense Present/ Past/ Future Perfect Tense Agreement in Tense

Chaeter 07 Active Voice, Passive Voice 01 Identifying Active I Passive Sentences 02 Passive Voice of Verbs in Sentence Structures 4 and 5 4 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

134

Positions of Nouns Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns Determiners and Nouns Concrete Nouns vs. Abstract Nouns Compound Nouns Common Nouns in TOEIC

76

01 Subject-Verb Agreement in Number 02 Subject-Verb Agreement with Expressions of Quantity 03 Subject-Verb Agreement with Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions 04 Subject-Verb Agreement in Relative Clauses

01 02 03 04

01 02 03 04 05 06

144 01 Personal Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives 02 Reflexive Pronouns 03 Demonstrative Pronouns, Demonstrative Adjectives 04 Indefinite Pronouns / Adjectives (1): One, Another, Other 05 Indefinite Pronouns / Adjectives (2): Some / Any, No / None, Most 06 Agreement between Nouns and Pronouns / Possessive Adjectives

Chaeter 14 Adjectives 92

01 02 03 04

154

Positions of Adjectives Quantifiers as Adjectives and Indefinite Pronouns Confusing Adjectives Expressions with Be + Adjective

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Chapter 1S Adverbs 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

162

01 Parallelism 02 Inversion

Functions and Positions of Adverbs Confusing Adverbs Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Frequency Connecting Adverbs Emphasizing Adverbs (1) Emphasizing Adverbs (2) Other Adverbs

Chapter 16 Prepositions

VOCABULARY

174

Preposition In I At! On Prepositions of Time Prepositions of Place Prepositions of Direction Prepositions of Reason , Concession, Purpose, Exception , and Addition 06 Preposition Of and Others 07 Other Prepositions 08 Common Expressions Formed by Verb I Adjective I Noun + Preposition

Section 5 Con·unctions and Clauses 188

01 Coordinating Conjunctions 02 Correlative Conjunctions

Chapter 18 Noun Clauses

194 Positions of Noun Clauses Noun Clauses Introduced by That Noun Clauses Introduced by If / Whether Noun Clauses Introduced by an Interrogative Word Noun Clauses Introduced by a Compound Relative Pronoun Distinguishing between What and That

Chapter 19 Relative Clauses 01 02 03 04

204

Positions and Functions of Relative Clauses Relative Pronouns Usage of Relative Pronouns Relative Adverbs

212 Positions and Functions of Adverb Clauses Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses of Time Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses of Condition and Concession Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses of Reason, Purpose, Result, Exception and Others 05 Compound Relative Adverbs I Pronouns 06 Adverb Clause Conjunctions vs. Prepositions 01 02 03 04

Section 6 S ecial Structures Chapter 21 Comparison Comparison of Equality Comparative Superlative Other Structures of Comparison

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244

Collocations with Prepositions Collocations with Adjectives Collocations with Verbs (1) Collocations with Verbs (2) Collocations with Nouns Other Collocations

250 256 262 268 274

Section 2 Content Words Chapter 07 Chapter 08 Chapter 09 Chapter 10

Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs

282 292 302 312

Chapter 11 Verbs with Similar Meaning Chapter 12 Nouns with Similar Meaning Chapter 13 Adjectives, Adverbs with Similar Meaning

READING

322 328 334

Part 7

Section 1 T es of Questions Chapter 01 Chapter 02 Chapter 03 Chapter 04 Chapter OS

Overview Questions Information Questions NOT /TRUE Questions Inference Questions Synonym Questions

348 354 360 366 372

Section 2 Sin le Passa es

Chapter 20 Adverb Clauses

01 02 03 04

Chapter 01 Chapter 02 Chapter 03 Chapter 04 Chapter OS Chapter 06

Section 3 Content Words with Similar Mean in

Chapter 17 Coordinating Conjunctions, Correlative

01 02 03 04 05 06

Parts 5 6

Section 1 Collocations

01 02 03 04 05

Conjunctions

232

Chapter 22 Parallelism, Inversion

224

Chapter 06 Chapter 07 Chapter 08 Chapter 09 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12

E-mails I Letters Advertisements Notices & Announcements Articles & Reports Memorandums Information Non-Prose Readings

384 390 396 402 408 414 420

Section 3 Double Passa es Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17

E-mail/ Letter-Related Readings Advertisement-Related Readings Announcement-Related Readings Article-Related Readings Non-Prose-Related Readings

Actual Tests 459 I Essential Vocabulary & Expressions 513 I Answers 543

428 434 440 446 452 459

543

6 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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Main Features

This book contains the following features:

01. A large collection of actual questions

02. A comprehensive presentation of English grammar points 03. A combination of fundamental theories and actual

practice

04. Typical questions and useful tips for doing the TOEIC

05.

Reading test

Essential vocabulary and expressions for each part of the TOEIC Reading test

06. Two actual tests

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Main Features - 7

Main Parts

Hackers

TOEIC

Reading

This book includes the following parts:

01. Diagnostic Test A diagnostic test is given for you to find out your current level of English and be able to decide on an appropriate study plan and put this book into ful l use.

02. Grammar:

Basic Points

A brief introduction to basic and essential grammar points is shown to help you get a general idea of the fundamentals of English grammar.

03. Grammar: Explanations All basic and essential English grammar points are then clearly explained to facilitate you in doing Parts 5 and 6 of the TOEIC test.

04. Grammar: TOEIC Questions You will have a chance to put what you have just learned into practice by doing three typical TOEIC questions at the end of every grammar point presented .

05. Vocabulary & Reading: Types of Questions and Useful Tips Typical questions in the Vocabulary and Reading sections together with Useful Tips are well presented to enhance your test-taking strategies for Part 7 of the TOEIC test.

8

Hackers TOEIC Reading

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06.

Hackers Practice Exercises on choosing the correct word in brackets and correcting mistakes given at regular intervals aim at consolidating the vocabulary and grammar points you have learned in the previous parts.

07. Hackers Test By doing all the questions which are similar to those in the TOEIC Reading test , you can familiarize yourself with the testing points in the TOEIC Reading test and improve your test-taking ability.

08. Actual Tests You should do the two actual tests at the end of the book within the time limit and under exam conditions to check your progress compared with the result of the diagnostic test you have got before using this book.

09. Essential Vocabulary and

Expressions

Essential vocabulary items and expressions for Parts 5 and 6 of the TOEIC test are carefully arranged so that you can manage to learn a number of them each day for at most 30 days to enlarge your store of TOEIC vocabulary and expressions.

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Main Parts - 9

AboutTOEIC What is TOEIC? TOEIC is short for Test of English for International Communication. It is an English test designed specifically to measure the everyday business English skills of non-native people working in an international environment. It also allows employers to make hiring decisions, promotions, or transfers depending on job seekers' qualifications and English proficiency. TOEIC questions are based on a variety of real -wo rld settings and situations: • Corporate Development - research, prod-

• Human Resources - recruiting, hiring, retir-

uct development

ing, promoting, job applications, job adver-

• Dining Out - business lunches, banquets, receptions, reservations • Entertainment - cinema, music, art, exhibitions, museums, media • Finance and Budgeting - banking, invest-

tisements, salaries, pensions, awards • Manufacturing - assembly lines, plant management, quality control • Office - procedu res, board meetings, committees, letters, memos, telephone, fax and

ments, taxes, accounting, bi lling • General Business - contracts, negotiations, mergers, marketing , sales, invoicing, war-

e- mai l messages, equ ipment • Purchasing -shopping, shipping • Technical Areas - electronics, technology,

ranties, business planning, conferences,

computers, laboratories and related equipment , technical specifications

labor relations • Health Care - medical insurance, visits to doctors I dentists, clinics, hospitals

• Travel -trains, airplanes, taxis, buses, ships, ferries, tickets, schedules, station and

• Housing / Corporate Property - construction, specifications, buyi ng and renting,

ai rport announcements, car rentals, hotels, reservations, delays and cancellations

electric and gas services

TOEIC test format Task

Listening Comprehension

Reading Comprehension

Part 1

Photograph Descriptions

10

Part 2

Questions & Responses

30

Part 3

Short Conversations

30

Part 4

Short Talks

30

Part 5

Sentence Completion

40

Part 6

Text Completion

12

Single Passages

28

Double Passages

20

7 Parts

200

Part 7 Total

10 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

Number of Questions

. 1 1me

Maximum Score

45 minutes

495

75 minutes

495

120 minutes

990

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01 In spite of the decreasing amount of silver, the value of the metal has fallen the past years . (A) sharp (C) sharpness

in

(B) sharply (D) sharpen

02 Unlike

writers who prefer specializing in a specific genre, freelancers usually work with many literary types. (A) much (C) the most

(B) more (D) many

03 This report is a list of projects that we

05 The entire staff would like to congratulate Mr. Richards his winning the "Employee of the Year" Award. (A) to (C) with

06 Dealing with angry customers every day became too to handle, so she quit the receiver position. (A) frustrate (C) frustrating

now will have the for free.

(A) lately (C) commonly

(A) opportunity (C) situation

04 It is important for

interested in doing an investigative piece to check their sources and ensure their stories are accurate. (A) journalists (C) journalism

22 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

(B) journal (D) journalistic

(B) frustrated (D) frustration

07 Those who sign up for Internet connection

are working on in the marketing department. (B) currently (D) daily

(B) in (D) on

to try our service (B) job (D) progress

08 Hank

from depression, having lost his job in January from budget cutbacks in the service department. (A) will suffer (C) will have suffered

(B) was suffering (D) suffer

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09 The company decided to give her a chance , doubts regarding her ability to perform such high-level tasks . (A) but (C) nevertheless

15 A thorough

of the journal article is needed before it can be published next month . (A) revising (C) revise

(B) yet (D) despite

16 The proposal should be ready next week,

10 The office manager gave a short

how long it takes the architects to finish the floor plan .

about the office's new security system. (A) confession

(B) presentation

(C) organization

(D) interpretation

(B) revision (D) revised

(A) resulting from (C) depending on

(B) partly because (D) certain

11 Please be reminded that we are not responsible for any damage to the product due to careless use, intentional misuse or customer negligence. (A) other (C) another

that the German automaker is entering the Asian market.

13

(A) introductory (C) introduction

into

(B) looking (D) viewing

the remodeling is finished, the office cubicles can be put back in place and regular work hours can begin again. (A) As soon as (C) While

(B) However (D) In time for

14 We

experienced applicants with strong qualifications and good marketing skills for sales position . (A) research (C) seek

their views on energy issues in North America.

(B) the other (D) others

12 Sales of small cars have been so high in Asia

(A) watching (C) searching

17 The speakers will be on the radio talk show

(B) contain (D) persuade

18

(B) introduce (D) introducing

renting a vehicle, verify the exact amount to be paid for licenses and maintenance costs . {A) Rather than (C) Because

(B) When (D) As though

19 The

profitability of the X-27 is about 10 percent higher than previous models of this machine. (A) overall (C) overdue

(B) overcast (D) overwhelmed

20 Please let me know if there are office spaces still available complex.

lease in the new

(A) into (C) for

(B) as

(D) with

Questions 21-23 refer to the following advertisement.

Happy Pharmacy Valued Customer Day We are pleased to announce that Happy Pharmacy will be celebrating its 101h anniversary next week. We recognize that our success is largely due to the strong support we receive from customers like you. In appreciation, we would like to invite you in our Valued Customer Day on

21 (A) participate (B) to participate (C) participating (D) participation April 26 . Visit any of our convenient locations and you will be treated to refreshments, as well as a 15 percent discount on all purchases over $20.00. In addition, you will get the chance to meet local health practitioners, try out new products, and enter your name to win a two months' worth of vitamins courtesy of Happy Pharmacy. We hope that you will take advantage of this great opporoffer tunity to save money and get to know the health services in your area. We hope to

22 (A) recently (B) conclusively (C) continually (D) timelessly more events like this in the future. A flyer with our store addresses

for your information.

23 (A) enclosed (B) has enclosed

(C) was enclosed (D) is enclosed

24 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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Questions 24-26 refer to th e following e-mail.

From: Breakgen Productions To: Darcey Kerr Subject: DVD Order

Dear Ms. Kerr,

Thank you for your recent order for a copy of our DVD boxed set of Werewolf Killer. Unfortunately, we have discontinued this boxed set edition and will be unable to fulfill your order as . We

24 (A) request (B) requesting (C) requests (D) requested apologize for any inconvenience this may cause . We do offer an alternative version of this DVD that contains the orig inal broadcasts as well as other additional features . Bonuses include

25 (A) presently (B) previ ously (C) purposefully (D) generally unreleased footage , a documentary about the making of the program , and an interview with the director. Because of th is material , the DVD has become one of our bestsellers.

26 (A) essential (B) supplemental (C) excessive (D) promotional The only other difference between the boxed set you ordered and this edition is the external packaging . Of course , should you decide to purchase a copy of Werewolf Killer and find that it is not suitable , you may return it for a full refund .

Sincerely,

Elmo J . Pudd Customer Service Department, Breakgen Productions

nt ivi

.

m

PART 7 Directions: In this part, you will be asked to read several texts, such as advertisements, articles or examples of business correspondence. Each text is followed by several questions. Select the best answer to each question and mark the corresponding letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your textbook.

26 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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Questions 27-28 refer to the following invitation.

fJ'fie 'Embassy of Spain requests tfie pfeasure of your company at a reception aruf cfinner to weCc.ome tfie new .9Lm6assatfor of Spain, .9Lntonio :Martinez on :Friday, tfie twenty-secoruf of .9Lugust at 7:00p.m. fJ'fie fJ'own Jiote[ :Manfiattan, 'J..[ew Yori(City r.B fact( tie

f!

Subjects in sentences may have various forms, all of which have the function of a noun coming before a main verb. Common forms of subjects include:

"'

Noun phrase Pronoun Gerund phrase To-mfinitive phrase Noun clause

en

OJ

"'"'c;·

The top executives agreed to negotiate with the union. They are having a team meeting today. Operating the machinery is difficult. To meet the president was a privilege. What Jane needs for her office is unclear.

CD

;::; CD

::>

CD

m

ro 3

CD

;::;

"'

~ The underlined parts are the focus of the subjects. These parts are often tested in TOEIC .

Note: A to-1nf1nit1ve coming 1n the pos1tion of a subject IS not common. It is often used in the structure w1th the dummy subject It presented i~ Po1nt 02 of thiS chapter - Dummy Subject lt.

8

Verbs and adjectives cannot come in the position of a subject.

•

A rushed 6eeiee should be avoided under any circumstances. decision ~ The verb decide cannot come in the position of the subject. It should be the noun decision . The financial healthy of the company is in doubt. health ~ The adjective healthy cannot come in the position of the subject. It should be the noun health .

....

0

m

n

.,"' "'

c.

:::>

:;::

0

There is used to show the existence of somebody or something and is used in the structure There+ linking verb (be, remain, exist)+ real subject (noun/noun phrase).

)>

"'

There are eleven offices on this floor. Dummy SUbjeCt

Real subject (noun phrase)

There remains some doubt over her level of dedication . Dummy SUbjeCt

Real subject (noun phrase)

There exists a possibility that the company will be bought out this year. Dummy subject

Real subject (noun phrase)

@ In the structure There + linking verb + real subject, a verb cannot come in the position of the

•

real subject. We will contact you if there are cancelled . -cancellations ~

There are must be followed by the noun cancellations which is the real subject of the sentence.

.,

:I:

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1.

remain significant challenges for the fledgling company as it tries to gain a foothold in a highly competitive market. (A) It (C) He

(B) There (D) They

2. The publisher prints an apology on the second page of the magazine when there are of fact in previous issues. (A) errs (C) errors

(B) erroneous (D) erred

3. I am hopeful that somewhere in the city exists a position with the hours and benefits I seek. (B) it (D) what Answers : p. 543

Distinguishing between it and there

• Read the whole sentence. If the sentence expresses an opinion or a comment, use the dummy subject it. If the sentence mentions the existence of somebody or something, use the dummy subject There. When you want to travel , it (tftefe) is a good idea to plan ahead. There (It) is a guidebook in each language. • The dummy subject It is followed by a noun, an adjective, a prepositional phrase, etc. The dummy subject There can be followed by a noun/noun phrase only. It (=tflete) is fair to give him a chance. Adject1ve

7 Both the noun pity and the adjective pitiful come in the position of the complement. However, the first sentence will be grammatically wrong if the noun pity lacks the article a.

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. Mrs. Heinz is

that the company will be more successful next year. (A) optimistic (C) optimist

(B) optimism (D) optimistically

2.

Because prices at department store sales were quite , shoppers did not think it necessary to compare prices. (A) competition (C) competitor

(B) competitive (D) compete

3. It is

for investors to check a company's performance before purchasing any shares . (A) advice (C) advise

(B) advisable (D) advisor Answers: p. 544

Hackers Skill

If a complement mentions the state of the subject or object in the sentence, it must take the form of an adjective, not a noun.

Janelle became interest (- interested) in journalism after attending the writers' workshop. The bank keeps its depositors satisfaction (- satisfied) with insurance guarantees. 56 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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HACKERS PRACTICE

•••••••• •••

Choose a correct option for each sentence.

01 Your reservation for the workshop will not be (complete/completion) until we receive full payment. 02 Sandra lacked the (mature/maturity) needed for someone in a position of such responsibility.

03 The company made the associate (proud/proudly) by electing him as vice president. 04 Investors in the company expressed (amazing/amazement) at the rate of return they received . 05 James asked his broker to keep him (inform I informed) about developments in the market.

• •

06 Unless you send us a written (confirmation/confirmed) , we are not able to ship the order. 07 The new database becomes (operational/operationally) as soon as Mr. Mills gives authorization.

Decide whether each of the sentences below is correct or incorrect. If it is correct, write "correct"; if it is incorrect, point out the mistake(s) and provide (a) correction(s).

.... 0 m

n

."'

