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LENGUA INGLESA TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA

Pedro Civera Coloma

2

ÍNDICE Conceptos gramaticales To be To have To do Pronombres y adjetivos demostrativos Haber impersonal Some, any, no y sus compuestos Pronombres y particulas interrogativas Contables e incontables El género El plural Formación de palabras compuestas Funciones del nombre La posesión El artículo indeterminado El articulo determinado Both, neither, either Adjetivos La comparación Preposiciones Adverbios Yet, still, already, during y ago El imperativo El presente simple Be going to El presente continuo El pasado simple El pasado continuo El presente perfecto El presente perfecto continuo El pasado perfecto El pasado perfecto continuo El futuro simple El futuro continuo El futuro perfecto El condicional simple El condicional perfecto Cuadro resumen de los tiempos Tipos de oraciones Las oraciones de relativo Las conjunciones Los verbos modales Can May, might Must Have to 3

Should, ought to Will, would, shall Cuadro resumen de los verbos modales Coletilllas Say y tell Make y do Las exclamaciones Las oraciones condicionales La voz pasiva El estilo indirecto El gerundio El infinitivo Estructuras de interés El causativo have Verbos con preposición Verbos y adjetivos con preposición Contracciones Cambios ortográficos Verbos irregulares Conectores Falsos amigos Expresiones para la comunicación oral Expresiones para la comunicación oral Saludos y felicitaciones. Para dirigirse a un desconocido. Presentaciones Cuando no entendemos algo bien Para preguntar la hora Hablando por teléfono Para agradecer algo Expresiones de cortesía Días de la semana Días de fiesta Meses del año Estaciones Puntos cardinales Los colores Adjetivos Signos del zodiaco La hora Números cardinales Los números ordinales Equivalencia de pesos y medidas Paises y nacionalidades La familia Profesiones La casa La cocina El cuarto de baño 4

El dormitorio El salon Muebles La ciudad Partes del cuerpo Comida En la mesa Sabores Bebidas Frutas y verduras Postres Pescados Carnes Frutos secos Medios de transporte Actividades diarias Actividades de tiempo libre Ropa Complementos y joyeria Tejidos y materiales Adjectivos para la descripcion Adjetivos para describir el caracter La escuela La oficina Deportes Dolencias Tareas domesticas Tiempo atmosferico Animales Arboles, flores y plantas Politica Religion Banco Símiles Refranes Expresiones idiomáticas Trabalenguas Citas Abreviaturas Oraciones y villancicos

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Paises y nacionalidades Adjectivos para la descripción Símiles Refranes Expresiones idiomáticas Trabalenguas Citas Abreviaturas Oraciones y villancicos

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CONCEPTOS GRAMATICALES •

Para poder dominar una lengua extranjera es fundamental que estemos familiarizados con la terminología gramatical de la Lengua Española, que como todas las lenguas, está compuesta por un conjunto de signos que tienen sus propias reglas.

Lenguaje.

Facultad que nos permite comunicarnos.

Lengua .

Está compuesta por signos y reglas.

Habla.

Uso que hacen los individuos de la lengua.

Norma.

Establece las reglas de uso.

El lenguaje tiene varias funciones:

FUNCIONES DEL LENGUAJE Representativa

Se transmite algo objetivo.

Expresiva

Se transmite algo subjetivo

Apelativa

Intenta provocar una reacción

Poética

En ella se usan recursos lingüísticos y literarios que cambian el sentido normal del mensaje.

CATEGORÍAS GRAMATICALES DEL ESPAÑOL Partes variables

Partes invariables Sujeto.

Sustantivo. Adjetivo. Artículo. Pronombre. Verbo Adverbio. Preposición. Conjunción Para conocerlo ¿quién?

preguntamos

al

verbo

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Atributo. Complemento directo. Complemento indirecto.

Aparece con verbos copulativo (ser, estar, etc) se conce preguntado ¿qué es? Se conoce preguntando ¿qué es lo que? ¿A quién? o ¿para quién?

Complemento circunstancial.

Modo: ¿cómo? Lugar: ¿dónde? Tiempo: ¿cuándo?

Complemento agente.

En oraciones pasivas. Fue escrito por él.

Es bueno que estemos conozcamos el significado de los siguientes términos: Lexema.

Antes se le denominaba raíz.

Morfema.

Nos informa del genero, número, etc.

Fonética .

Estudia los sonidos.

Fonología.

Estudia los fonemas.

Lexicología.

Estudia el léxico o vocabulario de una lengua.

Fonema.

Es la unidad más pequeña. La lengua española tienen 24: cinco vocales y diecinueve consonantes Oclusivas. Fricativas. Africadas. Líquidas.

División de las consonantes según el modo de articulación.

División de las consonantes según el lugar de articulación.

Bilabiales. Labiodentales. Linguodentales. Linguointerdentales. Linguoalveolares. Linguopalatales. Linguovelares.

Según su sonoridad se clasifican en.

Sonoras. Sordas.

Morfología.

Estudia la forma de las palabras.

Semántica .

Estudia el significado de las palabras.

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Morfema.

Unidad lingüística que se añade al lexema o raíz para formar una palabra.

Sintaxis.

Parte de la gramática que se ocupa de las reglas mediante las cuales se combinan las unidades lingüísticas para formar la oración.

Sintagma.

Es una o más palabras relacionadas entre sí.

Oración.

Unidad lingüística mínima, constituida por dos sintagmas: el nominal y el verbal que realizan la función de sujeto y predicado.

Sujeto.

Es la persona u objeto del que se dice algo.

Predicado.

Expresa todo lo que se dice del sujeto.

Oración simple.

Tiene como núcleo del predicado un solo verbo.

Sustantivo.

Se refiere a nombres, animales, cosas, etc. Indican las acciones que ealzan los sujetos.

Pedro come pan.

Adjetivo.

Califica al nombre.

Inma es rubia.

Pronombre.

Sustituye al nombre.

Pepe es mi amigo, él nunca me falla.

Adverbio.

Modifica al verbo.

Ella come mucho.

Conjunción.

Une oraciones y palabras. Pueden ser coordinadas y subordinadas.

Habla inglés y francés.

Determinante.

Matiza al nombre.

Mi hermana. Un coche.

Preposicion.

Relaciona palabras.

Vive en Sax.

Artículo

Puede ser determinado o indeterminado:

El libro es útil.

Verbo.

Comer, Bailar, Ir.

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El, la, los, las Un, una, unos, unas Las oraciones pueden tener las siguientes partes: Sujeto.

Es quien realiza la acción. Se conoce preguntando ¿quién? al verbo.

Verbo

Indica lo que hace el sujeto. Ella estudia mucho.

Complemento directo.

Se conoce preguntando al verbo ¿qué es lo qué?

Ellos comen bocadillos.

Complemento Indirecto.

Se conoce preguntando al verbo ¿a quién o para quién ?

Las cartas son para María.

Complemento Circunstancial de tiempo. Complemento Circunstancial de modo.

Se conoce preguntando al verbo ¿cuándo?

Ayer vi a Juan.

Se conoce preguntando al verbo ¿cómo?

Me duele la cabeza terriblemente.

Complemento circunstancial de lugar.

Se conoce preguntando al verbo ¿dónde?

Se caso en Monóvar.

Locuciones adverbiales.

Pueden aparacer al principio, en medio o al final de la frase.

La vi esta mañana . Esta mañana la vi.

Atributo.

Acompaña al verbo ser, estar y algunos otros como existir, parecer.

Ella es guapa.

Persona.

Hay tres en singular: yo, tú, él, ella y ello. Tres en plural: nosotros, vosotros y ellos. Puede ser masculino, femenino o neutro.

Él es Pepe. Nosotros somos de Elda Ellos son altos.

Puede ser singular o plural.

Tengo un coche. Ellos tienen dos coches.

Genero. Número.

Yo como a las 2.

Perico es alto. Gloria es alta.

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Determinantes.

Pueden ser: posesivos, demostrativos, numerales, cardinales, partitivos, indefinidos .

Mi casa. Algunas personas Esta habitación.

Artículo.

Pueden ser determinados o indeterminados

El libro es bueno. Un libro es un buen regalo.

Pronombres.

Pueden ser personales, demostrativos, posesivos, relativos, interrogtivos, numerales, indefinidos.

La mias es rápida. rápida. ¿Quién vive aquí? Algunos vendrán luego.

Verbo transitivo.

Puede llevar complemento directo

Compro el pan cada día

Verbo intransitivo.

No llevan complemento directo.

Viven en Aspe.

Verbo regular.

Forma el pasado y el To play, played, played. participio añadiendo la misma desinencia. En inglés “-ed”.

Verbo irregular.

Forma el pasado y el participio pasado de otra forma.

Infinitivo.

Es la forma verbal acabada Cantar, comer, reir. en en “–ar”, “-er”, “-ir”. To come, to play En inglés suelen llevar la Must, can. partícula to.

Participio de presente.

En inglés acaba en “-ing”.

Participio de pasado.

En castellano acaba en “ado” “-ido”.

Modo.

Es una caracteristica del verbo. Puede ser: indicativo, subjuntivo, imperativo y condicional.

Tiempo.

Situa temporalmenta la acción. Presente, pasado y futuro. Pueden ser simples,

Go, went, gone.

Playing, singing. Comido, contado.

Yo como. To comí. Yo comeré 11

Voz.

continuos y perfectos.

Yo he comido.

Existen dos: activa y pasiva.

Ernesto vende piel Las pieles son vendidas por Ernesto.

Afirmativas.

Yo vivo en Elda.

Negativas.

No como carne roja.

Interrogativas.

¿Eres de Villena?

Interrogativa negativa.

¿ No eres tú la prima de Olga?

Transitiva.

Pepe come carne.

Intransitiva.

Ellos viven en Logroño

Reflexiva.

Ella se lava sola.

Reciproca.

Pepe y Raquel se odian.

Impersonal.

Llueve mucho en Letonia.

Enunciativa. Interrogativa. Exclamativa.

Tengo mucho hambre Nunca bebo café. ¿Cuánto vale el disco? ¡Qué bonito!

Imperativa.

¡Cállate ya!

Desiderativa.

Ojalá llueva mañana.

Tipos de oraciones simples Atributivas

Expresan cualidades del sujeto, y suelen usar los verbos ser y estar.

Predicativas

Expresan acciones con verbos predicativos. Pueden ser activas y pasivas.

Transitivas

Llevan complemento directo: bocadillos de calamares.

Yo

como

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Intransitivas

No tienen complemento directo.

Reflexivas

El sujeto realiza y recibe la acción.

Recíprocas

Los sujetos realizan y reciben la acción mutuamente: Ellos se miran.

Personales

Llevan sujeto gramatical.

Impersonales

Carecen de sujeto. Hace sol.

Pasivas

El sujeto recibe la acción verbal y el verbo está en forma pasiva.

Pasivas reflejas

Tienen el sujeto en voz activa: Se venden pollos de campo. ivas o

Enunciativas

Pueden ser afirmativas o negativas.

Interrogativas

Se utilizan para preguntar.

Exclamativas

Expresan emociones.

Imperativas

Expresan mandatos y ruegos.

Desiderativas

Expresan deseos.

Dubitativas

Indican posibilidades o probabilidades.

COORDINADAS Copulativas.

Estudia y trabaja.

Adversativas.

Estudia mucho sin embargo no aprueba.

Disyuntivas.

Entra o sal.

SUBORDINADAS 13

Temporales.

Mientras caminabamos ibamos cantando.

Modales.

Debes hacerlo como dice la guia.

Consecutivas.

Ha aprobado, por lo tanto se matriculará en derecho.

Condicionales.

Lo haré si no te quejas más.

Causales.

Puesto que lo sabe todo que conteste Manuel.

Finales.

Iremos para que te revisen la vista.

Concesivas.

Aunque no me gusta lo haré.

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TO BE •

El verbo to be significa “ser” o “estar”. Comparte con to do y to have la caractereristica de ayudar a formar otros tiempos verbales, por eso se le denomina verbo auxiliar. Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y también con: who, where, how, etc.

I’m Peter.

Peter’s here.

That’s Manoli.

Who’s that girl?

Yo soy Pedro.

Pedro está aquí.

Esa es Manoli.

¿Quién es esa chica?

•

Las contracciones se suelen usar en las conversaciones.

•

Interviene en la formación de los tiempos continuos o progresivos.

•

Las formas negativas las hace añadiendo not y las interrogativas por medio de la inversión, es decir, poniendo primero el verbo y luego el sujeto. Esta estructura la comparte con el verbo to havecuano indica posesión y con los verbos modales.

PRESENTE

PASADO

FUTURO

I am/I'm. Yo soy o yo estoy.

I was. Yo era o yo estaba.

I will/ shall be. Yo seré o yo estaré.

You are/you're.

You were.

You will be.

He is/he's.

He was.

He will be.

She is/she's

She was.

She will be.

It is/it's.

It was.

It will be.

We are/we're.

We were.

We will/ shall be.

You are/you're.

You were.

You will be.

They are/they're.

They were.

They will be.

Are not contrae en aren’t. Is not contrae en isn’t.

Was not contrae en wasn’t La contracción es ‘ll. Were not contrae en weren’t Will not contrae en won’t. Shall not contrae en shan’t.

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Are you Elda?

from He is not from Elche

¿Eres de Elda?

Él no es de Elche.

Were they in the cinema? ¿Estaban ellos en el cine?

PRINCIPALES USOS Para preguntar la edad.

How old are you? ¿Qué edad tienes? I am forty. Tengo cuarenta años.

Indicar la profesión.

I am a teacher. Soy profesor.

La ideología.

He is a socialist. El es socialista.

El credo religioso.

He is a catholic. El es católico.

Formar los tiempos continuos.

I am writing with a computer. Estoy escribiendo con un ordenador. I was swimming yesterday. Estuve nadando ayer. I will be walking on the beach. Estaré caminando por la playa.

La formación de la voz pasiva.

The book was written by Emilio. Este libro lo escribió Emilio. Este libro fue escrito por Emilio.

Para medidas.

I am six feet tall. Mido seis pies. How big is the town? ¿Cómo es de grande el pueblo? It is quite big. Es bastante grande. How wide is the river Vinalopó? 16

¿Qué anchura tiene el río Vinalopó? It is 200 metres wide. Tiene 200 metros de ancho. How high is Bolón? ¿Qué altura tiene Bolón? It is nearly 1.000 metres high. Tiene casi 1.000 metros de altura. How small is an atom? ¿Cómo es un átomo de pequeño? It is very small Es muy pequeño. Indica tallas.

I am size 8. Gasto la talla 8

Con adjetivos.

I am happy and you are right. Yo estoy contento y tú tienes razón.

Unido a: Where (¿Dónde?) What (¿Qué?) Who (¿Quién?) Why, (¿Por qué?) etc, Con ciertas expresiones.

Where’s the boy? ¿Dónde está el niño? When’s your birthday? ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? I am right. Tengo razón. I am cold. Tengo frío.

Contrae con demostrativos y adverbios.

That’s right. Así es. How’s that? ¿Cómo es eso?

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1) I ......................sure I will. a - Am b - Are c - Is 2) I ................a teacher. a - Am b - Is c - Are 3) Camara.......in Elda. a - Is b - Are c - Am 4) Where...........you from? a - Is b - Are c - Am 5) How old ........you? a - Is b - Are c - Am 6) It.........hot today. a - Is b - Am c - Are 7) It.......a telephone. a - Am b - Are c - Is 8) They........students. a - Is b - Am c - Are 9) This dog.......................white. a - Am b - Is c - Are 10) The houses.........old. a - Am b - Is c - Are 11) ........these books interesting? a - Is b - Are c - Am

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12) What........those people doing? a - Is b - Am c - Are 13) The baby.......eating the food. a - Am b - Is c - Are 14) The window........open. a - Am b - Is c - Are 15) Cats.........black or white. a - Is b - Are c - Am 16) Don't .............cheeky. a - Be b - Have c - Do 17) How old are you? I................ a - Have 20 years b - Am 20 years c - Have 20 years 18) That is Mr. Pedro Civera. How .................he? a - Old is b - Many years is c - Many years has 19) He ............in Madrid last week. a - Was b - Were c - Be 20) ......they in the same class as you at Azorín High School? a - Was b - Were c - Be 21) Yes, they........interesting books. a - Is b - Are c - Am 22) Manolo.......a boy. a - Am b - Is c - Are 23) I...........a teacher.

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a - Is b - Am c - Are 24) Manuela.......tall. a - Am b - Are c - Is 25) The tables........not small. a - Is b - Am c - Are 26) ........the Plaza Mayor very big? a - Am b - Is c - Are 27) You.........the limit. a - Are b - Is c - Am 28) I ....................tall. a - Is b - Am c - Are 29) My friends..........very nice. a - Am b - Is c - Are 30) Horacio ......in Elche. a - Am b - Is c - Are 31) Juan Carlos and Clemente........friends. a - Am b - Is c - Are 32) She.........36 years old. a - Are b - Is c - Am 33) My sister.......happy. a - Am b - Is c - Are 34) What......your name? a - Is 20

b - Am c - Are 35) How.............you? a - Am b - Is c - Are 36) Elda........in Alicante. a - Is b - Are c - Am 37) My name........Pedro. a - Am b - Is c - Are 38) I.........in the classroom. a - Am b - Is c - Are 39) Jose Pérez ....................a mechanic. a - Is b - Are c - Am 40) My mother ..................very good. a - Is b - Am c - Are 41) You.....................tall. a - Is b - Are c - Am

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Soluciones 1. A 11. B 21. B 31. C 41. B

2. A 12. C 22. B 32. B

3. A 13. B 23. B 33. B

4. B 14. B 24. C 34. A

5. B 15. B 25. C 35. C

6. A 16. A 26. B 36. A

7. C 17. B 27. A 37. B

8. C 18. A 28. B 38. A

9. B 19. A 29. C 39. A

10. C 20. B 30. B 40. A

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TO HAVE •

Se traduce por tener. Puede ir acompañado de la partícula “got”. No se produce alteración del significado si aparece o no, pero cuando aparece el verbo puede ir contraido. Tampoco se usa en las respuestas breves.

PRESENTE

PASADO

FUTURO

I have/l've. To tengo.

I had. Yo tuve o yo tenía.

I will have. Yo tendré.

You have/you've.

You had.

You will have.

He has/he's.

He had.

He will have.

She has/she's.

She had.

She will have.

It has/it's.

It had.

It will have.

We have/we've.

We had.

We will have.

You have/you've.

You had.

You will have.

They have/they've.

They had.

They will have.

Have + not contrae en haven’t. Has + not contrae en hasn’t.

Had + not contrae en hadn’t.

I have a car. Tengo un coche. I have got a car. Tengo un coche.

PRINCIPALES USOS Indicar posesión.

I have a white car. Tengo un coche blanco. I have got a white car. Tengo un coche blanco.

Puede indicar otro tipo de actividades. I have breakfast at 7:45. Ingestión de alimentos tanto sólidos como Desayuno a las 7:45.

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líquidos.

Otros.

I have a drink on Friday. Me tomo una copa los viernes. I have a bath and my wife has a shower. Yo me baño y mi mujer se ducha. We have a walk on Sunday. Damos un paseo los domingos. We had a good time there. Lo pasamos muy bien allí.

Construcción de tiempos perfectos.

I have been in New York. He estado en Nueva York. I have had a headache. He tenido un dolor de cabeza. I will have gone to Madrid. Habré ido a Madrid.

Obligación.

I have to go to Alicante tomorrow. Tengo que ir a Alicante mañana.

Combinado con better indica consejo. La contracción es You’d better.

You had better buy a new pair of shoes. Sería mejor que te comprases un par de zapatos.

La construcción causativo have, se utiliza I’m going to have my hair cut. cuando alguien hace algún servicio para Me voy a cortar el pelo. nosotros. •

Con el significado de tener puede tener dos modos de hacer la forma interrogativa. La segunda es más usada en inglés americano. Have you got a car? ¿Tienes un coche? Do you have a car? ¿Tienes un coche? •

Utiliza de igual modo “do” para hacer la interrogativa cuando hace referencia a usos idiomáticos.

Did you have a bath? ¿Te bañaste? 24

1) I..........a white car. a - Have b - Has c - Is 2) Mary.........a German boyfriend. a - Has b - Have c - Are 3) We .....................a nice park near Sagasta Sqaure. a - Has b - Have c - Is 4) My flat.......................seven rooms. a - Has b - Have c - Having 5) My sister ...................a white car. a - Has b - Have c - Haveen 6) Pepita ........three daughters. a - Has b - Haave c - Having 7) My mother .......a lot of pictures. a - Have b - Has c - Having 8) Susana.......two cars. a - Is b - Have c - Has 9) Mr and Mrs García ........a house on the beach. a - Has b - Have c - Haveing 10) You..................two dictionaries. a - Has b - Have c - Jaf 11) My sister.....a new TV set and a DVD player. a - Has b - Have c - Having 12) Elda......................six parks. 25

a - Have b - Has c - Having 13) ......................she got a boyfriend? a - Has b - Have c - To have 14) We ......................three cinemas in Plaza Mayor. a - Has b - Have c - Haven 15) Manuela ..............a cat. a - Have b - Has c - Having 16) I........................to go to Madrid last month. a - Have b - Had c - Must 17) Hey...........a look, Rocio Jurado is there with her husband. a - Have b - Take c - Put 18) I'd rather ..............paella than gazpachos. a - Have b - Has c - Had 19) "Do you have " a car and "Have you got a car " are: a - The same b - Not the same c - It depends 20) I ................................a headache. a - Has b - Have c - Is 21) She.................got a cold. a - Is b - Have c - Has

26

Soluciones 1. A 11. A 21. C

2. A 12. B

3. B 13. A

4. A 14. B

5. A 15. B

6. A 16. B

7. B 17. A

8. C 18. A

9. B 19. A

10. B 20. B

27

TO DO Se traduce por hacer. En presente tiene dos formas, “do” y “does”, esta última se usa en la Tercera Persona del Singular (He, she, it). La forma del pasado es “did”. Todas se usan como auxiliares para la forma interrogativa y la negativa del presente y del pasado simple de los verbos no modales. Recuerda que siempre que aparezcan, el verbo irá en infinitivo.

PRESENTE

PASADO

FUTURO

I do. Yo hago.

I did. Yo hice.

I will do. Yo haré.

You do.

You did.

You will do.

He does.

He did.

He will do.

She does.

She did.

She will do.

It does.

It did.

It will do.

We do.

We did.

We will do.

You do.

You did.

You will do.

They do.

They did.

They will do.

Do not contrae en don’t. Does not contrae en doesn’t.

Did not contrae en didn’t.

Will not do contrae en won’t do.

PRESENTE

PASADO

He doesn’t eat meat. No come carne.

I didn’t go cinema. Yo no fui al cine.

Construir las formas negativas.

I don’t want to go to the cinema. No quiero ir al cine. Construir las formas interrogativas.

Do you love her? ¿La quieres?

to

the

Did you go to England? ¿Fuiste a Inglaterra?

Does he speak Valenciano? ¿Habla valenciano? 28

Tiene también enfático.

un

uso He does love running. Le encanta correr.

He did say what he wanted to say. Dijo lo que quería decir.

PRINCIPALES USOS Otros usos idiomáticos.

I did the shopping in Carrefour. Hice la compra en Carrefour. I do the washing up every night. Friego los platos cada noche. I never do the cleaning. Nunca hago la limpieza. Sometimes I do the cooking. A veces cocino. She hates doing the ironing. Ella odia planchar.

Con la expresión “Yo también”.

-I like María Callas. Me gusta María Callas. -So do I. Y a mí también.

Con la expresión “Yo tampoco”.

I don’t smoke. Yo no fumo. Neither do I. Yo tampoco.

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LOS PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS •

En inglés se hace necesario usar los pronombres personales, ya que de no hacerlo y usar sólo la forma verbal existiría ambigüedad. En el ejemplo: Go to London, no sabríamos quién va, podría ser yo, tú, nosotros, nosotras, vosotros, vosotras, ellos o ellas.

•

En castellano no pasa lo mismo. Si decimos Vamos a Alicante, las desinencias verbales nos sacan de dudas. Está claro que somos nosotros.

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SUJETO

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES COMPLEMENTO

I . Yo.

Me. A mí, me.

You . Tú.

PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS

PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS

My. Mi.

Mine. El mío.

Myself. Me.

You. A ti, te.

Your. Tu.

Yours. El tuyo.

Yourself. Te.

He. Él.

Him. A él, le.

Himself. Se.

She. Ella.

Her. A ella, le.

It. Ello.

It. A ello, le.

His. Su de él. His. El suyo. (de él). Her. Su de Hers. El suyo. ella. (de ella). It. Su de ello. Its. El suyo. (de ello). Our. Nuestro, Ours. El nuestra. nuestro. Your. Vuestro, vuestra. Their. Su de ellos, su de ellas.

Yourselves. Os.

We. Nosotros o Us. A nosotros, a nosostras. nosotras, nos. You .Vosotros o You. A vosotros, vosotras. a vosotras, os. They. Ellos o ellas. •

Them. A ellos, a ellas, les.

ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS

Yours. El vuestro.

Itself. Se. Ourselves. Nos.

Theirs. El suyo. Themselves. Se.

Los pronombres personales pueden funcionar dentro de la frase como sujetos o complementos

SUJETO

COMPLEMENTO

Ella es alta.

Dale esto a ella.

You are a teacher.

This is for you.

• •

Herself. Se.

“I” siempre se escribe con mayúscula. “You” se puede traducir por Tú, Vd, vosotros, vosotras y Vds. 30

•

“You” e “it” tienen la misma forma como sujetos que como complementos.

You are young. Tú eres joven. I love you. Te quiero. •

No utilizan preposición delante del objeto indirecto, pero sí, si sigue al Objeto Directo.

She gave me a kiss. Ella me dio un beso. She gave a kiss to me. Ella me dio un beso a mí. •

El complemento Indirecto sin to se coloca delante del Complemento Directo

I gave Sarah a kiss. Yo le di a Sara un beso. •

El Complemento indirecto con to se coloca detrás del Complemento Directo

I gave a kiss to Inma. Le di un beso a Inma. •

It se usa generalmente para cosas y a veces también para bebés.