\0

-·

··'·

Decide which of the choices - (A) , (B), (C) , or (D)- best completes the sentence.

1.

the new supervisor is mild-mannered and soft-spoken , she is very firm about getting work done on time.

(A) Even (C) If

(B) Then (D) While

2. The membership packages

are offered

by the book club are based on the reading needs and tastes of the members.

(A) they

(C) those

(B) that (D) these

3. The newspaper publisher submitted to an investigation, that charges of plagiarism against his star reporter would be dealt with quickly.

(A) ensuring (C) ensure

(B) be ensured (D) ensures Answers: p. 544

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Chapter 03 Modifiers - 61

02 0

Modifying Phrases, Modifying Clauses

A modifying phrase does not include a conjugated verb. Prepositional phrases, to-infinitive phrases, and participial phrases belong to this group. Prepositional phrase To-infinitive phrase Participial phrase ~

Because of a decrease in orders, the company ordered fewer supplies. The consultant suggested several strategies to reduce overhead costs. Employees ~ on the trip will be given their plane tickets tomorrow.

The underlined parts are the focus of the modifying phrases. These parts are often tested in TOEI C.

@ A modifying clause is formed by a subject and a conjugated verb. Relative clauses and adverb

clauses belong to this group. Relative clause Adverb clause ~

The arena is a place which hosts sporting and musical events. The request cannot be approved until Mrs. Charles signs this form .

The underlined parts are the focus of the modifying clauses. These parts are often tested in TOEIC .

@ Introductory words in modifying phrases and modifying clauses • Prepos itions, to-infinitives, or participles are often used to start modifying phrases. • Relative pronou ns or conjunctions are often used to start modifying clauses. She left without a word to anyone . word to anyone is a ph rase, so the preposition without must be used to start it.

~ A

Unless conditions improve, I'm going to have to change companies soon. improve is a clause, so the conjunction unless must be used to start it.

~ Conditions

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C) , or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1.

2.

this is only Ms. Planter's third week, she has quickly become a standout in company presentations. (A) Although (C) Nevertheless

(B) In spite of (D) However

The breakdown of a major piece of machinery production forced the owner to announce a temporary plant shutdown . (A) since (C) while

3.

(B) during (D) except

the problems Team B is experiencing, the manager decided that it would be best to give the team a little more time to write its project assessment report. (A) Even if (C) Nevertheless

(B) Since (D) Because of Answers:

p. 544

'""AI'AI nh::.ntri\Ji,:::at rom

HACKERS PRACTICE

•••••••••••

Find out the modifiers in the following sentences and mark them in [ ].

01 In spite of a scheduling conflict, Jacob attended the annual meeting .

02 Shoppers purchasing less than ten items can use the express checkout lane .

•

03 The man read an article whose topic dealt with working relationships. 04 A valuable employee is one who is diligent, trustworthy, and self-motivated. 05 Industrial automation has laid off numerous trade union members from the assembly line.

06 Rob was disciplined for using funds without proper permission.

07 While Dan waited in the office lobby, he read a magazine article.

.... 0

Choose a correct option for each sentence.

m

n

08 Craig's version (unless/ of) the events contradicted statements made by other witnesses .

.

...c."' ::>

"" 09 A meeting was called (to resolve/resolve) the conflict between the coworkers.

10 Mrs. Bishop worked (even though/despite) she was suffering from the flu . 11 Miners (working/work) in the coal industry face significant health risks . 12 (Because of / Because) Andy delivered excellent results, his boss granted him a raise .

13 A market analyst is a position (and/which) is highly valued on Wall Street. 14 Our division will work on the sales project (during/while) the next month.

Answers: p. 544

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HACK ERS

T EST

(j Time limit: 11

minutes

Part 5 01 The meeting was still a success

the guidance of the vice president and others in senior management. (A) though (C) unless

hundreds of inquiries it ran its first advertisement in all the major dailies.

(B) without (D) even

02 All products in the catalog are available in

03

08 The Miracle Skin Company has received

(A) before (C) since

(B) by (D) past

09 The company's standing in the telecommuni-

our online store, customers to shop from the convenience of their homes.

cations industry was forged putting the customer's needs first.

(A) allows (C) will allow

(A) regarding (C) when

(B) allow (D) allowing

the wide range of services offered by the agency, it is surprising they have a fairly narrow client base. (A) Meanwhile (C) Considering

the practicality of current import/ export laws. (A) to analyze (C) analyst

11

Mr. Saunders has other questions to ask you . (A) in case (C) despite

(B) but (D) through

10 Delegates from the ITO have gathered

(B) Then (D) Again

04 Please give us your mobile phone number

years of

(B) even if (D) therefore

(B) analyze (D) analysis

worries that the government will be unable to control the budget deficit, it is expected that national spending will reach an all-time high . (A) Nevertheless (C) After

(B) Despite (D) However

05 The women

our organization are either full-time housewives or college students who want to make a difference in our community . (A) join (C) will join

(B) joining (D) will be joining

06 A reminder was sent to the staff that wise of company supplies would decrease monthly expenditures. (A) utilization (C) utilize

(B) utility (D) utilizer

12

new competitors have flooded the market, management does not view them as a serious threat to business . (A) In spite (C) Regardless of

(B) For (D) Even though

13 The studio is expected to release five more films before the end of the year their summer movie makes a good showing at the box office. (A) there (C) if

(B) so (D) then

07 In the business world today , there is a growing optimism the dollar. (A) view (C) over

64 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

the rising value of (B) with respect (D) refer to

14 The company is strict about having progress reports submitted week. (A) early (C) by

the end of each (B) when (D) promptly

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OJ

15 Companies are decreasing the amount of fuel they use higher prices for energy sources have begun to cut into their profits. (A) except (C) until

18 Consumer confidence in the company over the months, due in part to a strategic merchandising campaign.

(B) as (D) at

(A) increase (C) to increase

16 The investigation team questioned all of the

(B) increasing (D) has increased

19 All members

the project team should report to the conference room at 2 p.m. for a special meeting on project proposal writing .

(A) involves (C) involved

(A) once (C) of

17 The work took much less time to accomplish

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(B) unless (D) when

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20 An effective manager should not only be able to delegate responsibilities but also give to the staff.

the manager organized the staff into task groups. (A) following (C) soon

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associates in the alleged plot to embezzle company funds . (B) involve (D) involvement

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(B) after (D) by

(A) encouragement (C) encouraging

(B) encourage (D) encouraged

-


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The air-travel industry and environmentalists from around the country are eagerly awaiting the 2 nd Air Transportation and the Environment Conference next week. The keynote speakers

21 (A) can open (C) opening

(B) opened (D) is opened

will focus on the concerns and progress made in each of these areas by speaking on current trends in creating more environmentally friendly aircraft and airports . The 1 st Air Transportation and the Environment Conference was highly successful , and all the ses. Therefore, early registration is strongly recommended as sions were very well 22 (A) attended (C) deserved

(B) organized (D) managed

is certain that the discussion meetings scheduled for this year will fill up quickly as well. 23 (A) this (C) there

(B) it (D) that Answers: p. 544

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Section 2 Verb-Related Structures Chapter 04 - Forms and Types of English Verbs Chapter 05 - Subject-Verb Agreement Chapter 06 - Tenses Chapter 07 - Active Voice, Passive Voice Chapter 08 - Subjunctives

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67

Basic Points

An English verb has five typical forms below: G) Basic form or bare infinitive

I work for an advertising company . ~

Third person singular present form (bare infinitive + -s/ -es) She likes to go camping.

@ Past form (bare infinitive+ -ed/irregular past form)

I visited my parents last week. Brian told me a funny story. @ Present participle form (bare infinitive + -ing)

I am playing the trumpet. @ Past participle form (bare infinitive+ -ed / irregular past participle form)

The cat was saved by a stranger. I had brought some cookies to school. Past participle is written as p.p.

English verbs are divided into three types: intransitive verbs, transitive verbs, and linking verbs. Intransitive verbs are used in sentence structure 1; linking verbs are used in sentence structure 2; and transitive verbs are used in sentence structures 3, 4, and 5. G) Structure 1: Subject + intransitive verb

She smiled. ~

Structure 2: Subject + linking verb + subject complement Mark is smart.

@ Structure 3: Subject + transitive verb + object

Dogs like swimming. @ Structure 4: Subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct object

She sent me a flower. @ Structure 5: Subject + transitive verb + object + object complement

I found Mark wise. 68 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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01 0

Modal I Auxiliary Verb + Bare Infinitive

All modal verbs, such as will/would, may/might, can/could, must, should, must be followed by a bare infinitive. I will te-eaH you . call ~ The modal verb will must be followed by the bare infinitive call , not the to-infinitive to call. We could ~The

~

to the park today if you would like to. go modal verb could must be followed by the bare infinitive go, not the gerund going .

All campers should remembrance to bring the following items. - - remember ~ The modal verb should must be followed by the bare infinitive remember, not the noun remembrance . She will forgives you. forgive ~ The modal verb will must be followed by the bare infinitive forgive , not the third person singular present form forgives. '

Notes: 1. Do not get confused when there is the negative word not and I or an adverb between a modal verb · and a bare infinitive. Employers should not automaticallY' dismiss complaints by employees. 2. Use bare infinitives after the following expressions. ought to had better ' would like to be able to be going to have to

used to

Shelly used to work at Greenspan. He is able to run every morning before work. :. -. -

8

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A bare infinitive must be used after the auxiliary verb do/does/did to form a negative sentence, an interrogative sentence, or an inversion structure. They did not affivB€1 until 2 p.m. arrive ~ After the auxiliary verb did which is used to form the negative sentence, the bare infinitive arrive, not the past form arrived, must be used. Never did I thought about switching careers. think ~ After the auxiliary verb did which is used in the inversion structure, the bare infinitive think , not the past form thought, must be used.

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. The corporation's plan to overhaul the employee benefits program will because it has the full support of the staff. (A) success (C) succeeds

(B) succeed (D) to succeed

2. To achieve success in today's competitive environment, companies must business plan. (A) to establish (C) establish

a solid

(B) establishing (D) establishes

3. The book was delivered by an international courier, but it did not until three weeks after the expected delivery date. (A) arrival (C) arriving

(B) arrive (D) arrived

Answers: p. 544 www.nhantriviet.com

Chapter 04 Forms and Types of English Verbs - 69

• ••

02 0

Auxiliary Verb Be I Have + Participle Form

V-ing and p.p. go with the auxiliary verb be to form the progressive tense (be + V-ing) and the passive voice (be+ p.p.); p.p. goes with the auxiliary verb have to form the perfect tense (have+ p.p.). Progressive tense Passive voice Perfect tense

She is looking out the window. Rental cars were brought back here. I have seen Lion King .

Note: The bare infinitive of the verb be is used after modal verbs (may, must, can, etc.). Susan may be finishing her project tonight. Rental cars must be brought back here.

.

~

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@ A bare infinitive cannot come after the auxiliary verb be or have. Edward is watefl a film this evening. watching ~ After the auxiliary verb be, watching is used to form the progressive tense. The form must be Stffimit by Tuesday. submitted ~ After the auxiliary verb be, submitted is used to form the passive voice . I have see the new advertisement. seen ~ After the auxiliary verb have, seen is used to form the perfect tense . Note: Have

IS

not always an aux1hary verb. As an ordinary verb, it means to experience, to possess/own or to

eat.

,

·

.

The company has critical financial problems.

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Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. The astute manager discerns unspoken employee gripes even before they are (A) express (C) expressive

(B) expression (D) expressed

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Choose a correct option for each sentence.

01 When Martin (reads I read) the contract, he discovered that he had been deceived . 02 William reluctantly (attends/attended) the seminar, but he surprisingly found it very helpful.

03 After returning from vacation, we learned that a storm (had damaged/damages) our house. 04 James (retire/retired) years ago, but he still has stock in his former employer. 05 The reports estimate that earnings (will double/has doubled) by the end of next year.

•

06 If you (believe/had believed) that there may be financial wrongdoing, please notify your supervisor.

07 What the new IT specialist knows about data systems (was/will be) useful when the office updates its computer programs.

08 As soon as the board (makes/will make) its decision , the managers will implement the plan. -< 0

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09 The Pioneer Fund (has been / is) the company's biggest earner over the past four years.

10 The manufacturing company (needs/is needing) to increase production capacity in order to keep pace with its competitors .

Choose a correct time expression for each sentence.

11 Mr. Hyland will have served as CEO of the company for ten years (since/by the time) he retires. 12 Jeffery has analyzed stock market figures (in/since) 2000 when he joined a firm on Wall Street. 13 Steven , who previously worked in the sales department, is a manager in the head office (two years ago / at the moment) .

14 The company (once/usually) requires three years of experience for all job applicants. Answers: p. 546

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18 By the time the two new large printers are

tion capacity by the end of the year, provided a new group of full-time workers is hired.

installed, demand for the popular publication twofold.

(A) will double (C) had doubled

(A) has increased (C) been increased

(B) has doubled (D) been doubled

16 Recently, those in managerial positions in more seminars and lectures on positive leadership and motivation for employees. (A) (B) (C) (D)

were participated are to be participating have been participating will have been participating

17 The two law firms

more clients now that they have joined forces on their goal to provide affordable legal advice. (A) receives (B) receiving (C) are receiving (D) were received

(B) had increased (D) will have increased

19 Although there a concerted effort by the company to increase its market share, the results have been disappointing . (A) has been (B) are (C) were (D) will be 20 Mr. Benson said that the maid never to clean his quarters the whole time he stayed at the hotel. (A) comes (C) come

•

(B) came (D) coming

Part 6 Questions 21-23 refer to the following letter.

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An active sentence includes an object following a transitive verb, while a passive sentence does not have an object (except the verb in the sentence is ditransitive).

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The assistant is-ttse6 the computer. uses ~ The verb use is a transitive verb and followed by the object the computer. Hence, the verb must be in the active voice (uses). A new machine will iftstalf. be installed ~ The transitive verb install needs an object, but there is no object here. So, the verb must be in the passive voice (be installed) .

@ Verbs in to-infinitive phrases and relative clauses can be put in the active or passive voice based on whether they have a direct object or not. The tenant is supposed to be paid the rent on July 1. to pay ~ Because there is an object (the rent) in the to-infinitive phrase, the verb in this to-infinitive phrase must be in the active voice (to pay) .

•

The draft was supposed to discuss in the workshop. to be discussed ~ Because there is no object in the to-infinitive phrase, the verb in this to-infinitive phrase must be in the passive voice (to be discussed). A famous author who is written children's fairy tales is signing autographs today . writes ~ Because there is an object (children's fairy tales) in the relative clause , the verb in this relative clause must be in the active voice (writes). We have received all of the items that list in the files . are listed ~ Because there is no object in the relative clause, the verb in this relative clause must be in the passive voice (are listed).

Decide which of the choices- (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. The e-mail addresses and telephone numbers should be the blanks provided . (A) written (C) wrote

carefully in

2.

the mailing of the package, you will need to add five dollars more to the shipping fee . (A) To expedite (C) To be expedited

(B) Expedited (D) Will expedite

3. You must fill out the tax form , a copy of which (B) write (D) writing

is to the contractual agreement you received on the first day. (A) attach (C) attaching

(B) attachment (D) attached Answers: p. 546

Hackers Skill

Remember that if there is an object after a transitive verb, the sentence is in the active voice. On the contrary, if there is no object, the sentence is in the passive voice.

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Passive Voice of Verbs in Sentence Structures 4 and 5

Transitive verbs in sentence structure 4 have two objects. Either of these objects can become the subject in the passive sentence, depending on the focus. Active voice Passive voice Indirect object becomes the subject Direct object becomes the subject ~

She gave her sister the car. Her sister was given the car. The car was given to her sister.

When the indirect object her sister becomes the subject in the passive sentence, the direct object the car follows the passive verb . When the direct object the car becomes the subject in the passive sentence, the preposition to is added before the indirect object her sister.

Note: When the direct object of such verbs as give, send, grant becomes the subject in the passrve sentence, after the passive verb, the preposrtron to rs added before the indrrect object. The preposition for is used rnstead for verbs like buy, make, get, find, build. The house was built to (-for) homeless people. .

8

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Transitive verbs in sentence structure 5 have an object and an object complement. In the passive sentence, the object complement is placed after the passive verb. • When the object complement is a noun phrase: Active voice Victoria considered him a genius. Passive voice He was considered a genius by Victoria. ~ The

object him becomes the subject He in the passive sentence; the object complement a genius remains after the passive verb was considered . Do not mistake a genius as the object and conclude that this is an incorrect passive sentence.

• When the object complement is a to-infinitive phrase: Active voice He asked me to send a stamped envelope. Passive voice I was asked to send a stamped envelope. ~ The

object me becomes the subject I in the passive sentence, and the object complement to send remains after the passive verb was asked .

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence. 1. Ray Murphy submitted a requisition form yesterday to make certain he given a projector for today's presentation. (A) has (C) is

(B) have (D) are

2. Though somewhat new at making presentations, Paul Blakely is of the team.

the best public speaker

(A) consider (C) considering

(B) to consider (D) considered

3. The research team

to make back-up files of all their work to prevent loss of valuable data. (A) reminded (C) will remind

(B) was reminded (D) was reminding Answers: p. 546

94 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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03

Active and Passive Voices of Perception Verbs

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For perception verbs, also called verbs of perception, the active voice is used if the subject itself causes the feelings, and the passive voice is used if the subject has or receives the feelings. Positive feelings

interest fascinate

excite encourage

amuse satisfy

please

Negative feelings

disappoint tire

discourage trouble

dissatisfy

depress

Shock, confusion

bewilder

frustrate

shock

surprise

The results of the negotiations .,..,ere pleased both of the attending parties. pleased -.. The subject The results brings about the feeling of pleasure, so the active voice is used (pleased). I am pleasing to hear that you are feeling better. am pleased -.. The subject I receives the feeling of pleasure, so the passive voice is used (am pleased). The regional director ·.vas dissatisfied the workers by refusing to give salary raises. dissatisfied -.. The subject The regional director brings about the feeling of dissatisfaction, so the active voice is used (dissatisfied). The workers dissatisfy with management's handling of the situation. are dissatisfied ~ The subject The workers receives the feeling of dissatisfaction, so the passive voice is used (are dissatisfied) . The news was surprised the man. surprised -.. The subject The news brings about the feeling of surprise, so the active voice is used (surprised). The man surprised by the news. was surprised -.. The subject The man receives the feeling of surprise, so the passive voice is used (was surprised) .