Look at the baby, it is smiling. Mira al bebe, está sonriendo. •

La diferencia entre un adjetivo y un pronombre posesivo es que el adjetivo acompaña al nombre y el pronombre lo substituye.

ADJETIVO

PRONOMBRE

Mi casa es grande.

La mía también.

My house is big.

Mine is also big.

•

Los pronombres reflexivos indican:

31

Acciones que recaen sobre el mismo sujeto. He washes himself every morning. Se lava cada mañana. Enfatizan.

He himself can go. Él puede ir solo.

Pueden ir precedidos de by, en cuyo caso I went to Madrid by myself. significan “yo solo”, “tú solo..” Fui yo solo a Madrid.

Each other. “El uno al otro”

They love each other. Se quieren.

One Another. “A todos”

They gave presents one another. Se hacen regalos.

One.

She is the prettiest one. Ella es la más guapa. I was the second one in the race Fui el segundo en la carrera.

32

ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS SINGULAR THlS este, esta, esto.

PLURAL THESE estos, estas.

THAT ese, esa, eso, aquel, aquella, THOSE esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas. aquello.

•

Como adjetivos concuerdan con el nombre.

This man is my teacher of English. Este hombre es mi profesor de inglés. That woman is my wife. Esa mujer es mi esposa. These books are interesting. Estos libros son interesantes. Those girls are from Italy. Aquellas chicas son de Italia. Se usan cuando hablamos por teléfono.

This is Peter. Éste es Pedro.

En ciertas expresiones.

That’s right. Es correcto.

En presentaciones

This is Mary, my friend Ésta es María, mi amiga.

33

1) Let me introduce.......... a - Me b - Myself c - Mine 2) I hope you enjoy..........stay. a - You b - Your c - Yourself 3) .......am sorry. a-I b - Me c - My 4) I will show .........the house. a - Yours b - Your c - You 5) What's............name? a - You b - Your c - Yours 6) What is...........motto? a - Your b - You c - Yours 7) Peter and Mary have ................house in Villajoyosa. a - Their b - They c - Them 8) Sara is very happy with .........new doll. a - She b - Her c - Hers 9) Oscar is at home playing with...............toys. a - His b - He c - Him 10) Carlos is in Elche. .............works there in a shoe factory. a - Him b - He c - His 11) ..................says that Isabel is her best friend. a - She b - Her c - Hers 12) Felipe is very proud of ..................new car. 34

a - Him b - His c - He 13) Pilar and Paco are paying for...................new house. a - Them b - Their c - They 14) Barbie has ...........hair blonde. a - Her b - She c - Hem 15) The door is open because...............is very hot. a - It b - Its c - Itt 16) .....................play tennis with their sons. a - They b - Them c - Theirs 17) The girls are playing with ..................dolls. a - Them b - Their c - They 18) María is pretty and..............is also very tall and slim. a - She b - Her c - Hers 19) ...............doesn't like writing with a fountain pen. a - He b - She c - Me 20) ...............always play football in Castelar Square. a - Them b - Theirs c - They 21) Pepe is poor but he says that...............is happy. a - He b - Him c - Hers 22) The computer is old...........was bought in 1980. a - It b - Its c - Him 23) My sister is working with ..................new computer. a - Her 35

b - His c - She 24) Excuse....... a - Me b - My c - Mine 25) I am looking at.......... a - Your b - You c-I 26) Pleased to meet ............ a - Yours b - Us c - You 27) How do ............do? a - You b - Yours c - Him 28) Help .............., Pepe. a - You b - Yourself c - Yours 29) Here ...........are. a - We b - Us c - Our 30) Shut up and mind your ........business. a - Our b - Ours c - Own 31) ................Goodness. a - My b - Me c-I 32) ...........sounds great. a-I b - That c - Me 33) Give..........a ring when you get home please. a - Mine b - Me c - My 34) Didn't .............say you wanted to come with us? a - Yours b - Us 36

c - You 35) Thank ......very much. a - You b - Yours c - Youm 36) Please give ............a hand. a - Us b - We c - Our 37) Give.............regards to your family. a - Me b - My c-I 38) Let ........take a photograph of you. a - Me b - My c - Us 39) Let ...........introduce myself. a - Me b-I c - My 40) I like............ a - She b - Her c - Hem 41) I play football with......... a - He b - Him c - His 42) The book is............ a - My b - Mine c - Me 43) She is ..................secretary. a - Me b - My c - Mine 44) I am................father. a - He b - His c - Him 45) Inmita is ..................daughter. a - Me b - My c - Mine 37

46) The dictionary is............ a - Me b - My c - Mine 47) The umbrella is.......... a - He b - Her c - Hers 48) He is..................teacher. a - Our b - We c - Us 49) .........live in Elda. a - Us b - We c - Our 50) If you work for......you will not have to suffer a boss. a - You b - Yours c - Yourself 51) Many people nowadays live by....... a - Them b - Themselves c - Their 52) We enjoyed ..........in our honeymoon. a - Us b - Ours c - Ourselves 53) Help................Feel at home. a - Yourself b - You c - Yours 54) The keys on the table are.........Mine are here. a - You b - Your c - Yours 55) I am very proud of this town of...... a - Me b - My c - Mine 56) ........faithfully. a - Your b - Yours c - Yourself 57) Maika is a friend of......................... 38

a - Me b-I c - Mine 58) It was a problem of.........that made us arrive late. a - Hers b - She c - Her 59) I like swimming. -.......too. a-I b - My c - Me 60) Visit...........when you come to Elda. a - Us b - Our c - Ours 61) ....................wife's name is Inma. a-I b - Me c - My 62) .....................father was the Mayor. a - He b - His c - Him 63) She is ...................new teacher, her name is Laura. a - Us b - Our c - Ours

39

Soluciones 1. B 11. A 21. A 31. A 41. B 51. B 61. C

2. B 12. B 22. A 32. B 42. B 52. C 62. B

3. A 13. B 23. A 33. B 43. B 53. A 63. B

4. B 14. A 24. A 34. C 44. B 54. C

5. B 15. A 25. B 35. A 45. B 55. C

6. A 16. A 26. C 36. A 46. C 56. B

7. B 17. B 27. A 37. A 47. C 57. C

8. A 18. A 28. B 38. A 48. A 58. A

9. B 19. B 29. A 39. A 49. B 59. C

10. B 20. C 30. C 40. B 50. C 60. B

40

HABER IMPERSONAL. THERE IS •

Se usa para indicar que hay una o más cosas. Al formarse con el verbo to be hace las formas interrogativas y negativas como el mencionado verbo.

AFIRMATIVA

INTERROGATIVA

NEGATIVA

There is a car. Hay un coche.

Is there a car? ¿Hay un coche?

There is not a car. No hay un coche.

There was a boy. Había un niño.

Was there a boy? ¿Había un niño?

There was not a boy. No había un niño.

PRESENTE

PASADO

There is.

There was.

There are.

There were.

FUTURO There will be.

CONDICIONAL There would be.

There's. There is someone waiting for you. Hay alguien esperándote. There are four biscuits on the plate. Hay cuatro galletas en el plato. Is there anything I can do for you? ¿Hay algo que pueda hacer por tí?

41

1) Crevillente is a very modern town. There.....................not many old buildings. a - Is b - Are c - Am 2) There.......................a photograph of the Mayor in the newspaper! a - Is b - Are c - Am 3) Excuse me, ..............there a restaurant near here? a - Is b - Are c - Am 4) There........................five people in my family. a - Is b - Are c - Am 5) There.....not a film in the camera. a - Is b - Are c - Am 6) How many cinemas…………………….. there in Villena? a - Is b - Are c - Am 7) .........................there a concert next Sunday? a - Is b - Are c - Am 8) ..........................there a bus from Alicante at 7.00? a - Is b - Are c - Am 9) There...........two trains to Madrid every day. a - Is b - Are c - Am 10) There.......some computers in this University. a - Is b - Are c - Am 11) .......there a nice park in Alicante? a - Is b - Are c - Am

42

12) ................there a supermarket near here? a - Is b - Are c - Am 13) There...........................two letters from the bank. a - Is b - Are c - Am 14) There.............many people in the club now. a - Is b - Are c - Am 15) There.................a parade next Saturday. a - Is b - Are c - Am 16) There........a football match on TV tonight. a - Is b - Are c - Am 17) ..............there a swimming -pool in your hotel? a - Is b - Are c - Am 18) There...............many restaurants in Benidorm. a - Is b - Are c - Am 19) There.............a concert next June in Santa Pola. a - Is b - Are c - Am 20) .....................there many people in the Festivities in Villena? a - Is b - Are c - Am

43

Soluciones 1. B 11. A

2. A 12. A

3. A 13. B

4. B 14. B

5. A 15. A

6. B 16. A

7. A 17. A

8. A 18. B

9. B 19. A

10. B 20. B

44

LOS PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS SOME, ANY, NO y SUS COMPUESTOS •

Expresan cantidades indefinidas.

Some. I have some magazines from Se usa con oraciones afirmativas. Se library. traduce por algo, algún, algo de. Tengo varias revistas de la biblioteca.

the

En interrogativas cuando la respuesta que Do you want some chocolates? se espera es afirmativa. ¿Quieres bombones? Any. Have you any good book to lend me? Se usa en oraciones interrogativas y ¿Tienes algún buen libro para dejarme? negativas. Se traduce por “nada”, “ningún”, “algún”. I haven’t any money. No tengo dinero. No. I have no money. Se usa en oraciones con el verbo en No tengo dinero. afirmativa pero el sentido de la frase es negativo. •

Los compuestos de some, any y no se comportan de la misma manera.

Something. Algo.

Anything. Algo, nada.

Nothing. Nada.

Everything. Todo.

Somebody. Alguien.

Anybody. Alguien, nadie.

Nobody. Nadie.

Everybody. Todos.

Somewhere. Algún lugar.

Anywhere. Alguna parte, ninguna parte.

Nowhere. Ninguna parte.

Everywhere. Todas partes.

Someone. Alguien.

Anyone. Alguien, nadie.

No one. Nadie.

Everyone. Cada uno.

Is there anybody who wants to come with me to Madrid? ¿Hay alguien que quiera venir conmigo a Madrid? There is nothing more to say. No hay nada más que decir.

45

1) I want..........water please. a - Some b - Any c - Somebody 2) I want...........................ice. a - Myself b - Any c - Some 3) I haven't got...........................pets. a-A b - Some c - Any 4) I have.............................money. a - Some b - Any c - Do 5) Do you want..............................bread? a - Some b - Both c - Any 6) I want...........................coke. a - Any b - Three c - Some 7) I haven't ......................................money. a - Some b - Any c - Something 8) We haven't......................................matches. a - Some b - Everything c - Any 9) We have......................................French wines. a - Any b - Some c - Much 10) There aren't.................................biscuits. a - Some b - Any c - Anything 11) I have.............................old pictures of Elda. a - Me b - Some c - Any

46

12) Are there.....................................letters? a - Some b - Any c - No 13) Would you like .........................chocolates? a - Any b - Will c - Some 14) Have you seen ................love film lately? a - Some b - Any c - No 15) Have you got...........................brothers or sisters? a - Any b - My c - Some 16) There are.....................................boys playing football outside. a - These b - Some c - Any 17) Is there.........................................cinema in town? a - Any b - Some c - Six 18) Is there .....................................swimming pool in Petrel? a - Some b - Any c - Big 19) I've got ....................................books on computers a - Any b - Some c - Me 20) I want...........................apples. a - Somenody b - Any c - Some 21) They haven't........................relatives in Seville. a - Some b - Any c - Theirs 22) Have you ........brothers or sisters? a - Some b - Any c - No 23) ..............understands me. 47

a - Onebody b - Nobody c - Anyboby 24) ...................smells nice! a - Anything b - Something c - Nothing 25) There's ...............like a siesta. a - Nothing b - Something c - Anything 26) is there .........we can do to help? a - Anybody b - Anything c - Anywhere 27) I would like to buy him .........typical of Spain. a - Something b - Nothing c - Anything 28) There is......milk in the fridge. a - No b - Some c - Many 29) I want..........to eat. a - Some b - Something c - Anywhere 30) There is .......which is not very clear in this. a - Something b - Anything c - Nothing 31) Would you like ..............more chocolates? I know they are your favourite ones. a - Any b - Much c - Some

48

Soluciones 1. A 11. B 21. B 31. C

2. C 12. B 22. B

3. C 13. A 23. B

4. A 14. B 24. B

5. C 15. A 25. A

6. C 16. B 26. B

7. B 17. A 27. A

8. C 18. B 28. A

9. B 19. B 29. B

10. B 20. C 30. A

49

OTROS INDEFINIDOS All. Hace referencia a más de dos.

All my friends came to my party. Todos mis amigos vinieron a mi fiesta.

Both. Se refiere a dos.

Both are 14. Los dos tienen catorce años.

Each. Cada.

Each and every day I sleep siesta. Todos los días duermo la siesta.

Either. O.

Either you stay here or come with us. O te quedas o vienes con nosotros.

Every. Cada.

Every day I go running. Todos los días voy a correr.

Neither. Ni.

Neither of them are happy. Ninguno de ellos está contento.

Neither…nor Ni..ni.

I neither like coffee nor tea. No me gusta ni el café ni el té.

None. Ninguno de los dos.

None wanted coffee. Ninguno quiso café.

50

PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS Who. Who came yesterday? ¿Quién? Se usa con personas. ¿Quién vino ayer? Whom. ¿A quién? Se usa compañado por preposiciones.

Whom did you speak to? ¿Con quién estabas hablando? The man with whom you spoke is Pepe. El hombre con quien estabas hablando es Pepe.

Whose Whose car is this Ford Fiesta? ¿De quién? Se usa en la forma ¿De quién es este Ford Fiesta? posesiva. Which. ¿Qué o Cuál?

Which is your favourite singer? ¿Quién es tu cantante favorito?

What ¿Qué? Se usa cuando no hay antecedentes.

What do you think of him? ¿Qué piensas de él?

How. ¿Cómo?

How is your mother? ¿Cómo está tu madre?

How many. ¿Cúantos?

How many books do you read a year? ¿Cuántos libros lees al año?

How much. ¿Cuánto?

How much is that CD? ¿Cuánto cuesta ese disco?

How long. ¿Cuánto tiempo?

How long will it take to go to Madrid by plane? ¿Cuánto tiempo tardará en ir a Madrid en avión?

How far. ¿A qué distancia?

How far is Elche from Santa Pola? ¿Qué distancia hay entre Elche y Santa Pola?

How fast. ¿A qué velocidad?

How fast can you type? ¿A qué velocidad mecanografías?

How often. ¿Con qué frecuencia?

How often do you play football? ¿Con qué frecuencia juegas al fútbol?

Why.

Why was he late? 51

¿Por qué?

¿Por qué llegó tarde?

When. ¿Cuándo?

When did you go there? ¿Cuándo fuiste allí?

Where. ¿Dónde?

Where do you live? ¿Dónde vives?

What kind. ¿Qué clase?

What kind of music do you like? ¿Qué clase de música te gusta?

52

1) ........do you spend your free time? a - How b - When c - Which 2) ........your phone number? a - What is b - Where is c - How is 3) ........do you live with? a - Who b - Where c - How 4) ........do you do on Sundays? a - Where b - What c - How 5) ........were you born? a - Where b - Which c - What 6) ..........sports do you practise. a - Which b - Where c - How 7) ..............do you live? a - Where b - Which c - How 8) ................says this is a good film? a - Who b - Where c - What 9) He is the one ....is in London, isn't he? a - Who b - Which c - Where 10) ..............did you know it was my birthday today? a - Where b - What c - How 11) What ........good idea! a-A b - Some c - Few

53

12) Wow! ...........a sight. a - How b - Where c - What 13) ............silly! a - How b - Where c - Which 14) ..................delicious sweets you have in Elda. a - How b - Where c - What 15) …….. is Arguiñano?, -He is a marvellous cook, he came to Elda in 1997. a - Who b - Where c - Which 16) We both realise ...........important it is. a - How b - Which c - Where 17) ...............interesting! a - What b - What an c - How 18) Mercedes is ......................came to the party wearing the red dress. a - The one who b - What c - One which 19) Juan, .........................did you have lunch with, last Saturday? a - Who b - Whose c - Which 20) …….is Salvador? - The boy I met yesterday. a - Who b - What c - That 21) .................came yesterday? a - Who b - Whom c - Whose 22) ....................love opera a - Whom b - Who c - Whose 23) And this is ……..happened that night. 54

a - What b - Who c - That 24) Is that book ..............you wanted to buy? a - The one b - That c - What 25) Look at those boys, Mary....one is your brother? a - Who b - Where c - Which 26) This is the Harley .........I want to buy. a - Where b - What c - Which 27) ............is this pencil? a - How b - Whose c - Who 28) ........father is the President of The Moros Musulmanes? a - Whose b - What c - Which 29) .........wrote several books on grammar? a - Who b - Where c - Which 30) ……is the restaurant? a - Where b - Which c - What 31) .........celebrate San Antón all together? a - What about b - Why don't we c - How about 32) .........very nice car is a Mercedes. a - What a b - How c - How a 33) ........I arrive in Moscow I will send a fax. a - As b - When c - Now 34) ......a pretty girl. a - What 55

b - What a c - How 35) ......pretty girls. a - What b - What a c - How 36) .........tall is the cathedral? a - What b - How c - Where 37) ..........silly of you is to say that! a - What b - How c - What a 38) ........long have you been studying English? a - Where b - How c - What 39) ........horrible weather you have in England! a - What a b - What c - How 40) ........paid the bill? a - Where b - Who c - How 41) ......did you see at the fair? a - Where b - Who c - Whose 42) ........is your favourite film? a - What b - Which c - Who 43) .........happened when we went? a - What b - Where c - How 44) ..........does she want? a - Where b - What c – Who 45) .......is this old car? a - Whose

56

b - Who c - Whom 46) .........did you give the parcel? a - Whose b - Whom c - How 47) .........was that pretty girl who was with you in the Plaza Mayor? a - Who b - Whose c - Whom 48) .......came with Pepe? a - What b - Who c - Where 49) ….....did he say? a - Who b - Which c - What 50) ………..is this car? a - Who b - Whom c - Whose 51) ….......did you givethe first prize in the contest? a - Whose b - Who c - Whom 52) ..........a pretty girl! a - What b - How c - What a 53) ........stupid of him! a - What b - How c - What a

57

Soluciones 1. A 11. A 21. A 31. B 41. B 51. C

2. A 12. C 22. B 32. A 42. B 52. A

3. A 13. A 23. A 33. B 43. A 53. B

4. B 14. C 24. A 34. B 44. B

5. A 15. A 25. C 35. A 45. A

6. A 16. A 26. C 36. B 46. B

7. A 17. C 27. B 37. B 47. A

8. A 18. A 28. A 38. B 48. B

9. A 19. A 29. A 39. A 49. C

10. C 20. A 30. A 40. B 50. C

58

El NOMBRE CONTABLES E INCONTABLES •

Los nombres se pueden clasificar en contables e incontables.

•

Contables son aquéllos que podemos contar con la ayuda de un numeral. Tienen forma de plural y pueden llevar el artículo a/an o the, some, few etc.

One book.

Two pencils.

Three boys.

Four cars.

Un libro.

Dos lapiceros.

Tres niños.

Cuatro coches.

•

Los incontables no tienen plural, algunos de ellos pueden ser tanto contables como incontables. Existe un cambio en el significado.

I bought a paper. Give me some paper to write. Compré un periódico. Dame papel para escribir. She has a new iron. This is made of iron. Tiene una nueva plancha. Ésto está hecho de hierro. Give me a glass. This is Bohemian glass. Dame un vaso. Esto es cristal de Bohemia. I drink coffee. Give me two coffees. Bebo café. Dame dos cafés. •

Algunos nombres incontables:

Butter. Mantequilla.

Help. Ayuda.

News. Noticias.

Tea. Té

Chocolate. Chocolate.

Homework. Deberes.

Paper. Papel.

Time. Tiempo.

Coffee. Café.

Hope. Esperanza.

Physics. Física.

Toothpaste. Pasta de dientes.

Cream. Crema.

Hunger. Hambre.

Rubbish. Basura.

Trouble. Problema.

Dirt. Suciedad.

Information. Información.

Sand. Arena.

Water. Agua.

59

Flour. Harina.

Mathematics. Matemáticas.

Sky. Cielo.

Weather. Tiempo atmosférico.

Food. Comida.

Milk. Leche.

Soap. Jabón.

Work. Trabajo.

Fun. Diversión.

Money. Dinero.

Wine. Vino.

Silver. Plata.

Furniture. Mobiliario.

Music. Música.

Sugar. Azúcar.

Advice. Consejo.

60

MUCH, MANY, FEW, LITTLE, A LOT OF CONTABLES Many. Muchos o muchas.

I have many friends. Tengo muchos amigos.

Few. Pocos o pocas.

She has read few books. Ella ha leído pocos libros.

A few. Unos pocos o unas pocas.

I have a few good friends. Tengo unos pocos buenos amigos.

So Many. Tantos.

We have so many books that I don’t know where to put them. Tenemos tantos libros que no sé dónde ponerlos.

So Few. Tan pocos.

He is alone, he has so few friends. Está solo, tiene tan pocos amigos.

Too Many. Demasiados.

Too many cooks spoil the broth. Demasiados cocineros echan a perder el caldo.

Too Few. Demasiado pocos.

There were too few to start the party. Había demasiado pocos para empezar la fiesta.

INCONTABLES Much. Mucho.

I don’t drink much coke. No bebo mucha Coca-cola.

Little. Poco.

He eats little fruit. Come poca fruta.

A little Un poco.

With a little milk please. Con un poco de leche.

So Little. Tan poco.

He drinks so little water. Bebe tan poca agua.

Too Much. Demasiado. “más de lo necesario”.

They eat too much meat. Comen demasiada carne. 61

Too Little. They have too little money. Demasiado poco. “menos de lo necesario”. Tienen demasiado poco dinero. So Much. Tanto.

They spend so much on clothes that they never have enough money. Gastan tanto en ropa que nunca tienen suficiente dinero.

CON CONTABLES E INCONTABLES A lot of. Mucho, muchos.

We have a lot of books. Tenemos muchos libros. We drink a lot of water. Bebemos mucha agua.

Lots of. Montones de. Mucho, Mucha.

Lots of people came yesterday. Mucha gente vino ayer.

Plenty of. Mucho, muchos. Tiene el matiz de “de sobra”.

There are plenty of good books in the library. Hay muchos buenos libros en la biblioteca. I don’t have to hurry, I’ve got plenty of time. No tengo que apresurarme, tengo mucho tiempo.

•

Partitivos más utilizados con los nombres incontables.

A bar of. Una barra de.

A bar of chocolate. Una barra de chocolate.

A bottle of. Una botella de.

A bottle of wine. Una botella de vino.

A can of. Una lata de bebida.

A can of coke. Un lata de Coca-cola.

A cup of. Una taza de.

A cup of coffe. Una taza de café.

A piece of. Un trozo de, una porción de.

A piece of paper. Un trozo de papel. 62

A tin of. Una lata de.

A tin of tuna. Una lata de atún.

A packet of. Una bolsa de.

A packet of crisps. Una bolsa de papas.

63

1) Only ....................live in the country nowadays. a - Few b - Little c - Much 2) There is....................noise in this city. a - Few b - Many c - Much 3) There are ........schools in Salinas.Only two. a - Little b - Few c - Much 4) I'll have........................coffee. a - Few b-A c - Any 5) In Petrel there are...................mountains. a - Many b - Much c - Little 6) There's...........................................whisky in the bottle a - Few b - Little c - Many 7) ....................good friends are better than many. a - Little b - Few c - Much 8) I have .........................money left. a - Little b - Few c - Many 9) I want..........................milk in my coffee please. a - Some b - Any c - Few 10) I spend.........................time watching TV. a - Much b - Many c - Few 11) We have to study.........................books. a - Much b - Many c - Any

64

12) There are .................................desks in this class. a - Much b - Little c - Many 13) Not ...................people smoke in this University. a - Manys b - Many c - Fews 14) They pay Zidane .......................money. a - Much b - Many c - Few 15) There aren't ..............................towns in Teruel. a - Many b - Much c - Little 16) I didn't drink ............................wine yesterday. a - Much b - Many c - Few 17) There are only ..........................people in the concert. a - Few b - Little c - Many 18) I want to ha ve ............................friends. a - Little b - Many c - Much 19) Now I have.................................money. a - Few b - Many c - Little 20) They asked me ...........................questions. a - Many b - Little c - Much 21) I don't have ................................time. a - Much b - Many c - Little 22) I'll try .............English tea. a - Some b - Many c - Any

65

23) Don't ask me so ..........questions. a - Many b - Much c - Less 24) How ..............shirts are you going to buy? a - Many b - Much c - Often 25) I have .....time. a – Little b - Much c - Yet 26) How ...........people are living in Villena? a - Much b - Many c - Some 27) ...............much is the English book? a - How b - Which c - Where 28) I drink........................coke. a - Many b - Much c - Few 29) My wife eats ..................oranges. a - Many b - Little c - So 30) My brother has...................CDs. a - A lot os b - A lot of c - Much 31) I stud y.......... a - Few b - Many c - Much 32) Is there ..................water in the bottle? No, there isn't. a - Many b - Lot c - Much 33) There is .................milk in the jug. a - Many b - Much c - Lot of

66

34) We have.................magazines and books about Elda. a - A lot b - A lot of c - Lots 35) There are...................boys waiting for you outside. a - Much b - A few c - Fewing 36) I don't eat..........................meat. a - Many b - Much c - Few 37) We eat ...............fish. a - Many b - Much c - Few 38) Lorenzo has ....................money. a – Much b - Many c – Few

67

Soluciones 1. A 11. B 21. A 31. C

2. C 12. C 22. A 32. C

3. B 13. B 23. A 33. B

4. B 14. A 24. A 34. B

5. A 15. A 25. A 35. B

6. B 16. A 26. B 36. B

7. B 17. A 27. A 37. B

8. A 18. B 28. B 38. A

9. A 19. C 29. A

10. A 20. A 30. A

68

EL GENERO •

Un gran número de nombres carecen de él, por eso tenemos la misma palabra para masculino y femenino.

Teacher. Profesor.

Doctor. Médico.

Student. Estudiante.

Lawyer. Abogado.

Artist. Artista.

Reader. Lector.

Musician. Músico.

Driver. Conductor.

•

Otras palabras tienen una forma para el masculino y otra para el femenino y neutro.

MASCULINOS

FEMENINOS

NEUTROS

Father. Padre.

Mother. Madre.

Flower. Flor.

Brother. Hermano.

Sister. Hermana.

Cat. Gato.

Boy. Chico.

Daughter. Hija.

Door. Puerta.

•

Otros tienen forma masculina y femenina

MASCULINO

FEMENINO

A male doctor. Un doctor.

A woman doctor. Una doctora.

Actor. Actor.

Actress. Actriz.

Bachelor. Soltero.

Spinster. Soltera.

Boy. Chico.

Girl. Chica.

Brother. Hermano.

Sister. Hermana.

Bull.

Cow. 69

Toro.

Vaca.

Cock. Gallo.

Hen. Gallina.

Duke. Duque.

Duchess. Duquesa.

Emperor. Emperador.

Empress. Emperatriz.

Father. Padre.

Mother. Madre.

God. Dios.

Goddess. Diosa.

Horse. Caballo.

Mare. Yegua.

Host. Anfitrión.

Hostess. Anfitriona.

Husband . Esposo.

Wife. Esposa.

Lion. León.

Lioness. Leona.

Lord. Señor.

Lady. Señora.

Man. Hombre.

Woman. Mujer.

Nephew. Sobrino.

Niece. Sobrina.

Poet. Poeta.

Poetess. Poetisa.

Prince. Príncipe.

Princess. Princesa.

Son. Hijo.

Daughter. Hija.

Steward.

Stewardess. 70

Auxiliar de vuelo.

Azafata.

Tailor. Sastre.

Dressmaker. Modista.

Uncle. Tío.

Aunt. Tía.

Waiter. Camarero.

Waitress. Camarera.

Widower. Viudo.

Widow. Viuda.

•

Curiosamente, “Baby” puede llevar el pronombre “it” y los gatos y los perros “he” o “she”.

•

Los países, los barcos y los coches personifican.

se consideran femeninos y a veces se

- Do you like my car? ¿Te gusta mi coche? - She is beautiful. Es bonito.

71

EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES •

La regla general es añadir (-s).

Car. Coche.

•

Cars.

Book. Libro.

Books.

Pen. Boli.

Pens.

En los nombres que acaban en , s, z, ch, x, sh y o se añade (-es)

Potato. Patata.

Potatoes.

Brush. Cepillo.

Brushes.

Box. Caja.

Boxes.

Kiss. Beso.

Kisses.

Pouch. Bolsa.

Pouches.

Church. Iglesia.

Churches

Bush. Arbusto.

Bushes.

Box. Caja.

Boxes.

Church. Iglesia.

Churches.

•

Sin embargo, las palabras de origen extranjero que terminan en “-o” solamente añaden una “-s“.

Kilo. Quilo.

Kilos.

Kimono. Kimono.

Kimonos.

Piano. Piano.

Pianos.

Photo. Foto.

Photos.

Soprano. Soprano.

Sopranos.

Solo. Solo.

Solos.

Piano. Piano.

Pianos.

Radio. Radio.

Radios.

Tomato. Tomate.

Tomatoes.

•

Los nombres acabados en “-y” precedida de vocal siguen la regla general, pero si la “-y” va precedida de consonante se transforma en “-i” y se añade “-es”. Toy. Toys. Boy. Boys. Monkey. Monkeys. Juguete. Chico. Mono. Lady. Señora.

Ladies.

City. Ciudad.

Cities.

Country. País.

Countries.

72

•

Hay doce sustantivos que terminan en “-f” o “-fe”, cuyo plural cambia por “-ves”.

Wolf. Lobo.

Wolves.

Thief. Ladrón.

Thieves.

Sheaf. Gavilla.

Sheaves.

Loaf. Barra pan.

Loaves.

Leaf. Hoja.

Leaves.

Half. Mitad.

Halves.

Wife. Esposa.

Wives.

Shelf. Estantería.

Shelves.

Self. Selves. Uno mismo.

Life. Vida.

Lives.

Knife. Cuchillo.

Knives.

Calf. Ternero.

•

Calves.

Las demás palabras que terminan en “-f” o “-fe” añaden una “-s“.

Safe. Caja de seguridad. •

de

Safes.

Chief. Jefe.

Chiefs.

Cliff. Cliffs. Acantilado.

Existen plurales irregulares.

Man. Hombre.

Men.

Woman. Mujer.

Women.

Mouse. Ratón.

Mice.

Foot. Pie.

Feet.

Goose. Ganso.

Geese.

Ox. Buey.

Oxen.

Child. Niño.

Children.

Tooth. Diente.

Teeth.

Mackarel. Caballa.

•

Algunos animales o peces no cambian en plural:

Sheep. Oveja.

Deer. Ciervo.

Trout. Trucha.

Cod. Bacalao.

Squid. Calamar.

Salmon. Salmón.

Carp. Carpa.

Plaice. Platija.

Duck. Pato.

Partridge. Perdíz.

•

Al igual que otras palabras como:

Aircraft.

Spacecraft .

Hovercraft. 73

Aeronave. •

Nave espacial.

Aerodeslizador.

Otros tan sólo tiene forma plural

People. Gente.

Cattle. Ganado.

Police. Policia.

Folk. Gente.

Pyjamas. Pijama.

Glasses. Gafas.

Scissors. Tijeras.

Binoculars. Prismáticos.

Trousers. Pantalones.

Stairs. Escaleras.

•

Jeans. Pantalones vaqueros.

Algunos de los acabados en “-s” van siempre en singular.

Mathematics . Gymnastics Matemáticas Gimnasia.

•

Shorts. Pantalones cortos. Thanks. Gracias.

Politics. Política.

Phonetics. Fonética.

Los nombres colectivos, police, crew, family, team, etc., pueden llevar el verbo en singular o en plural, según el sentido que le demos a la frase:

Our police is very efficient. Nuestra policía es muy eficaz.

Our team is the best. Nuestro equipo es el mejor.

The police are looking for the thief. La policía esta buscando al ladrón.

Our team are wearing the new Tshirts. Nuestra equipo lleva la nueva camiseta.

•

Penny tiene dos posibles plurales. Pennies hace referencia a las monedas y pence a la cantidad total.

I have 4 pennies.

I paid 50 pence.

Tengo cuatro peniques.

Pagué cincuenta peniques.

•

Las palabras compuestas formadas con preposiciones o adverbios forman el plural en la primera parte del nombre

Maid of honour. Dama de honor

Maids of honour.

Brother in law. Cuñado.

Brothers in law.

74

•

Las palabras que incluyen man o woman forman el plural modificando las dos partes

Manservant.

Menservants.

PRONUNCIACION PLURAL. /s/. Cats.

DE

/z/ Windows.

LA

DESINENCIA

DE

/iz/ Houses.

Cuando los nombres acaban Cuando los nombres acaban Cuando los nombres acaban en consonante sorda.. p, t, k, f en consonante sonora o vocal. en s, z, x, ch, ss, ... b, d, g, v, m, n, l, r, w, j

75

1) El plural de dish es........ a - Dishes b - Dishs c - Dishen 2) Las palabras acabadas en vocal "+ y " como boy, hacen el plural...... a - Añadiendo s b - Cambiando la "y " por i y añadiendo s c - Añadiendo -es 3) Las palabras "glass, dish, church, fox y buzz " hacen el plural........ a - Añadiendo -s b - Añadiendo -es c - Añadiendo -ies 4) What are you.........? a - Hobby b - Hobbies c - Jobis 5) What .......have you visited? a - Country b - Countries c - Cantris 6) I want two ......................of Fanta. a - Glass b - Glassves c - Glasses 7) I like tomato .............. a - Sandwiches b - Sandwichs c - Sandwicheves 8) In the sea there are many ................. a - Fishess b - Fishs c - Fish 9) I bought three ............ a - Salmons b - Salmon c - Salmones 10) I like ........................................... a - Potatos b - Potatoes c - Pototaves 11) I do not like........... a - Mouses b - Mouse c - Mice

76

12) My penthouse has two. a - Rooves b - Roofs c - Roofes 13) This tree has many .................................................. a - Leafs b - Leaves c - Leafss 14) I use paper ....................................................... a - Handkerchiefs b - Handkerchieves c - Handkerchiefes 15) In the zoo I saw four ..... a - Sheep b - Sheeps c - Sheppes 16) I never go to ............................................... a - Discoes b - Discos c - Discooes 17) In my kitchen there are many .............................. a - Shelves b - Shelfs c - Shelving 18) Europe has many different............................. a - Countrys b - Countries c - Countris 19) I prefer ghost ............................. a - Stories b - Storyes c - Storis 20) She has many ............................. a - Worries b - Worrys c - Worryes 21) We always use silver ................ a - Knives b - Knifes c - Knifs 22) The forest has many ........... a - Deers b - Deer c - Deeres

77

23) Las palabras " kilo, photo, piano , solo, dynamo y magneto " hacen el plural...... a - Añadiendo -s b - Añadiendo -es c - Añadiendo -ves 24) Las palabras "glass, dish, church, fox y buzz " hacen el plural........ a - Añadiendo -s b - Añadienod -es c - Añadiendo -ies 25) Sheep , deer, swine, fish, trout, salmon, aircraft hacen el plural........ a - Añadiendo -es b - Esa misma forma les sirve para el plural c - Añadiendo -s 26) The police ........coming very soon. a - Is b - Are c - Be 27) This mountain is more that 1500 ..........high. a - Foot b - Foots c - Feet 28) Which .................are you from? a - Country b - Countri c - Kantry 29) She gave him four .........of bread. a - Loafs b - Loaves c - Loavings 30) The indians had many....... a - Chiefs b - Chieves c - Cifs 31) My favourite.........were a ball and the Scalextrix. a - Toys b - Toyes c - Tois 32) In the Tarzan films there are many......... a - Monkeis b - Monkeys c - Mankis 33) A famous English king had six........ a - Wifes b - Wives c - Wivess

78

34) We always buy three.......of bread in Perete. a - Loafs b - Loaves c - Loavess 35) All of us have two....... a - Feet b - Foot c - Foots 36) The plural of goose is... a - Gooses b - Geese c - Gees 37) The plural of mouse is... a - Mouses b - Mice c - Mices 38) The plural of carp is... a - Carps b - Carpe diem c - Carp 39) The plural of partridge is a - Partridges b - Partdrigess c - Partridge 40) Para decir que hay muchos peces en el mar diremos...... a - There's a lot of fishes in the sea b - There's a lot of fish in the sea c - There are a lot of fishes in the sea 41) I like........................with cream. a - Strawberries b - Strawberryes c - Strauberries 42) Before my daughters were born I visited many....................with my wife. a - Countries b - Countryes c - Cauntries

79

Soluciones 1. A 11. C 21. A 31. A 41. A

2. A 12. B 22. B 32. B 42. A

3. B 13. B 23. A 33. B

4. B 14. B 24. B 34. B

5. B 15. A 25. B 35. A

6. C 16. B 26. B 36. B

7. A 17. A 27. C 37. B

8. C 18. B 28. A 38. C

9. B 19. A 29. B 39. C

10. B 20. A 30. A 40. B

80

FUNCIONES DEL NOMBRE. FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS COMPUESTAS •

Algunos nombres surgen de la combinación de dos palabras.

Adjetivo + nombre.

Handful.

Puñado.

Nombre + nombre.

Toothpaste.

Pasta de dientes.

Ing + nombre.

Washingmachine.

Lavadora.

Pronombre + nombre.

Shegoat.

Cabra.

Verbo + nombre.

Breakfast.

Desayuno.

Preposición + nombre.

Overwork.

Exceso de trabajo.

Preposición + verbo.

Income.

Ingresos.

•

Todos los nombres pueden tener las siguientes funciones

Sujeto.

María is a teacher. María es profesora.

Predicado.

María is a sociable woman. María es una mujer sociable.

Complemento Directo.

I saw a woman there. Ví una mujer allí.

Complemento Indirecto.

This present is for that woman. Este regalo es para esa mujer.

•

Algunos sufijos nos pueden ayudar a identificar a los nombres.

-er.

-er.

-ee.

-tion.

-ist.

Profesiones.

Cosas.

Personas.

Baker. Panadero.

Opener. Abridor.

Employee. Empleado.

Nombres Profesiones. Verbos. Pollution. Violinist. Contaminació n.

-ism.

-ness.

Ideologías.

Nombre.

Comunism. Comunismo

Hapiness. Felicidad.

81

-ance.

-hood.

-ment.

-tion.

-ity.

Nombre. Abundance Abundancia.

Nombre. Childhood. Niñez.

Nombre. Shipment. Envío.

Nombre. Education. Educación.

Nombre. Ability. Habilidad.

•

Algunos sufijos nos pueden ayudar a identificar a los adjetivos o adverbios.

-al.

-ic.

-ive.

-ful.

-less.

-ous.

-ly.

Practical. Práctico.

Historic. Histórico.

Exclusive. Exclusivo.

Faithful. Leal.

Hopeless. Sin esperanza

Industriou s Trabajador

Friendly. Amistoso.

-ed.

-en.

-ant.

-ive.

-ible.

-like.

-worthy.

Excited. Excitado.

Wooden. De madera

Irrelevant. Irrelevante

Comprehe Sensible. nsive. Sensato. Comprensiv o.

Childlike. infantil

Trustworthy.

In-

Ir-

Non-

Un-

Irregular. Irregular.

Nonsmoker. No fumador.

Unthinkable Impensable

Super-

Post-

Under

•

Algunos prefijos negativos.

Dis-

Il-

Im-

Dishonest. Deshonesto

Illegal. Ilegal.

Impolite. Invisible. Mal educado. Invisible.

•

Fiable

Algunos prefijos de los más usados.

Anti-

Over-

Pre-

Semi-

Antibiotic. Antibiótico

Overdose Predictable. S emiprofes Supernatu Postpone. Posponer. Sobredosis Predecible. sional. ral. Semiprofesio Supernatur nal. al.

Undermine Socavar.

82

GENITIVO SAJÓN •

Es una construcción especial que se utiliza para indicar posesión. La estructura del genitivo sajón es: Poseedor + ‘s + cosa poseída.

•

Normalmente la utilizamos con personas y rara vez con objetos.

Añadir apóstrofo y una “s “es la regla Peter’s bike. general. La bici de Pedro. Acabados en s, como nombre propio Pits’ car. añade sólo “ ’ ”. El coche de Pit. Plurales irregulares no terminados en “s” o A men’s club. “-es” siguen la regla general. Un club para hombres. Más de un sujeto.

My brother and sister’s friends. Los amigos de mi hermano y de mi hermana. My brother’s and sister’s friends. Los amigos de mi hermano y las amigas de mi hermana.

Algunas expresiones.

A day’s break. Un descanso de un día. Today’s paper. El periódico de hoy. The car’s engine. El motor del coche. A stone’s throw. A tiro de piedra.

Casas y tiendas.

I went to my sister’s Fui casa de mi hermana. She was at the baker’s. Estaba en la panadería.

Tiendas, hospitales e iglesias.

He goes to his friend’s. Él va a casa de su amigo. He got married in Sant Louis’. Él se casó en la Iglesia de San Luis. 83

I was at the dentist’s. Yo estaba en el dentista. Los plurales regulares acabados en “s” sólo A girls’ school. añaden el apóstrofo. Una escuela de chicas.

84

1) This is the .............., isn't it? a - Balls' boys b - Boys' the ball c - Boys' ball 2) La casa de Manoli. a - House's manoli b - Manoli's house c - The manoli's house 3) El coche de mi amigo. a - The my friend's car b - My friend's car c - Car's my friend 4) La casa de los Torres. a - The Torres' house b - Torres'ss house c - The house of Torres' 5) Las obras de Cervantes. a - Cervantes' works b - Cervante's works c - The cervantes's works 6) El teorema de Pitágoras. a - Pythagoras's the therom b - The pythagora's theorem c - Pythagoras's theorem 7) La madre de mi suegra. a - My mother-in-law's mother b - My mother's- in- law mother c - My mother's-in -law's mother 8) Vamos a casa de Clemente. a - We are going to Clemente's b - We are going to the Clemente's c - We are going to Clementes 9) Ella está en la pelu. a - She's at the hairdresser's b - She is at hairdresser c - She is the hairdresser

85

Soluciones 1. C

2. B

3. B

4. A

5. A

6. C

7. A

8. A

9. A

86

EL ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO Los artículos preceden y detreminan a los sustantivos. •

Su traducción es “un”, “una”. Tiene dos formas “a” y “an”.

•

Es invariable en género y número, por lo tanto la misma forma sirve para masculino y femenino. Carece de plural. Se suele usar “some” para expresar el significado de unos.

• “A” se emplea con palabras que comienzan por sonido consonántico. •

“An” va con las que comienzan por sonido vocálico.

• Las palabras que comienzan por “h” muda como honest, llevan “an”. • Las palabras que comienzan por semiconsonantes como “university” llevan “a”. •

Hace las misma funciones que el artículo español. Designa personas y cosas.

•

Se puede usar con el sentido de “ un tal”

There is a Mr. Pérez waiting for you. Hay un tal señor Pérez esperándote.

A

AN

A house. Una casa.

An apple. Una manzana.

A car. Un coche.

An hour. Una hora.

A university. Una universidad.

An honest person. Una persona honrada.

A uniform. Un uniforme.

An honor. Un honor.

A union. Un sindicato.

An umbrella. Un paraguas.

A European. Un europeo.

An MP. Un miembro del Parlamento.

87

Acompaña a ciertos números y expresiones A hundred. de cantidad. Cien. A couple of hours. Un par de horas. Para indicar el precio de las cosas.

It is 10 euros a kilo.. Cuesta 10 euros el kilo.

Usamos “a” o “an” cuando es la primera vez The woman had a nice house near the que hablamos de un objeto. beach. La mujer tenía una bonita casa cerca de la playa. Cuando la referencia no está clara.

I want a book but I don’t want an English book. Quiero comprar un libro pero no quiero un libro inglés.

Con profesiones, religiones, e ideas políticas. I am a lawyer and he is a nurse. Yo soy abogado y ella es enfermera. He is a Catholic and I am a Jew. Él es católico y yo soy judío. He was a socialist and now he is a conservative. Él era socialista y ahora es conservador. Con enfermedades.

Last week I had a terrible cold. La semana pasada tuve un resfriado horrible. My wife has a toothache. A mi mujer le duele un diente

Con expresiones.

As a rule. Por regla general. On a diet. A dieta.

Con exclamaciones.

What a pretty woman. Qué mujer más guapa!

Con adverbios.

Once a year. Una vez al año.

88

• “A” puede ser cambiado por “one” en algunos casos. One morning I saw him here. Una mañana le vi aquí.

89

EL ARTÍCULO DETERMINADO THE •

Es parte invariable de la oración y va tanto con nombres en singular como con nombres en plural. Se puede traducir por: el, la los y las. Tiene dos pronunciaciones según vaya precediendo a vocales o consonantes.

The girl.

The girls.

The car.

The cars.

La chica.

Las chicas.

El coche.

Los coches.

USOS Ríos.

The Nile. El río Nilo.

Mares.

The Black Sea. El mar Negro. The Atlantic Ocean. El Océano Atlántico.

Montañas.

The Alps. Los Alpes.

Islas.

The Canary Islands. Las Islas Canarias.

Desiertos.

The Sahara. El desierto del Sahara.

Países en plural.

The Netherlands. Los Países Bajos.

Cosas únicas.

The Universe. El Universo. The Sun. El Sol. The Moon. La luna. The Earth. La Tierra.

90

Con instrumentos musicales.

I play the piano. Yo toco el violín.

Junto a un adjetivo hace referencia a un The blind. colectivo, a un tipo de personas. Los ciegos. The rich. Los ricos. The poor. Los pobres. The British. Los británicos. Con los superlativos.

Water is in my opinion the best drink. El agua es en mi opinión la mejor bebida.

También con algunas expresiones.

He was in the navy. Él estuvo en la marina. The police. La policía. I went to the Post Office. Yo fui a la oficina de correos. They were in the radio this morning. Ellos estuvieron en la radio ésta mañana. I went to the cinema last Sunday. Yo fui al cine el pasado domingo. I have spent very good moments in the theatre. Yo he pasado muy buenos momentos en el teatro.

Con fechas se lee pero no se escribe.

30 th November is my birthday. El día treinta de noviembre es my cumpleaños. Esto debe leerse November the thirtieth o the thirtieth of November.

Con algunas palabras modifica el In hospital. significado En el hospital. (hospitalizado) Bed, class, court, college, church, hospital, market, prison, university, town. In the hospital. En el hospital. (de visita) 91

Junto a las palabras Republic, State, The United Kingdom. Kingdom. El Reino Unido. The Arab Republic. La República Árabe. Con cosas únicas.

The moon isn’t red. La luna no es roja.

Con contables en singular hace referencia a The orange is an excellent fruit. la totalidad. La naranja es una excelente fruta. Con los adjetivos pasa lo mismo.

The rich also cry. Los ricos también lloran. The blind. Los ciegos.

Con apellidos.

The Barrymore. Los Barrimore The Parker. Los Parker.

NO SE UTILIZA Con días de la semana.

I play tennis on Monday. Yo juego al tenis los lunes.

Meses.

In July I go to San Juan beach. En el mes de julio voy a la playa de San Juan.

Estaciones y fiestas.

Easter is a great holiday. Pascua es una gran fiesta.

Idiomas.

Italian is very romantic. El italiano es muy romántico.

Meses, estaciones, semanas, años.

On Monday El lunes Red is my favourite colour. El color rojo es mi color favorito.

Colores.

92

Deportes, actividades y juegos.

Swimming is good for you. La natación es buena para ti. I don’t play cards. Yo no juego a las cartas.

Comidas.

Lunch, breakfast and supper are the meals of the day. La comida, el desayuno y la cena son las comidas del día.

Expresiones.

At night. Por la noche. At dawn. Al anochecer. At sunrise. Al amanecer.

Cuando nos referimos al sentido general de Wine is good for you. algo. El vino es bueno para ti. The wine from Pinoso is the best. El vino de Pinoso es el mejor. Con las partes del cuerpo.

Wash your hair. Lávate el pelo.

Canales hechos por el hombre.

Suez canal. El canal de Suez

Con las palabras “bed”, “school”, He is in bed. “hospital”, “prison”, college”, “university”. El está en cama. Con las comidas.

I have lunch at home. Como en casa.

Con “ver la tele”.

I never watch TV. Nunca veo la tele. Doctor Ferreira Ferreira. El doctor Ferreira.

Con personas.

no

The

doctor

93

1) He......... boy. a - An b - The c - That 2) Today I ate..........apple. a - An b-A c - Any 3) My sister is ..........doctor. a - An b-A c - Something 4) Mr. García is...........honest man. a-A b - An c - Both 5) I like drinking .........coke. a - An b-A c - Many 6) Is he ........architect? a-A b - An c - Little 7) Is Salinas............big city? a-A b - An c - These 8) I went to the swimming pool.......hour ago. a - An b-A c - The 9) He has ........cat. a - An b-A c - Many 10) I want to be ........lawyer. a - Some b-A c - An 11) Do you like .......English language? a-A b - The c - Some 12) He's ........engineer. 94

a - An b-A c - Some 13) I would like to be ........lawyer. a-A b - An c - Some 14) What ........................relief to get rid of him. a - An b-A c - Some 15) They only cost 30 euros ...........hour. a - An b-A c - The 16) I never listen to...radio at night. a-A b - The c-17) .......moon goes round the Earth. a-A b - The c-18) My father-in-law likes watching......TV. a-A b - The c-19) Why don't you eat..........breakfast? a-A b - The c-20) Tabarca is........island near Santa Pola. a - The b-A c - An 21) Tomás lives in........country. a - The b-c-A 22) Before......lunch we played ATAJOS. a - The b-c-A 23) .......capital of Spain is Madrid. a - The 95

b-c-A 24) ...........Vinalopó is the only river we have. a-b - The c-A 25) ........USA is a very big country. a-b - The c-A 26) I would like to live near........sea. a-b - The c-A 27) .......wine is good if you drink properly. a-b - The c-A 28) ........wine from Rioja is my favourite. a-b - The c-A 29) ......policemen have a hard life. a - The b-c-A 30) My mother-in-law is always with........telephone in hand. a - The b-A c-31) I didn't learn to play .......guitar in don Emilio's. a-b - The c-A 32) .............rich also cry. a-b-A c - The 33) ......French drink more wine than we do. a-b-A c – The 34) ......women like going to the hairdresser more than men. a--

96

b - The c-A 35) Pepe had an accident so he is in ......hospital. a-b - The c-A 36) I went to.......hospital to vist my friend Enrique who had a heart attack. a - The b-c-A 37) Sarah goes to......church every Sunday with my wife. a-b - The c-A 38) He was in........prison because he killed a cat. a-b-A c - The 39) I studied at......Alicante University wih Bryn Moody. a-b - The c-A 40) Vladi has gone to........work now. a - The b-A c-41) I prefer to stay...........home. a - The b-A c-42) Before .......work we go running. a-A b-c - The

97

Soluciones 1. B 11. B 21. A 31. B 41. C

2. A 12. A 22. B 32. C 42. B

3. B 13. A 23. A 33. C

4. B 14. B 24. B 34. A

5. B 15. A 25. B 35. A

6. B 16. B 26. B 36. A

7. A 17. B 27. A 37. A

8. A 18. C 28. B 38. A

9. B 19. C 29. B 39. A

10. B 20. C 30. A 40. C

98

BOTH, ALL, NONE, NEITHER, EITHER, EACH, EVERY, NO. Both. Ambos.

Both Peter and Sarah like confetti. Tanto a Pedro como a Sara les gustan los confetis. We both like jazz. A los dos nos gusta el jazz. Both of the children have been to Paris. Los dos niños han estado en París. The children have both been to Paris. Los dos niños han estado en París.

Both….and . Tanto como.

Give me both. Dame los dos. I like both the film and the book. Me gusta tanto la película como el libro.

Both of them. Ellos dos.

Both of them are happy. Los dos son felices.