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence. 1. Young businessmen who set up venture companies should guard against being during the first year of operations. (A) disappoint (C) disappointing

(B) disappointed (D) disappointment

2. When he took up cooking, Jerry Porter was to learn how easy it was to make inexpensive, great-tasting meals. (A) fascinate (C) being fascinated

(B) fascinating (D) fascinated

3. The manager

her staff with news of an upcoming bonus if sales figures reached company goals by the end of the quarter. (A) encourage (C) encouraging

(B) was encouraged (D) encouraged Answers: p. 546

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Expressions of the Passive Form

Expressions with verbs in sentence structure 3 be be be be be be be be be be be

amused at pleased with delighted with satisfied with gratified with disappointed at interested in involved in engaged in associated with related to

be be be be be be be be be be be

+

prepositions

surprised at alarmed at astonished at frightened at shocked at divided into absorbed in indulged in devoted to dedicated to skilled in

be be be be be be be be be be be

worried about concerned about/over bored with tired of ashamed of convinced of equipped with covered with crowded with based on exposed to

This hotel room is equipped with luxurious baths and tiles. The strength of the alloy is closely related to the quality of the ore.

@ Expressions with verbs in sentence structure 5 be be be be be be

asked to requested to told to reminded to encouraged to invited to

be be be be be be

+ to-infinitive

phrases

required to urged to advised to warned to intended to expected to

be be be be be

allowed to permitted to prepared to supposed to scheduled to

The project managers are required to fill in forms and get them signed. Employees are reminded to use office e-mail only for business purposes.

Decide which of the choices- (A), (B), (C), or (D) -best completes the sentence. 1. The accounting team is to providing accurate billing statements and resolving all customer enquiries within twenty-four hours. (A) dedicating (C) dedicate

(B) dedicated (D) dedication

2. As a member of our office, you are invited the annual charity auction . (A) attending (C) attends

(B) to attend (D) attend

3. We are truly

with the positive consumer response to our new marketing strategy. (A) delight (C) delighted

(B) delighting (D) delightedly Answers: p. 546

96 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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HACKERS PRACTICE

••••••• • ••

Choose a correct option for each sentence.

01 Judy (implied I was implied) that she was treated unfairly by management recently.

02 Sales (expect/are expected) to decrease as a result of the recession. 03 The budget director (rejected/was rejected) the plan to cut back on spending . 04 The business owner was (frustrating/frustrated) by the lack of adequate capital to make investments. 05 Artists (have painted I have been painted) a large mural on a wall in the conference hall.

•

06 The plans for the merger (will take/will be taken) at least a month to evaluate.

07 Jason was (exciting /excited) to learn that he was being considered for a promotion.

Decide whether each of the sentences below is correct or incorrect. If it is correct, write "correct"; if it is incorrect, point out the mistake(s) and provide (a) correction(s).

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08 Employee motivation is closely relating to the success of a company.

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09 The building will be undergoing renovation for the next three weeks. 10 A proposal for a partnership offered to an Italian firm last week. 11 This product made for busy working mothers who need help in the kitchen. 12 All assembly line workers are advised wearing protective eyewear and gloves while working . 13 A lifelong honorary membership in the firm has granted to the retired CEO. 14 The company is dedicated to its goal of introducing products that are modern, functional, and affordable.

Answers: p. 546

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Chapter 07 Active Voice, Passive Voice - 97

HA CK ERS

G Time limit: 11 minutes

T EST

Part 5 01 A replacement for the outgoing advertising manager has not yet been , but the possibilities have been narrowed down to five applicants . (A) chose (C) chosen

(B) choice (D) choose

08 The manager is to announce that Morgan & Co. will be giving stock options to all interested employees. (A) please (C) pleasant

(B) pleased (D) pleasing

09 After today's planning session is completed , 02 Each year, Gibbins Foods, a local food manufacturer, five thousand cans of vegetables to the city's homeless shelters.

the members of each group will be a report of their team 's objectives for the next three years .

(A) donates (C) donating

(A) generation (C) generated

(B) to donate (D) are donated

03 The contract stipulates that an employee is to do overtime during weeks that presentations or special reports are being prepared. (A) requirement (C) required

(B) requires

(B) generate (D) generating

10 We would like you

by our assistant manager who will give you a tour of the company's offices and facilities. (A) escorting (C) to be escorted

(B) to escort (D) escort

(D) requisition

11 Harwood Department Store will be 04 The campaigns that

assigned to the broadcasting division have been scrapped due to lack of support.

later this weekend to allow our shoppers to take advantage of our end-of-season clearance sale.

(A) having (C) be

(A) close (C) to close

(B) were (D) had

05 The announcement in the newsletter is meant to Mr. Meyer's remarks on the merger between the two communications firms. (A) clarified (C) clarification

(B) be clarified (D) clarify

(B) closes (D) closing

12 To meet the special needs of our branches in Asia, a total of twenty-four trained staff will to Japan, Hong Kong , and Thailand. (A) send (C) be sending

(B) be sent (D) have sent

13 Membership at the exclusive sports club 06 No matter what the brand , computers purchased at this shop will be free of charge for a full year from the date of purchase. (A) service (C) to service

(B) servicing (D) serviced

benefits ranging from the use of all sports equipment to discounted rates at the club's restaurant and bar. (A) includes (C) have included

(B) to include (D) including

14 The introduction of the specially trained conflict 07 First-class seats are

with Internet hook-ups, global telephones and faxing capabilities for all of your airborne professional needs . (A) equip (C) equipped

98 - Hackers TOEIC Readmg

(B) equipment (D) equipping

resolution advisors to reduce tension between management and frustrated employees. (A) (B) (C) (D)

expected is expected has been expecting will have been expecting www.nhantriviet.com

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15 If the director

that the top candidate was still a consultant for Master Lines, Inc., he could have given others greater priority. (A) tell (B) telling (C) had told (D) had been told

18 Participants in the seminar were

16

the machine's continued operation, a thorough check by maintenance personnel should take place bimonthly.

19 Before structural renovations take place, all

(A) To be ensure (C) Will ensure

to make hotel reservations by the date indicated on the list of hotels. (A) advisable (B) advisory (C) advising (D) advised

businesses must the building as indicated in the official notice issued last month.

(B) To ensure (D) Ensured

(A) vacant (C) vacate

17 The winners of the logo contest are to be at the dinner this evening, which will begin at 8:00 p.m . at the International Plaza Hotel's Blue Room . (A) plan (B) plans (C) planning (D) planned

(B) vacancy (D) be vacated

20 Access to the computer terminals during evening hours, so it is necessary for us to finish the work during the day. (A) restrict (B) to restrict (C) is restricted (D) has restricted

• ••

Part 6 Questions 21-23 refer to the following memo.

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Date : March 3 To : All Personnel From : Matthew Sparks, Administrative Office Subject: Vehicle Maintenance

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Now that the winter season is nearly over, all company cars must

in for necessary

21 (A) be turned (C) turn

(B) to turn (D) turning

maintenance and repairs . Icy road conditions and freezing temperatures result in greater wear on the cars' tires , engines, cooling systems and transmissions. Although sales personnel use their cars more often , other staff are also required to check their

22 (A) vehicles (C) projects This week, all employees

(B) receipts (D) purchases

to bring their automobiles in to any of the automotive centers

23 (A) encouraging (C) encouraged

(B) is encouraging (D) are encouraged

that the company recommends . Thank you . Answers: p. 546

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Chapter 07 Active Voice, Passive Voice - 99

Basic Points

The subjunctive is used to express a hypothetical situation, which means a situation that is contrary to the fact in the present or in the past. It is also used to express a situation that is unlikely to happen in the future . If I were rich , I would travel the wo rld . If I had been rich , I would have led a very different life. The first sentence implies a situation contrary to the present fact. It can be inferred that this person is not rich , so he / she cannot travel the world . The second sentence implies a situation contrary to the fact in the past. It can be understood that this person was not rich , so his / her life was not good then.

The subjunctive is used in if-clauses with special tenses. If I won a million dollars, I would faint. This is a situation contrary to the present fact. The past simple tense (won) is used in the if-clause, and the past form of the modal verb going with the bare infinitive of the main verb (would faint) is used in the main clause . If I had won the lottery, I would have sent many poor teenagers to college . This is a situation contrary to the fact in the past. The past perfect tense (had won) is used in the if-clause, and the past form of the modal verb going with the perfect form of the main verb (would have sent) is used in the main clause.

It is important to distinguish between real conditional sentences and possible future conditions starting with if. If you experience any difficulties , please contact one of our customer service staff. If I have a midday break tomorrow, we will meet up for a lunch . These conditional sentences are used to express that the action in the main clause can only take place in case a certain condition in the if-clause is fulfilled .

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01 0

Future/Past/Past Perfect/Mixed Subjunctive

The verb forms in the if-clause and the main clause of the future/past/past perfect subjunctive are as follows:

I

Future subjunctive If + subject+ should + bare infinitive, subject + will/can/may /should + bare infinitive

Expressing a situation that will be unlikely to happen in the future

Past subjunctive

If + subject + verb in past simple tense (be becomes Expressing a situation contrary to a fact in the present were regardless of what the subject is), subject + would/could/might/should + bare infinitive

Past perfect subjunctive

If+ subject+ had p.p. , subject+ would/could/

Imight/should + have p.p.

Expressing a situation contrary to a fact in the past

If rain should come today, we will move the party indoors. If computers were cheap , I would buy ten of them for my home. If Nancy had come, Jeff might have turned down the invitation.

•

8 In the mixed subjunctive, the time relation between the if-clause and main clause is different. If + subject + had p.p., subject+ would + bare infinitive Past pertect subJunctive

Past subjunctive

- The past perfect subjunctive in the if-clause refers to a situation contrary to a fact in the past, and the past subjunctive in the main clause implies a situation contrary to a fact in the present. If I had asked for time off last month, I would be on vacation now. past perfect subjunctive had asked in the if-clause refers to the situation contrary to the fact in the past. The past subjunctive would be in the main clause implies the situation contrary to the fact in the present.

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01 If it had not been for inflation , Jamie would (save/have saved) more money. 02 The team (can/could) never have done such a good job without Steve's input. 03 If I had filled out the application on time, I would (be/have been) working there now.

04 Kelly would not (take/have taken) the job if she had known about the other offer.

05 But for the dedicated efforts of our staff, the business (will/would) have crumbled under the competition .

06 If people (used/have used) public transportation. more, the air would be less polluted.

07 Had the flight been cancelled, we would (miss/have missed) the meeting.

•• •• -


""

Thank you for choosing Jaipur Travel Package Tours, your doorway into the fascinating country of India. The package you have selected is an eight-day, seven-night tour five Indian cities 21 (A) to cover (B) covered (C)cover (D)covering and several of the country's top tourist attractions. We will make all the necessary reservations for your tour. Your flight to New Delhi is scheduled to at 3:20 p.m . on May 31 . We ask that 22 (A) keep (B) depart (C) reach (D) postpone you

our office in Evanston at least one week before your flight so that you can finish any 23 (A) visited (B) visit (C) will visit · (D) to visit

remaining paperwork before we finalize the reservations and timetable. Thank you and I look forward to meeting with you . Sincerely yours , Marilou Eaglin Travel Representative Jaipur TPT Answers: p. 548

132

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Section 4 Parts of Speech Chapter 12 - Nouns Chapter 13 - Pronouns Chapter 14 - Adjectives Chapter 15 - Adverbs Chapter 16 - Prepositions

Basic Points

A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or an idea. teacher

cat

coffee

rain

math

dream

Korea

Nouns are divided into count nouns and non-count nouns. Count nouns include: • Common nouns (referring to a person or thing in a general sense) manager, typist, ticket, letter, etc. • Collective nouns (naming a group of people or things) family, people , team , committee , etc. Non-count nouns include: • Proper nouns • Abstract nouns • Mass nouns

Seoul, Hong Kong, Tom, Christmas, etc. love, anger, peace, loyalty, faith , information, education , etc. paper, water, wood, glass, oil , etc.

Nouns are usually accompanied by determiners (articles , quantifiers, possessive I demonstrative adjectives).

CD Article We need a car for several weeks . I decided to sell the car. In the first sentence, the indefinite article a is used before the noun car because it is singular and unidentified. In the second sentence, the definite article the is used before the noun car because both the speaker and the listener have known which car it is. Generally, the indefinite article a / an is used before an unidentified singular noun, and the definite article the is used before an identified noun.

(?) Quantifier Some cars on the list are not available in Korea. @ Possessive I Demonstrative adjective Mike parked his car two blocks from the bank.

I bought this car last year.

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01 0

Positions of Nouns

In a sentence, nouns can come in the position of the subject, object, or complement. Subject Object of a verb Object of a preposition Complement

Cl )> "' :;::

Customer satisfaction must be considered. The library will be accepting donations of used textbooks . Suncorp moved to its new office last year. Having a strong corporate culture is an advantage for the company. It was a great disappointment that an agreement was not reached .

:;:: )>

"'

Note: Nouns can also come 1n the position of the object of verbals. They are trying to increase employee productivity. --"-1------

8

Nouns are usually found after an article, an adjective/a participle, a possessive adjective/ case, a preposition, or another noun . Article + noun Adjective I participle + noun Possessive adjective I case + (adjective +) noun Noun + noun - compound noun

the features of the dishwasher offer a lot of practical information would like to express his disappointment Latzer's second edition is more useful than the old one . meet the production schedule

@) Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs cannot come in the position of a noun. Tax incentives can be used to encourage Hwest in small businesses. investment ~ Only the noun investment can be the object of the to-infinitive to encourage.

•• • -


Note: The article a precedes a Singular noun or an adjective modifying a Singular noun starting with a consonant sound, and the article an precedes one starting w1th a vowel sound. This depends on pronunciation, not spelling. a discount a university an effort an hour •

•

I

@ The definite article the can precede both a count noun and a non-count noun. I just bought the book that you recommended . I bought the works of Shakespeare. There is no charge to borrow the equipment.

8

Quantifiers can precede both count nouns and non-count nouns. Preceding count nouns Singular nouns one every

each

Preceding non-count nouns

Plural nouns (a) few many both

fewer several

(a) little less

much

Preceding both count and non-count nouns all most any

no more some

Mtteft financial advisors will charge an hourly rate . Many ~ Advisors is a plural noun , so the quantifier many is used.

The newest MP3 model boasted several new featttre. features ~ The quantifier several always precedes a plural noun, so the noun must be in the plural form (features) . '

Note: All, more, and most may precede a plural noun. Most tree (-trees) lose their leaves each fall, but some keep them over winter. :

--

I

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1.

2. After spending a full year on redesign, our programmers have developed a program that offers customers several convenient new

merchandise returned to the store after purchase must be checked for flaws or alterations before being put back on the shelf. (A) An (C) Any

(B) There is (D) In that

(A) to feature (C) featuring

3.

(B) feature (D) features

probationary accounting trainee must undergo six months' instruction before he is allowed to work in financial systems. (A) All (C) Each

(B) Much (D) A few Answers: p. 548

•

04 0

Concrete Nouns vs. Abstract Nouns

Concrete nouns refer to humans or objects/things that can be perceived by our five senses touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell, e.g. air, salt, etc. Abstract nouns refer to those that we cannot sense- they have no physical existence, e.g. advice, satisfaction, diligence, etc. Both concrete and abstract nouns come, of course, in the position of a noun but their meaning will play a decisive role for the sentence to make sense. accountant - account, accounting applicant, application - appliance attendant, attendee - attendance consultant - consultation, consultancy occupant - occupancy, occupation producer, product - production analyst - analysis architect - architecture assembler - assembly authority - authorization beneficiary - benefit consumer - consumption contributor - contribution distributor - distribution donor - donation editor- edition employee - employment engineer - engineering founder - foundation illustrator - illustration inspector - inspection

I instructor -

instruction interpreter - interpretation journalist - journal manager - management manufacturer - manufacture negotiator - negotiation opener - opening operator - operation owner - ownership I participant - participation president - presidency receptionist - reception relative - relation representative - representation resident - residence rival - rivalry server - service subscriber - subscription supervisor - supervision I technician - technology

An architecture carefully studies a site before making a perspective. architect ~ The subject in this sentence requires a concrete noun indicating a person (architect), not an abstract noun (architecture). The founder of the local art center reflects the city's commitment to artists and culture. foundation ~ The subject in this sentence requires an abstract noun (foundation). not a concrete noun indicating a person (founder) . ·."_.'._

TOEIC Questions Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. If long-term

is a possibility at this company, I would be interested and willing to relocate myself to this site. (A) employs (C) employed

(B) employee (D) employment

2. The chemical company gave local government officials a report detailing the of its plant in Westbury. (A) operative (C) operation

(B) operator (D) operate

3. It is common practice today for psychologists to serve as to toy companies in the design of toys for children of different ages. (A) consult (C) consultancy

(B) consultants (D) consultations Answers: p. 548

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Compound Nouns

A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in English are formed by noun + noun.

"'"' )>

s:: s:: )>

exercise equipment expansion project expiration date feasibility study growth rate housing department interest rate investment advice keynote speaker living expenses occupancy rate performance appraisal I evaluation product information quality requirement

account number application fee application form arrival date assembly line attendance record client satisfaction communication skill conference room confidentiality policy confirmation number construction delay enrollment form exchange rate

reception desk reference letter registration form repair facility research program retail sales retirement celebration retirement luncheon return policy safety inspection sales representative security card service desk weather forecast

Good communicated skills are essential to the project. communication

8

The suffix -{e)s is added to the second noun to form a plural compound noun.