Neither. Ninguno. Neither of them came to my party. Ni. Ninguno de los dos vino a mi fiesta. -I don’t like coffe. A mí no me gusta el café. -Neither do I. Ni a mí tampoco. Either....or. O…..o.

Either you come with me or go with him. O vienes conmigo o vas con él.

Neither....nor. Ni….ni.

I like neither coffee nor tea. No me gusta ni el té ni el café.

All. All the students were happy after the exam. Todos. Más de dos. Todos los estudiantes estaban contentos después del examen. None. None of my friends wanted to buy my car. Ninguno. Más de Ninguno de mis amigos quiso comprar mi coche. dos Most. Most of them are from Canada. La mayoría, la Los dos son de Canadá. 99

mayor parte. Each. Cada uno. Every. Todos cada uno No. Nada.

Each student must buy a dictionary. Cada estudiante debe comprar un diccionario. y Every citizen paid the taxes. Todos los ciudadanos pagaron los impuestos. I have no money now. Ahora no tengo dinero.

100

LOS ADJETIVOS. •

Los adjetivos tiene la misión de modificar al sustantivo y normalmente le preceden.

A red car. Un coche rojo. A beautiful woman. Una mujer guapa. • Al ser en inglés parte invariable, sólo tiene una forma para masculino, femenino, singular y plural. I have a red car. Yo tengo un coche rojo. She has a red dress. Ella tiene un vestido rojo. My daughter wears red shoes. Mi hija lleva zapatos rojos. They have red skirts. Ellas tienen faldas rojas.

USOS Detrás de los verbos copulativos: be, look, She is nice. sound, taste, appear, seem, get, feel, stay, Ella es agradable. fall, etc. You look beautiful. Tú tienes buen aspecto. He feels strong. Él se siente fuerte. Algunos adjetivos preposición.

siempre

llevan I am interested in politics. A mí me interesa la política.

Los participios de presente y pasado He is tired. pueden hacer las veces de adjetivos. El está cansado. He is tyring. El cansa. (es un pesado) Los adjetivos que se colocan delante de los A beautiful song. sustantivos se llaman atributivos. Una canción bonita.

101

Principal, sheer, chief y main. son atributivos.

The main road is closed today. La carretera principal está cerrada hoy.

Afraid, awake, asleep, ashamed, upset, She is still alive. alive, alone, asleep son predicativos y van Ella está todavía viva. detrás. El significado de late y early depende de su We caught an early plane to London. posición. Cogimos un vuelo temprano para Londres. They were early at the party. Ellos llegaron temprano a la fiesta. •

Algunos nombres pueden funcionar como adjetivos.

A gold chain. Una cadena de oro. A leather case. Una maleta de piel. •

Muchos adjetivos son reconocibles por sus terminaciones.

-Y

-Al

-Ial

Happy. Feliz.

Professional Industrial. Profesional. Industrial.

-Ful

-Ive

Careful.

Competitive Urgent.

Cuidadoso.

Competitivo.

-Ent Urgente.

-Ous

-Ary

-Ic

Famous. Famoso.

Voluntary. Voluntario.

Economic. Económico

-Ible

-Able

-Ed

Legible. Legible.

Profitable Limited. . Limitado.

-Less Useless. Inútil.

Beneficioso.

•

Los siguientes prefijos indican lo contrario del adjetivo que acompañan.

Un-

In-

Dis-

Il-

Im-

Ir-

102

Unhappy. Triste. •

Incompetent Dishonest. Incompetente. Deshonesto

Illegible. Ilegible.

Impatient. Impaciente

Irregular. Irregular.

Otros prefijos también nos indican que estamos delante de un adjetivo.

Auto-

Bi-

Extra-

Automatic. Automático

Bisexual. Bisexual.

Extraordinary Hypersensitive Extraordinario. Hipersensible

Interchangeable. Intercambiable.

Mono-

Multi-

Pre-

Ultra-

Monochrome

Multilingual. Multilingüe.

Predomina nt. Superstitious. Predominante Supersticioso.

Monocromo

•

Hyper.

Super-

Inter-

Ultrasonic. Ultrasónico.

Los adjetivos pueden estar formados por dos palabras unidas por un guión.

Top-quality. De calidad suprema. Tax-free. Libre de impuestos. •

Cuando aparecen varios adjetivos en una frase el orden debe ser el siguiente:

Opinión.

Dimensiones.

Color.

Origen.

Material.

Cheap. Barato.

New. Nuevo.

Blue. Azul.

French. Francés.

Plastic. Plástico.

Cualidad.

Tamaño.

Forma.

Edad.

Color.

Famous. Famoso.

Big. Grande.

Round. Redondo.

Old. Viejo.

Blue. Azul.

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LA COMPARACIÓN CON ADJETIVOS •

Puede ser de igualdad, inferioridad y superioridad.

IGUALDAD As... As. Tan como. En los puntos va el adjetivo. So.....as. No tan como.

I am as tall as you are. Yo soy tan alto como tú. He is not so intelligent as his brother Mike. Él no es tan listo como su hermano Miguel.

•

Los monosiíabos y bisílabos añaden “-er” en el comparativo.

•

Los monosílabos acabados en una consonante precedida de una única vocal, duplican la consonante. Como en fat. Fatter.

•

Si acaban en “-y” se sustituye por “i”.

GRADO POSITIVO

COMPARATIVO

SUPERLATIVO

Tall. Alto.

Taller. Más alto.

The tallest. El más alto

He is taller than you. Él es más alto que tú. Big. Grande.

Bigger . Más grande.

The biggest. El más grande.

My car is bigger than yours. Mi coche es más grande que el tuyo. Happy. Feliz.

Happier. Más feliz.

The happiest El más feliz.

He is happier now. Él es más feliz ahora.

104

•

Algunos adjetivos de dos sílabas y todos los que tiene más de dos usan more ...than y the most.

GRADO POSITIVO

COMPARATIVO

SUPERLATIVO

Comfortable. Cómodo.

More comfortable. Más cómodo.

The most comfortable. El más cómodo.

Interesting. Interesante.

More interesting. Más interesante.

The most interesting. El más interesante.

COMPARATIVO “-Er”.

I am taller now. Ahora soy más alto.

More….than.

It is more interesting than the film. Es más interesante que la película.

Comparativo + and + comparativo.

I am getting fatter and fatter. Cada vez me estoy poniendo más gordo.

The + comparativo, the + comparativo.

The richer, the sillier. Cuanto más rico, más tonto.

SUPERLATIVO The .....est con adjetivos de una o dos The richest people in Elda. silabas. Los más ricos de Elda. Se utiliza in para lugares y periodos de tiempo. The + most + adjetivo con los de dos o The most beautiful girl in town. más silabas. La chica más guapa del pueblo.

105

COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD Less + adj + than.

She is less intelligent than Rose. Ella es menos inteligente que Rosa.

The least + adjetivo indican inferioridad.

The least important of all his novels. La menos importante de sus novelas.

GRADO POSITIVO

COMPARATIVO

SUPERLATIVO

Busy. Ocupado.

Less busy. Menos ocupado.

The least busy. El menos ocupado.

LOS IRREGULARES • Algunos hacen la comparación de forma irregular y no siguen reglas concretas. Good. Better. The best. Bueno. Mejor. El mejor Bad. Malo.

Worse. Peor.

The worst. El peor.

Little. Poco.

Less. Menos.

The least. El menos.

Much / Many. Mucho.

More. Más.

The most. El más.

Far. Lejos.

Farther. Más lejos.

The farthest. Lo más lejano.

Old. Viejo.

Elder. Más viejo.

The eldest. El más viejo.

•

Elder y eldest se utilizan cuando hacemos referencia a miembros de una misma familia. My sister Berta is elder than me. Mi hermana Berta es mayor que yo.

106

1) This is ......than this? a - Long b – Longer c - Longest 2) How.............are you? a - Tall b - Talling c - Tallest 3) Isabel is ...........................than last year. a - The thinnest b - Thiner c - Thinner 4) Everybody says that Jorge is ..............................than his brother. a - More clever b - The more clever c - The most clever 5) Alicante is .......................................................than Elda. a - Hotting b - Hottest c - Hotter 6) I am .............................teacher here. a - The oldest b - Older c - Olderest 7) This park is ...............................................than the one in Almagro. a - Nicer b - Niceer c - Nicest 8) This sweater is ...........................................than the one we saw yesterday. a - Old-fashionest b - Old-fashionedest c - More old-fashion 9) A Mercedes is .....................................than a Seat Marbella. a - Most expensive b - More expensive c - Expensiver 10) He's ......................................................than he was a year ago. a - Healthier b - Healthiest c - Healthiere 11) Do you think English is ..............................than French? a - More difficult b - The most difficult c - Difficulter

107

12) He eats a lot - he's getting ...................... a - Fatting b - Fatter c - Fattest 13) I think that Pilar is ..................................than Manoli. a - More mature b - The most mature c - More maturest 14) He was the..................person I have ever met. a - The most dishonest b - More dishonet c - Most dishonest 15) My mother was getting ................ a - Redder and redder b - The more redest c - Most red 16) A bed is ..........................a sofa. a - More comfortable than b - The more comfortable c - The comfortablest 17) I think that Harry Potter's books are .....................................than the films. a - More interesting b - The most interesting c - Interestinger 18) Have you got a ........................size? a - Biggest b - Bigger c - Biger 19) My exam was ..........................................than I had thought. a - Badder b - Badding c - Worse 20) Now I have ...............................time than when I was single. a - Less b - Lesser c - Mucher 21) My neighbour María is ................................now that she has a new kitchen. a - Hapiest b - Happier c - Happyer 22) This exercise is .......................................than the previous one. a - Easier b - Easyer 108

c - Easiest 23) Mari Carmen is ........................................than her sister. a - Politest b - More polite c - The more polite 24) It is .....................................to walk after having dinner. a - Better b - The good c - The gooder 25) When I was young Agustina was the .......................................swimmer in Elda. a - Fastest b - Fatesr c - The ffasterest 26) Sarah is ..........................................in the class. a - Tallest b - The tallest c - The taller 27) Paco was the................................of my friends. a - Craziest b - Crazier c - Crasiest 28) This is ........................................book I have ever read. a - The goodest b - The bester c - The best 29) Barcelona is .....................................than Madrid. a - Farer b - Farest c - Further 30) You should eat ....................................chocolate. a - Littler b - Less c - Littlest 31) Home.......home. a - Good b - Sweet c - Nice 32) I was ..........cross with him. a - So b - As c - The 33) Do you have to have the music ..........loud? a - As b - So 109

c - Some 34) He's the ...........person I know. a - Meanest b - Mean c - Meaner 35) You'll need it when it gets .......... a - Coldest b - Colder c - Colding 36) I'd ............say goodbye to you now. a - Good b - Better c - Best 37) I don't mind, .......................the hours are reasonable and the pay is good. a - Long so b - As long as c - As long So 38) That sounds .........................! a - Exciteing b - Exciting c - Excite 39) He is as busy ............a bee. a - So b - The c - As 40) That is the ............compliment you can pay to a girl like her. a - Great b - Greater c - Greatest 41) So they have the ............of both worlds. a - Best b - Betteer c - Goodest 42) The ..........he starts Spanish lessons the better. a - Soon b - Soonest c - Sooner 43) They are ............than pears. a - Big b - Biggest c - Bigger 44) I was .................sorry that I felt ashamed. a - So b - As 110

c - So as 45) Everything is ........wonderful in Spain!! a - So b - As c - As so 46) The place I enjoyed .............was the museum of Moder Art. a - Most b - More c - Little 47) This quick test is.................than the one we did yesterday. a - Easiest b - Easier c - More easy 48) My mother's dress is.......................than my aunt's. a - Longer b - The longest c - More long 49) Loli was ill, but now she ........................... a - Looks best b - Looks better c - Is best 50) You have to be much .....................when you use this. a - More careful b - Carefuler c - Carefulest 51) The Vinalopó is ....................river in Elda. a - The longest b - Longer than c - Longest than 52) Many people say Barcelona football team is .............than Real Madrid. a - Better b - Best c - Good 53) This pullover is too big. I need a ...........one. a - Smallest b - More small c - Smaller 54) All these children are nice, but ours are ................ a - Niecerest b - Nicer c - Nicest 55) I think he is the ......................in the class. a - Good b - Better c – Best

111

56) I think that "The Pillars of the Earth " is .........book I have read in my life. a - The best b - Best than c - The better 57) This film is ........I have ever seen in my life. a - Baddest b - The worst c - The most bad 58) What a pity he is in Almeria. I wish he lived ............... a - Most near b - Nearer c - Nearest 59) She is very pretty but my girlfriend is ........ a - Prettier b - Prettiest c - The pretty 60) I am .............tall as Paco Cabrera. a - As b - So c - So as 61) I am .............than last year. a - More and more fat b - More fat c - Fatter 62) You'd ..........buy a better car. a - Best b - Better c - Good 63) My .......sister is married. a - Older b - Elder c - Oldesr 64) Novelda is.......than Monóvar. a - Far b - Further c - Furthest 65) Pepe is .......rich as Manolo. a - So b - As c - Than 66) I am not......tall as a basketball player. a - As b - So c - Than 112

67) The.........of a party is having to tidy the house. a - Bad b - Worse c - Worst 68) She is.................now than when she was 28. a - Prettyer b - Prettier c - Prittier 69) There are...............books in Martin Fierro for us. a – Most expensive b - Expensive c - Expensiver 70) You must buy these……….. pills. a - Good b - Gooder c – The good 71) She loves ........... a - Tall b – The tallest c - Tallerst 72) They drank..........................bottle of whisky. a - The most expensive b - Expensiver c – The expensiver 73) They said he was a ...................teacher. a - Bored b - Boring c - Borerst 74) I was .....................because the film was boring. a - Boring b - Borest c - Bored 75) In a couple we will be ......... a - Richer b – The rich c - Riching 76) They serve ..................coffee in town. a - Badder b - Gooder c – The worst 77) There are always ……….................. trees in the park. a - Greener b - Greenest c – Gren 78) All the Chinese have .................smiles. 113

a – Lovelier b - Lovely c - Lovlyest 79) Peter felt ..................of what he had done. a - Ashamed b - Ashamer c - Ashamest 80) The porter is a..................man. a - Happier b - Happiest c - Happy 81) Felipe was the....................President. a - Form b - Formerst c - Former 82) His .....................brother works in Perú. a - Elder b - Old c - Older 83) The ..................part of the book is not good. a - Major b - May c - Most of 84) He is a lonely man, he feels............ a - Aoner b - Alone c - Alonest 85) Parents are happy when their children are.............. a - Aleppest b - Aslepper c - Asleep 86) Sometimes she drives me............. a - Madder b - Mad c - Madest 87) I found a ................bottle on the beach. a - Broker b - Brokenest c - Broken

114

Soluciones 1. B 11. A 21. B 31. B 41. A 51. A 61. C 71. B 81. C

2. A 12. B 22. A 32. A 42. C 52. A 62. B 72. A 82. A

3. C 13. A 23. B 33. B 43. C 53. C 63. B 73. B 83. A

4. A 14. C 24. A 34. A 44. A 54. B 64. B 74. C 84. B

5. C 15. A 25. A 35. B 45. A 55. C 65. B 75. A 85. C

6. A 16. A 26. B 36. B 46. A 56. A 66. B 76. C 86. B

7. A 17. A 27. A 37. B 47. B 57. B 67. C 77. A 87. C

8. C 18. B 28. B 38. B 48. A 58. B 68. B 78. B

9. B 19. C 29. C 39. C 49. B 59. A 69. B 79. A

10. A 20. A 30. B 40. C 50. A 60. A 70. A 80. C

115

LAS PREPOSICIONES •

Aunque la gramática inglesa es bastante simple, tiene partes que presentan cierta dificultad como las preposiciones. Por ejemplo, para decir “en”, se pueden emplear “in” , “on” y “at”. Por lo tanto se les debe prestar mucha atención.

AT Puntos concretos.

We stopped at the zoo. Paramos en el zoo. He was at the station. Él estaba en la estación. I was at home and my wife was at a meeting. Yo estaba en casa y mi mujer estaba en una reunión.

Cafés y restaurantes

We'll eat at MacDonald's, in San Juan Beach. Comeremos en el MacDonald’s de la Playa de San Juan.

Sitios donde se estudia o I was at school and then at university later on I trabaja. worked at IBM. Fui al colegio, luego a la universidad y después trabajé en IBM. Nombres de actividades de grupo

He was at a meeting, then at the theatre and later at a concert and at a lecture, afterwards at a match and finally at the cinema. Él estaba en una reunión, luego fue al teatro, después a un concierto y a una conferencia, después a un partido y, finalmente, al cine.

Con el número de la calle

I lived at 35 Príncipe de Asturias. Yo vivía en la calle Príncipe de Asturias 35.

Horas

I wake up at six. Me levanto a las seis.

Navidad y Pascua

At Christmas I buy many presents and at Easter I go to the beach. En Navidad compro muchos regalos y en Pascua voy a la playa.

Expresiones

At present I’m reading a novel. Ahora estoy leyendo una novela.

116

He died at the age of 81. Él falleció a la edad de 81 años.

At night. Por la noche.

At sunrise. Al amanecer

At noon. Al mediodia

At sunset. Al atardecer

At first sight. A primera vista.

At midnight. Al mediodia

At this moment. En este momento.

At last. Al fín.

At the bus-stop. At the office. En la parada del En la oficina. autobús.

At the top. En la parte arriba.

At the station. En la estación.

At the bottom. En la parte abajo.

Otros.

At least. Al menos.

At work. de En el trabajo.

de

It was love at first sight. Fue amor a primera vista. She is always at home. Ella siempre está en casa. At least it is a very good book. Al menos es un buen libro. At present they are working a lot. En este momento están trabajando mucho. They were at war. Ellos estuvieron en guerra. The boss is at work El jefe está trabajando.

117

•

ON

Algo que está tocando o We have a house on the river. cercano a una línea, o Tenemos una casa al lado del río. algo parecido a una línea. Benidorm is on the coast. Benidorm está en la costa. Elche is on the road to Murcia. Elche está en la carretera de Murcia. Cuando algo está tocando The keys are on the table. una superficie. Las llaves están en la mesa. They fish on the lake. Ellos pescan en el lago. The new picture is on the wall. El nuevo cuadro está en la pared. Con transportes públicos, caballos, motos y bicicletas. Con pisos.

I saw her on the plane/on the train/on the bus. Yo la vi en el avión, tren, autobús.

Días.

I study French on Monday. Yo estudio francés los lunes.

I live on the second floor. Yo vivo en el segundo piso.

On St. Valentine’s many people buy diamonds. El día de San Valentín mucha gente compra diamantes. Expresiones.

The train arrived on time. El tren llegó en punto. He is on a business trip. Está de viaje de negocios. The soldier is on duty. El soldado está de servicio. He came on foot. Vino a pie. The house is still on sale. La casa está todavía en venta.

118

On the other hand, I don’t like it. Por otra parte no me gusta. On the whole, It was a very good play. En resumidas cuentas, fue una buena obra. Páginas.

•

On page 26 you will find the exercises. En la página 26 encontraréis los ejercicios.

IN

Cuando algo está dentro My friends are in the cuartelillo. de algo. Mis amigos están en el cuartelillo. The bottles are in the fridge. Las botellas están en la nevera. Con países.

I live in Spain. Yo vivo en España.

Con regiones.

They are in the Sahara. Ellos están en el desierto del Sahara.

Con grandes islas.

We spent the summer in the Canary islands. Ellos pasaron el verano en las Islas Canarias.

Partes del cuerpo.

I have a pain in my stomach. Me duele la barriga.

Con coche, taxi y avioneta. I saw him in a new Mercedes. Yo le vi en un nuevo Mercedes. Con algunos lugares.

In bed. En cama In hospital. En el hospital. In court. En el juzgado. In church. En la iglesia. In prison. En la cárcel.

119

Nombres de calles.

I lived in Onesimo Redondo street. Yo viví en la calle Onésimo Redondo.

Partes del día

I read the paper in the morning. Yo por las mañanas leo el periódico.

Meses.

I got married in October. Yo me casé en el mes de Octubre.

Años.

I met my wife in 1982. Conocí a mi mujer en el año 1982.

Estaciones.

I go to San Juan beach in summer. Voy a la playa de San Juan en verano.

Siglos.

In he l9th century people did not wear jeans. En el siglo XIX la gente no llevaba pantalones vaqueros.

Períodos de tiempo.

Spain was very rich in the Middle Ages. España era muy rica en la Edad Media.

Expresiones.

He is always in a hurry. Siempre tiene prisa. In any case, you can come. De cualquier manera puedes venir. He was in danger. Estuvo en peligro. They are in love Están enamorados. Everything is in order. Todo está en orden. In other words, I love you. En otras palabras, te quiero. I will tell you in private. Te lo diré en privado. She was in tears Estaba llorando.

120

PREPOSICIONES MAS USADAS. Aboard. A bordo.

I was aboard a yatch. Estuve a bordo de un yate.

About. Sobre.

I was talking about music. Estuve hablando de música.

Above. Por encima de.

Above all I love my family. Quiero a mi familia por encima de todo.

Across. A través de.

I walked across the park. Caminé a través del parque.

After. Después.

After the meeting I went to the doctor. Después de la reunión fui al médico.

Against. Contra.

It was against the public opinion. Todo fue en contra de la opinión pública.

Along . A lo largo de.

I found many good people along the way. Me encontré mucha buena gente a lo largo del camino.

Among . Entre.

I found a letter among the books. Entre los libros encontré una carta.

Around . Alrededor de.

I travelled around the world. Viajé alrededor del mundo.

At. En.

I was at the zoo. Estuve en el zoo.

Before. Antes de.

Before eating I read the press. Antes de comer leo el periódico.

Behind . Detrás de.

There was a mouse behind the door. Había un ratón detrás de la puerta.

Below. Por debajo de.

The temperatures were below zero. Las temperaturas estaban por debajo de cero.

Beside. Al lado de.

I was beside the Mayor at the table. Estuve al lado del alcalde en la mesa.

Between. Entre (2).

Between you and me there is magic. Entre tú y yo hay magia.

121

Beyond . Mas allá de.

I live beyond the road. Vivo más allá de la carretera.

By. Por.

“Hamlet” was written by Shakespeare. Shakespeare escribió Hamlet. I always travel by plane. Siempre viajo en avión. He comes everyday by bus Él viene todos los días en autobús. He did it by chance. Lo hizo por casualidad. By far he is the best. Él es el mejor con mucho. You must learn this by heart Debes aprenderte esto de memoria. He did it by mistake. Lo hizo por error. He got me by surprise. Me cogió por sorpresa.

Down. Abajo.

Go down the street. Ve calle abajo.

During . Durante.

During the summer I have a great time. Durante el verano me lo paso muy bien.

Except. Excepto.

Except for the price, I like it very much. Excepto por el precio me gusta mucho.

For. Durante, desde, hace.

I have lived in this flat for 20 years. He vivido en este piso durante veinte años.

From. Desde.

From June to September I go swimming to the salt lake. Desde Junio a Septiembre voy a nadar al lago de sal.

In front of. Delante de.

She was sittting in front of me. Estaba sentada delante de mí.

In.

I was in Greece in 1992. 122

En.

Estuve en Grecia en el año 1992.

Into. En, Dentro de. Near. Cerca.

I went into a taxi. Subí a un taxi.

Next to. Al lado de.

I live next to the theatre. Vivo al lado del teatro.

Of. De.

The son of Peter and Mary is tall. El hijo de Pedro y María es alto.

Off. En frente y separado.

Tabarca is off the coast of Santa Pola. Tabarca está en frente de la costa de Santa Pola.

On. En. (Sobre).

My keys are on the table. Mis llaves están en la mesa.

Onto. En. (indica movimiento)

I jumped onto the car. Salté sobre el coche.

Opposite. Enfrente de.

I live opposite the cinema Vivo enfrente del cine.

Out of. Fuera de.

Please go out of the class. Por favor sal fuera de clase.

There was a disco near my house. Había una discoteca cerca de mi casa.

He was out of control. Estaba fuera de sí. At the moment he is out of work. Ahora no tiene trabajo

Over. Sobre.

Out of sight out of mind. Ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente. There is a bridge over the Vinalopó river. Hay un puente sobre el río Vinalopó.

Past. Por al lado de.

I walk past your house in the morning. Paso por al lado de tu casa por la mañana.

Round . Alrededor.

We went round the park. Fuimos alrededor del parque.

Since. Desde.

She hasn’ t written to me since last January. No me ha escrito desde el pasado mes de Enero. 123

Through. A través de.

He came in through the gate. Entró a través de la puerta.

Till. Hasta.

Til now I’ve lived in Monovar. Hasta ahora yo he vivido en Monóvar.

To. A.

I go to Sax every Saturday. Voy a Sax cada Sábado.

Towards. Hacia.

The WC is towards the end. El aseo está hacia el final.

Under. Debajo de.

The children are under the table. Los niños están debajo de la mesa.

Until. Hasta.

Until I was ten, I lived in Petrel. Hasta que tuve diez años viví en Petrel.

Up. Arriba

They are up the stairs. Ellos están arriba de las escaleras.

Upon. Sobre

It was upon a cushion. Estaba sobre un cojín.

Once upon. Hace

One upon a time a little rabbit called Perico…. Érase una vez un pequeño conejo llamado Perico..

With. Con

I was with him in the military service. Estuve con él en “la mili”.

Within. Dentro de.

It is within two kilometres. Está antes de dos kilómetros.

Without. Sin.

I can’t live without you. Yo no puedo vivir sin ti.

124

•

Existen en inglés una gran cantidad de adjetivos que siempre van acompañados por una preposición.

To.

With.

About.

At.

Of.

For.

Married to. Angry with. Casado con. Enfadado con.

Worried about.

Good at. Bueno en.

Proud of. Orgulloso de.

Ready for. Listo para.

Polite to. Educado con.

Sorry about. Bad at. Triste por. Malo en.

Ashamed of.

Suitable for.

Satisfied with. Satisfecho con. Happy with. Feliz con.

Preocupado por.

Surprised at. Sorprendido por.

Avergonzado de. Adecuado

para.

Afraid of. Temeroso de.