"'

•

research program - research programs job opening - job openings Note: You cannot add the suffix -(e)s to the preceding noun to form a plural compound noun. The following compound nouns have preceding nouns end1ng in -(e)s, but they are still s1ngular nouns. customs office public relations department electronics company earnings growth savings account/bank/plan sales division/promotion human resources department '

-

I .

.

@ The suffix -s cannot be added to the words functioning as an adjective modifying a noun.

1. The

program is being financed privately, although the government is looking into the possibility of supporting the program.

(A) researching (C) research

(B) researched (D) researches

2.

(B) exercisable (D) exercised

3. With nearly two

orders placed within the first day, the manager has decided to add another work shift to meet product demand.

(A) thousands (C) thousand

"' "'

"'c.

""

equipment at the new fitness club The is guaranteed to help men and women achieve greater muscle tone in just a few weeks .

(A) exercise (C) exercising

0

,..., =>

two thousands tickets (X) - two thousand tickets (0) a four-years-old girl (X) - a four-year-old girl (0)

Decide which of the choices- (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

-< m

(B) a thousand (D) thousands of Answers: p. 548

06 0

Common Nouns in TOEIC

Below are some common nouns that are derived from the same root but take different meanings. coverage

cover covering

the amount of media coverage

delivery

deliverance

the largest global delivery company

entry

entrance

do not accept any late entries

identification

identity

present a form of identification

interests

interest

the company's best interests show great interest in alternative energy resources

likelihood

likeness

reduce the likelihood of system failure

objective object

objectivity objection

the objective of this program is to help -

percent

percentage

ten percent on all items high percentage of the budget

permit

permission

purchase a parking permit

procedure

proceeding

building security procedures

production

product produce productivity

production remains steady demonstrate the highest productivity

remainder

remains

throughout the remainder of the week

responsibility

responsiveness

accept responsibility for belongings left

segment

segmentation .

the fastest growing segment of the automobile industry

sense

sensation

have the business sense

utilization

utility

the effective utilization of personnel at all levels

- The nouns on the left column are frequently found in TOEIC answer choices. Pamela Hayes was given the responsiveness of preparing the equipment needed for the presentation. responsibility ~This

sentence requires a noun which means duty (responsibility), not showing quick response (responsiveness).

TOBC QuestiOns Decide which of the choices- (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. Any

submitted without the requirements listed in the contest rules will automatically be disqualified. (A) enter (C) entering

(B) entries (D) entrance

2. Visitors are not allowed to use the back of the building to park their cars without obtaining a parking from the attendant. (A) permit (C) permitting

(B) permission (D) to permit

3. Having a good business

can help one to plan a career that involves long-term goals and strategies. (A) to sense (C) sensation

(B) sensing (D) sense Answers: p. 548

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HACKERS PRACTICE

••••••••••••

Choose a correct option for each sentence.

01 Laffless Law Firm is highly recommended for its (commit I commitment) to meeting its clients' needs .

Cl

"" )> s: s: )> ""

02 The manufacturer accepts no (responsibility I responsiveness) for replacement if the product is broken due to misuse.

03 In an effort to meet the encroaching deadline, management has sped up its (producing/production) schedule.

04 In order to prevent the (likeness/likelihood) of malfunction, computer systems are now equipped to monitor themselves.

05 The financial (health/healthy) of the company was revived when the new marketing director devised a clever sales pitch .

•

06 All products must be removed from the shelves in accordance with the marked (expiring/ expiration) date on each package.

07 Evaluations will be based not only on personal performance but also employee (attendance/attending) records.

-


\0

8

Most can be used as a pronoun or an adjective, which means the majority/the biggest amount of something. Most of the people didn't enjoy the party. Most people didn't enjoy the party.

TOEIC Questions Decide which of the choices- (A), (B) , (C) , or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1.

of the clerks in the supply room fau lted themselves for not accurately recording the inventory of supplies. (A) No (C) Some

(B) One (D) Any

2.

We received the sales figures for last year, but there appears to be of a discrepancy in the third quarter. (A) something (C) anything

(B) everything (D) nothing

3. The project approval committee received forty proposals, of which were related to the transmission of electricity to rural areas. (A) most (C) any

(B) the most (D) almost Answers: p. 549

06 0

Agreement between Nouns and Pronouns I Possessive Adjectives

Nouns and pronouns/possessive adjectives must agree in number. Singular nouns take singular pronouns/possessive adjectives, and plural nouns take plural pronouns/possessive adjectives. Plural

Singular

!-

Personal pronouns I Possessive adjectives

1/me /my, you/you/your, he / him /his, she I her I her, it! it/ its

we/us/our, you / you / your, they / them /their

Reflexive pronouns

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself

ourselves , you rselves, themselves

Demonstrative pronouns

this, that

these, those

Businesses should consider the social implications of its activities. their Mr. Pak and the other employees tried to finish it by ftimself. themselves A grandparent's lQ!>_ is easier than these of a parent. that Note: In case this/that/these/those functions as an adjecttve, tt must agree in number with the noun that follows. Therefore, this/that precedes a singular noun and these/those precedes a plural noun. these (- this) travel expense report this (- these) areas ~ ";:

"

.,. "'

t \:-'

-

@ Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives must agree in gender and person with nouns. Mr. Jones enjoyed the work so much that it changed his career. he Mrs. Pringle and ftis husband attended an investment club . her The firm wishes to announce the addition of Mr. Hopkins to ftis board of directors. its The country has become one of the largest natural gas producers by increasing yettf production . its

TOEIC Questions Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C) , or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. The library has its own collection of rare books, also sponsors local exhibits with but books loaned by other libraries. (A) they

(B) he

(C) it

(D) we

2.

Ms. Novak is worried that the floral arrangements ordered will not arrive in ti me for the reception dinner. (B) that (A) she (D) until (C) are

3. The executive committee decided that the task force would not have own decisionmaking capacity, but would defer to management for resolutions. (B) his (A) its (D) theirs (C) her Answers: p. 549

Hackers Skill

To be sure of the agreement between nouns and pronouns/possessive adjectives, you have to identify which noun the pronoun /adjective replaces .

The firm wishes to announce the addition of Mr. Hopkins to his (- its) board of directors. ~ The possessive adjective its is used to refer to The firm , not Mr. Hopkins.

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HACKERS PRACTICE

•••••••••••

Choose a correct option for each sentence.

01 Cashiers are asked to report to (them/their) division heads if there is any discrepancy in the tills . 02 Tycon is a successful corporation because its employees are more skilled than (that/those) of other companies.

03 In order to process the request, we must have (your/yours) account number and permanent address.

04 If you need (another I other) application form , go to the reception desk and they will assist you. 05 Mrs. Gray was expected to arrive by (her/herself) , but she couldn 't find the conference center.

•

06 We consider (him/his) not only the best analyst in the industry but also the top manager. 07 We will teach (that/those) individuals who run their own businesses how to manage daily operations. -< 0

~

n

Decide whether each of the sentences below is correct or incorrect. If it is correct, write "correct"; if it is incorrect, point out the mistake(s) and provide (a) correction(s).

08 Labor unions are opposed to the bills, saying he would worsen conditions for temporary workers. 09 The problem is that construction companies saw all its profits for last year disappear into steel costs . 10 By boosting our production , the company hopes to climb out of bankruptcy. 11 Although the marketing strategy failed , the CEO has decided to give them another try. 12 Absent employees must send in a letter explaining the reason for its absence. 13 We extend its sincerest appreciation to the National Consumer Committee for a job well done . 14 Compact Inc. has decided to recall its laptops and upgrade themselves at no additional cost to the consumer. Answers: p. 549

.."'"'

a. ::>

""

0..

I am writing to

the receipt of your application for our First Time Home Owner Mortgage Plan.

21 (A) remark (C) suggest

(B) understand (D) confirm

I am pleased to inform you that your loan has been approved and we will be able to lend you the amount . As indicated in your chosen plan , once the initial transaction is performed , you 22 (A) requests (C) requested

(B) requesting (D) is requested

wil l be required to deposit monthly installments covering the principal payment and interest into the bank account wh ich will be opened for this purpose. The option to transfer into a closed interest rate package will remain for a period of three years , after which time it will be mandatory 23 (A) effect (C) effective

(B) effected (D) effectively

for you to continue with the current plan. Please contact the bank to set up an appointment to begin the mortgage process. Thank you . Answers: p. 550

Basic Points

An adverb is a word used to emphasize a state or an action. They highly recommended the product. That was a very creative idea. In the first sentence, the adverb highly emphasizes the action recommend , and the adverb very in the second sentence emphasizes the state of being creative .

An adverb can modify a verb , an adjective, another adverb , a phrase , a clause , or a whole sentence. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause , or degree, and answers questions with how, when , where , why , how much , how often . Modifying Modifying Modifying Modifying Modifying Modifying

a verb an adjective another adverb a phrase a clause a whole sentence

He carefully dug under the tree. The sandwiches were really delicious. She likes this novel very much . Ally left shortly before 9:00 p.m. I arrived long after the party began. Usually, he works Monday to Friday.

An adverb is usually formed by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective. Most adverbs end in -ly, such as calmly, completely, entirely, heavily, temporarily . However, some adverbs do not end in -ly, such as ahead , just, only, still , well. Bear in mind that costly , elderly, friendly , silly, ugly, and worldly are adjectives, not adverbs. She sm iled in a friendly way.

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01 0

Functions and Positions of Adverbs

When an adverb modifies a verb:

Cl

"" )>

:;:: :;::

• It comes before or after verb + object. It cannot come between verb and object. Mr. Fields promptly informed his supervisor of the accident. It is necessary to filter individually each customer complaint individually.

)>

""

• It usual ly comes between or after auxiliary /modal verb+ main verb. They are still arranging the office to accommodate the new workers. Mr. Walker's retirement has been indefinitely postponed. The new assistant is adjusting nicely to the corporate life.

@ When an adverb modifies an adjective, another adverb, or a phrase, it comes right before the

adjective, adverb, or phrase. He gave an exceptionally profound speech at the gathering. The following is the list of the most frequently asked questions. She speaks English very well. The service operates only on the dates listed below. Note: An adverb may also ptecede a quanttfier. ·

Approxtmate (- Approxtmately) 10,000 workers wtll be latd off next term.

----,

-------

@) When an adverb modifies a clause, it comes at the beginning of the clause. When modifying a

•

whole sentence, it stands at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Children are admitted only if they are accompanied by an adult. Unfortunately, I won 't be able to attend the meeting . They will finish the survey tomorrow.

e

.... 0

Adjectives cannot come in the position of an adverb.

m

n

"'"" c.

Expense accounts for traveling salesmen have been cut substantial. substantially ~ To modify the verb cut, the adverb substantially, not the adjective substantial , is used .

""

"'



20 The fat content of food products sold in supermarkets should be labeled much more to allow people to make informed decisions. (A) clear (C) clearing

(B) clearly (D) clearness

•

Part 6 Questions 21-23 refer to the following letter. Marsha Berger Medical Supplies Division Tyrrell Manufacturing

-< 0

m

n

.."'"'

c..

Dear Ms . Berger,

"

Examples -----in 2008

Usage Prepositions months, years, seasons, centuries, in August in periods of time , parts of day in winter in three days (morning , afternoon, evening)

8

"' ;;:: ;;:: )>

in the 21st century in the morning/afternoon/evening

at

at noon/night/midnight specific times, times of day (noon, at 7 o'clock night, midnight, midday) , points of at the beginning/end of the month time

on

days, dates, special holidays

on August 15

on Friday

"'

on Christmas Day

Preposition of place in/at/on Prepositions in at on

Usage ----an enclosed space I area a specific location a flat surface

-------

Examples in the world/country in the city/room/town at the bus stop at the intersection at the station at Franklin Street on the table on the Han River on the first floor I level on the wall

Note: In means inside a place or an area, while at refers to the whole place/building/area. · I was~ the shop when he came in. I stopped~ the shop on the way home.

•

@) Common expressions with in I at I on The preposition in/at/on is used to refer to not only a time or place but also a state , condition , rate , etc. Below are some common expressions with in/at/on. Prepositions in

at

on

Expressions --~-------~ in time in a sales event in place in the sales department in a campaign experience in a relevant field at once at a good pace at times at high speed at least at a low price at the latest at 60 miles an hour at regular intervals at your earliest convenience on time on the waiting list on a regular basis on the recommendation of

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. The interchange with the real estate consultant is expected to take place tomorrow afternoon 4:00. (A) on (C) to

(B) at (D) for

--


Examples

"'

l We were late because of the rain . Due to the rise in the cost of fuel , all living expenses will increase.

despite in spite of with all

Despite a poor economy, the shop has been doing well.

for

The club is hosting a party for all its members.

Note: Below are some common expressions w1th the prepos1t1on for. · for your convenience for future use for further information articles for sale acoupon for every $100 . .,

~r

"

.v

·--~_,..:::r,...;._!t·.•~t4:ii',\i::._AC d.,.t,,.,."'

... J #:c:t.i.•~·,._,

1"'

.t

~"..i..,.Jl.,..•.~-;_~

_

,,~

for safety reasons money for supplies -

•_.

,,

,,,_~-1=~-Efu:;,h,.;;:

"'.J.!,:t.;:,(;..,~._.•••. -.;:,_{.,._t."'""

"'"'

@ Prepositions of exception and addition Prepositions

Examples

except (for) excepting aside from apart from

I cleaned all the rooms except (for) the bathroom .

barring without but for

We should arrive at 10 o'clock, barring any unexpected delays. I would have been in real trouble but for your help.

instead of

Use graphics instead of words.

in addition to besides apart from

In addition to the new offices, the building has a coffee house on the fi rst floor. Besides writing summaries , she proofreads all of the professor's work.

--


:::J

a. (")

Q)

Note: A that-clause may also come 1n the position of the direct object of trans1t1ve verbs 1n Structure 4. The landlord informed the tenant that the rent would have to be paid immediately. 1-,·. Informed is a transitive verb in Structure 4 . Its Indirect object is the tenant, and its d1rect object is the that-clause.

'

c:

"'CD

"'

i

@ Prepositions and object pronouns cannot come in the position of a noun clause conjunction. The committee agreed oo the next meeting would take place in Geneva. that ~ The preposition on cannot introduce the noun clause the next meeting would take place in Geneva. The noun clause starting with that must be used . He explained it the contract must be approved at this meeting. that ~ The object pronoun it cannot introduce the noun clause the contract must be approved at this meeting. The noun clause starting with that must be used .

• -


""

04 0

Noun Clauses Introduced by an Interrogative Word

A noun clause may be introduced by the interrogative pronoun who, whose, what, or which that is the subject or object of the noun clause. Hence, the interrogative pronoun starts an incomplete clause. I don't know who typed the letter. What he said was unclear. I don't know which is better.

8

A noun clause may be introduced by the interrogative adjective whose, what, or which both modifying the noun following it and starting the noun clause that comes in the position of the subject or object of the sentence. Hence, the interrogative adjective starts an incomplete clause. I don't know whose car it is. What clubs you are in is not important. The discussion should be about which plan is better.

@) A noun clause may be introduced by the interrogative adverb when, where, how, or why. A

complete clause follows an interrogative adverb. The child will ask when she can start piano lessons. Where I found the book is a secret. You need to practice how you should handle client complaints . The shoppers wondered why the book was so expensive . Note: How go1ng with an adverb or ad1ect1ve starts a noun clause. The clerk w1ll tell me how much money I have to pay. Can you tell me how~eat vegetables? -

e

.

~

' I

~

The noun clause interrogative word + subject + should + verb may be changed to interrogative word+ to-infinitive (phrase). 1 have to decide what to do (= what I should do} first. They don't know when to stop (= when they should stop) . Note: Whether may also come in the position of the interrogative word in front of the to-infinitive (phrase). The director hasn't decided whether to release the report.

Decide which of the choices- (A), (B) , (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. The manager wants to know prepared the employee profiles for the company website, as he finds them unprofessional and inappropriate. (A} how (C) which

(B) that (0} who

2. To make preparations for the event, the caterer asked

many people would be

present at the dinner. (A} about (C) how

(B) concerning (D) what

3. The company's lawyer will know

to do in this situation, so let's make an appointment

to see him. (A) what (C) which

(B) that (D) where Answers: p. 552

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05 0

Noun Clauses Introduced by a Compound Relative Pronoun

A noun clause may be introduced by a compound relative pronoun coming in the position of the subject or object of a sentence. A compound relative pronoun has a double function: it acts as the subject/object in its own clause and it also acts as a conjunction joining its clause to the rest of the sentence. Note that compound relative pronouns usually have no expressed antecedents.

C"> 0

2. c: ::I

whoever(= anyone who) whatever (= anything that)

~

whomever (= anyone whom) whichever (= anything that, anyone who)

c;· ::I

en

"' ::I

Subject Object

0.

Whoever(= Anyone who) answered the phone was very polite. You can select whatever (= anything that) you want.

C">

i'i> c: en

"'en

@ The compound relative pronoun is the subject or object of a noun clause, so an incomplete clause follows the compound relative pronoun. Whoever visits my website is asked for a username. Please choose whichever theme you like . @ The context is the factor that decides whether an interrogative pronoun or a compound relative pronoun must be used.

..,.,.'"' ::t:

Wfte did it was not an amateur. Whoever ~ The sentence refers to anyone who did it, not someone in particular, so whoever is more suitable.

"' ~

_,

0

m

n

Whoever did it was not important. Who ~ The sentence refers to someone in particular, so who is more suitable.

."'"'

c..

::1

"'

I'll take wftieft side you 're not using . whichever ~ The sentence refers to any side that the other person is not using , so whichever is more suitable. I have finally decided on whichever side I should choose . which ~ The sentence means among several sides, I have chosen one specific side, so which is more suitable.