125

1) I will meet her.................the station. a - At b - In c - On 2) Please hang it................the wall. a - On b - At c - In 3) This happened ...................Saturday. a - On b - In c - At 4) ...................the past things were different. a - On b - At c - In 5) My grandmother was always.................home. a - At b - In c - On 6) You must change ................Albacete. a - In b - On c - At 7) I prefer to stay ........the right hand side. a - In b - On c - At 8) Please look...............the mirror. a - At b - In c - On 9) We live ...................the second floor. a - In b - On c - At 10) Monforte is .................the road to Alicante. a - On b - In c - At 11) He always pays.................cash. a - On b - In c - At

126

12) Arenales del Sol is .................the coast. a - On b - In c - At 13) He is very good .............music. a - In b - On c - At 14) I will see you........Monday. a - In b - On c - At 15) I saw you............television. a - In b - On c - At 16) I heard it........Radio Elda. a - In b - On c - At 17) He is always ......a bad mood. a - In b - On c - At 18) ......the moment things are very different. a - In b - At c - On 19) .......Christmas we eat a lot of nougats. a - In b - At c - On 20) ........Christmas day we eat relleno . a - In b - On c - At 21) He was ........the Navy. a - In b - On c - At 22) They were......both sides of the road. a - In b - On c - At 23) She drives ........full speed.

127

a - At b - In c - On 24) The house is ........good condition. a - In b - At c - On 25) It was always........my mind. a - In b - On c - At 26) My grandmother died........the age of 80. a - At b - In c - On 27) ........present they are very busy. a – In b - On c - At 28) Most people ............Elda prefer to go to the beach. a - In b - On c - At 29) Please don't speak................the same time. a - At b - In c - On 30) I don't work............Sunday. a - In b - On c - At 31) I wake up.........8.00. a - At b - In c - On 32) Aida was born.......1934. a - In b - On c - At 33) I run..............night. a - In b - On c - At 34) My daughters play with me .........home.

128

a - In b - On c - At 35) I look at the stars..................night. a - At b - In c - On 36) My birthday is .......November. a - On b - In c - At 37) The book is.......the table. a - On b - In c - At 38) The coke is.........the kitchen. a - In b - On c - At 39) I am writing .........the blackboard. a - In b - On c - At 40) The chocalates are ............the box. a - On b - At c - In 41) I am.................Spain. a - For b - From c - Foreign 42) They are .............the theatre now. a - At b - On c - In 43) The train arrives......................Victoria station. a - At b - In c - On 44) Please tell me..........................once. a - In b - At c - On 45) I waited for half an hour, and .......................last he ca me. a - On 129

b - In c - At 46) He is sitting...........................an armchair. a - In b - On c - At 47) The picture is .......................the wall. a - At b - In c - On 48) I put my hands ..................my pockets. a - On b - At c - In 49) The shop is ........................Juan Carlos I street. a - In b - At c - On 50) We go to church ......................Sundays. a - At b - In c - On 51) It is .............................the foot of the page. a - At b - On c - In 52) .....................my opinion, it is a very good book. a - In b - At c - On 53) He is...........................the garden. a - On b - In c - At 54) I am living .................a hotel near here. a - In b - On c - At 55) The milk's .......................................the fridge. a - In b - At c – On 56) They sat ...........................the wall. a - On

130

b - At c - In 57) They made the film ....................Petrel. a - In b - At c - On 58) I saw them ......................................the station. a - In b - At c - On 59) Mary's not here - she's....................the office. a - On b - In c - At 60) They were sitting ............................the floor. a - In b - On c - At 61) The ham is...................................the shelf in the kitchen. a - On b - In c - At 62) The money's.....................................my pocket. a - At b - On c - In 63) They are all......................................the garden. a - At b - In c - On 64) The papers are................................my desk. a - In b - At c - On 65) They are all.....................................the car. a - On b - At c - In 66) He's not..........................................work today. a - On b - In c - At 67) I'll see you ........................................Monday. a - In 131

b - At c - On 68) I met him .........................................the holidays. a - At b - In c - On 69) I'll pick you up..........................eight o'clock. a - At b - In c - On 70) I'm going home.................................four. a - On b - In c - At 71) They came to visit us ....................my birthday. a - In b - At c - On 72) I can work ................the morning. a - At b - In c - On 73) Did you have a good time ......................Christmas? a - In b - At c - On 74) School finishes ..................................three o'clock. a - On b - In c - At 75) We arranged to meet ..........................Seven. a - At b - In c - On 76) I'll meet you............................the station. a - At b - In c - On 77) He's still..........................................school. a - At b - In c - On 78) That picture....................the wall was painted by Vladi Monzó. a - In b - At

132

c - On 79) He's................................................the building somewhere. a - On b - At c - In 80) You could phone me.....................work. a - On b - In c - At 81) Why don't you stay........................home? a - At b - In c - On 82) He'll be...........................................prison for robbery. a - In b - At c - On 83) I'm studying law..............................University. a - In b - On c - At 84) Is he...............................................hospital? a - In b - On c - At 85) I'll see you......................................the meeting tomorrow. a - At b - In c - On 86) We're meeting...............................7.00 on Tuesday. a - At b - On c - In 87) We usually go .................................holiday to Tabarca. a - At b - On c - In 88) What are you doing.........................Christmas? a - On b - In c - At 89) I don't sleep much.............................night. a - In b - On c - At 133

90) What about going to see 'Hamlet "....................the 15th. a - At b - In c - On 91) I’ll wait for you............the airport. a - At b - In c - On 92) My wife is........the kitchen. a - In b - On c - At 93) I was .......the station. a - In b - On c - At 94) The water is..........the fridge. a - On b - In c - At 95) They are........the floor. a - In b - On c - At 96) The book is ..........the table. a - In b - On c - At 97) My mother is.........home. a - On b - In c - At 98) My house is..............the road to Sax. a - In b - On c - At 99) I work..................Villena. a - In b - On c – At 100) The TV is… a - In b - On c - At 101) Come ........., let's go and watch TV. 134

a - On b - In c - At 102) Teresa's ...........the phone. a - In b - On c - At 103) Please hurry ............. a - Down b - In c - Up 104) ...............last. a - At b - In c - On 105) Hold ......................a moment. a - In b - At c - On 106) It's always better to try new clothes .......... a - On b - In c - At 107) .........cash. a - In b - On c - At 108) ..............credit card. a - By b - With c - In 109) I have to be..............home. I must study. a - At b - In c - On 110) Would you like to come ............a concert with me? a - To b - From c - At 111) Come ..............about ten o'clock. a - At b - In c - On 112) I was sitting .........the garden reading the news about Elda.

135

a - At b - In c - On 113) I'll ring ..............a pizza. a - For b - From c - To 114) There was a very beautiful woman ...................the crossroads near Castelar Square. a - In b - On c - At 115) What .......a T-shirt? a - Around b - About c - Again 116) Yes I went ........a tour in Mexico. a - On b - In c - At 117) The car is .............sale now. a - In b - On c - At 118) I'm really looking ...............to the concert! a - For b - Forward c - Up 119) They are .................High School. a - At b - In c - On 120) That depends .....your grades. a - On b - In c - At 121) I intend to get a job ........weekends. a - In b - On c - At 122) It looks great ......! a - On b - In c - At 123) This is celebrated ......the fourth Thursday of November. a - On 136

b - In c - At 124) We can have a picnic ..................the beach. a - In b - On c - At 125) He's 10 and he's mad ................Harry Potter. a - In b - At c - On 126) He is the expert ......................computers. a - In b - On c - At 127) How ..............going out for a drink. a - Around b - Aside c - About 128) I'll bring you a present ........the journey. a - In b - Up c - On 129) I'm really looking ..........to visiting Berna. a - Forward b - For c - Fast 130) We look ............him as one of the family. a - On b - In c - At 131) Can I pay ........credit card? a - With b - By c - As 132) I must go ...........a diet. a - On b - At c - In 133) If you don't know the meaning of the word look it ........in the dictionary. a - Up b - For c - Forward 134) Perhaps I should give ............smoking. a - Up 137

b - At c - On 135) Many are open ........the public. a - Up b - To c - In 136) It's great while you are .....................holiday. a - On b - In c - At 137) Where did you park the car? It's .............Pedrito Rico Road. a - In b - On c - At 138) Tommy, don't sit on the floor, sit..................the chair. a - On b - In c - At 139) Where is the supermarket? It's ...............Dahellos Road. a - In b - Into c - On 140) Inma, please sit.....................the chair. a - On b - By c - At 141) They arrived ................Elda yesterday. a - In b - On c - At 142) I was listening to the news .........................TV when the baby began to scream. a - On b - In c - At 143) We waited a couple of hours......the airport. a - At b - In c - On 144) We play tennis.......the club every Monday. a - In b - On c - At 145) We were.......theatre last night. a - In

138

b - On c - At 146) I studied ........don Emilio's school from 1968 to 1975. a - In b - On c - At 147) I met her ..........a lecture. a - On b - In c - At 148) She studied........Oxford. a - On b - At c - Of 149) She lives.....Oxford. a - In b - On c - At 150) We live......the frontier. a - On b - In c - At 151) Elda is ......the road to Albacete. a - In b - On c - At 152) All the pictures are......the wall. a - On b - In c - At 153) I live ......the second floor. a - In b - At c - On 154) I was born......Elda. a - On b - In c - At 155) We have a house......the coast. a - In b - On c - At 156) I met her..........the croosroads. a - At

139

b - In c - On 157) I lived ......a desert island like Robinson Crusoe for a month. a - On b - In c - At 158) I always travel ..........the plane. a - On b - At c - In 159) I met her......the bus. a - On b - In c - At 160) I found a wallet.......taxi. a - In b - On c - At 161) I studied Shakespeare.........college. a - At b - In c - On 162) We arrived .......France in 1990. a - At b - In c - On 163) We arrived ........Paris in 1991. a - At b - On c - In 164) I live........1 Plaza Mayor. a - In b - On c - At 165) .......the weekend we go to Rabosa. a - At b - In c - On 166) ......lunch time we drink coke. a - In b - On c - At 167) ......the age of 11 I went to Alicante. a - In b - On 140

c - At 168) ......the beginning of the book I didn't like very much. a - In b - On c - At 169) ........first sight I fell in love with her. a - At b - In c - On 170) We became friends.......last. a - In b - On c - At 171) We go shopping..................Mondays. a - On b - In c - At 172) ........Christmas day my family come home. a - In b - On c - At 173) ........the morning I never drink coffee. a - At b - In c - On 174) .......1998 I got married. a - In b - On c - At 175) I like going to the mountains......spring . a - In b - On c - At 176) .......the Middle Ages many cathedrals were built. a - On b - In c - At 177) I'll be back.......five hours. a - In b - On c - At 178) Trains in Spain now arrive........time. a - In b - On c - At

141

179) You must be ......time for the plane. a - In b - On c - At 180) In the USA everybody works.......nine to five. a - For b - From c - Since 181) Holidays in Spain are.......July to September. a - For b - From c - At 182) All the trains come......Alicante. a - From b - For c - Up 183) We are going .................the cinema tonight. a - At b - To c - In 184) They went .......the car. a - In b - Into c - On 185) We all ran ....................the church because it was raining cats and dogs. a - In b - Into c - At 186) When we go to Madrid we always go......train. a - By b - On c - In 187) The safest way to travel is.......road. a - On b - In c - By 188) We got.......the bus at 8.00. a - In b - On c - By 189) I go to work........foot. a - In b - On c - By

142

190) Most students at the University work ......part time jobs such as Tele Pizza and so on. a - As b - On c - In 191) A car came.......the right. a - For b - From c - By 192) A lorry crashed.......my car. a - Into b - Up c - To 193) .......Christmas Eve we have dinner together. a - In b - At c - On 194) Everybody in Elda is looking.......to the Moors and Christians festivities. a - For b - Forwards c - Forward 195) My factory passed ........the hands of my uncle. a - In b - Into c - To 196) The shop opened......the public in 1989. a - At b - For c - To 197) She is always worried........money. a - Around b - Aside c - About 198) You must always look........ a - Ahead b - Head c - Heading 199) ......Lent people many people don't eat meat. a - At b - On c - In 200) She won't be back......the end of May. a - As b - Until c - At 201) In the middle ....................August we organise many BBQs. 143

a - From b - Of c - On 202) People .......the beach should drink water all the time. a - In b - On c - At 203) I couldn't play tennis because I had to look...........my daughter. a - For b - After c - Up 204) I went for a walk........Castelar Square. a - About b - Afloat c - Around 205) Antonio Poveda gave a lecture.................Roman culture. a - For b - Of c - On 206) The girl........the window is María. a - By b - In c - On 207) You should send the letters ......advance. a - On b - At c - In 208) My father-in-law arrived...........Alicante airport from Italy yesterday. He went to Lineapelle. a - In b - At c - On 209) The tickets for the opera must be booked well........advance. a - In b - On c - At 210) Sarah has a room ........her own and so does Inmita. a - Of b - From c - For 211) You must be very good if you want to get........one these college. a - In b - Into c - To 212) It will depend....................the amount of money. 144

a - In b - On c - At 213) We always play badminton......weekends. a - On b - In c - At 214) Why don't we prepare a BBQ........San Juan beach. a - On b - In c - At 215) My friend is mad......books. a - In b - On c - At 216) He told her to shut......her mouth. a - Up b - At c - By 217) My house is ..................the cinemas. a - Near b - Near of c - Near off 218) The park is......................the hospital. a - Next b - Next to c - Next about 219) Sol y Nive is.....................the bookshop. a - Opposite b - Opposite of c - Off opposite 220) Jesús Ángel is.......Palencia a - From b - On c - At Soluciones 1. 11. 21. 31. 41. 51. 61. 71. 81. 91.

A B A B B B B C A A

101. A

2. 12. 22. 32. 42. 52. 62. 72. 82. 92.

A A B A C B C B A A

102. B

3. 13. 23. 33. 43. 53. 63. 73. 83. 93.

A C A C A B B B C C

103. C

4. 14. 24. 34. 44. 54. 64. 74. 84. 94.

C B A C B A C C A B

104. A

5. 15. 25. 35. 45. 55. 65. 75. 85. 95.

A B A A C A C A A B

105. C

6. 16. 26. 36. 46. 56. 66. 76. 86. 96.

A B A B A A C A A B

106. A

7. 17. 27. 37. 47. 57. 67. 77. 87. 97.

B A C A C A C B B C

107. A

8. 18. 28. 38. 48. 58. 68. 78. 88. 98.

A B A A C C B C C B

108. A

9. 19. 29. 39. 49. 59. 69. 79. 89. 99.

B B A B A C A C C A

109. A

10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90.

A B B C C B C C C

100. B 110. A

145

111. A 121. B 131. B 141. A 151. B 161. A 171. A 181. B 191. B 201. B 211. B

112. B 122. A 132. A 142. A 152. A 162. B 172. B 182. A 192. A 202. B 212. B

113. A 123. A 133. A 143. A 153. C 163. C 173. B 183. B 193. C 203. B 213. A

114. C 124. B 134. A 144. C 154. B 164. C 174. A 184. B 194. C 204. C 214. A

115. B 125. C 135. B 145. C 155. B 165. A 175. A 185. B 195. B 205. C 215. B

116. A 126. B 136. A 146. C 156. A 166. C 176. B 186. A 196. C 206. A 216. A

117. A 127. C 137. C 147. C 157. A 167. C 177. A 187. C 197. C 207. C 217. A

118. B 128. C 138. A 148. B 158. A 168. C 178. B 188. B 198. A 208. B 218. B

119. A 129. A 139. A 149. A 159. A 169. A 179. A 189. B 199. A 209. A 219. A

120. A 130. A 140. A 150. A 160. A 170. C 180. B 190. C 200. B 210. A 220. A

146

ADVERBIOS •

Son modificadores de adjetivos, adverbios y oraciones. Con el verbo ser y los verbos defectivos, se colocan detrás. Algunos se forman añadiendo “–ly” al adjetivo, otros como: fast, hard, late, early tienen la misma forma que los adjetivos.

Modificando adverbios.

He writes quite quickly. Escribe bastante deprisa.

Modificando adjetivos.

It is very cheap. Es muy barato.

Modificando frases.

Perhaps they will win. Quizás ganen.

I am just going to sleep for half an hour. Voy a dormir media hora. He runs fast. Él corre rápido. •

Los adverbios de lugar y tiempo se suelen colocar al principio o al final de una frase.

Yesterday I bought a CD. Ayer compré un CD. I will go tomorrow. Yo iré mañana. •

Los de lugar suelen preceder a los de tiempo

I met Pilar at Castelar yesterday. Me encontré a Pilar ayer en Castelar. •

El comparativo y superlativo lo hacen igual que los adjetivos.

Soon. Pronto.

Sooner. Más pronto.

The soonest. Lo más pronto.

Quickly. Rápidamente.

More quickly. Más rápido.

The most quickly. Lo más rápidamente.

• Con los tiempos compuestos se coloca delante del verbo principal. They have nearly finished our swimming pool. Ellos casi han acabado nuestra piscina. 147

•

Already, just, now y then, pueden ir entre dos formas verbales.

I have already seen her. Ya la he visto. I have just come back from India. Acabo de regresar de India. •

Los de frecuencia: always, never, usually, sometimes, se colocan entre el sujeto y el verbo, pero cuando es el verbo to be, se colocan detrás.

I never drink coffee. Nunca bebo café. I always go to Alicante in the summer. Siempre voy a Alicante en verano.

CLASIFICACIÓN FRECUENCIA

LUGAR

MODO

GRADO

TIEMPO

Often. Con frecuencia.

Away. Fuera.

Fast. Rápido.

Enough. Suficiente.

Yesterday. Ayer.

Frequently. There. Frecuentemente. Allí.

Well. Bien.

Very. Mucho.

Daily. Diariamente.

Sometimes. A veces.

Near. Cerca.

Slowly. Lentamente.

Almost. Casi.

Last week. La semana pasada.

Always. Siempre.

Here. Aquí.

Undoubtedly Hardly. Sin duda. A penas.

Never. Nunca.

Tomorrow. Mañana.

Rather. Bastante.

INTERROGATIVOS Where. ¿Dónde?

When. ¿Cuándo?

How. ¿Cómo?

How far. ¿A qué

How long. ¿Cuánto

How often. ¿Con qué 148

distancia? Why. ¿Por qué?

•

tiempo?

frecuencia?

Which. ¿Cuál?

Ojo con enough, pues puede tener dos posiciones:

I have enough money. Tengo suficiente dinero. I am rich enough to buy a car. Soy lo suficientemente rico como para comprar un coche. •

Recuerda RICH ENOUGH MONEY. Enough lleva delante a los adjetivos y detrás a los nombres.

•

El orden de los adverbios suele ser modo, lugar y tiempo.

I walk fast there in the morning. Yo ando allí rápido por la mañana. •

Muchos adverbios tienen la misma forma que los adjetivos.

A fast motorbike Una moto rápida. A motorbike that runs fast. Una moto que corre rápida.

149

1) That's ............. a - Enough b - Enougher c - Enoughing 2) It's not ..........................long. a - To b - Too c - As 3) It's .........fair. a - No b - None c - Not 4) In the USA there are ...........public and private universities. a - Both b - All c - Every 5) ...............is the University? a - Where b - When c - Whom 6) ............all cars here are automatic. a - Nearly b - Near c - Close 7) It says .......diving! a - Not b - No c - Any 8) ............would I. a - So b - As c - Some 9) I suppose ....... a - As b - So c - So as so 10) My wife feels ..........nervous about driving in England. a - Too b - To c - Tooth 11) There is ...........a variety of things. a - Such b - So c - Very 12) That girl is ............................pretty. 150

a - As b - So many c - So 13) I............smoke......drink alcohol. a - Either-nor b - Neither-nor c - Neither-nir 14) They went he cinema….. a - Now b – Yesterday c - Tomorrow 15) ¿Cuál es la correcta? a - The house is big enough b - The house is enough big c - The house enough big 16) ¿Cómo se denominan a los siguientes adverbios: almost, only, nearly, enough, far, just, quite, rather, so, too, very, etc? a - De frecuencia b - De grado c - De modo 17) ......Horacio and Pepe go to Elche on Monday. a - All b - Both c - None 18) This wine is........Rioja or Ribera del Duero. a - Either b - Neither c - So 19) We ..................speak Valenciano nor French. a - Either b - Neither c - Nor 20) I ....................smoke nor drink wine. a - Neither b - Either c - So 21) His French is very..... a - Well b - Good c - Better 22) My daughters are .......sleeping . a - Quietly b - Quiet c - Quieter 23) They prepare the gazpachos...... a - Perfect 151

b - Perfectly c - Perfecting 24) My friend Tomás is a .........driver. a - Carefully b - Care c - Careful 25) Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman were.......married until they got a divorce. a - Happy b - Happily c - Hapili 26) He is always very......and sends me a Jabugo ham on November the 30th. a - Kindly b - Kaind c - Kind 27) She is very......in English. a - Fluently b - Fluent c - Fluents 28) We never speak..........about our friends. a - Badder b - Badly c - Worse 29) Inma likes Nesquick because it melts................. a - Quick b - Quickly c - Quicker than 30) She never has.........to buy what she needs. a - Money enough b - Enough money c - Enough monei 31) Everybody has ..........to make the beds. a - Now b - Yesterday c - Best 32) There are.......good and bad methods of learning a language. a - All b - Neither c - Both 33) Everybody spent the afternoon... a - Happier b - Happy c - Happily 34) It was.............understood by all the students. 152

a - Easy b - Easily c - Easier that 35) It had been .........decided that a Ford Fiesta was the best option. a - Quick b - Quicker c - Quickly 36) The party was.........planned. a - Wonderfully b - Wonder c - Wonderful 37) ........it is not very clear if you are entitled or not to inherit the money. a - Legally b - Legal c - Legaly 38) I don't think so...... a - Personally b - Personal c - Personaly 39) He drives.......... a - Fast b - Fasting c - Fastest 40) We always arrive............... a - Early b - Earliest c - The earlier 41) My parents work.............. a - Hard b - Harder than c - The hard 42) María Callas sang .................... a - Beautifully b - Beautiful c - Beatifuler

153

Soluciones 1. A 11. A 21. B 31. A 41. A

2. B 12. C 22. A 32. C 42. A

3. C 13. B 23. B 33. C

4. A 14. B 24. C 34. B

5. A 15. A 25. B 35. C

6. A 16. B 26. C 36. A

7. B 17. B 27. B 37. A

8. A 18. A 28. B 38. A

9. B 19. B 29. B 39. A

10. A 20. A 30. B 40. A

154

YET, STILL, ALREADY, DURING Y AGO Yet. I haven't finished the job yet. Va al final de la oración en interrogativas y No he acabado el trabajo todavía. negativas. Con el pretérito perfecto, aún, todavía. Have you seen her yet? ¿La has visto ya? Still. Va detrás del verbo to be. Todavía.

My sister is still working . Mi hermana está todavía trabajando.

Va entre sujeto y verbo en afirmativas e I still love her. interrogativas Todavía la quiero. Do they still live in Sax? ¿Viven ellos todavía en Sax? Va detrás del sujeto en negativas. Da He still hasn’t paid. énfasis Él todavía no ha pagado. Already. Va detrás de to be.

This car is already too old. Este coche es ya demasiado viejo.

Already. En posición final enfatiza.

He has the tickets already. Él ya tiene las entradas.

Already. I have already bought the grapes. Se coloca entre el auxiliar y el verbo en Ya he comprado las uvas. afirmativas e interrogativas. Have you already bought the books? ¿Has comprado ya los libros? During. During the summer I go to Santa Pola. Indica un período de tiempo dentro de Durante el verano voy a Santa Pola. otro. Ago. Se coloca al final de la oración.

I went to Elche two days ago. Fui a Elche hace dos días.