Decide which of the choices- (A), (8), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1.

2. The supervisor reminded us that

needed a certificate of employment for personal reasons should ask for Ms. Simon's assistance.

is said at this very private meeting is confidential and should not leave the room for any reason . (A) Whichever (C) Whenever

(B) Whatever (D) However

(A) who (C) whoever

3.

(B) whenever (D) whomever

team of sales representatives has sold the highest number of units will receive the Team of the Month award . (A) Which (C) Whichever

(B) Some

(D) These Answers : p. 552

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•

Chapter 18 Noun Clauses

199

06 0

Distinguishing between What and That

A clause introduced by what functions as a noun clause, while a that-clause may function as a noun clause, an adjective clause, or an adverb clause in a sentence. It's hard to decide what is right to do. ~ The what-clause is a noun clause which comes in the position of the object of the verb decide.

I knew that there was a shortage of ink cartridges. ~ The that-clause is a noun clause which comes in the position of the object of the verb know . I have a plan that will help you stop smoking. that-clause modifies the noun plan , so it is an adjective clause.

~ The

The movie was so funny that I watched it twice. that-clause following so / such is an adverb clause.

~ The

8

When a what-clause and a that-clause function as a noun clause, what starts an incomplete clause and that starts a complete clause. I want to know what makes you happy. itself is the subject of the noun clause, so it starts an incomplete clause .

~ What

That you need more money is obvious. starts a noun clause, so following it is a complete clause.

~ That

'

TOEIC Questions Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence. 1. As an advertiser, it is absolutely vital to understand most customers expect and want from manufacturers. (A) how (C) what

(B) that (D) whether

'

'

2. lmplementers understand

they cannot use company funds earmarked for project expenses on rest and recreation . (A) about (C) what

(B) it (D) that

3. New computer programs have made it so much easier to store information in databases even a novice can compile one from a given set

of data. (A) that (C) what

(B) there (D) when Answers: p. 552

Hackers Skill

What cannot start an adjective clause (also known as a relative clause) or an adverb clause.

I'm listening to a CD what (- that) came out last week. It was such a lovely day what (- that) it was a pity to get up.

200 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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HACKERS PRACTICE

•• •••••••••

Choose a correct option for each sentence.

01 It is definite (that/what) she will commence with the presentation tomorrow.

02 It is not certain (whose/which) of the representatives will be sent to one of our important clients. 03 Investors are afraid (that/what) the war on terror will cause stock shares to plummet.

04 They questioned her regarding her skills instead of (if /whether) she had the appropriate experience.

05 (Who/Whoever) has an interest in the position of field manager should send a resume to the main office.

06 It is difficult to know (that/what) to expect on the first day of a job. 07 He was of the opinion (that/which) the marketing team needed a new leader.

Identify the noun clause and state its position in each sentence.

• •• • --


Other adverbs or pronouns cannot be used in place of relative adverbs or pronouns which start a relative clause.

c:

"'

"' "'

Fill out the application forms, tftese are available online. which ~ The pronoun those cannot start the relative clause. The relative pronoun which must be used. We often go to a restaurant tftere we can eat hearty meals. where ~ The adverb there cannot start the relative clause . The relative adverb where must be used .

@ It is important to use relative pronouns correctly. Do not confuse a relative pronoun starting a relative clause and a conjunction starting a noun clause. I know the boy wftat broke this fence. who ~ This sentence needs a relative clause to modify the noun the boy, so the relative pronoun who must be used . I know whe the boy did to the fence . what ~ This sentence needs a noun clause to be the object of the verb know, so the noun clause conjunction what must be used.

• --
during the holiday) This is the book about which we talked yesterday. (¢::> talk about)

c en en

"'

• A complete clause follows the structure preposition + relative pronoun . You have a sponsor to whom you must submit a report.

@ Indefinite pronoun one/each all/both

+

of

some/any several

+ relative

pronoun

many I much I most . . half/the rest +of+ relative pronoun (whom/which/whose+ noun)

The program enrolls 20 students. + All of the students are women. - The program enrolls 20 students, and ~ of them are women. - The program enrolls 20 students, ~ of whom are women.

8

Omitting subject relative pronouns The subject relative pronoun in the structure subject relative pronoun + be may be om itted. The place (which was) chosen for the reception is beautiful. I want to know the person (who is) responsible for this mess. The park (which is) around my house is open for day use only. ~ In the above relative clauses, which was , who is, which is may be omitted. Only the key words - the past participle chosen , the adjective responsible , and the prepositional phrase around my house - remain.

Decide which of the choices- (A), (B), (C) , or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. Electronic delivery methods such as e-mail and fax are the most common ways which international communications are made these days. (A) to

(B) for

(C) by

(D) of

2. There were more than 100 graduate students in attendance at our internship fair, many of had prior work experience. (A) who (C) them

(B) whom

(D) that

3. Of the three applicants

for appointment to a managerial position, two have worked in an international setting . (A) eligibility (C) eligibly

(B) eligible (D) eligibleness Answers: p. 552

I

04 0

Relative Adverbs

Different relative adverbs are used depending on the antecedents. Antecedents

Relative adverbs

Time [day, year, time]

when

Reason [the reason]

why

Place [place, building]

where

---'1

Thursday is the last day when classes meet. The place where I had lunch has a great salad bar. The article explains the reason why customers are so indecisive. Note: When how 1s used, there is no antecedent (e.g. the way, the method). I tried to figure out the way I how the machine works. •

8

-:.ro

~ ~

Relative adverbs may be replaced by the structure preposition+ relative pronoun. The conditions where (= in which } the laborers work are unacceptable. The day when (=on which} he proposed to me was the best day of my life.

@) A complete clause follows a relative adverb; an incomplete clause follows a relative pronoun. Tomorrow is the last time when we will be able to see each other before you go. complete clause follows the relative adverb when .

~ The

That is the boy who broke my window . ~ The incomplete clause follows the relative pronoun who .

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. Any person

would like to visit the exhibition must have a written statement of permission from administration. (A) who (C) which

(B) when (D) whose

2. The new shuttle service,

has been operating since last year, serves all of the city's main stopping points. (A) who (C) what

(B) which (D) where

3. She applied to the company

she had previously worked when just out of university. (A) which (C) of which

(B) when (D) where Answers: p. 552

208 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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HACKERS PRACTICE

••• ••• •••

Cl :x> )>

;: ;: )>

:x>

Choose a correct option for each sentence.

(")

0

2 . c::

::::>

01 Mr. Gomez is familiar with Asian culture , (which/they) will help him as the liaison for Hong Kong.

~ c;· ::::>

en

Q)

::::>

c.

02 All applicants (which / who) are waiting in line must have their documents ready.

(")

0

2. c: ::::>

~

c;· ::::>

(I)

""c.::::> C'">

Q;'

c:

(I)

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16 Mr. McKenzie

has been working on the campaign longer than anyone else will take charge of the project. (A) whom (C) who

(B) whose (D) which

19 We are currently seeking a partner firm marketing principles are similar to our own . (A) who (C) whose

(B) which (D) where

17 Only Speedy Shipping offers a variety of delivery options sea transportation. (A) why (C) where

utilize both air and (B) that (D) what

20 An employee

performance during a specified period is satisfactory is entitled to a wage increase based on current pay standards. (A) who (C) whose

(B) whom (D) in which

Part 6 Questions 21-23 refer to the following e-mail.

....

Date: December 8 From: lcollins@squaresystems .com To: [email protected] Re: Press conference

0

m

n

..""

c..

"

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'·· Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1.

the marketing head transfers to Singapore, there will be an open position at the main office. (A) So (C) If

(B) Wherever (D) Whom

2.

.·

the minimum wage has increased in some countries over the past few years, it is still below poverty level in many places. (A) However (C) Whereas

(B) That (D) Despite

3. Customers who hear music on an open telephone line likely to hang up.

(A) to (C) nearby

placed on hold are less (B) as (D) while Answers: p. 552

www.nhantriviet.com

Ch~ntPr

Jn Anw>rh

n~, >

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:;::: :;:::

Below are some common conjunctions in adverb clauses of condition.

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8

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Examples

Conjunctions if

----------------------~ If you would like a confirmation call, please include your phone number.

unless (= if - not)

Let's go to the movies tomorrow, unless you have other plans.

as long as providing I provided (that) on condition that only if

You can use my car as long as you take good care of it. You will get a discount providing you purchase two sets. Refunds are offered only if purchases are returned within two weeks .

in case (that) in the event (that)

We have a back-up speaker in case Mr. Sanchez arrives late. Call a customer representative immediately in the event that your credit card is stolen. In case (that) and in the event (that) are used for saying what will happen in a particular situation.

Below are some common conjunctions in adverb clauses of concession. Conjunctions although, though, even if, even though whereas , while

Examples ----~--------------------~~ Although he prom ised to come early, he was late again. The manager is aggressive , whereas his assistant is soft-spoken . .

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B) , (C) , or (D) - best completes the sentence.

2. The CEO has decided to bring Perry James along on his business trip he is inexperienced and underqualified.

1. The value of the dollar will continue to drop

(A) if (C) although

the American economy undergoes a dramatic revival. (A) unless (C) even

(B) whether (D) or

3.

(B) so (D) because

Please refer to the enclosed manual or call one of our technicians you are unable to fine-tune your device. (A) unless (C) whether

(B) while (D) if Answers: p. 553

•• ••

04 0

Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses of Reason, Purpose, Result, Exception and Others

Below are some common conjunctions in adverb clauses of reason, purpose, and result. Examples

Conjunctions because, as, since now that in that so that, in order that

You should ask Mr. Carter since he is the expert. Now that we are all here, let's begin the meeting. We are different in that you prefer to keep your opinions to yourself.

so/ such - that

Miguel was so tired from studying that he fell asleep in the library. It was such a clear day that we could see the far-off mountains.

He made changes in the presentation so that it could be more easily understood.

8 Except that, but that I have no problem with Daniel except that he never shows up on time.

8 As if, as though, (just) as It seemed as though there was something wrong with Jeff today.

9 Given that, considering (that) It is surprising how well Michael is doing , considering that he only got out of the hospital last week.

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

2.

1. A gathering of all the company's senior managers has been arranged we can discuss problems involving customer dissatisfaction. (B) so that (A) in order (D) such (C) because

A number of our staff were late coming to the office today the eastbound A-train got stuck on the tracks .

(A) if (C) that

3.

(B) because (D) unless

that exports have failed to recover the economy, the government is appealing to corporate entities for help. (A) Considering (C) In case

(B) Even so (D) Unless Answers : p. 553

216 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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05 0

Compound Relative Adverbs/ Pronouns

An adverb clause may also be introduced by a compound relative adverb. whenever(= at any time when, no matter when) wherever (=at any place where, no matter where) however (= by whatever means, no matter how)

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0

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We were greeted with smiles wherever (= at any place where) we went in that small town . You can visit our office whenever (= no matter when) you want. However (= No matter how) much that house is, I'm willing to pay the price. ~ In case however means no matter how, it can be replaced by the structure however+ adjective/adverb+ subject + verb .

8

The compound relative pronouns whoever, whatever, whichever may also start an adverb clause. whoever (= no matter who) whatever (= no matter what) whichever ( = no matter which) Whoever(= No matter who) calls on the phone, tell them I'm coming back from my trip tomorrow. cf. Whatever we have to do is alright with me. ~ In this sentence, whatever starts the noun clause as the subject of the sentence. Compound relative pronoun s are presented in Chapter 18 - Noun Clau ses .

Decide wh ich of the choices - (A), (B), (C) , or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. We at Grayson Automotive would appreciate it if you would fill out th is service evaluation it is conven ient for you . (A) whichever (C) whenever

(B) whoever (D) whatever

2.

much your company is paying you , I can guarantee twice that salary if you work for us. (A) Whatever (C) Whichever

(B) However (D) Whenever

3. Electronic communications make it possible to do business you are in the world , whether in or out of the country. (A) whenever (C) wherever

(B) whomever (D) whatever Answers: p. 553

en

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•

06 0

Adverb Clause Conjunctions vs. Prepositions

Below are some adverb clause conjunctions and prepositions that may easily cause confusion. Meanings

8

Adverb clause conjunctions

Prepositions

Time

when while by the time, until after, before once, as soon as since

in, at during by, until following, after, before on/upon + V-ing since

Condition

unless in case (that), in the event (that)

without in case of, in the event of

Concession

although, even though, while

despite, in spite of because of, due to

Reason

because, as, since

Purpose

so that, in order that

so as to /in order to + V

Exception

except that, but that

except (for), but (for)

Others

given that, considering (that) whether as if, as though as

given, considering regardless of like as

An adverb clause conjunction starts a clause, while a preposition comes before a noun or noun phrase. The meeting was postponed because Mr. Stanley had urgent business to attend to. The meeting was postponed because of urgent matters. ~ The adverb clause conjunction because starts the clause , while the preposition because of comes before the noun phrase urgent matters. Note: A connecting adverb cannot start an adverb clause, but an adverb clause conjunction can. We will lose this client otherwise (- unless) we can get the shipment in on t1me.

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

2. Housing prices stabilized

interest rates on mortgages rose sharply due to the overall economic fluctuation.

1. Our office can begin filling out the order

(A) during (C) while

the completed request form and instructions are sent via fax. (A) once (C) upon

(B) just (D) still

3.

(B) in add ition (D) meantime

the company has been selling the same product for thirty years, it is still popular with consumers all over the country. (A) In spite of (C) Therefore

(B) Nevertheless (D) Although Answers: p. 553

HACKERS PRACTICE

••••••••••••

Choose a correct option for each sentence.

(""")

0

2 . c: :::1

~

01 (As/ For) my car broke down, I missed the meeting.

o·

:::1 (/)

"'c. :::1

02 (Also/ Although) his opportunities are wide open, he'd like to stay with the small company.

(""")

iii' c: (/)

"' (/)

03 We can't confirm your order (until/while) you provide a transaction receipt. 04 (Even though/In spite of) the restaurant is always crowded, people still wait in line to be able to get a table .

05 Please provide an e-mail address with unlimited storage (therefore/in case) we have to send large files.

06 The library will be open to the public by February (so/if) the remodeling is completed before the second week of January.

•

07 Mr. Anderson has been given his own office (so that/hence) he can work in peace. -< 0

m

Decide whether each of the sentences below is correct or incorrect. If it is correct, write "correct"; if it is incorrect, point out the mistake(s) and provide (a) correction(s).

n

"' "'"'a. "

"'

Hi Frank, Please note that beginning August 15, Pantheon Furni ture

a policy change ensuring our

21 (A) implements (C) will implement

(B) have implemented (D) implemented

customers that any item they buy from our warehouse is of excellent quality. From that date, most the merchandise can be returned within three months. A full refund will be guaranteed , 22 (A) provided (C) while

(B) once (D) though

item being returned does not show any sign of damage or overuse. We have written up specific guidelines as to what merchandise is covered by the poli cy adjustment. We request all supervisors policy and take steps to ensure that it will be complied with . to inform their staff of the 23 (A) close (C) new

(B) modern (D) nearest

Barbara Answers: p. 553 A

0

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__

...__:,.~_

...

--

••

222

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Section 6 Special Structures Chapter 21 -Comparison Chapter 22 - Parallelism, Inversion

Basic Points

Comparison is used to say how things or people are similar and how they are different. There are three types of comparison. The comparison of equality is used to compare two people or things that are equal in quantity or characteristics. Peter is as old as John . The comparative is used to compare two people or things that are not equal in quantity or characteristics. Peter is older than John. The superlative is used to indicate that one person or thing has the highest degree of quantity or characteristics when compared with the whole group . Peter is the oldest man in the band . In these examples, different structures with the adjective old are shown. Generally, adjectives and adverbs can be used in comparison .

An adjective or adverb has different forms in the comparison of equality, the comparative, and the superlative. For an adjective/adverb that consists of only one syllable, or two syllables ending in -er, -y , -ow, -some, the comparisons are as follows . Comparison of equality

Comparative (adjective I adverb + -er)

Superlative (the + adjective I adverb + -est)

old clever

older cleverer

the oldest the cleverest

For an adjective/adverb that consists of two syllables ending in -able, -ful, -ous , -ive, or more than two syllables, the comparisons are as follows. Comparison of equality

Comparative (more + adjective I adverb)

Superlative (the+ most+ adjective/adverb)

useful important

more useful more important

the most useful the most important

Below are some irregular adjectives / adverbs in comparison. Comparison of equality

Comparative

Superlative

good/well bad/badly many / much little late

better worse more less later I latter

the the the the the

best worst most least latest/last

01 0

Comparison of Equality C\

The comparison of equality is used to compare two people or things that are equal in quantity or characteristics. The structure is as+ adjective/adverb+ as.

"'

)>

;:: ;:: )>

"'

Her hair was as black as coal. The order was shipped as quickly as possible to the customer.

@ A quantifier must be used in the comparison of equality in the structure as+ many/much/few/ little + noun + as. a~otato chips as you did. many Please complete a~formation as possible. much +- The quantifier many I much must be used before the nouns in the comparison of equality because the structure as + noun + as is incorrect.

I ate

@) Another form of the comparison of equality is the structure the same (+ noun) + as. Nelly has the same dress as I do. Nelly's dress is the same as mine.

e

Some adverbs that can modify adjectives or adverbs in the comparison of equality are nearly, almost, just. The book, the second in a series, is nearly as exciting as the first.

TOEIC Questions Decide which of the choices- (A), (B), (C), or (D) - best completes the sentence.

1. Management has decided to rotate workers to keep the assembly line running as possible.

(A) efficiency (C) more efficient

(B) efficiently (D) efficient

as

2. Studies have proven that laborers work twice hours on average as skilled professionals in any field. (A) much (C) as many

(B) more (D) more than

3. In order to serve you best, we ask that you take the time to fill out our questionnaire in detail as possible. (A) as (C) as much

(B) more (D) many Answers: p. 553

•

02 0

Comparative

The comparative is used when two people or things are compared. The structure is comparative form of adjective/adverb+ than. Last month's test was harder than this one is. She acted more cleverly than usual. cf. The lesson we took up in class today was ftaft:ief. hard ~ When there is only one person or thing , the comparative cannot be used .

.

:r' ·,· •

.

"'';~~ch·

;:: )>

15 The more

18 Orders are filtered to separate departments

a camera is, the more the customers are willing to spend on the features that it provides. (A) sophisticate (C) sophisticating

when they arrive given to the shipping personnel right away. (A) than (C) rather as

(B) sophisticated (D) sophistication

(B) rather (D) rather than

19 This is to remind you that employees are

16 Commercial businesses are pleased that with

required to submit personal information changes to the administrative department than December 20.

the current state government, taxes have been lower than they are now. (A) quite (C) anything

"'

(B) none (D) never

(A) no more (C) no later

(B) no less (D) no longer

17 In determining whether to close a bank branch ,

20 All persons who wish to register for the Skills

the impact on the majority of community important factor. members is the (A) very (C) much

in Marketing Workshop must sign up at the main office possible.

(B) most (D) mostly

(A) as soon as (C) as much as

(B) as long as (D) as many as

Part 6 Questions 21-23 refer to the following e-mail.

• .... 0

Date: August 12 From : [email protected] To: [email protected] Re : Your trip to Spain

m

n

.."'"'

a. =>

"

0..

08 Mr. Richardson is giving hope and encourage to our staff.

09 Motorists must stay on the right side of the road and in single file . 10 Have Annie prepared better, she could have given an excellent presentation. 11 Both technical train and on-site experience are required for this position. 12 Henry often stops outside his door and turn around to get his briefcase. 13 The company promises incomparable customer support and satisfactory for all its products. 14 Mr. Lang's team works more diligently than Mr. Ford's team does.

Answers: p. 554

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Chapter 22 Parallelism, Inversion - 235

HA CK ERS

T EST

(9 Time limit: 11 minutes

Part 5 01 Companies looking for

and competent staff may find it difficult to do so, especially when economic expansion leaves only the less qualified job seekers. (A) experience (C) experiences

08 Had the synopsis earlier, we might have been able to include Mr. Roberson 's proposal in our evaluation. (A) deliver (C) be delivered

(B) experienced (D) experiencing

(B) delivered (D) been delivered

09 The department store has put out an advertisement announcing that it will hold a one-week sale on and business clothing .

02 Patricia Wells applied for a transfer as soon as the branch in Honolulu opened , did some of her co-workers . (A) as (C) also

03 Please sign the last page of the rental agreement and (A) initiate (C) initial

(A) leisure (C) leisured

(B) too (D) thus

10 The plan will be redesigned both to shorten project duration and

all the other pages.

(A) simplified (C) simplifies

(B) initialize (D) initiation

04 Applications that do not have the required

(A) profits (C) profit

12 regarding design and layout are both creative and (A) originally (C) origin

06

(B) originality (D) original

(B) Either (D) Rarely

07 The resume workshop teaches young professionals how to display their and skills using sophisticated language and attractive formatting . (A) educate (C) education

236 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

(B) profitably (D) profitable

have department stores seen such a decrease in sales of swimwear during the long hot months of July and August. (A) Ever (C) Although

(B) Even (D) Seldom

13 Make sure to call the office immediately should

has the price of gasoline been higher than it is now. (A) Ever (C) Neither

(B) to simplify (D) simplifying

not only become popular but is also across the globe.

(B) however (D) only

05 We are seeking applicants whose ideas

implementation .

11 Thanks to the Internet, digital music has

documents will not be considered, and will those that lack a clear career objective. (A) also (C) neither

(B) leisurely (D) at leisure

(B) educated (D) educational

have any problems accessing your bank account. (A) you (C) yours

(B) your (D) yourself

14 The manufacturer is not responsible for injuries or harm caused by wrong use of the product, will they replace products broken by misuse . (A) or

(B) nor

(C) and

(D) but

www.nhantriviet.com

Cl )> "'

!:::: !:::: )>

15 Without sufficient contacts, finding an ideal

18 The Entrepreneur's Dream Internet cafe has

a good apartment can location and be a time-consuming effort.

collection of information available the on how to start your own business.

(A) to rent (C) renting

(A) wide (C) more widely

(B) rent (D) rented

16 If you want to register to become one of our subscribers, fill in this information form . (A) quick (C) quicker

and simple (B) quickly (D) quickest

sales figures begun to show some growth in comparison to last month's total revenue . (A) has (C) have

(B) been (D) are

(B) widely (D) widest

19 More and more individuals are turning to alternative therapies to treat a host of ailments and pain. (A) relieve (C) relieved

17 Only lately

(B) relieves (D) relieving

20 With the marketing manager's impending resignation, an opening for a highly and financially driven individual is now being advertised. (A) motivate (C) motivating

(B) motivation (D) motivated

Part 6 Questions 21-23 refer to the following e-mail. To : Donna Reynolds From : Tim Shaw Subject: Mentoring System Donna, I am sure you have heard something about the company's mentoring system for employees who need guidance and assistance. The other managers and I have been selecting mentors, and we would like you to be a participant in the program for new hires. As you may be aware, the program is designed to accelerate the process . Those who partake in the project must be willing 21 (A) interviewing (B) training (C) hiring (D) application to set aside time for the employees assigned to them . Mentors will be assigned to new employees in their respective departments so that it will be easier for them to provide information , assistance and 22 (A) suggest (C) to suggest

(B) suggesting (D) suggestions

We certainly hope that you will be willing to take part in this new system . By volunteering, you will be giving valuable help your co-workers. 23 (A) on (C) to

(B) from (D) along Answers : p. 554

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"'

Chapter 22 Parallelism, Inversion

237

•

238

Features o Business-related vocabulary TOEIC is an English test which measures the everyday English skills of non-native people working in an international environment. Therefore, TOEIC questions center round business, commerce, and industry. Vocabulary items in the TOEIC test also involve business-related settings and situations. o Meaning and usage Questions on vocabulary in the TOEIC test not only check lexical meanings but also grammatical usage of lexis. It is, hence, important for examinees to understand not only the meaning but also the usage of business-oriented English vocabulary.

Testing Points Questions on vocabulary in the TOEIC test may be divided into three major types : collocations, content words, and content words with similar meaning. In this book, these types have been categorized and lists of lexical items that are frequently tested are provided . • Collocations: There are gap-fill questions in which one part of words that often go together, known

as collocations or word partnership, is missing . Examinees are required to select one of the given options which best completes the gap to form a correct collocation. • Content words of the same part of speech: There are also gap-fill questions in which gapped state-

ments together with the four words of the same part of speech are given . Examinees are required to select one of the given options which best completes the gap, based on the meaning of the option in the statement. • Content words with similar or different meanings: There are also gap-fill questions in which gapped

statements together with the four options are given. Examinees are required to select one of the given options which best completes the gap, based on the meanings of content words .

Question Percentage Below are the two pie charts showing the percentage of TOEIC questions, based on vocabulary aspects of meaning and parts of speech.

Content words with different meanings 6%

Adverbs 17% ------._

•

Verbs 30%

ocations 20%

Content words with similar meanings 74%

[Based on aspects of meaning]

240

Adjectives 25%

[Based on parts of speech]

•

Test-Taking Strategies Step 1: Look at the four options given to see whether it is a vocabulary question. A certain question may contain fou r options of the same part of speech but different in meaning , for example : respective , innovative, impressive, noble (adjectives). Looking at these fou r options , you can conclude that this is a vocabulary question .

Step 2: Select the correct answer choice by looking at the words around the gap and understanding the meaning of the whole statement or the whole text. • If one part of a collocation is missing , just select the missing part from the four options given . • In case the question does not involve a collocation , find out the meaning of the statement by translation in order to be able to select the most appropriate answer choice. Once more than one possible option have been identified, decide the correct option by looking for the key words in the statement. • For the text completion questions in Part 6, you should not on ly look for the key words around the gaps but also understand the meaning of the whole text to be able to select the best options .

Part 5: Example Before installing any programs, computer technicians should check the installation guide to see whether it is computer's system .

with the

The four options are all adjectives but they differ in meaning. Step 2: Select the correct answer choice by looking at the words around the gap and understanding the meaning of the whole statement.

(A) undeniable (B) amenable

As there is the preposition with after the gap, so compatible is the best option to form the collocation.

Part 6: Example Dear Bryan Seacrest, Thank you for filling out our survey during your recent

(A) (B) (C) (D)

appointment. travel stay break

with us. We value all of our customers' comments and suggeslions. We also consider them necessary for helping us to improve our accommodation.

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Step 1: Look at the four options given and decide this is a vocabulary question.

Step 1: Look at the four options given and decide this is a vocabulary question. The four options are all nouns but they differ in meaning. Step 2: Select the correct answer choice by looking at the words around the gap and understanding the meaning of the whole statement or the whole text. As this does not involve a collocation, you need to resort to translation to understand the meaning of the whole text. Skimming through the text, you can identify our accommodation as the key words, so stay must be the correct answer choice.

241

242

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Section 1

Collocations Chapter 01 -Collocations with Prepositions Chapter 02 - Collocations with Adjectives Chapter 03 - Collocations with Verbs (1) Chapter 04 - Collocations with Verbs (2) Chapter 05 - Collocations with Nouns Chapter 06 - Other Collocations

A collocation is a combination of two or more words that often go together. Native speakers of English often use them to make their language more natural and more easily understood . It is essential for you to treat collocations as single blocks of language and learn them in chunks. You could learn them by topic , such as time, number, weather, money, family, etc ., or by a particular word , e.g. take action , take a chance , take an exam . In this way , you can easily choose the right answers to questions of vocabulary in the TOEIC test.

Question Type and Useful Tips This type of question requires examinees to choose either a preposition or a noun to form a correct collocation . 1. First, look for the preposition or noun given before or after the gap. Then , choose an option that forms a collocation.

2. Next, put it into the whole sentence to see if it suits the context and the meaning of the sentence. Last, decide the answer choice .

Requests for vacation time must be submitted (A) at (B) of (C) in (D) on

writing at least two weeks in advance.

request [rikwestl I submit [sabmit] I in advance Answer: (C)

Morris Marina, the head of the small business software division , will be traveling to New Mexico tomorrow to attend a conference. As he will be gone for the whole of next week, he , Hillman Avenger, to be in charge of the division's business has designated his next in (A) order (C) demand

(B) command (D) advance

during his absence. division [divi3anll in command I absence I

c: "" ,...)>

""-< 05 prices comparable ~ ~~ those of competitors

•

06 The new model is ~ =~~:~~~nal to the previous one.

07 be consistent ~ ~~th the company's code of ethics . o made 08 pillows 0 selected of 100 percent cotton 0 from

09 be absent 0 to

--


PharmaMed has emerged as a new force in the pharmaceutical market.

36

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-< "'

interpret indulge indicate induce

03 The building owner generally does not tenants to make renovations in their units. (A) (B) (C) (D)

permit commit transm it submit

04 A group of environmentalists

concerns about recent drastic environmental change including temperature increases in Northern Canada and Russia .

(A) (B) (C) (D)

requested left understood addressed

05 In order to

traffic on the roads, the Ministry of Transportation has begun a campaign to encourage individuals to use public transportation. (A) (B) (C) (D)

alleviate assist deteriorate remove

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08 The annual office equipment convention will be on May 7 in Barcelona, so those wishing to attend must file a request with the office manager. (A) held (B) offered (C) stayed (D) referred

09 Residents can

the permit by downloading the form from the website and submitting the completed form to City Hall. (A) (B) (C) (D)

....

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c.

tear enhance restore obtain

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10 Your subscription to any of our online newsletters can be at any time simply by submitting a request for cancellation by e-mail. (A) (B) (C) (D)

•

terminated exterminated eliminated finished

Chapter 07 Verbs - 289

11 The clinic will

you the results of your medical exam once it has received them from the laboratory. (A) (B) (C) (D)

retain forward submit develop

12 The shareholders will

this afternoon to finalize resolutions on the use of the company's net income and the payment of year-end dividends. (A) (B) (C) (D)

accompany confide convene facilitate

16 The client was satisfied with the new curtains , but she requested that the length be so that they would not touch the floor. (A) (B) (C) (D)

qualified diversified widened altered

17 Our financial adviser

that investments in new projects will increase as a result of lower bank interest rates. (A) (B) (C) (D)

predicts ponders questions releases

18 The installation of the new security software

13 To

a larger percent of the market share in cellular phones, OneWorld is attempting to appeal to a wider audience.

was delayed because of a technical problem that while technicians were testing the system .

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) (B) (C) (D)

produce inflate spread acquire

14 All companies wishing to set up displays at the trade fair in Milan must make sure their the size of a standard exhibits do not showroom . (A) (B) (C) (D)

exist prevent delay exceed

15 I am writing to

my attendance at the Symposium on Medical Technologies to be held next weekend . (A) contact (B) confront (C) confirm (D) contend

290 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

revealed emerged acted occupied

19 Please do not

the first part of the form from the second , or it will be invalid . (A) (B) (C) (D)

correspond write detach withdraw

20 You need to enough money to cover the balance of the bills to pay your bills through your account. (A) (B) (C) (D)

amount deposit coin lend

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Part 6 Questions 21-23 refer to the following notice.

Chicago Classical Music Hall Additional Information Regarding Ticketing This year we have added ten additional shows to the classical concert series. There has been an overwhelming demand for tickets , and with only limited seating capacity available for each performance , those interested are urged to make reservations in advance.


03

receipt [risi:t]

All tax forms submitted to the accounting office will be kept on file for five years from the date of receipt.

04

10 precaution

[prik5:.fanl

take precautions to + bare infinitive

Although we take every precaution to make sure that all deliveries arrive in good condition , accidents occasionally occur.

brochure [broufU.rl

Delvian Industries launched a direct-mail advertising campaign which includes colorful brochures of their new kitchen appliances.

11

itinerary [aitlnereri]

it inerary = schedule / timetable

The itinerary for Dr. Black's trip includes visits to both Shanghai and Osaka.

os issue [ifu:] The interview with Velorek Corporation's CEO will be printed in the next issue of the financial magazine.

o6 delegation

12 hospitality

-----~----------~~~

I'd like to thank you for the hospitality extended to me during my visit.

13 stance

[stams]

stance = position

~--------------------~

review [rivjti:]

·····-··-'--·-.6.-:- ._ .... -

-
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32 Some studies suggest that S + V.

-
"'-


o6 key [ki:J key elements key issues

Following the presentation on key corporate tax laws, there will be a question and answer period.

01 subsequent [s.Absikwant]

Business was slow during the first year of the restaurant, but it attracted more customers in subsequent years.

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13 unprecedented [.An{>resad(mtidl unprecedented event unprecedented disaster

----~--~--------~

Record sales by such a small firm are unprecedented.

14 promising [pramisiiJ] a promising youth

----------------~

Job opportunities for new graduates will be more promising than before.

Chapter 09 Adjectives - 303

""

15 tentative

[tentativ]

tentative = provisional : not certain

The release date for the new product is still considered tentative.

16 respective

22 affordable

Today's personal computers are affordable and accessible to most people .

[rispektiv]

respective : relating or belonging separately to each of the people or things you have just mentioned Do not confuse it with respectful , which means having admiration for someone / something.

All images on this web page are the property of their respective illustrators.

23

defective [difektivl

This adjective describes something that has a fault or does not work correctly.

annual [renju .::;;,a;;;._;l'-'--l-----~----'

annual report annual salary

Those interested should register for the annual conference by next week.

24

11

[af5:rdabll

Affordable does not refer to a high or low price but the price at which people can be able to buy.

available [aveilabll

A (a product) is available to B (a user).

Savings options are available to all customers of the American First Bank.

Store owners are offering refunds on all defective merchandise. 25

18 insecure

[insikjuarJ

Department store sales have decreased , as shoppers feel insecure about the current economy.

19 illegible

[iled3ahl_,_ l _ _ _ _ _ _~-

illegible handwriting

Because of a printing mistake, the documents are illegible.

20 enviable

[enviabl]

Mr. Brown has not only enviable sales record but more than twenty years of marketing experience .

21

alert

consecutive [kansekjutivl

for the + ordinal number + consecutive year: during a period of time without interruption

ATLP announced that its stock value had risen for the fifth consecutive year.

26

unwavering [.\nweivari!Jl

Ecolife has joined local environmental groups to declare their unwavering commitment to protecting the river from illegal waste disposal.

diverse [diva:r.:::.s_,l___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __... diverse = various 21

Recent hires reflected the company's goal to have a diverse workforce.

[;)la:rtl _~~~~---------= 28

substantial [sabstrenJal]

alert = attentive be alert to + bare infinitive

substantial: large in size I value I importance

Our team supervisor was alert enough to spot the errors in the report.

The company has invested a substantial amount of capital into its new projects.

304 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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29 liable [laiabll be liable to + bare infinitive

33 unclaimed [A.nkleimd]

= be likely to + bare infinitive

During an economic crisis , many small businesses are liable to fail.

Unclaimed refers to things / objects that nobody has claimed as belonging to them .

The airport introduced new security procedures for unclaimed baggage.

30 chronological lkranal6d3ikal] The newspaper listed the events in chronological order.

34 durable [djuarabl] All Playtoy products are strong and durable and are made out of non-toxic materials for your child's protection.

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31 overdue [ouvardju:] overdue: not done when expected a period of time + overdue

The books he had borrowed were two days overdue.