155

1) He is ..........in bed. He has been sleeping all night long. a - Yet b - Still c - Already 2) She is ................waiting for the bus. a - Yet b - Still c - Since 3) They ..................go to the mountains although they are 80. a - Still b - Yet c - Already 4) Have you done your homework...................? a - Still b - Yet c - Already 5) I am .............working there but I will change very soon. a - Still b - Yet c - Already 6) Has he come..............? a - Yet b - Still c - Already 7) They are.....................playing football. a - Yet b - Still c - Already 8) He has.....................come back from school. a - Already b - Yet c - Still 9) I' ve worked in Elche ...................six years. a - Since b - For c - Ago 10) l lived here in San Francisco ...................three months. a - For b - Since c - Ago 11) I've worked in the same factory ...................1970. a - Since b - For c - Ago 12) He's been abroad ...................five years. 156

a - For b - Since c - Ago 13) I studied French .............twelve years. a - Since b - For c - Ago 14) I' ve known her ..............1982. a - Ago b - Since c - For 15) I've lived in Elda ...................I was a child. a - Since b - For c - Ago 16) We have not been in Rome ...........we were married. a - For b - Since c - Ago 17) I've known them ................years. a - Ago b - For c - Since 18) We have been painting the room ...........2 months. a - Ago b - Since c - For 19) I studied Italian ........a couple of months. a - For b - Since c - Ago 20) She has been working here ...................she left school. a - For b - Since c - Ago 21) I have been working in the restaurant ................six months. a - For b - Ago c - Since 22) He has been in prison..................nine years. a - Ago b - Since c - For 23) I haven't been to Tabarca .................I was at the University. a - Since 157

b - For c - Ago 24) I haven't seen my friend María ...................several years. a - Since b - For c - Ago 25) We lived in Villena ........................1950. a - For b - Since c - Ago 26) I have been writing a novel .................seven years. a - Ago b - For c - Since 27) They have been going to England ...................1983. a - Since b - Ago c - For 28) Horacio has been waiting for his wife......................8 o'clock. a - Since b - For c - Ago 29) Pepica has lived in Salinas........................................she was ten years old. a - For b - Since c - Ago 30) They are married. They got married six months ........ a - For b - Since c - Ago 31) My sister has been reading a book ...........................a long time. a - Ago b - For c - Since 32) I've been swimming every Friday ............................I was thirteen. a - Since b - For c - Ago 33) She is in London now. She arrived there four days ................ a - For b - Since c - Ago 34) Clemente has been writing an article ........................September. a - Ago 158

b - For c - Since 35) Ana has been working in Elche..................................9 o'clock. a - For b - Since c - Ago 36) Rosi has been buying presents...................................Christmas. a - Since b - For c - Ago 37) Maríano has been playing tennis ...............................he was thirty. a - Ago b - Since c - For 38) Jesús has been working in this project..............October. a - Since b - Ago c - For 39) She's been in London .....................Monday. a - For b - Since c - Ago 40) It is raining. It started an hour ............... a - Ago b - For c - Since 41) He has been ill .........a long time. a - For b - Since c - Ago 42) Manolín has lived in Aspe ..................................15 years. a - Since b - For c - Ago 43) That old house has been empty .............many years. a - Ago b - Since c - For 44) Pili is in her office. She's been there ..............7 o'clock. a - Ago b - For c - Since 45) The bus is late. We've been waiting .........................20 minutes. a - Since b - For 159

c - Ago 46) Tere is here. She has been in Majorca ..........6 months a - For b - Ago c - Since 47) I know Pepe. I first met him two years .............. a - Since b - For c - Ago 48) I have a camera. I have it .............................................1985. a - Since b - Ago c - For 49) Laura is studying Medicine ............................1987. a - Ago b - For c - Since 50) I've been learning English.............................January. a - For b - Ago c - Since 51) My brother's been working in Alicante ................2 years. a - For b - Since c - Ago 52) We've been trying to buy a house..................years now. a - Since b - For c - Ago 53) I've only been cycling to work......................two months. a - For b - Since c - Ago 54) Haven't you done it ....................? a - Ago b - Yet c - For 55) It's very early, are you in bed …..? a - Yet b - Already c – Still 56) We haven't seen the new Harry Potter film ... a - Yet b - Already

160

c - Still 57) It's late and Juan is ...........in bed. a - Already b - Still c - Yet 58) It's very late and your brother is...... a - Still in bed b - Still in the bed c - Already in bed 59) How long has Pepe been in hospital? ........seven days. a - Ago b - For c - Since 60) It rained a lot.......the night. a - For b - Since c - During 61) ........our stay in London we visited many museums. a - Since b - During c - For 62) He ...........works in the same company. a - Still b - For c - Yet 63) Are they.........waiting for the doctor? a - Still b - Yet c - Already 64) I haven't read the book about Garzon...... a - Yet b - Still c - Already 65) I haven't written my Christmas cards...... a - Still b - Yet c - Already 66) My ford fiesta is.........very old. a - Already b - Still c - Yet 67) I ................know the answer. a - Still b - Already 161

c - Yet 68) The leathers came five minutes... a - Since b - For c - Ago 69) It's at least five months ......I met her for the last time. a - Since b - For c - Ago 70) I haven't finished........ a - Yet b - Already c - Still

162

Soluciones 1. B 11. A 21. A 31. B 41. A 51. A 61. B

2. B 12. A 22. C 32. A 42. B 52. B 62. A

3. A 13. B 23. A 33. C 43. C 53. A 63. A

4. B 14. B 24. B 34. C 44. C 54. B 64. A

5. A 15. A 25. B 35. B 45. B 55. A 65. B

6. A 16. B 26. B 36. A 46. A 56. A 66. A

7. B 17. B 27. A 37. B 47. C 57. B 67. B

8. A 18. C 28. A 38. A 48. A 58. A 68. C

9. B 19. A 29. B 39. B 49. C 59. B 69. A

10. A 20. B 30. C 40. A 50. C 60. C 70. A

163

EL IMPERATIVO •

Se usa para dar órdenes y hacer sugerencias o consejos. Carece de forma interrogativa.

AFIRMATIVA

NEGATIVA

Infinitivo sin to.

Do not + Inf sin to.

Go home. Ve a casa.

Don’t drink too much. No bebas demasiado.

Come here. Ven aquí. Let’s go home, it’s late. Vayamos a casa es tarde.

FORMA ENFÁTICA Do go home. Vete a casa ya. •

El imperativo puede servir para hacer sugerencias, invitaciones, ruegos.

•

Do se puede usar con el verbo to be

Do be quiet. Estáte quieto. Don’t be cruel to her. No seas cruel con ella. •

Si utilizamos you indica irritación.

Don’t you go. No se te ocurra ir. •

El imperativo de la primera persona de plural se hace con let’s. La negativa con let’s not.

Let’s go. Vayamos

164

1) Let's ....... a - Thinks b - Thinking c - Think 2) ..............that music down please. a - Play b - Turn c - Put 3) Let's ..............a good restaurant, I am very hungry. a - Finding b - Found c - Find 4) Why don't we go to the beach and ..............a swim. a - Have b - Has c - Had 5) Let's .........home. a - Went b - Go c - Gone 6) Boys, ......................here. a - Come b - To come c - Comes 7) Manolo, .................go to the disco tonight. a - Let us b - We let's c - We let 8) Pepita, ...down here. a - Sitting b - Sits c - Sit 9) ........here at once. a - Come b - Coming c - To cime 10) …….the room before 7.00. a - Clean b - Cleaning c - Cleans 11) Let.................come. a - Her b - She c - Hers 12) Let................go. 165

a - Him b - He c - His 13) Let's......go to the cinema, it's better a disco. a - Not b - No c - None 14) ......a girlfriend who share your hobbies. a - Choose b - To choose c - Choosing 15) ......your mouth close all the time, only answer if the teaches asks you. a - Keep b - To keep c - Keeps 16) Please.......................on the lights. a - To switch b - Switch c - Switching 17) Don't forget ...............the letters. a - Posted b - To post c - Posts

166

Soluciones 1. C 11. A

2. B 12. A

3. C 13. A

4. A 14. A

5. B 15. A

6. A 16. B

7. A 17. B

8. C

9. A

10. A

167

EL PRESENTE SIMPLE •

Equivale al presente de indicativo. Se forma con el sujeto más el infinitivo. La tercera persona del singular, (he, she, e it) añaden “-s” o “-es”. Las reglas ortográficas que aprendiste en la formación del plural son las mismas que se aplican en este caso a los verbos. Los verbos que terminan en “-ss”, “-sh”, “-ch”, “-“x, “-o“ añaden “-es” en la tercera persona del singular:

AFIRMATIVA

Sujeto + Inf sin to

I play tennis. Yo juego al tenis.

He, she, it añaden (s) o (es)

He kisses his mother. Él besa a su madre. He watches TV everyday. Él ve la tele todos los días.

NEGATIVA

Sujeto + do + not + Inf sin I don’t like cocido. to. No me gusta el cocido. He, She, It usan does.

He doesn’t love her. Él no la quiere. He doesn’t want come. Él no quiere venir.

to

He doesn’t read much. Él no lee mucho. Do + not contrae en don’t. We don’t smoke. Nosotros no fumamos. Does + doesn’t . INTERROGATIVA

not

contra

en He doesn’t cook. Él no cocina.

Do + S + Inf sin to.

Do you love me? ¿Me quieres?

PRINCIPALES USOS Indicar hábitos o costumbres.

I never go to the university by car. 168

Yo nunca voy en coche a la Universidad. Para indicar verdades universales.

The sun rises everyday. El sol sale todos los días.

Para planes futuros.

The play begins at 8 and ends at 10.30. La obra comienza a las 8 y acaba a las 10.30.

Para contar historias, cuentos, chistes, acontecimientos deportivos, etc.

A waiter asks a couple. Un camarero le pregunta a la pareja.

En el llamado presente històrico.

Colombus discovers America in 1492. Colón descubre América en 1492.

Horarios.

The plane leaves at 7.00. El avión sale a las 7.00.

Con refranes.

Time flies. El tiempo vuela.

•

Se suele usar con adverbios o frases adverbiales tales como

Always. Siempre.

Never. Nunca.

Often. Occasionally. Con frecuencia. Ocasionalmente.

Every day. Cada día.

Frequently.

On Sundays. Los domingos.

Sometimes. A veces.

In winter. En invierno.

Frecuentemente.

Seldom. Rara vez.

Usually. Normalmente. He always goes to Benidorm in summer. Siempre va a Benidorm en verano. She never tells me what to do. Ella nunca me dice lo que tengo que hacer. We play football every day. Jugamos al fútbol todos los días. •

Cuando un verbo termina en “-y” detrás de una consonante, cambiamos la “-y” en “-i”, y añadimos “-es”.

I copy, he copies. 169

Yo copio, él copia. I try, he tries. Yo lo intento, él lo intenta. •

Sin embargo, los verbos que terminan en “y” detrás de una vocal siguen la regla general.

I play, he plays. Yo juego, él juega. I obey, he obeys. Yo obedezco, él obedece. •

Debido a su significado, algunos verbos usan siempre la forma habitual al no admitir las formas continuas.

I love you. Te quiero. She likes me. Me gusta I believe you. Te creo.

170

1) I ......................like liver. a - Does b - Doing c - Do not 2) ...........you like to go to the cinema? a - Does b - Do c - Are 3) What........your brother do? a - Do b - Does c - Is 4) Where .........you live? a - Is b - Do c - Does 5) What languages ........you speak? a - Does b - Are c - Do 6) He............to the University. a - Goes b - Go c - Is go 7) The Harry Potter film.........150 minutes. a - Takes b - Take c - Taking 8) My wife.............at Azorín High School. a - Teaches b - Teach c - Is tiching 9) Sometimes he.......his girlfriend who is stuying in England. a - Missing b - Misses c - Miss 10) There.......not sharks in Tabarca. a - Is b - Are c - Am 11) We........friends during our holidays. a - Visiting b - Visit c - Is visiting 12) In summer, my daughter ...........her friend Rocío. 171

a - Miss b - Misses c - Is missed 13) Laura ........magazines at night. a - Reading b - Read c - Reads 14) The Maths teacher never.......late. a - Come b - Comes c - Is comeing 15) He............the best player in Elda. a - Is b - Are c - Am 16) I ...............................living in Elda. a - Likes b - Like c - Liking 17) Mike .........potatoes and tomatoes in his cottages. a - Grow b - Grows c - Grounig 18) Where........? a - Does he lives b - Does he living c - Does he live 19) Which car ................................at the moment? a - Are you haveing b - Do you have c - Is having you 20) What ..........................................for a living? a - Does you do b - Do you do c - Do you does 21) I ...............................that this President will win again. a - Does not think b - Do not thinks c - Do not think 22) He .............most of the homework with his mother. a - Does b - Doing c - Do 23) I ..........................like Opera, I prefer Jazz. a - Dis 172

b - Do c - Do not 24) You ............................................know him. a - Don b - Do not c - Does not 25) I .............................enjoy the film. a - Does not b - Do not c - Am 26) I .............................want to study French. a - Does b - Do c - Do not 27) Teresa ..........................................smoke. a - Do b - Does not c - Did will 28) My mother .................................wear glasses. a - Do b - Does c - Does not 29) Pepi..............................swim very fast. a - Do b - Does not c - Do 30) .........................you like football? a - Does b - Do c - Are 31) ...................Pepe read the paper? a - Do b - Does c - Is 32) Julia...........................drink wine. a - Do b - Does c - Does not 33) The doctor ...................................smoke at all. a - Do b - Does not c - Are 34) Vladimir.......................................run a lot. a - Does not b - Do not 173

c - Is not 35) My sister.......................................travel much. a - Does do b - Does not c - Are not 36) José Luis.......................................visit his relatives very often. a - Does not b - Do not c - Is will 37) I ............................eat meat. a - Do not b - Does not c - Will do 38) Where ...................................? a - Do he lives b - Does he lives c - Does he live 39) I ...............................…..........much of him as a writer. a - Does not think b - Do not think c - Thinking 40) I ............................to the swimming pool every day at 5.00. a - Going b - Goes c - Go 41) I think he ................................too hard at the moment. a - Works b - Is working c - Does working 42) ............................what he's saying? a - Do you understand b - Does you understand c - Did you understand 43) I can't answer the phone right now, I .................................a bath. a - Am haveing b - Am having c - Having 44) Excuse me...........................................Italian? a - Speaking b - Does you speak c - Do you speak 45) They ...............................television very often. a - Does not watch b - Do not watches c - Do not watch 174

46) Somebody...............................to us. a - Is listens b - Listens c - Is listening 47) She..........................to go home now. a - Is wants b - Is wanted c - Wants 48) How often ........................................a magazine? a - Do you read b - Does you read c - Did you reads 49) I'm sorry, I ............................................ a - Am not understand b - Does not understand c - Do not understand 50) Peter.............................................National Geographic? a - Does you reads b - Do you reads c - Do you read 51) What time ......................................work every day? a - Does she finishes b - Do she finish c - Does she finish 52) They.............................................lots of beer in Great Britain. a - Drinks b - Drink c - Drinking 53) He ..............to the University. a - Goes b - Go c - Going 54) The film ..........................................sixty-one minutes. a - Taking b - Takes c - Take 55) Elia...........................at Azorín High School. a - Teach b - Teaching c - Teaches 56) Sometimes he ...............................his girlfriend. a - Misses b - Misse c - Missing

175

57) It ..................................always sunny in Alicante. a - Are b - Is c - Were 58) We ...........................friends during our holidays. a - Visiting b - Visit c - Are visit 59) Manolo and Ana ......................the festivities a lot. a - Are like b - Like c - Liking 60) I .......................................................living in Elda. a - Likes b - Is like c - Like 61) I ..............................to the San Juan Beach every July with my family. a - Goes b - Go c - Going 62) Malena ........................................a lot of icecreams. a - Eating b - Eats c - Eat 63) I'm ........I will. a - Sure b - Suring c - Here 64) I ...........like kidney pie. a - Don't b - Doesn't c - Has 65) ..........you like bacon? a - Does b - Do c - Are 66) ............you like hamburguers? a - Does b - Is c - Do 67) Don't ...............to him. a - Listened b - Listen c - Listening 68) What do you do for a .............? 176

a - Living b - Live c - Liver 69) What does your father ...........? a - Do b - Does c - Doing 70) You really .........celebrate Christmas. a - Do b - Does c - Not 71) I ............you like it. a - Hope b - Hopes c - Hoping 72) I ..........hope you've got everything now, Pepe. a - Did b - Do c - Does 73) Everyone ...........paella and ham in Spain. a - Loves b - Love c - Loving 74) 5.900 ...............insurance and unlimited mileage. a - Including b - Includes c - Include 75) Juan, ...........................champagne on Christmas day? a - Are you going to drink b - Drink you c - You drink 76) Every day he ....................after he finishes at the office. a - Is going to run b - Run c - Runs 77) How much money ........................you spend on clothes ? a - Do b - Don't c - Does 78) She usually ...................fresh bread every day. a - Buys b - Bought c - Buying 79) Ismael ..............20 Kms a week. a - Run 177

b - Ran c - Runs 80) Oscar always ...................tennis a - Play b - Plays c - Is play 81) It ..............a lot in winter in Bocairente. a - Snows b - Is snowed c - Is snowing 82) What ..............you do on Monday evening? a - Don't b - Do c - Does 83) I want you to .................to my party. a - Came b - Coming c - Come 84) I can't .......chocolate. a - Resist b - Resisting c - Resisted 85) I ................................a letter to my friend once a month. a - Write b - Writing c - Am write

178

Soluciones 1. C 11. B 21. C 31. B 41. B 51. C 61. B 71. A 81. A

2. B 12. B 22. A 32. C 42. A 52. B 62. B 72. B 82. B

3. B 13. C 23. C 33. B 43. B 53. A 63. A 73. A 83. C

4. B 14. B 24. B 34. A 44. C 54. B 64. A 74. A 84. A

5. C 15. A 25. B 35. B 45. C 55. C 65. B 75. A 85. A

6. A 16. B 26. C 36. A 46. C 56. A 66. C 76. C

7. A 17. B 27. B 37. A 47. C 57. B 67. B 77. A

8. A 18. C 28. C 38. C 48. A 58. B 68. A 78. A

9. B 19. B 29. B 39. B 49. C 59. B 69. A 79. C

10. B 20. B 30. B 40. C 50. C 60. C 70. A 80. B

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BE GOING TO •

Su estructura es Sujeto + Be + Going to + Inf sin to.

•

Básicamente se usa para indicar acciones planeadas en un futuro cercano.

Cuando se tiene intención de hacer algo.

I am going to visit my friend. Voy a visitar a mi amigo.

Para predecir algo.

It’s going to rain. Va a llover.

Con un futuro relativamente inmediato.

She is going to get married next Sunday. Se va a casar el próximo sábado.

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EL PRESENTE CONTINUO •

Al igual que todos los tiempos continuos, está formado por to be e “-ing”.

Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Am, Is, Are + I am reading. Verbo + Ing. Estoy leyendo.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Am, Is, Are + Not I am not cooking. + Verbo + Ing. No estoy cocinando.

Interrogativa.

Am, Is, Are + Sujeto + Are you listening to me? Verbo + Ing. ¿Me estás escuchando?

PRINCIPALES USOS Acciones no acabadas que se encuentran I am paying my flat. en proceso. Estoy pagando mi casa. I am reading a good book. Estoy leyendo un buen libro. Acciones planificadas.

I'm playing golf with my friend Eduardo next Sunday. Voy a jugar al golf con mi amigo Eduardo el próximo domingo.

Quejas sobre acciones que se repiten.

They are always complaining and asking for more. Siempre se están quejando y pidiendo más.

Situaciones temporales.

I’m staying at a hotel because I’m having my house built. Estoy viviendo en un hotel porque me están construyendo mi casa.

•

Suele ir acompañado de expresiones como:

Now. Ahora.

At the moment. En este momento.

Right now. Justo ahora.

181

1) The dog......now. a - Is barking b - Is barks c - Barking 2) Rocío ............the potatoes. a - Is cutting b - Is cutted c - Is cuts 3) Marta..................in the street. a - Is danced b - Is dance c - Is dancing 4) I..................to my mother's house. a - Am go b - Are going c - Am going 5) Isabel...............a chocolate cake. a - Is eating b - Is eat c - Is ate 6) We..................a film on Tele Elda. a - Are watching b - Are watched c - Watcheing 7) You..................too much. a - Are work b - Are working c - Are worked 8) I am .................my composition. a - Coeing b - Doing c - Duing 9) María Teresa................a new book. a - Are writing b - Is writeing c - Is writing 10) Someone ...............................can you open the door? a - Ring b - Is ringing c - Are ring 11) I ..................................a shower. a - Am having b - Has c - Has having

182

12) Be careful, a lorry ...............................................very fast. a - Come b - Comeing c - Is coming 13) Can you speak up, please? My elder daughter................a terribe noise. a - Is making b - Taking c - Is makeing 14) I ................................at the moment. a - Am smoking b - Smokeing c - Smoking 15) He is ......................of getting married soon. a - Think b - Thinking c - Thought 16) All this noise ....................................................your grandmother now. a - Annoys b - Is annoying c - Annoyed 17) He .....................................fat. a - Get b - Is getting c - Gets 18) Carol ..........................................................................a lot of icecreams lately. a - Are eating b - Is eating c - Eat 19) We.....................................to the new restaurant next month. a - Are going b - Go c - Will go 20) We ..................................chess in the new tournament. a - Are going to play b - Plays c - Would plays 21) They ................................her at the airport tomorrow morning. a - Meet b - Are meeting c - Meets 22) I ...................................a Harley in November. a - Am driving

183

b - Is driving c - Driving 23) I ..............................him a María Callas CD for his birthday. a - Give b - Giving c - Am giving 24) The new teacher.................................at seven. a - Come b - Is comeing c - Is coming 25) We ...........................some money to charities. a - Gives b - Are giveing c - Are giving 26) You .................................................a motorbike if you pass your exams. a - Has have b - Are having c - Has 27) They ...........................to Majorca with all their friends. a - Are going b - Goes c - Are go 28) He ...............smoking next year. a - Give b - Is giveing up c - Is giving up 29) I ..........................her a new Polo for her birthday. a - Buys b - Am buying c - Buy 30) My friend ...............................................next summer with his family. a - Is coming b - Come c - Coming 31) I ............................lunch with him in La Sirena . a - Have b - Am having c - Has 32) My friend....................................a party next Saturday. a - Is celebrating b - Is celebreteing c - Is celebrate 33) María José and Marcial ..............................married next week in Santa Ana's. 184

a - Get b - Are getting c - Are geting 34) The King............................................Elda during the Festivities. a - Is visiting b - Is visitting c - Is visit 35) We ........................................the car on Sunday. a - Cleans b - Are cleaning c - Are cleanning 36) Mike .................................................a new book. a - Write b - Is writing c - Is wrtitteing 37) I ............................with the new boss tomorrow. a - Eat b - Eating c - Am eating 38) The sun ...............................................this afternoon. a - Shine b - Is shineing c - Is shining 39) The waiter ..............................................a bottle of Rioja wine. a - Bring b - Bringed c - Is bringing 40) Alejandro Sanz ...............................................a new album in March. a - Release b - Is releaseing c - Is releasing 41) The weather forecast says it .....................................this afternoon. a - Rains b - Is raining c - Would rain 42) Teresa and Horacio .........................................friends for dinner tonight. a - Has b - Are having c - Haveing 43) My wife...............................................a party for our daughters. a - Prepare b - Is prepare c - Is preparing

185

44) He .....................................a new CD now. a - Listens b - Is listening c - Are listening 45) Horatio ..........................................a shower at the moment. a - Is has b - Is having c - Has 46) I .....................a good CD. a - Am listening to b - I am listen c - Listening 47) I .........................................................how to get to Alicante. a - Am explaining b - Explains c - Does explain 48) He ......................................the violin in another orchestra. a - Play b - Is playing c - Playeds 49) I can't, I .....................................a shower. a - Am have b - Am having c - Am has 50) Sarah, be quiet I ............................on the phone. a - Talk b - Am talks c - Am talking 51) A motorbike .............................................................very fast. a - Comes b - Come c - Is coming 52) These children .........................a terribe noise. a - Are make b - Are makeing c - Are making 53) He is .....................of buying a house. a - Thinks b - Thinking c - Think 54) This music .................................................................your father. a - Is annoying b - Annoy c - Annoyeind

186

55) My friend Juan ............................................fat. a - Are getting b - Getting c - Is getting 56) We ..............................................................to the new restaurant. a - Going b - Are going c - Goes 57) My sister ...........................................................a chocolate cake for my birthday. a - Make b - Is making c - Is makeing 58) I ..........................tennis lessons in summer. a - Takes b - Is taking c - Am taking 59) She .................................with us next April in Cazorla. a - Is fishing b - Fishes c - Fish 60) They ................................her at the airport tomorrow morning. a - Meet b - Are meeting c - Meet 61) The football match ................................at 6:00. a - Starts b - Are starting c - Is start 62) I ................................her a new watch in the party. a - Give b - Gives c - Am giving 63) We ....................................some books to the Public Library. a - Are giving b - Gives c - Giving 64) The children ............................................their holidays in Benidorm. a - Are going to begin b - Is beginning c - Begins 65) She.........................to visit us in May. a - Is comeing

187

b - Comed c - Is coming 66) They .................................to Alpera with all their friends. a - Are go b - Are going c - Is going 67) He................................................smoking next year. a - Is give up b - Is giveing up c - Is giving up 68) I ..........................her a diamond ring. a - Am buy b - Am buying c - Am buyed 69) Pepe and Manolo ...................................in Plaza Mayor at 8.00. a - Meeting b - Is meeting c - Are meeting 70) Calixta and Marcial ...................................married next week. a - Are get b - Are getting c - Are geting 71) He ...............his girlfiend a lot at the moment. a - Misses b - Miss c - Is missing 72) I ...............................the grass on Sunday. a - Am cuting b - Am cutt c - Am cut 73) They ...............................the cuartelillo . a - Are clean b - Are cleaning c - Are cleaned 74) I like ..........................................fresh air in the mountains. a - Breathes b - Breathing c - Breathed 75) I'm............for a cup of tea. a - Dyeing b - Dieing c - Dying 76) You are ....................me a lot. a - Annoying b - Annoy

188

c - Annoys 77) I'm .........to report a traffic accident. a - Ring b - Ringing c - Rang 78) He likes ........and cycling. a - Swim b - Swimming c - Swims 79) They'll drive you crazy .............questions about your family. a - Asks b - Asking c - Asked 80) No, I ............................to have anything to eat today. a - Am no going b - Don't go c - Am not going 81) What ..................wine or beer? Wine, please. a - You drink b - Are you going to drink c - Drinks you 82) The sun is......today a - Shineing b - Shining c - Shaining 83) I am ............a Spanish omelette for the picnic. a - Makeing b - Making c - Meiking 84) I like..........everyday in La Ciudad Deportiva. a - Swim b - To swim c - Swimming 85) She hates...........the plates a - Washing b - Wash c - To wash 86) It is worth.........the Shoe museum, Castelar Square and taste the chocolates of Totel. a - Go b - To go c - Going 87) ........to write in English is not easy at the beginning. a - Have

189

b - Having c - To have

190

Soluciones 1. A 11. A 21. B 31. B 41. B 51. C 61. A 71. C 81. B

2. A 12. C 22. A 32. A 42. B 52. C 62. C 72. A 82. B

3. C 13. A 23. C 33. B 43. C 53. B 63. A 73. B 83. B

4. C 14. A 24. C 34. A 44. B 54. A 64. A 74. B 84. C

5. A 15. B 25. C 35. B 45. B 55. C 65. C 75. C 85. A

6. A 16. B 26. B 36. B 46. A 56. B 66. B 76. A 86. C

7. B 17. B 27. A 37. C 47. A 57. B 67. C 77. B 87. B

8. B 18. B 28. C 38. C 48. B 58. C 68. B 78. B

9. C 19. A 29. B 39. A 49. B 59. A 69. C 79. B

10. B 20. A 30. A 40. C 50. C 60. B 70. B 80. C

191

CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA FORMA –ING •

Los verbos que acaban en “-e“, la sustituyen por “-ing“ excepto dye.

Have. Tener.

Having.

Come. Venir.

Coming.

Live. Vivir.

Living.

Practise. Practicar.

Practising.

Dye. Tintar.

Dyeing.

•

Cuando el verbo acaba en “-ie” la “-i” se convierte en “-y”.

Die. Morir

Dying.

Lie. Mentir, poner la mesa, poner huevos.

Lying.

•

Cuando los verbos acaban en “-y” siguen la regla general, es decir, añaden “–ing”.

Try. Intentar

Trying.

Study. Estudiar

Studying.

Play. Jugar.

Playing.

Buy. Comprar.

Buying.