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35 eligible [elid3ahll

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24 the reserved room

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11 (A) formerly

c: "' ;;: "'-
CD

c );

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:g] catalog : a book with a list of all the items that you can buy or look at

The admission ticket included a catalog of all the works shown in the exhibition.

fare [fear] taxi fare

Can you estimate the cab fare from 5th Avenue to 42nd Street?

fee [fi:J an admission fee

The admission fee for ch ildren under eight years of age is half price.

survey [sa:rvei] survey: an examination of opinions / behavior made by asking people questions

The magazine conducted a survey to obtain reader feedback.

research [risa:rtJ] research : a detailed study of a subject in order to discover information

The latest advertising strategy took into account the most recent market research findings.

330 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

\A/\Ail••

.,..l.---L • •

1s residence vs. venue

material vs. ingredient --~~----' material [matiarial]

residence [rezadans]

A commonly used material in power transmission lines is alum inum .

Delegates are invited to visit the official residence of the Prime Minister.

13

ingredient [ingri:diant]

venue [venju:]

the ingredients of a cake

venue : the place where an event or meeting takes place

There are on ly five ingredients in this simple recipe for soup .

Event coordinators selected the Greyson Exhibition Hall as the official venue.

tour: a short visit to a place when travelling, or a visit to a factory , a public place when studying give A a tour of 8

value: the amount of money which can be received for something


"'

HA C K E R S

T EST

(9 Time limit: 7 minutes

Part 5 01 A(n)

conducted by a research center revealed that the majority of online shoppers are educated and have an annual household income of $50,000. (A) (B) (C) (D)

survey summary addition copy

06 To prevent loss of information, staff members make it a documents. (A) (B) (C) (D)

to copy all important

tradition hobby habit convention

07 A more detailed 02 The International Chamber of Commerce recently announced that there was an increasing for online payment services among consumers . (A) (B) (C) (D)

choice preference promotion reaction

of our new office machines is available in our product catalog. (A) (B) (C) (D)

confirmation description inquiry information

08 The driver of the blue sedan received a heavy for deliberately driving through a red light.

03 Mr. Powell, the new researcher, has requested to the company's archives to retrieve the information he needs for a feasibility study. (A) (B) (C) (D)

entrance pass access approach

04 The laboratory's

findings showed that the new line of cosmetics for Dawson Beauty Products were environmentally friendly. (A) (B) (C) (D)

survey question response research

05 The customer services staff at Radcliffe Department Store spends a large of its time dealing with customers' complaints . (A) (B) (C) (D)

332

(A) (B) (C) (D)

fee fine damage dismissal

09 The owner purchased ten thousand dollars' of party favors for the grand opening of his posh new restaurant. (A) (B) (C) (D)

much value cost worth

10 Market trends are a good

that this will be an ideal year for investments in all sectors of the market. (A) (B) (C) (D)

record show indication specification

size section proportion number

Hackers TOEIC Reading

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Part 6 Questions 11 -13 refer to th e following letter.

Mark Walter 52 Southern Avenue Great Falls, Montana 86503

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Dear Mr. Walter,

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Tenants must report any problems with rodents and bugs. We have a contract with a pest control vendor who will examine your apartment unit and make recommendations. Tenants may book an appointment with our vendor at no charge. I

(A) Tenants should hire the services of a pest control vendor. (B) Tenants can schedule a time and date for inspection .

11

Mark your calendars for Saturday, March 23, when a large benefit dinner will be held at the city's convention center. The event is sponsored by Branding Consultancy, a marketing company in Hollywood. (A) A company based in Hollywood has supported Branding Consultancy. (B) Branding Consultancy has funded and organized a gathering.

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Q. What is stated about Cascade's T RAX?

(A) It was started by David Fliers. (B) It is aimed at consumers in their teens and early twenties. (C) Its sales have met the CEO's expectations.

•••••••••••••••••••• Paraphrasing Practice Choose a correct rephrased statement for each reading passage.

04

We are holding a job opportunities information session for university senior students and new graduates. This is a one-day session scheduled for May 25. Registration is not required, but attendees will be accepted on a first-come, first-served basis only. (A) Only university students may attend the session. (B) Limited seating is available for participants.

05

The Bergerson Industries Corporation will be relocating its factory to the east side of the city. Roger Bergerson, sole proprietor, said the transfer will facilitate delivery of materials to the warehouse .

.

(A) Roger Bergerson is the owner of the company. (B) Roger Bergerson is the company spokesman.

06

Do you find dust balls under your dresser and bed even if you've already swept the floor? Our new Whoosh vacuum cleaners are so powerful that floors, carpets, and even curtains can become spotless in just a few minutes. (A) The Whoosh vacuum cleaner can make draperies clean. {B) There's no need to sweep the floor again after you've used Whoosh .

07

The governor's travel schedule tomorrow includes a stopover at Lincoln, Nebraska, where he intends to deliver a speech on his plans to run for a second term. The talk will be delivered at the Lincoln Chamber of Commerce. {A) The governor will talk about issues on commerce. {B) The governor will discuss his plans for re-election.

362 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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.. _..... _

• •••••••••••••••• • 08

From 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m ., the prices of children's bicycles at the Mega Bike Shop will be marked down by as much as 20 to 25 percent! I

'

(A) The store is selling all bicycles at marked-down prices. (B) The store will hold a sale on select items.

09

The Carmichael Group, Inc. said that plans for the construction of a 450-million-dollar office building had been approved but that work on the building would not proceed until investors provide the initial outlay needed. (A) Construction will begin when financial backing is given. (B) The Carmichael Group will invest in the building when the plans are finalized.

10

The owner of the building was informed that renovations are needed to meet the accessibility require. ments of workers with disabilities. One important change mentioned is the installation of suitable door handles on all building entrances. !

I

•

(A) Properly installed doors are needed at all building entrances. (B) Renovations will enable disabled workers to reach door handles.

11

Write to Home Remodelmg Contractors for a home remodeling guide. Aside from home reconstruction ideas and plans, the guide includes a picture catalog for every room in your house. You can also get a free quote on any room you want to remodel.

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(A) The company gives a free estimate.

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(B) The guide is free for customers.

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HA C K ERS

T EST

G Time limit: 2 minutes

Question 01 refers to the following notice.

Taxi Service Guidelines - A Reminder for all Travelers The following are guidelines for passengers in taxi cabs: Riders should be aware that cab drivers cannot refuse to provide taxi service based on the distance of the trip. Additionally, the meter must be turned on when the service begins. The taxi driver cannot charge you more than what is indicated on the meter. The only exception to this is a trip to or from the airport. There is a flat charge of $21 for airport service. You will not be charged extra for additional passengers, but having more than four passengers in the vehicle is considered illegal. Hence, do not expect a cab driver to accept the fifth passenger. Credit cards are accepted by most cab drivers. Cab drivers are not allowed to play their own music or smoke in their cabs. Passengers are also prohibited from smoking. Tipping is appreciated. An appropriate tip for satisfactory service is 10 percent of the total fee. However, the amount of tip is left to the discretion of the customer. If you experience any problems, report the taxi number, license plate, and driver's name to the National Taxi Association. Thank you for cooperation and patronage.

01 What is NOT stated as a taxi regulation? (A) (B) (C) (D)

People in the taxi can't smoke cigarettes. Drivers are obligated to take riders regardless of distance. All fees and charges must be paid in cash . The maximum capacity is four people.

Questions 02-03 refer to the following advertisement and e-mail.

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To: Frank Wright, Downtown Real Estate From: Harry Dixon, Maxx Finance Dear Mr. Wright: Thank you for showing us around the office space yesterday. I was impressed with the building and the facilities, especially the state-of-the-art security system . However, there are a few changes we would like to have made to the contract. To begin with, we would like to extend the term of the contract to two years, repaint the interior in our company's signature color of pale blue, and attach some signage to the wall in the reception area . Secondly, it's our understanding that the cost of installation of dividing walls is usually met by the building owner, so we would like this part of the contract to be changed too. Sincerely,

• --


0

;,·_·.:f.~lfi~;~~T$~~~!.8~~~;~t~ii;:i:(J~:~;{~:.;B]~r;·j/A~.:f~ ;f:~.~;}'t';.:f>,:;i"f.r·-· :~:~~~~r_~.!.•-·;:'· .· :._·~-..·~: ·.•.:';_~-.~ 4~r·'~0-i·.··. _:•·-~ 1

?;, •.. ::17rorri:cJv\ich. aei ~;~ Du::.~ Executil/e!Wi r~ctor, ,~ LiqiJ id ! ;Nitro•~ l nc •·ti~ : !·~ .. :t..J•- : --· .. .u-.• ;··!· £·'···

D}ar John, .'h·• .. •• 1: s'aw this information' yesterday and am quite concerned about

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?_9f ,~ ~fe ·wh~t~er ~-·

:i)·~~{

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say the least. · AH.:l

th~s~ fin~_i,_ ?gs sin~e

c~n't. ~~;fi

point, .1 :r11 ';IV. should really trust we r·.:.sure that the survey was conducted systematically. However, based on these results, vve t~~ [.~:· di~n't compare •.fa~orabJy to mostl other main brands at all. 1 thi~l

43

face the competition

® defeat

@confront

:z

44

a thorough search for missing luggage

®complete

@random

45

suspend his decision

® postpone

@defend

46

accrue interest at 12 percent per annum

®pay

@accumulate

"'a· ~

47

women's apparel production

® garment

@jewelry

"'

48

affect the economic state

® influence

@pretend

49

be anxious to begin the new project

® hesitant

@eager

50

a drop in industrial output

®profit

@ production

51

relieve his heavy workload

®alleviate

@endure

52

a supermarket patron

® supporter

@customer

53

The task entails much stress.

® involves

@causes

."

54

as a consequence of the decision

® result

@objective

.....

55

aggravate the downturn in economic activity

® intensify

@extend

n

56

the provision in the contract

®clause

@supply

57

outstanding natural beauty

® exceptional

@excessive

58

a nice spot for a picnic

® destination

@place

59

There was a lot of speculation about the new design .

® conjecture

@configuration

60

surpass everyone's expectations

® exceed

@increase

0 C)

-:g]

merchandise [ma:rtfandaiz]

charge [tJo:rd3l client [klaiant]

net price

commodity [kam6dati]

outlet [a utlet]

discount [dfskaunt]

purchase order retailer [ri:teilar] stock [stok]

distribution [distrabjti:fan]

supplier [saplaiar]

goods [gudz]

transport [tramsp:'>:rt]

inventory [fnvant?>:ri]

warehouse [weahaus]

customer [kAstamar]

@ Banking, Finance account [akaunt]

endorse [ind:'>:rs]

bank statement bounced check cardholder [k6 :rdhbuldar]

insurance [inftiarans] insurance policy interest [fntarist]

cash a check

loan [loun]

checking account collection notice

mortgage [m:'>:rgid3l outstanding balance

credit [kredit]

overdraw [ouvardr:'>:]

creditor [kreditar]

overdue [ouvardjti:]

debit card debt [det]

premium [pri:miam]

deduct [did.Akt]

transaction record

delinquent [dilfr]kwant]

utility bill wire [waiar]

deposit [dip6zit]

savings account

due date

8

Accommodation building [bfldii)]

outskirts [autska:rts]

cozy [k6uzi]

parlor [p6:rlar]

demolition [demalifan] dweller [dwelar] estimate [estamit] evacuate [ivffikjueit]

premises [premisiz]

furnished [fa:rnift]

residence [rezidans]

garage [gar6:d3l inhabitant [inhffi bitant]

spacious [speifas]

landlord [lffindhrd]

tenant [tenant]

lease [li:s] let [let] occupant [6kjapant]

tenure [tenjuar] vacant [veikant] valuation [vreljueifan]

386 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

real estate remote [rim6ut] rent [rent]

storage room

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•••••••• ••

HACKERS PRAC TI CE • Reading Practice

Read the following passages and choose the best answer to each question given .

01

July 7 Samantha Chan 220 Lake Road Wilkes-Barre, PA Dear Ms. Chan, Based on our initial interview, we are proceeding with the prefabrication of the ceiling. However, our representative will need to sit down with you to discuss the details of your renovations, in particular, the kitchen, bedrooms and bathroom. We can begin renovations next month and expect them to take a total of three months.

Q. When is the construction expected to start? (A) In July (B) In August (C) In November

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02

· Thank you for your interest in our travel club. As you requested, I am attaching a brochure and information sheets about our services. There is a lot of information in these materials regarding our travel services, packages, and guided tours. If you have any further questions, please don't hesitate to call or e-mail our office anytime. Our 24-hour telephone operators are readily available to assist you with . any questions you may have .

,

.

Q. Why was the e-mail written?

I

(A) To advertise a new club (B) To respond to an inquiry for information (C) To provide contact details for the agency

:X:

03

Your attendance at the Global Communications Conference is anticipated. Enclosed in this letter you will find a print-out schedule of the weekend's events. Changes to the itinerary will be posted on the bulletin board in the main hall on the f1rst day of the conference. Please indicate on the form which events you plan to attend and send it back to our office by the end of the month. I

Q . What is enclosed with this letter? (A) An itinerary of the conference activities (B) A statement of participation for the event (C) An invitation to the weekend's festivities

Ans wers:

p. 558

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HA C K E R S

T E

ST

G Time limit: 4 minutes

Questions 01-02 refer to the following letter.

• Savory Cheeses Suite 34, Glass Complex Chicago , IL 73456 Dear Mr. Jones, Let me begin by expressing our company's excitement at the upcoming opportunity to do business with your establishment. On behalf of Alpha Carriers, I extend a show of gratitude for entrusting us with your valuable goods. Considering that this is the first time we will do business together, we want to take special care to ensure a smooth and faultless transaction. To begin, I'd like to review the shipping details. The dairy goods will be picked up on the morning of September 25 in a refrigerated cargo truck. The truck will drive the goods to Seattle, Washington by the afternoon of September 26 along the route agreed upon in the contract. Please refer to the copy of the contract attached to this letter. The trucker will sign the shipment over to the handlers at the Savory Cheeses branch store, and their people will unload the goods. Once the goods are unloaded, our trucker will take down the mileage and time of transaction, and the shipment will be complete. If there are no problems with the above noted plans, we shall begin preparing for your shipment immediately. Any problems or questions regarding your goods can be directed to our customer service representatives on call 24 hours every day. They are authorized to track the status of any shipment as long as a confirmation number is provided. Thank you again for using Alpha Carriers. We look forward to a future of great business with you!

James Walker Alpha Carriers

I 01 What is the purpose of the letter? (A) (B) (C) (D)

To To To To

describe products confirm shipping arrangements request reimbursement for a purchase ask about the status of a shipment

02 What is enclosed with this letter? (A) (B) (C) (D)

A receipt for payment of services A list of goods being sent to the store A duplicate of the agreement A certificate of guarantee with a confirmation number

Questions 03-04 refer to the following e-mail.

11!1,To:

Steve Corcoran

From:

Mary Henry

Subject:

Architectural consideration

It has come to my attention lately that a number of potential clients have asked what we offer in terms of paneling. Up until recently, I never considered this method of construction as a viable option, but customer demand is making me think otherwise. Our researchers have found that many urban buildings are now constructed using panels that attach like jigsaw puzzles. The benefits are that it is cheap, easy to put together, and has a very modern look. Customers seem to like this clean and sharp image in their offices and homes in comparison to the cement or sheetrock walls available before. Because of the high consumer demand for this type of construction, I would like to know whether it is possible for our company to start offering it as an option. I feel this could be very beneficial for us, and it will be appreciated if you let me know what you think of the idea. I will be sending some research fi les for your review within the next 24 hours. When it is convenient for you, let's schedule a time to discuss this proposal.

03 What is the purpose of the e-mail? (A) {B) (C) (D)

To To To To

conduct market research request instructions confirm a contract ask for an opinion

04 What is suggested in the e-mail? (A) The company is not currently using jigsaw-like panels. (B) Modern consumers prefer the more traditional walls. (C) Customers are hesitant about urban-style interiors.

•

(D) The company has thoroughly researched paneling options. -< 0

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Those interested in attending the conference should send an e-mail to [email protected] .

03 For whom is th is announcement most likely intended? (A) (B) (C) (D)

Actors Movie producers Film distributors Directors

04 Where will the conference be held? (A) (B) (C) (D)

In In In In

the United States France Australia England

05 What will take place on the first day of the conference? (A) (B) (C) (D)

A workshop A dinner A film presentation A discussion

06 On what day will Cody Allen give his talk? (A) (B) (C) (D)

Friday Saturday Sunday Monday

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03

This year, we have accumulated fifteen boxes of manuscripts that need treatment and rebinding in order to preserve them. These manuscripts are rare but still in demand; hence, the head librarian would like the salvaging work to take place as quickly as possible. While an expert technician has been hired to take the lead, staff members will be rotated to work with him on a two days per week basis.

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In the case that you don't yet have your ID, stop down in the records department in the

basement floor. Bring a passport size photograph and your social security card, as well as a signed copy of your employment contract. These documents will be retained for two days while your badge is being processed, and the identification card will be valid for one year as of the issue date. You will also find a copy of this information in the weekly agenda in your mailboxes. Thank you for your cooperation.

03 Why is the security system being changed? (A) Identification cards have been frequently lost. (B) The code-accessible doors have malfunctioned. (C) Some people had unapproved access to the building. (D) Employees have complained about theft.

05 How long will it take for an ID card to be issued? (A) (B) (C) (D)

One day Two days Six days Seven days

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~~--------------------~~ 03 How much do visitors have to pay to park for

05 What will happen to a car parked without a

one day?

permit in the reserved area?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) The owner will be charged a fine. (B) The car will be transferred to a different level. (C) The owner will be charged twice the original rate . (D) The vehicle will be removed from the parking spot.

$1 .00 $2.00 $18.00 $25.00

04 Which level is reserved for concession card holders? (A) (B) (C) (D)

A B C D Answers: p. 559

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04 What is true about the events listed in the

Chen recommends to Mr. Chamroom?

schedule?

(A) June 9 (B) June 10 (C) June 11

(A) Their times have changed. (B) They are hosted once a year. (C) They will be held at a hotel.