192

•

Ciertos verbos no se suelen usar en los tiempos continuos. Son los denominados verbos de los sentidos.

Believe. Creer.

Feel. Sentir.

Appear. Aparecer.

Consider. Considerar.

Smell. Oler.

Belong to. Pertenecer.

Depend. Depender.

Love. Amar.

Have. Tener.

Doubt. Dudar.

Fear. Temer.

Like. Gustar.

Guess. Adivinar.

See. Ver.

Forget. Olvidar.

Hope. Esperar.

Taste. Probar.

Owe. Deber.

Imagine. Imaginar.

Want. Querer.

Cost. Costar.

Prefer. Preferir.

Sound. Sonar.

Know. Saber.

Realise. Darse cuenta.

Dislike. Disgustar.

Own. Poseer.

Remember. Recordar.

Doubt. Dudar.

Wish. Desear.

Suppose. Suponer.

Hear. Oír.

Seem. Parecer.

Think. Pensar.

Hate. Odiar.

Possess. Poseer.

Understand. Comprender.

193

EL PASADO SIMPLE •

Equivale al imperfecto y el indefinido y se usa con acciones concluidas. Los verbos regulares lo hacen de la siguiente forma:

Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Inf sin to + Ed Los acabados en “-e” solo “-d”.

I played chess. Jugué al ajedrez. I loved her. Yo la quería.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Did not, + Inf sin I didn’t go out. to No salí. Did + Not contrae en din’t.

Interrogativa.

Did + Sujeto + Inf sin to.

Did you buy the new CD? ¿Compraste el disco?

LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES Afirmativa.

S+ 2 columna de la lista de I ate the cake. verbos irregulares. Me comí el pastel. I bought a new house. Compré una nueva casa.

Negativa.

S+ Did + Not + Inf .

I didn’t eat the cake. No me comí el pastel.

Interrogativa.

Did + S + Inf.

Did you eat the cake? ¿Te comiste el pastel?

•

Para formar el pasado de un verbo regular se añade “-ed” al infinitivo.

I worked. Yo trabajé You worked. Tú trabajaste. •

Los verbos monosílabos, y los bisílabos que terminan en consonante, con acento en la última sílaba, duplican la consonante final:

Stop, Stopped

Admit, Admitted

Prefer, Preferred 194

Parar. •

Admitir.

Preferir.

El verbo travel es una excepción, pues acentúa en la primera sílaba.

Travel, Travelled Viajar. •

Si el verbo termina en “-e” sólo se añade “-d”.

I lived in Petrel but now I live in Elda. Yo viví en Petrel, pero ahora vivo en Elda. •

Los verbos que terminan en “-y” detrás de una consonante cambia la “-y” por “-i” al añadir la “-ed”:

Try, Tried. Intentar.

Cry, Cried. Llorar.

Carry, Carried. Llevar.

Study, Studied. Estudiar.

Acciones que se completaron en el pasado We went to Paris last year. Fuimos a Paris el año pasado. Acciones consecutivas

•

I bought a car and went to Paris. Compré un coche y fui a Paris.

Puede ir acompañado de expresiones temporales del tipo:

Ago. Hace.

Yesterday. Ayer.

Last winter. El invierno pasado.

In 1984. En 1984.

I went to Paris when I was five years old. Fui a Paris cuando tenía cinco años. •

Con did, do, does el verbo va siempre en infinitivo. Por lo tanto las formas interrogativas y negativas del presente siempe y pasado simple siempre llevarán el verbo en infinitivo.

1) I ..........................dancing lessons every summer, but now I don't.. a - Take b - Took 195

c - Taken 2) She ................................with me to Petrel two days ago. a - Comes b - Came c - Is caming 3) They ...........................to Disneyland Paris last April. a - Went b - Goes c - Will go 4) The food ............................................horrible. a - Am b - Was c - Are 5) Last summer the weather ......................................worse than in England. a - Is b - Was c - Will be 6) The French ...................................Spanish very bad in the past. a - Speaks b - Spoke c - Speaking 7) We ............................Tarifa last summer. a - Visited b - Visits c - Vistting 8) Sarah ......................a present for her friends in her last visit to Terra Mítica. a - Is buy b - Bought c - Buys will 9) Inmita ..........to a swimming pool in the evenings when she was 3 years old. a - Went b - Go c - Wenting 10) When we lived in Alicante my wife ...........................her mother every night. a - Phone b - Phoned c - Phones will 11) My aunt ...........................................gazpachos in the Culebrón. a - Ate b - Eat c - Will eats

196

12) Pepi .............................to Alicante to buy some new clothes. a - Go b - Went c - Go will 13) We ...........................her in the market buying meat last Saturday. a – Saw b - Sees c - Seeing 14) I ..............................to her and I told her everything. a - Spoke b - Speaks c - Speaking 15) We.....................................a lot in England last summer. a - Enjoying b - Enjoys c - Enjoyed 16) I ...............................in love with her when I saw her. a - Fall b - Fell c - Fallen 17) Mr. García.....................................a new computer for his factory. a - Bought b - Buy c - Buying 18) Lady Hernández...............................her old boyfriend in a restaurant. a - Met b - Meeting c - Meets 19) Manuel ..................................the lesson when I explained it. a - Understands b - Understood c - Undertsanding 20) Marisa ..............................your boyfriend in Petrel last night. a - Saw b - Sees c - Seen 21) I ...............................more than ever last summer. a - Swim b - Swimming c - Swam 22) They .................................to Alicante when they were young. a - Will go b - Goes c - Went

197

23) She.........................in the opera with me. a - Were b - Was c - Be 24) We ............................many museums in Japan. a - Seen b - Saw c - Seen 25) The doctor ...........................................us hat it was nothing important. a - Tolds b - Telling c - Told 26) My wife and I .....................................in Madrid at 12:00. a - Arriveds b - Arrived c - Arriving 27) We ............................to buy the house but it was too expensive. a - Tryes b - Tried c - Tryed 28) She ................................it was hotter than in Alicante. a - Finds b - Founding c - Found 29) They ..........................all the night during the Festivities. a - Dances b - Dancing c - Danced 30) The bus ...........................................in every city. a - Stopped b - Stopping c - Stops 31) It ................................................during the festivies a - Rained b - Raining c - Raineing 32) They ............................to dinner but she feel ill. a - Has come b - Came c - Will come 33) I ........................................................Valle the Elda last Friday. a - Read b - Were reading c - Red

198

34) They ..............................to the cinema at 9.00. a - Goes b - Wenting c - Went 35) My parents ...................................................me some money when I got married. a - Giving b - Gaven c - Gave 36) Before I ................................they had come. a - Went b - Go c - Will go 37) When we.....................everything was ready at the party. a - Arrived b - Arrives c - Am arriving 38) We .................................the present until you rang us. a - Saw b - Did not see c - Will saw 39) The girls .....................................................a present for their parents. a - Bought b - Was buy c - Was buys 40) I .......................................................French before studying English. a - Studied b - Studyied c - Studies 41) We............................................with him the night before. a - Eats b - Ateing c - Ate 42) We .......................................your friends that you were out. a - Tells b - Told c - Was teeling 43) We.............................in Telepizza and Telefónica until I decided to quit. a - Invested b - Nvesting c - Invest

199

44) We .......................................all morning in Rabosa. a - Walked b - Walking c - Was walking 45) I ..........them yesterday. a - Took b - Take c - Taken 46) You .........them in the kitchen this morning. a - Left b - Leave c - Leaves 47) That was the first place I ................. a - Look b - Looked c - Looking 48) I didn't ..........you. a - Recognize b - Recognised c - Recognising 49) what time did you .......................to the cinema last night? a - Go b - Went c - Going 50) Lázaro. ........................in time yesterday. a - Arrived b - Goes c - Arrives 51) Mr. Martínez ......................for a loan, but then, he won the lottery. a - Asked b - Asking c - Askeing 52) When did you ..................your summary of English grammar for Pedro ? a - Finish b - Finishes c - Finished 53) Did you ..................in the San Silvestre race last year? a - Run b - Runed c - Running 54) There ..................only a little coffee in the cup. a - Had b - Was c - Were

200

55) I was going to write but the computer ...............down. a - Break b - Breaks c - Broke 56) Mary, ..........................to the Costa Brava last year. a - Went b - Go c - Goes 57) ......you born in Elda ? a - Had b - Are c - Were 58) The shop was open this morning. It ...at 4:45. a - Open b - Was open c - Opened 59) I ...............at the University from 1980 to 1985. a - Studied b - Studyed c - Studyed 60) I ...............at the traffic light because it was red. a - Stoped b - Stopped c - Stoppeed 61) She.......the big bags in our last travel. a - Carryed b - Carried c - Carryeed 62) We........because it was getting late. a - Hurryed b - Hurried c - Hurred 63) The thief........he had robbed all the jewels. a - Adnited b - Admitted c - Admitedd 64) I ................to London in 1987. a - Go b - Went c - Gone 65) I..........my friend Javi last Sunday. a - See b - Seen c - Saw 66) He ...................arrive late yesterday.

201

a - Do b - Does c - Did

202

Soluciones 1. B 11. A 21. C 31. A 41. C 51. A 61. B

2. B 12. B 22. C 32. B 42. B 52. A 62. B

3. A 13. A 23. B 33. A 43. A 53. A 63. B

4. B 14. A 24. B 34. C 44. A 54. B 64. B

5. B 15. C 25. C 35. C 45. A 55. C 65. C

6. B 16. B 26. B 36. A 46. A 56. A 66. C

7. A 17. A 27. B 37. A 47. B 57. C

8. B 18. A 28. C 38. B 48. A 58. C

9. A 19. B 29. C 39. A 49. A 59. A

10. B 20. A 30. A 40. A 50. A 60. B

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EL PASADO CONTINUO Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Was, Were + Ing.

I was reading Time. Yo estaba leyendo la revista Time.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Was, Were + Not + Ing. Was, Were + Sujeto + Ing.

I was not sleeping. No estaba durmiendo. Were they playing chess? ¿Estaban jugando al ajedrez?

Interrogativa.

PRINCIPALES USOS Para hablar acerca de lo que estaba I was reading when she came. sucediendo. Yo estaba leyendo cuando ella llegó. Cuando dos acciones estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo.

I was reading a novel while she was watching TV. Yo estaba leyendo una novela mientras ella estaba viendo la tele.

En descripciones.

I was riding a car and then... Estaba conduciendo cuando…

• Cuando hablamos de dos acciones pasadas, la más larga se expresa con pasado continuo y la más corta en pasado simple It was raining when I went to bed. Estaba lloviendo cuando me fui a la cama. • Para indicar que una acción sucedió después de otra, usamos el pasado simple en ambos casos. Yesterday I got up and had a shower. Ayer me levanté y me duché. •

Puede ir con expresiones temporales del tipo:

All night. Toda la noche.

The whole day. Todo el día.

The whole afternoon. Toda la tarde.

For a long time. Durante mucho tiempo

204

1) My wife .................................................a bath when her mother phoned. a - Was having b - Were having c - Was to have 2) Inma .................................................to the radio when I came home. a - Was listen b - Was listening c - Were listening 3) Mike ...............................in the sofa reading a magazine. a - Sit b - Were siting c - Was sitting 4) We ....................................in Almansa when my son was born. a - Was living b - Were living c - Living 5) It ................................................dark, so we went home. a - Get darker b - Got darking c - Was getting 6) The dog .....................................when a cat appeared. a - Was runing b - Was running c - Were runing 7) They ...............................in a karaoke when their friends arrived. a - Was singing b - Were song c - Were singing 8) I ......................................................when my mother came. a - Wrote b - Was writing c - Were writing 9) I .........................................................when the phone rang. a - Gotting dress b - Was getting dressed c - Were get dressed 10) The alarm clock...............................................but I couldn't stop it. a - Ringing b - Rings c - Was ringing 11) He ..................................................................TV when his girlfriend came.

205

a - Were watching b - Was watching c - Watching 12) We....................................and it began to snow. a - Riding b - Were riding c - Roding 13) She.........................the food before she served it. a - Tastes b - Taste c - Was testing 14) Yesterday they ..................................................siesta when I phoned. a - Was sleeping b - Sleep c - Were sleeping 15) We ................................tennis when she came. a - Plays b - Were playing c - Wil play 16) She ...............................letters before you rang. a - Was writing b - Were writing c - Writes 17) I ......................................................the press an hour before. a - Were reading b - Reads c - Was reading 18) I ..........wondering if you would like to marry me. a - Be b - Is c - Was 19) I was ................of going abroad. a - Think b - Thinking c - Thinks

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Soluciones 1. A 11. B

2. B 12. B

3. C 13. C

4. B 14. C

5. C 15. B

6. B 16. A

7. C 17. C

8. B 18. C

9. B 19. B

10. C

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EL PRESENTE PERFECTO •

Este tiempo, al igual que el resto de los tiempos perfectos, hacen referencia a acciones ya acabadas, aunque también se use para acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y todavía tienen continuidad en el presente.

•

Como todos los tiempos perfectos, se forma con el verbo to have y el Participio Pasado.

Afirmativa

Sujeto + Have, Has + Participio Pasado.

I have played tennis. He jugado al tenis. I have eaten paella. He comido paella.

Negativa

Sujeto + Have, Has not + Participio Pasado.

I have not played chess. No he jugado al ajedrez. I have not eaten gazpachos. No he comido gazpachos.

Interrogativa

Have, Has + Sujeto + Participio Pasado.

Have you played golf? ¿Has jugado al golf? Have you eaten octopus? ¿Has comido pulpo?

PRINCIPALES USOS Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado pero I have eaten paella. se desconoce o no interesa el momento He comido paella. exacto en que ocurrieron. I have visited Paris. He visitado Paris. Acciones que se han repetido en el pasado. He has visited Madrid many times. Ha ido a Madrid muchas veces. Con just, indica que la acción ha ocurrido I have just seen my wife. recientemente. Acabo de ver a mi mujer. Con ever. (alguna vez)

Have you ever been to Rome? 208

¿Has estado en Roma alguna vez? Con always.

I have always liked the country. Siempre me ha gustado el campo.

Con already.

We have already finished. Ya hemos acabado.

•

For y since suelen acompañar a éste tiempo para referirse a acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que continuan hasta el momento presente.

How long. Se utiliza para preguntar por la How long have you been wearing duración. glasses? ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que llevas gafas? For. I have lived in Elda for 40 years. Se emplea con períodos de tiempo. Desde Hace 40 años que vivo en Elda. hace. Since. She has had the same car since 1987. Nos remonta a un punto concreto en el Tiene el mismo coche desde 1987. pasado. Desde o desde que. I have been wearing glasses since October. Llevo gafas desde octubre.

209

1) My sister ............................................a chocolate cake for my birthday. a - Has made b - Has be made c - Has been makeing 2) He has never ................................................ "Gone with the wind ". a - Seen b - See c - Saw 3) I have ..........................................................paella every Saturday for years. a - Ate b - Eat c - Eaten 4) They have just ............................................around Spain. a - Travel b - Traveled c - Travelled 5) He has ............................................Diet Coke since he was at University. a - Being drinking b - Been drunk c - Been drinking 6) Flavio has ............................................his girlfriend. a - Forgave b - Forgive c - Forgiven 7) My mother has ........................................in Petrel all the morning. a - Be b - Been c - Was 8) Their friends have .......................................a new job in Elche. a - Finded b - Founded c - Found 9) Toni has ...............................................fireworks for the summer party. a - Buyed b - Bought c - Boughting 10) Cayetano has ..........................................a new house for his family. a - Build b - Built c - Boughts

210

11) Mario has ........................................................ for the beers in the bar. a - Payed b - Paid c - Paying 12) I ........................................................for this moment since I was a child. a - Have wait b - Have been waiting c - Have being waiting 13) We ............................in this house since 1997. a - Lived b - Have being living c - Have been living 14) He .......................in Terra since 1999. a - Is invested b - Is invest c - Has been investing 15) He ......................a book for a long time. a - Writes b - Is wrote c - Has been writing 16) Lucas .................................................since last summer in this project. a - Has been working b - Has working c - Had been working 17) I ....................................................this question many times. a - Have answered b - Has answer c - Had answering 18) They ..............................in the same house since they got married. a - Have living b - Have lived c - Has lived 19) We .....................................a single match this year. a - Haven't played b - Hasn't play c - Have play 20) They .............................a lot with this teacher. a - Has learnt b - Have learnt c - Have learned 21) We.........................................many good films, but this is the best one.

211

a - Has see b - Has seen c - Have seen 22) I ......................................................a new TV set this week. a - Have buy b - Have boughted c - Have bought 23) We .................................. "El Cid " many times in summer. a - Have climbt b - Have climbed c - Have climbing 24) He ...............................some shoes for his brother. a - Has bought b - Has buy c - Have bought 25) They ..............................the news in Hello magazine. a - Have readed b - Have read c - Have readt 26) He has.................................................on weight since he got married. a - Puts b - Put c - Putting 27) Pepe has......................................a new apartment in Santa Pola. a - Buying b - Boughted c - Bought 28) Mari Puri has.....................................all the chocolate cakes in the fridge. a - Ate b - Eating c - Eaten 29) Our new neighbours have ............................with us about their problems. a - Speaken b - Spoken c - Speaking 30) My brother-in-law has...................................football in Alicante. a - Plays b - Played c - Playeding 31) I have.............................four faxes today to the Consellería. a - Sent

212

b - Sended c - Sented 32) He .................................his book yet. a - Had finished b - Has finishing c – Hasn’t finished 33) Pepe.................................since last summer in this book. a - Has being working b - Has been working c - Has be working 34) Mary ......................................an affair with John since she got her divorce. a - Has been having b - Have being having c - Has been haveing 35) The neighbour's children ...................a terrible noise since we moved here. a - Has been making b - Have being making c - Have been making 36) Olga ..........................................a picture of her daughter for a month. a - Have being painting b - Has been paint c - Has been painting 37) Javi....................................................a lot of money in Russia since 1995. a - Has being making b - Has been making c - Has be making 38) Fermina....her journey since she knew that we were also going there. a - Has be preparing b - Has being preparing c - Has been preparing 39) We...........................................football this morning in "La Sirmat ". a - Has being playing b - Have been playing c - Had be playing 40) Alberto Navarro .................................his last book for over fifteen years. a - Has been writing b - Has be writing c - Has being writing 41) l have ..........my first marathon at the age of 42. a - Runing b - Run 213

c - Runed 42) I..........................Antonio Maestre since we went to don Emilio's school together. a - Know b - Have known c - Has been knowing 43) I..........................a lot with these quick tests. a - Has learnt b - Have learnt c - Have learning 44) They.........................................................me that she has won the lottery. a - Have tell b – Has told c – Have told 45) We .......................................to move to a bigger house. a - Have decided b - Has decided c - Will decided 46) How long have you ....................there? a - Be b - Being c - Been 47) He's .............. a - Arrived b - Arrive c - Arrives 48) I've just....................to the manager. a - Speak b - Spoke c - Spoken 49) Have you ...........my glasses? a - Seen b - See c - Saw 50) Have you .............in the bedroom? a - Looked b - Look c - Looking 51) They have just ...................... a - Disappeared b - Disappear c - Disappeareing 52) There has ........a car crash in Juan Carlos I street. a - Be 214

b - Was c - Been 53) What ................happened to him? he looks very sad. a - Is b - Has c - Have 54) A little boy called Jaime .………….....been here. a - Is b - Have c - Has 55) You have ........a great help to all of us, thanks a lot. a - Been b - Be c - Was 56) I've .............the CD, but I prefer to see them live. a - Bought b - Buy c - Buys 57) I've often ............them on TV, but this is something else! a - Seen b - See c - Saw 58) Well, I've ..............packing. a - Finished b - Finish c - Finishing 59) He has ...........teaching me Spanish. a - Been b - Be c - Was 60) Jaime has never ..................late before. a - Come b - Came c - Comes 61) The Sax train ...........................It’s been half an hour late. a - Arrived has just b - Has just arrived c - Has arrived just 62) -“Have another chocolate”. -No, thank you very much indeed, .............too much. a - I've eaten b - I eaten c - I ate 63) Hello, darling, have you ..........................dinner yet? a - Cooked b - Cooken 215

c - Do 64) My daughter hasn't ....................from school yet. a - Comed b - Coming c - Come 65) It was nice to see him again. I .........him for ages. a - Haven't seen b - Haven t see c - Saw 66) ................you done your homework? a - Have b - Has c - Have to 67) It ...........for ages in Almeria. a - Doesn't rain b - Did rain c - Hasn't rained 68) -Where is Clemente? -He ......to the bank. a - Is b - Has gone c - Has went 69) I ..........to London since 1993. a - Haven't been b - Haven't gone c - Haven't go 70) "Tres Superhombres en Tokyo " was the worst film I've ever ...... a - See b - Saw c - Seen 71) I.........a cigarette since last Christmas. a - Haven smoked b - Haven't smoked c - Hasn't smoked 72) All flights to Madrid...........because of the fog. a - Has been cancelled b - Have been cancelled c - Cancelled 73) He has...................to bed because he was a little tired. a - Go b - Went c - Gone

216

Soluciones 1. A 11. B 21. C 31. A 41. B 51. A 61. B 71. B

2. A 12. B 22. C 32. C 42. B 52. C 62. A 72. B

3. C 13. C 23. B 33. B 43. B 53. B 63. A 73. C

4. C 14. C 24. A 34. A 44. C 54. C 64. C

5. C 15. C 25. B 35. C 45. A 55. A 65. A

6. C 16. A 26. B 36. C 46. C 56. A 66. A

7. B 17. A 27. C 37. B 47. A 57. A 67. C

8. C 18. B 28. C 38. C 48. C 58. A 68. B

9. B 19. A 29. B 39. B 49. A 59. A 69. A

10. B 20. B 30. B 40. A 50. A 60. A 70. C

217

EL PRETÉRITO PERFECTO CONTINUO •

Como todos los tiempos continuos, indica acciones en proceso.

Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Have, Has + Been + Ing.

I have been reading the paper. He estado leyendo el periódico.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Have, Has not + Been + Ing.

I have not been cooking. No he estado cocinando.

Interrogativa.

Have, Has + Sujeto + Been Have you been walking? + Ing. ¿Has estado dando un paseo?

PRINCIPALES USOS Indica acciones muy recientes que acaban She has been swimming. de terminar. Ella ha estado nadando. He has been crying Él ha estado llorando. Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y I have been waiting for half an hour. que todavía continuan. Llevo esperando media hora. Puede ir acompañado de expresiones He has been working the whole day. como: the whole day, all week, etc. Ha estado trabajando todo el día.

218

EL PASADO PERFECTO Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Had + Participio Pasado.

I had seen her. Yo la había visto.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Had not + Participio Pasado.

I had not gone. Yo no había ido.

Interrogativa.

Had + Sujeto + Participio Pasado

Had she been with you? ¿Había estado ella contigo?

•

Equivale al pluscuamperfecto. Es el tiempo más remoto en el pasado.

PRINCIPALES USOS Acciones que ocurrieron antes que otra.

When I had finished all my work, I went to the swimming pool. Cuando hube acabado mi trabajo me fui a la piscina.

• Suele usar expresiones del tipo: Since. Desde.

For. Desde hace.

Till. Until Hasta.

When. Cuando

Before. Antes.

By the time. Para cuando.

Always. Siempre.

219

EL PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO •

Expresa acciones que habían estado ocurriendo en el pasado hasta un momento concreto.

Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Had been + Ing.

I had been sleeping siesta. Había estado durmiendo la siesta.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Hadn't been + Ing. She had not been reading. Ella no había estado leyendo.

Interrogativa.

Had + Sujeto + Been + Ing.

Had you been working? ¿Habías estado trabajando?

We had been studying until her mother came. Habíamos estado estudiando hasta que vino su madre.

220

EL FUTURO SlMPLE Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Will + Inf sin to.

I will go with you. Iré contigo.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Will not, + Inf sin to.

I will not pay for that. No pagaré eso.

Interrogativa.

Will + Sujeto + Inf sin to.

Will you marry me? ¿Te casarás conmigo?

• Se puede usar shall en la primera persona del singular y del plural, aunque su uso queda cada vez más restringido a la expresión de ofrecimientos. Se puede usar will en todas las personas de singular y plural. Tanto shall como will contraen en “-‘ll”.

PRINCIPALES USOS En sugerencias.

Shall we go to the cinema? ¿Vamos al cine?

En promesas.

I will buy you the car. Te compraré el coche.

Determinaciones.

I will go with you. Iré contigo.

Énfasis.

I will never do it again. No lo volveré a hacer.

Predicciones.

They will win the match. Ellos ganarán el partido.

Lógicamente, ocurrirán.

indica

acciones

que I will buy a Harley next year. Me compraré una Harley el año que viene.

Con advertencias y condiciónes.

If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late. Si no te das prisa llegarás tarde.

Para expresar deseo o rechazo ante algo.

Don’t drink too much or you’ll get drunk. No bebas demasiado o te emborracharás.

Ofrecimientos.

I'll help you with your exercises. Te ayudaré con los ejercicios.

221

BE GOING TO •

Indica planes para el futuro, también hace referencia a acciones que se ve que van a ocurrir.

I’m going to visit my mother. Voy a visitar a mi madre. It’s going to rain. Va a llover.