Answers: p. 559

HA C K E R S

T EST

(9 Time limit: 9 minutes

Questions 01-05 refer to the following e-mails .

. =From:

Angela Lansbury

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To:

Andy Griffith

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Subject: Change of flights

I finally managed to find some seats for the flight to Dubai to attend the manufacturing technology convention. Persia Air is fully booked; however, there are three other options you can choose from. Arabia Air has the 20 seats we requested, but they are all economy seats. I know you wanted to book 6 business class seats for the senior management. The flight leaves on Friday, April 9 and arrives on Saturday. So, you have a day and a half free before the convention begins on Monday. The second option is Middle Eastern Airlines. They can provide us with 6 business class seats and 14 in economy class. They are cheaper than Arabia Air, but the problem is that there is no direct flight. We will have a 6-hour stopover in Amsterdam, but the flight arrives on Saturday night. The last option is Aladdin Airways. The prices are less expensive than the other two, and they can accommodate all our seat requirements. However, the flight arrives at 4 a.m. on Sunday, so that doesn 't give people much time to rest and prepare for the convention. Anyway, please contact me right away because tickets are selling fast, so they need to be booked as soon as possible.

From: Andy Griffith To: Angela Lansbury < [email protected]>

Subject: Flights Thanks for your e-mail. I know it is not easy to find f lights with the convention only two weeks away. The executives will want business class seats, so we should book our flights with the airline that arrives on Saturday night. I think we will all need our rest after such a long trip, and they can provide the seats we need for a reasonable price. Go ahead and book those tickets, and send me an itinerary when it is done. Also, please make sure to request seats near the exit or window for everyone's comfort. Thanks a lot!

430 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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01 Why is Ms. Lansbury contacting Mr. Griffith? (A) (B) (C) (D)

To To To To

provide flight information make hotel reservations confirm convention attendance request personal information

02 What is indicated about Aladdin Airways? (A) (B) (C) (D)

It It It It

arrives on Saturday. is the least expensive . has no business class seats available. does not provide direct routes to Dubai.

04 What airline does Mr. Griffith choose? (A) (B) (C) (D)

Persia Air Middle Eastern Airlines Aladdin Airways Arabia Air

05 What is Mr. Griffith concerned about? (A) Finding a hotel with available rooms (B) Arranging transportation to the convention center (C) Arriving on time for the event (D) Making sure the travelers are comfortable

03 What is indicated in the second e-mail? (A) (B) (C) (D)

An itinerary has been sent. The flight is very long. The convention lasts for two weeks. A discount will be offered .

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To: John Walton From: Mary Allen, Mountain Promotions Date: May 4 Subject: Meeting Dear Mr. Walton, 1 know we have a meeting scheduled for Friday, May 7 to discuss your advertising plans, but I am afraid I will have to postpone the appointment. My team is currently working on a promotional campaign for Archetype Corp., and they want us to make a short presentation at that time. Could we meet on Monday, May 10 instead? I am looking forward to meeting with you and going through some ideas for advertising your product. Also, if you could send me some details about what type of advertising campaign you are interested in, I could come up with a few ideas before we meet.

I apologize for this delay and hope to hear from you soon. Sincerely, Mary Allen

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06 Why did Ms. Allen write the e-mail? (A) To arrange a presentation (B) To reschedule a meeting (C) To make changes to an advertising campaign (D) To request a price list

09 What did Mr. Walton send with his e-mail? (A) (B) (C) (D)

A copy of a contract Contact information Details about a product promotion A sales report

10 What does Mr. Walton ask Ms. Allen to do?

07 According to the first e-mail , what will Ms . Allen do on Fri day? (A) (B) (C) (D)

Make a presentation Meet with her director Attend a seminar Travel out of town

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Send him a document Telephone him Cancel his appointment Meet at his office

08 When is Mr. Walton 's medical appointment? (A) (B) (C) (D)

May May May May

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Evergreen University China Tour The history department will be sponsoring a study trip to China this year. Students can enroll for course and receive university credit. The courses are as follows:

COURSE DATE Post-revolutionary China - - - - - july 20-to August? ___ · . History of the:Tang Dynasty .-Modern Chinese Archaeology_,,

August 3 to 14 July J5.to AugusL14

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CHARGE

$soo_____ ----------$300 -$800

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03 What is the purpose of the announcement? (A) To provide information on a tour (B) To schedule summer courses (C) To request registration fees

04 For which course did Calm Meaney enroll? (A) Post-revolutionary China (B) History of the Tang Dynasty (C) Modern Chinese Archaeology Answers:

p. 559

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HA C K E R S

T ES

T

(9 Time limit: 9 minutes

Questions 01-05 refer to the following announcement and e-mail.

North African Congress of Public Utilities Development Urban Planning Presentations and Workshops: April 6-1o Several presentations and workshops will be conducted during the congress. These activities are geared toward city planners, and topics will include sanitation technology, env ironmental advances, park development and water safety. The presentations will be conducted by urban plann ing professionals from all over the globe. The goal is to help city planners renew their knowledge of urban development.

LOCATION:

The presentations and workshops will be held at the Ramesseum Hotel in Cairo, only five minutes from the convention center where the congress will be held . The hotel has also agreed to offer a discounted rate on accommodation to those attending these events. CANCELLATIONS:

A fee of $5o will be charged to those cancelling by April 3. Those cancelling after this date will not be reimbursed for their admission fees. Cancellations must be made in writing.

FEES:

The cost is $3oo for full admission to all presentations and workshops . The fee includes lunch at the hotel.

To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Subject: Hotel reservation

I am planning on attending the urban planning presentations and workshops at your hotel during the North African Congress of Public Utilities Development. I would like to stay at your hotel for a total of four nights from April 6-10. The announcement for the events at your facilities stated that your hotel has a special offer for attendees to the workshops and presentations. Could you please send me the details of your offer? Thanks for your time. Harvey Dent

442 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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01 According to the announcement, who are the workshops and presentations for? (A) (B) (C) (D)

Sanitation engineers City planners Environmentalists Hotel employees

04 What can be inferred about the presentations? (A) They will be held at the convention center. (B) Presenters are from several different countries. (C) They are free of charge to congress attendees. (D) Advance registration is required.

02 In the announcement, the word "renew" in paragraph 1, line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) (B) (C) (D)

exchange apply renovate update

05 What does Mr. Dent request? (A) (B) (C) (D)

Shuttle schedules from the airport Information on discounted room rates Complimentary meal vouchers Hotel restaurant discounts

03 What is NOT mentioned as a cancellation policy?

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458

READING TEST

In this section, you must demonstrate your ability to read and comprehend English. You will be given a variety of texts and asked to answer questions about these texts. This section is divided into three parts and will take 75 minutes to complete. Do not mark the answers in your test book. Use the answer sheet that is separately provided.

PART5 Directions: In each question, you will be asked to review a statement that is missing a word or phrase. Four answer choices will be provided for each question. Select the best answer and mark the corresponding letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on the answer sheet.

101. Shoppers at Grisons' Department Store purchase any electronic appliance this week will receive an adaptor free of charge. (A) who (C) which

(B) whom (D) whose

104. Because of Valley Bank's new online banking service, paying your monthly bills just became easier than (A) always (C) never

(B) ever (D) often

105. Reservations for events and conferences

102. An

schedule of events for Samson festival was posted in popular locations around town. (A) update (C) updating

(B) updates (D) updated

can be made by calling Regent Resorts directly or through a travel agency. (A) all (C) either

(B) only (D) whether

106. The changes to office policy were 103. Dandridge Investment's human resources officer is always looking for employees Ms. Streep's ability. (A) of (C) while

(B) to (D) for

implemented in the Houston branch by the regional manager. (A) effective (C) effect

(B) effectively (D) effecting

107. Trains to the international airport are to depart every thirty minutes from the central station . (A) appointed (C) scheduled

(B) measured (D) reserved

113. The new photocopier purchased from Avis Supplies came with detailed (A) instructor (C) instructing

(B) instructions (D) instructs

114. Files in the accounting department are kept 108. The assembly line renovation project was completed ahead of time because of the dedication and the of the team members. (A) reliant (C) reliably

in alphabetical order so that workers can find them (A) rarely (C) easily

(B) nicely (D) separately

(B) rely (D) reliability

115. DaVinci 's restaurant is famous for a wide 109. Dyson Electronics can offer full refunds the item is returned within two weeks of the date of purchase. (A) during (C) in

of Italian dishes that are freshly made, but their prices are expensive. (A) variety (C)various

(B) varied (D)various~

(B) while (D) if

116. Financial analysts predict that profits for the 11 0. The buildings failed to pass the safety inspection because they were built with poor construction materials. (A) rapidly (C) industriously

new studio are likely to reach $60 million after their film releases this summer. (A) more (C) farther

(B) over (D) away

(B) conveniently (D) accurately

117. Many residents in the downtown area are 111. Bedrock Supply's delivery service will be starting on March 7 due to recent budget cuts . (A) complete (C) eligible

complaining because the cost of rent is no longer (A) affording (C) affordability

(B) affordable (D) afford

(B) unavailable (D) popular

118. Generica Cleaning Supplies is developing 112. Customers' complaints and suggestions are never by the customer service staff at Newtown Graphics. (A) avoided (C) adapted

(B) ignored (D) started

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a line of products that are environmentally beneficial. friendly and (A) stringently (C) economically

(B) cheaply (D) permanently

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119. After

reading all the resumes, the board will decide which applicants to invite for an interview. (A) carefully (C) careful

120. Rosita's catering staff ensures that its

(A) wishful (C) imperative

meals and (B) durable (D) outstanding

121. Deciding who to hire as regional managers is one of the most difficult directors . (A) challenging (C) challengingly

faced by

(B) challenges (D) challenged

122. For your convenience , an agenda for next

(B) limiting (D) limits

127. Frequent passengers will receive a free national ticket to any location $1 ,000 they spend on train tickets. (A) because (C) so

every

(B) for (D) along

128. High prices of a product are often due more to the advertising quality of the goods. (A) budget (C) shoppers

rather than the (B) currency (D) fees

129. Guests may leave their luggage in the

month's session on corporate law has been e-mailed to your accounts.

lobby the front desk if they need assistance carrying it to their rooms .

(A) training (C) housing

(A) near (C) out of

(B) meaning (D) covering

123. The CEO emphasized that all hospital

124.

the ballet in advance, as seating in the auditorium is (A) limited (C) limitation

(B) cari ng (D) to care

customers receive exceptional service .

126. Please make sure to book your tickets for

(B) into (D) through

130. The new marketing strategy targeting senior

employees should become more with local charity organizations and events.

citizens caused an Progain Pharmaceuticals.

(A) familiarly (C) familiar

(A) increased (C) increasing

(B) familiarize (D) familiarity

those with up-to-date security passes will be permitted entrance into the building . (A) Total (C) Every

(B) Almost (D) Only

in sales for

(B) increase (D) increasable

131. Ms. Claven will

which company was chosen for outsourcing the production of IMG's washing machines at the investors' meeting on Monday. (A) permit (C) surrender

(B) announce (D) enclose

125. Ms. Kyle called this morning to request some revisions to travel itinerary for the business trip to Eastern Europe. (A) hers (C) her

462 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

(B) she (D) herself

132. The Dayview Journal of Finance Gerald Butler as CEO of The Year for his successes in the Southeast Asian markets. (A) was selected (C) selecting

(B) selected (D) to select

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133. The Innovations in Medical Technology conference begins on Tuesday and will last Friday. (B) on (D) until

(A) yet (C) over

137. Harold decided to go ahead with the conference, many of his colleagues in the department are not able to attend because of upcoming deadlines. (A) even though (C) before

(B) because (D) furthermore

134. Getting the designs ready for production is a process wh ich includes a lot of sample making and alterations. (A) lengthy (C) lengthening

(B) lengthen (D) length

138. Alderan Industries stated that they will land for branch offices in more than 20 different countries. (A) purchases (C) purchase

(B) purchasing (D) purchased

135. Generex Robotics is exhibiting at the trade the functions of their fair and will new packaging equipment. (A) develop (C) discourage

(B) astonish (D) demonstrate

136. You can access your bank funds by using by Metrobank at the debit card most automated transfer machines. (A) provided (C) provision

(B) provides (D) providing

139. The Goldstream Transportation Line has added 40 new buses to their system in order to provide more service during rush hours. (A) specific (C) frequent

(B) plentiful (D) sudden

140. Price and Vincent Development expects to increase their profit margin dramatically reached following several recent with suppliers of raw materials. (A) agreements (C) outcomes

(B) results (D) discussions

• Answers: p. 560 '"n•n•1 .....,1... .... .....,+_.;,,;,..+

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PART6 Directions: In this part, you will be asked to read some English texts. Some sentences in each text are incomplete. Select the word or phrase that correctly completes each sentence and mark the corresponding letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on the answer sheet.

Questions 141-143 refer to the following letter.

MTT Security Systems 2872 Rosemont Street Portland, OR 97299 Shawn Russel l 2265 Armstrong Road Ashland , OR 97520 Dear Mr. Russell , Thank you for recently enrolling for our total home security program . You can be su re that you made the right decision in choosing MTT to your home and property.

141. (A) protect (B) restore (C) sell (D) build MTT guarantees fast and efficient service. We are constantly updating our security systems you the highest level of protection. We also use some of the most highly sophisticated 142. (A) ensure (B) ensured (C) have ensured (D) ensuring detection equ ipment in the nation. We do hope that you will be fully

with our service, and if you have any questions or

143. (A) satisfy (B) satisfying (C) satisfyingly (D) satisfied requests , please don't hesitate to contact us. Thank you again for choosing MTT. Sincerely yours , Alyssa Dara Security Director, MTT

464 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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Questions 144-146 refer to the following memo.

To: All Office Staff From: Montgomery Smithers, Warehouse Manager Date: Oct. 16 Subject: Customer Complaint I wanted to let you know about a complaint we

this week from Mr. Malone at Danson

144. (A) were receiving (B) have received (C) receive (D) receiving Enterprises. Mr. Malone asked that we send him our new catalog with his most recent order. He said this is the second time he has requested the catalog and still hasn't received it. To avoid this mistake in the future, I suggest

one person with the job of enclosing the

145. (A) enforcing (B) telling (C) assigning (D) explaining most recent copy of our catalog with all outgoing orders. In this way, we can also make sure our customers are updated on our line of products. If you think this is a good

, or if you have any other suggestions, let me know at the staff

146. (A) organization (B) idea (C) order (D) procession meeting tomorrow.

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employee [impl:'>ii:]••

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select [silekt] v.

employment [impl:'>imant]•• n.

selection [silekfan]• n.

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featured [fi:tfard] a.

specifically [spisifikali] ad.

find [faind]• v.

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specification for• phr.

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surface [sa:rfis] n.

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likely [laikli]•• a.

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normality [m:rm!Elati) n.

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regardless [riga:rdlis]•• ad.

formally [f:'>:rmali] ad.

regardless of• phr.

formalness [fo:rrnalnis] n.

regret [rigret]

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formation [f:>:rrneifan] n.

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settlement [setlmant]

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shape [Jeip]

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sheet lfi.:t] n. solve [salv] v. sophisticate [safistakeit] v.,

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tightly [taitli]•• ad.

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necessarily [nesaserali]•• ad.

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necessary [nesaseri) a.

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necessitate [nasesiteit] z•.

without a doubt• phr.

necessity [nasesati]n. next [nekst]•• a. note [nout]• v.

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on the waiting list•• phr.

affix [afiks]•• v.

order [:'>:rdar]•• v.

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commit oneself to•• phr.

outcome [autkAm] 11.

commitment [kamitmant]•• 11.

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personal

committee [kamfti]•

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personality [pi:usanffilati] personalize [pa:rsanalaiz] personally

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plenty [plenti] n.

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concede [kansi:d] zo.

policy [palisi]• 11.

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predict [pridikt]•• v.

designated [dezigneitid]•• a.

prediction

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pretty [priti] ad.

destroy [distr:Si] v.

prior to•• phr.

direct someone to somewhere phr.

public [pA.blik] a.

discouragement [diska:rid3mantl

regular [regjular] ••

regularity [regjulffirati] 11.

embarrassing [imbrerasiiJ]* a.

regularize [regjularaiz] v .

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regularly [regjular!i]• ad.

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[hezito:~ntli]••

[heziteifo:~n]

ad.

n.

uncommon [Ankaman] a.

improper [impropar]•• a.

use [ju:z], [ju:s]••

inaccurate [inrekjurit]• a.

'1'.,

11.

eligible [elidjabl]•• a.

a.

n.

used [ju:zd] a.

inhalation

usefulness [ju:sfulnis]

11.

user [jti:zar]• 11.

[inhaleifo:~n]• 11.

inhale [inheil] v. [inhibifo:~n]

inhibition

n.

join [djoin]•• v. legible [Jedjabl] a.

Day 14

liable [laiab!]• a.

alert [ala:rt] v.

live broadcast• phr.

apart [ap6:rt]•• ad. apparatus apparel

[~parretas]

[apffiro:~IJ•

make telephone calls• phr. n.

11.

appearance [apirans] 11.

pollutant [palu:tant]•• n.

aside from • phr.

pollute [palu:t] v.

be concerned about• phr.

polluted [palu:tid] a.

be conscious of•• phr.

pollution

be native to•• phr.

post [poust]•• z•.

come in + ordinal number phr.

regulate [regjuleit] ''·

commission

[kamifo:~n]ll.

commit [kamit]

t'.

www.nhantriviet.com

•

merge [ma:rd3]•• z•. orientate [:S:rienteit]• v.

--< 0

[pahi:fo:~n]lt.

m

n

"' "' "'

0..

regulation

[regjuleifo:~n]••

regulatory

[regjulato:~ri]

=>

n.

10

a.

Essential Vocabulary & Expressions

525

relay [rilei] v.

cordially [k:J:rd3ali]•• ad.

relevance [relavans]n.

departed [dip