222

1) She ..................................with us next April in Cazorla. a - Will go fishing b - Would go fishing c – Went fishing 2) She .................................to Petrel next week. a - Is moving b - Is moved c - Is going to moving 3) We.........................................a new computer for the students. a - Are buy b - Are going to buy c - Will buys 4) I .......................................................in Aspe tomorrow. a - Will be b - Will is c - Will am 5) I ......................................................my cousin in Madrid next week. a - Visited b - Will visit c - Visit 6) They ...........................a new road in 2007. a - Build b - Will build c - Builded 7) She .................................in the team next year. a - Played b - Playing c - Will play 8) I .............................with them to Toledo next March. a - Will go b - Go c - Went 9) They ...........................back at 8.00. a - Is b - Was c - Will be 10) He .................................her in Alicante in 2005. a - Will marry b - Married c - Would married 11) I ....................................to the Yelmo Cineplex cinemas tomorrow. a - Went b - Go c - Will go

223

12) I .............................all my friend s to a paella next Saturday. a - Invite b - Will invite c - Would invite 13) I..........with you if you pay. a - Will eat b - Would eat c - Had eaten 14) I will ........you your room. a - Shows b - Show c - Showing 15) I won't .............long. a - Be b - Have c - Do 16) I'll .......the waiter if they have Coke instead of Pepsi. a - Asks b - Ask c - Asking 17) He will ........you a parcel for me. a - Brings b - Bring c - Brought 18) We will ......immediately. a - Come b - Comes c - Cam 19) I will ...............the car tonight. a - Wash b - Washed c - Washing 20) Next Sunday I ....................play tennis with Eduardo. a - Was played b - Will plays c - Am going to play 21) How .......................you go to Sax tomorrow? a - Does b - Shall c - Will 22) -Where.......tonight? -Why don't we go to the new Mamma Luna? a - Shall we go b - We going c - Go can we 23) We ..................go to Madrid to see Beauty and the Beast next month. 224

a - Will b - Would c - Need 24) If you can't water the plants, I ........do it for you. a - Would b - Will c - going 25) ......you look after my daughters while I go to buy the paper? a - Will b - Must c - Need 26) I..........send a letter as soon as I arrive. a - Have b - Will c - Would

225

Soluciones 1. A 11. C 21. C

2. A 12. B 22. A

3. B 13. A 23. A

4. A 14. B 24. B

5. B 15. A 25. A

6. B 16. B 26. B

7. C 17. B 27.

8. A 18. A 28.

9. C 19. A 29.

10. A 20. C 30.

226

EL FUTURO CONTINUO •

Expresa acciones que con seguridad tendrán lugar en el futuro.

Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Will be + Inf sin to I will be driving to + Ing. Alicante. Estaré conduciendo hacia a Alicante.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Will not + Inf sin to I will not be eating + Ing. there. No estaré comiendo allí.

Interrogativa.

Will + Sujeto + Be + Inf + Will you be studying in Ing. Elx? ¿Estarás estudiando en Elx? Suele ir acompañado de What will you be doing expresiones temporales at 7 o’clok tomorrow? como: At 7 o’clock, this time ¿Qué estarás haciendo next year/month/week. mañana a las 7?

227

EL FUTURO PERFECTO •

Indica acciones que habrán acabado en el futuro. Normalmente son suposiciones o presunciones.

Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Will have + Participio Pasado.

I will have eaten. Habré comido.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Will have + Not + I will not have eaten. Participio Pasado. No habré comido.

Interrogativa.

Will + Sujeto + Will have + Will you have eaten? Participio Pasado. ¿Habrás comido?

I will have read the book next month. Habré leido el libro el próximo mes. •

Puede ir acompañado de referencias temporales

Tomorrow. Mañana.

In the year 2050. En el año 2050.

Next week. La próxima semana.

Soon. Pronto.

The day after tomorrow. Pasado mañana.

In the next year. El año que viene.

In the future. En el futuro

In a month. Dentro de un mes.

At 7 o’clock. A la siete en punto.

This time next year: By 8.30. A esta hora el año que Para las 8.30. viene.

228

1) Barcelona............against Manchester United in June. a - Will be playing b - Will play be c - Will be played 2) Everybody..........at Christmas. a - Will have eat cocido b - Will be eating cocido c - Will cocido be eating 3) I .................................a new car by 2005. a - Will buy be b - Will have bought c - Will have be buying 4) She .................5 kilos with this new diet. a - Will have lost b - Will have loose c - Will have losted 5) I..................my first novel in 2007. a - Will have written b - Will have write c - Will have wrote 6) We ................our house by 2018. a - Will have pay b - Will have be payd c - Will have paid 7) My mother............her new portrait next week. a - Will have paint b - Will be paint c - Will have painted 8) We.............the cuartelillo in September. a - Will be bought b - Will have bought c - Will be buy 9) My friend ............his lecture in February. a - Will have given b - Will have gave c - Will have give 10) I ........................................................in a new office next year. a - Will be working b - Will working be c - Will have working 11) They ...........................in La Sirena next Saturday. a - Will be having dinner b - Will dinner have c - Will be dinner 12) I..........to Berlín in August. 229

a - Will flying b - Will flying be c - Will be flying 13) We .....................................our daughter next Christmas. a - Will visitt b - Will visitting c - Will be visiting 14) They ................................for you at the airport. a - Will be waited b - Will be waiting c - Will be wait 15) I .......................................................some new books tomorow. a - Will be buying b - Will buying be c - Will bought 16) She...........................in the new disco next Saturday. a - Will dancing b - Will dancing be c - Will be dancing 17) It...........in Madrid. a - Will be snow b - Will be snowing c - Will snow be 18) I ......................tennis this evening. a - Will be playing b - Played c - Will be play 19) I hope I ...................................................the report on Monday. a - Will have finished b - Will finished c - Will be finish 20) By this time next year they .............................a lot with that teacher. a - Will learnt have b - Will have learnt c - Will have learn 21) We ............................all the beer before winter. a - Will drank b - Will be dranking c - Will have drunk 22) He ...............................many countries in April. a - Will have seen b - Will seen c - Will be seen 23) I .............................everything before 12:00. a - Will eaten 230

b - Will have eaten c - Will be ate 24) My friend ..........................................before Christmas. a - Will be come b - Will come be c - Will have come 25) Juan ...............................................a new computer in June. a - Will have bought b - Will bought c - Will be boughting 26) His friends ........................................the new baby on Monday morning. a - Have will visit b - Will have visited c - Will visited 27) The teachers .....................................all the exams this evening. a - Will have corrected b - Will be correct c - Will correcting be 28) Tomorrow my secretary ......................all the memos. a - Will have typed b - Will types c - Had typed 29) By twelve o'clock they will ...................studying English for two hours. a - Have b - Been c - Have been 30) By the end of the year I will .........twenty books. a - Have written b - Had written c - Writing 31) We..........by nine o'clock tomorrow night. a - Will have finished b - Will finished c - Finish

231

Soluciones 1. A 11. A 21. C 31. C

2. B 12. C 22. A

3. B 13. C 23. B

4. A 14. B 24. C

5. A 15. A 25. A

6. C 16. C 26. B

7. C 17. B 27. A

8. B 18. A 28. A

9. A 19. A 29. C

10. A 20. B 30. A

232

EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE •

El condicional se forma igual que el futuro, anteponiendo al infinitivo la partícula: would o sho uld. •

La partícula should sólo se usa en inglés muy formal. Normalmente se emplea para expresar consejos o advertencias.

•

Puede contraer con el sujeto: I would en I’d

Afirmativa.

Sujeto + Would + Inf sin to.

I would go with you. Yo iría contigo. I’d go to the cinema. Yo iría al cine.

Negativa.

Sujeto + Would not + Inf sin to.

I would not pay that. Yo no pagaría eso. I wouldn’t buy it. Yo no lo compraría.

Interrogativa.

Would + Sujeto + Inf sin to. Would you marry me? ¿Te casarías conmigo?

233

EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO Afirmativa. Negativa.

Interrogativa.

Sujeto + Would + Have+ Participio Pasado.

I would have gone with you. Yo habría ido contigo. Sujeto + Would not/ won't + I would not have paid Have+ Participio Pasado. that. Yo no habría pagado eso. Would + Sujeto + Have+ Participio Pasado.

Would you have married her? ¿Te habrías casado con ella?

234

CUADRO RESUMEN DE LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES EL PRESENTE SIMPLE Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.

Otros.

Sujeto + Inf. 3ª p. (He, She, It) añade “-s” o “-es Sujeto + Don’t o Doesn’t + Inf Do o Does + S + Inf?

I live in Elda. He kisses her. She washes up every day. I don’t like coffee. She doesn’t smoke. Do you love me? Does he go to school? I get up at 7.45. Snow is cold. The match starts at 6.00. The train leaves at 6.00.

Acciones habituales. Verdades universales. Horarios. Acciones en el futuro sujetas a un horario. Le suelen acompañar: every day, always, usually, often, never, generally, etc.

EL PRESENTE CONTINUO Afirmativa.

I am reading.

Negativa.

S + Be (am, is, are) + Ing. S + Be + Not + Ing.

Interrogativa.

Am, Is, Are + S + Ing?

Are you running?

Usos.

Acciones en proceso Planes futuros. Acciones repetidas.

I am readind a book. I am playing tennis tomorrow. He is always talking.

Otros.

Le suelen acompañar: at present, nowadays, now, at the moment, etc.

She is not smoking.

235

EL PRESENTE PERFECTO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos. Otros.

S + Have (have o has) + I have played tennis. Participio pasado I have eaten paella. S + Have + Not + I have not washed the dishes. Participo pasado. I have not seen her. Have o Has + S + Have you been there? Participo pasado? Acciones acabadas de las I have read the book. que no se dice cuando sucedieron. Puede llevar just, for, since, already, yet, etc.

EL PASADO SIMPLE Afirmativa.

S + Vb. Regular + ed S + Vb Irr ( 2ªColumna).

I played. I ate.

Negativa.

S + Did + Not (didn’t) + Inf.

I did not play. I did not eat.

Interrogativa

Did + S + Inf?

Did you play? Did you eat?

Usos.

Acciones que ocurrieron I went to Barcelona. en el pasado. I was reading the paper and then A veces acompaña al it began to rain. pasado continuo Le suelen acompañar: last year, yesterday, two days ago etc.

Otros.

EL PASADO CONTINUO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.

S + Be (Was, Were) + Ing. S + Was, Were + Not + Ing Was, Were + S + Ing?

I was writing a letter.

Acciones en proceso en el pasado. En narraciones. Para descripciones.

I was painting the gate. The girls were smiling.

I was not writing a letter. Were you writing a letter?

EL PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO

236

Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.

Otros.

S + Have o Has + Been I have been learning English for +Ing. 20 years. S + Have o Has+ not + I have not been sleeping. Been + Ing. Have o Has + S + Been Have you been reading? + Ing? Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y todavía continuan o acaban de suceder, Resalta la duración de la acción. For y since le suelen acompañar.

EL PASADO PERFECTO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos. Otros.

S + Had + Participio I had gone. Pasado. S + had + Not + I had not gone. Participio Pasado. Had + S + Participio Had she gone? Pasado?. Acciones que ocurrieron antes que otra acción pasada. Le suelen acompañar: when, before, by the time etc.

EL PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO Afirmativa.

S + Had + Been + Ing.

I had been watching TV.

Negativa.

S + Had + Not + Been + Ing. Had + S + Been + Ing?.

I had not been watching TV.

Interrogativa. Usos.

Had she been ironing?

Acciones que estaban en proceso antes que otra acción pasada ocurriera.

EL FUTURO SIMPLE Afirmativa.

S + Will o Shall + Inf.

I will go.

237

Negativa.

S + Will + Not + Inf.

I will not go.

Interrogativa.

Will + S + Inf?

Will she come?

Usos.

Acciones futuras. Predicciones Le suelen acompañar: tonight, tomorrow, next year, in a month.

Otros.

EL FUTURO CONTINUO Afirmativa.

S + Wil be + Ing

I will be reading Valle de Elda.

Negativa.

S + Will + Not + Be + Ing. Will + S + Be + Ing?

I will not be watching TV.

Interrogativa. Usos.

Will you be working?

Acciones futuras en progreso.

EL FUTURO PERFECTO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.

S + Will have + Participio I will have arrived at 7.00. Pasado. S + Will + Not + Have I will not have finished. + Participio Pasado. Will + S + Have + Will she have paid? Participio Pasado? Acciones acabadas en el futuro.

EL FUTURO PERFECTO CONTINUO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.

S + Will have + Been + Ing. S + Will + Not + Have + Been + Ing. Will + S + Have + Been + Ing. Acciones que estarán finalizadas en el futuro.

I will have been working. I will not have been working. Will you have been working?

EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE Afirmativa.

S + Would + Inf.

I would go to London.

238

Negativa.

S + Would + Not + Inf.

I would not go to London.

Interrogativa.

Would + S + Inf?

Would you go to Lisbon?

Usos.

Deseos en el presente o en el futuro.

EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.

S + Would + Have + Participio Pasado. S + Would + Not + Have + Participio Pasado. Would + S + Have + Participio Pasado?

I would have gone to London. I would not have gone to London. Would you have gone to Paris?

Lamentos sobre acciones pasadas.

239

TIPOS DE ORACIONES •

Podemos establecer dos grandes grupos: Las coordinadas y las subordinadas. Las primeras son oraciones compuestas independientes entre sí. En cuanto a las subordinadas una depende de la otra.

•

Los nexos más usados son los siguientes:

Copulativas.

Disyuntivas.

Adversativas

And . Y.

He is tall and intelligent. Él es alto e inteligente.

Both…and. Tanto...como.

They both teach French and Italian. Ellos dos enseñan francés e italiano.

Moreover. Además.

It rained a lot, moreover it snowed. Llovió mucho, además nevó.

Likewise. De igual modo.

I bought a ham; likewise did my neighbour. Compré un jamón, al igual que mi vecino.

Besides. Además.

I have no money, besides I don’t want to buy anything else. No tengo dinero, además no quiero comprar nada más.

Or. O.

You can stay or come with us. Puedes quedarte o venir con nosotros.

Either…or. O…o.

They are either Italian or Greek. Ellos son o italianos o griegos.

Neither…nor. Ni...ni.

I neither like Wagner nor the Rolling Stones. Ni me gusta Wagner ni los Rolling Stones.

But. Pero.

I like Verdi but I prefer Puccini. Me gusta Verdi pero prefiero Puccini.

Not only…but also. No sólo...sino también.

Not only I read Valle de Elda but I also read Vivir en Elda. No sólo leo Valle de Elda sino que también leo Vivir en Elda.

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Causales.

Finales.

Yet. Aunque.

She is pretty, yet nobody loves her. Ella es guapa, aunque nadie la quiere.

Although. Aunque.

Although he is rich, he hasn’t many friends. Aunque es rico no tiene muchos amigos.

Because. Porque.

I became rich because I saved a lot. Me hice rico porque ahorré mucho.

For. Para.

She studies for being a lawyer. Estudia para ser abogado

As. Como.

As I had studied French I could travelled alone. Como había estudiado francés pude viajar solo.

Since. Puesto que.

Since they are adults they can go. Ya que son adultos pueden viajar solos.

Owing to. Ya que, debido a.

The recital was cancelled owing to lack of audience. El recital se canceló debido a falta de público.

In order to. Para.

In order to be accepted you have to pay first. Para que te acepten, debes pagar primero.

So as to. Con el fin de.

They voted so as to elect the new President. Votaron para elegir al nuevo presidente.

In case. I have an insurance in case I need it. En el caso de que. Tengo un seguro por si lo necesito. Por si. For fear. Por miedo a.

He eats a lot of oranges for fear of getting a cold. Come muchas naranjas por miedo a coger un catarro.

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Consecutivas.

So. Por eso.

He won the pools so he bought a new house. Ganó las quinielas y por eso se compró una nueva casa.

Therefore. Por lo tanto.

He has many friends therefore he is never alone. Tiene muchos amigos y por eso nunca está solo.

Which is why. He is boring, which is why he’s always Esa es la razón por alone. la que. Es aburrido, esa es la razón por la que siempre está solo. So…that. Para que. Comparativas. As.

Modo.

Concesivas.

I bought a present so that you liked it. Compré un regalo para que te gustara

Como.

He is as intelligent as his sister. Él es tan inteligente como su hermana.

As…as. Tan como.

He is not as honest as his brother. Él no es tan honrado como su hermano.

So…as. No tan como.

He is not so tall as me. Él no es tan alto como yo.

Similarly. Del mismo modo.

Petrel has nice parks, similarly Elda has nice museums. Petrel tiene parques muy bonitos, de igual modo Elda tiene museos muy bonitos.

As. Como.

As a pianist she is the best. Como pianista el es el mejor.

Like. Como.

He eats like a lion. Come como un león.

Although. Aunque.

Although I prefer to stay I have to go now. Aunque prefiero quedarme tengo que irme.

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Though. Aunque.

Though he is ill, he never complains. Aunque está malo, nunca se queja.

Even though. Incluso.

Even though he is rich he never shows off. Aunque es rico, nunca presume.

Even if. Incluso si.

Even if it rains I will go. Incluso si llueve iré.

However. Sin embargo.

I liked it, however, I didn’t buy it. Me gustó, sin embargo no lo compré.

No matter. No importa.

No matter if you love her, she doen’t love you. No importa si la quieres, ella no te quiere.

In spite of. A pesar de .

In spite of having lived in France she doesn’t speak French. A pesar de haber vivido en Francia no habla francés.

Despite. A pesar de.

Despite all the efforts he didn’t win. A pesar de todos los esfuerzos, no ganó.

Condicionales . If.

Si.

If you need me, phone me. Si me necesitas, llámame.

Tiempo.

When. Cuando.

When you want to visit us, let us know. Cuando quieras visitarnos, háznoslo saber.

While. Mientras.

While I was in Italy I ate a lot of pasta. Mientras estuve en Italia comí mucha pasta.

Before. Antes.

Before I worked in Elda, I worked in Crevillente. Antes de trabajar en Elda, trabajé en Crevillente.

Since. Desde.

I have lived here since 1962 Vivo aquí desde 1962

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Lugar.

Whenever. Cada vez que

Whenever he comes I visit him. Cada vez que viene le visito.

Until. Hasta.

Until I found it I was sad. Hasta que lo encontré estaba triste.

Now. Ahora.

Now I am hungry. Ahora tengo hambre.

Once. Una vez.

Once I pay the house I will buy a car. Una vez que haya pagado el piso compraré un coche.

No sonner…than. Apenas.

No sooner had they gone than I was asleep. Apenas se habían ido me quedé dormido.

Finally. Finalmente.

Finally I read the book. Finalmente leí el libro.

In short. En breve.

In short they will be here. En breve estarán aquí.

Where. Donde.

This is the house where we lived until 1996. Esta es la casa donde vivimos hasta 1996.

Wherever. Dondequiera que.

Wherever she goes she buys some clothes. Dondequiera que vaya se compra ropa.

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ORACIONES DE RELATIVO •

Este tipo de oraciones suelen añadir información a lo que ya se ha dicho en la oración principal.

•

Usan los siguientes pronombres relativos:

Personas.

Who.

This is the man who came yesterday. Este es el hombre que vino ayer.

That.

This is the man that came yesterday. Este es el hombre que vino ayer.

Which.

Thi s is the book which I bought in Martín Fierro. Este es el libro que compré en Martín Fierro.

That.

The house that I sold. La casa que vendí.

Posesión.

Whose.

The boy whose bike is this is Mike. El chico de quien es esta bici es Mike.

Lugar.

Where.

This is the school where I studied. Esta es la escuela donde estudié.

Tiempo.

When.

This is the day when I was born. Este es el día en el que nací.

Personas.

Whom.

The girl whom I loved. Es la chica a quien amé.

Why.

The reason why I bought this is you. La razón por la que compré esto eres tú.

What.

And this is what he said. Esto es lo que él dijo.

The thing that.

This is the thing that we should do. Esto es lo que deberíamos hacer.

Cosas.

•

here

That puede utilizarse en lugar de who o which en las oraciones de relativo especificativas (defining)

This is the girl that I love. 245

This is the girl who I love. Esta es la chica a quien quiero. This is the car which I told you. This is the car that I told you. Este es el coche que te dije. •

Las oraciones de relativo se dividen en:

NON-DEFINING O EXPLICATIVAS. •

Van entre comas. Añaden información extra que podría omitirse y no alteraría el significado de la frase. No son imprescindibles para comprender el significado. Se trata de una explicación.

•

Nunca llevan “that” y nunca se puede omitir el relativo.

My wife , who is a teacher, reads a lot. Mi mujer, que es profesora, lee mucho.

DEFINING O ESPECIFICATIVAS. Son más frecuentes y no van entre comas. Definen al antecedente. The woman who came is my wife. La mujer que vino es mi esposa •

Who, which y that se pueden omitir cuando no son los sujetos de la oración.

The girl (who) he met is Mary. La chica que conoció es María. The CD (which) I bought is very good. El disco que compré es muy bueno.

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CONJUNCIONES According to.

Según.

I did it according to his instructions. Lo hice según él me dijo.

After.

Después.

They came after I arrived. Llegaron después de que yo llegué.

Although.

Aunque.

Although It rained a lot the match wasn’t cancelled. Aunque llovió mucho, no se canceló el partido.

And.

Y.

I like wine and beer. Me gusta el vino y la cerveza.

As.

Mientras que, así como.

As he came I saw him. Le vi mientras venía.

As a result.

Como consecuencia.

He became poor as a result of spending too much. Se empobreció como consecuencia de gastar demasiado.

As if.

Como si.

He behaves as if he doesn’t know me. Él se comporta como si no me conociera.

As long as.

Mientras que.

As long as you study you can play. Mientras que estudies puedes jugar.

As soon as.

Tan pronto como.

As soon as I found it I complained. Tan pronto como lo descubrí me quejé.

As though.

Como si.

Act as though nothing happens. Actúa como si no pasara nada.

As well as.

Al igual que.

She, as well as me, will go to Madrid. Ella, al igual que yo, irá a Madrid.

Because.

Porque.

We won’t go because it is very cold. No iremos porque hace mucho frio.

Because of

Debido a.

Because of her behaviour nobody likes her. Debido a su comportamiento nadie la 247

quiere. Before.

Antes.

I read the paper before we eat. Leo el periódico antes de comer.

But.

Pero.

It is expensive but I will buy it. Es caro pero lo compraré.

Despite.

A pesar.

He came despite feeling bad. Él vino a pesar de sentirse mal.

Either..or.

o….o.

We can either go home or to the cinema. Podemos o bien ir a casa o al cine.

Even though.

Aunque.

Even though it’s late you can watch TV. Aunque es tarde, puedes ver la tele.

Except.

Salvo.

I will go except if I have to work. Iré salvo que tenga que trabajar.

Furthermore.

Además.

He doesn’t study and futhermore he doesn’t work. Él no estudia y además no trabaja.

However.

Sin embargo.

He didn’t study, however he passed his exams. Él no estudió, sin embargo aprobó sus exámenes.

If.

Si.

If he comes tell him to visit me. Si viene, dile que me visite.

In case of.

En caso de.

In case of fire ring the fire brigade. En caso de incendio llama a los bomberos.

In order to.

Para.

In order to pass you have to study a lot. Para aprobar debes estudiar mucho.

Moreover.

Además.

I went to London, moreover I went to Scotland. Fui a Londres y además a Escocia.

Neither…nor.

Ni…ni.

I neither like coffee nor tea. No me gusta ni el té ni el café.

248

Nevertheless.

Sin embargo.

I didn’t want to go, nevertherless I enjoyed the trip. No quise ir, sin embargo disfruté del viaje.

Notwithstanding.

No obstante.

I like the shoes, notwithstanding they are very expensive. Me gustan los zapatos, no obstante son muy caros.

Or.

O.

Phone or fax. Telefonea o manda un fax.

Otherwise.

De otra manera.

Send us the money, otherwise we won’t send you the shoes. Mándenos el dinero, de otra manera no le mandaremos los zapatos.

Provided.

Siempre que.

Provided you pay I accept the offer. Siempre que pague acepto la oferta.

Since.

Ya que.

Since I have been invited I have to go. Ya que me han invitado, tengo que ir.

So as to.

Para.

I save money so as to buy a new house. Ahorro dinero para poder comprar una nueva casa.

Therefore.

Por lo tanto.

There is a concert next Monday, therefore I’ll buy the tickets. Hay un concierto el próximo lunes, por lo tanto compraré las entradas.

Though.

Aunque.

He is rich though not very intelligent. Aunque es rico no es muy inteligente.

To.

Para.

I went to England to learn English. Fui a Inglaterra para aprender inglés.

Unl ess.

A menos que.

Unless they pay we won’t send them anymore shoes. A menos que paguen no les mandaremos más zapatos.

Until.

Hasta que.

Until I noticed I liked opera I listened to classical music. Hasta que me di cuenta de que me 249

gustaba la ópera yo escuchaba música clásica. Whenever.

Cada vez que.

Whenever they feel like, they go to Madrid. Cada vez que les apetece, van a Madrid.

Where.

Donde.

They stopped where they saw a light. Ellos pararon donde vieron una luz.

Whereas.

Mientras.

He is shy whereas she is not. Él es tímido mientras que ella no.

Whether..or.

Si…o.

Whether you like it or not, we have to go. Te guste o no, tenemos que irnos.

Yet.

Sin embargo.

She is the most intelligent, yet she didn’t win the contest. Ella es la más inteligente, sin embargo no ganó el concurso.

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LOS VERBOS MODALES •

Los verbos modales se llaman así al carecer de las mayoría de las formas verbales. Se usan para hacer suposiciones, sacar conclusiones, hablar de posibilidades y establecer conjeturas. No tienen todos los tiempos verbales, por ejemplo, “must” y “ought to” sólo tienen presente. Can, may, dare y need, tienen presente y pasado.

Can, could. Poder.

May, might. Poder.

Must. Deber.

Would. Auxiliar del condicional.

Dare. Atreverse.

Need. Necesitar.

•

Ought to. Deber.

Will, shall. Auxiliares de futuro.

Tienen una única forma para todas las personas en presente:

I can. He can. •

No llevan “-s” en la tercera persona del singular.

•

Van seguidos de Infinitivo sin to.

I can ski. He must study. •

Hacen la negación y la interrogación como el verbo to be.

Can you ski? •

No se construyen con to do, to have y to be.

Can she go? •

No tienen imperativo, ni infinitivo, ni participio de presente ni de pasado por lo tanto no forman tiempos continuos ni perfectos. Tampoco aparecen en formas pasivas.

She can swim. Ella sabe nadar. He must study everyday. Él debe estudiar todos los días.

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• Usan otros verbos para suplir sus carencias temporales, ya que no tienen forma para todos los tiempos. No tienen participio ni infinitivo. He was able to go. Él pudo ir. I had to go alone. Yo tuve que ir solo. I must not eat so much chocolate. No debo comer tanto chocolate. Can you tell me the time? ¿Me puede decir la hora? •

Van seguidos de infinitivo sin to, a excepción de ought to, have to y used to.

I used to go to the disco. Yo solía ir a la discoteca.

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CAN •

Sólo se usa en el presente, para el resto de tiempos se utiliza to be able to. En algunos casos puede ser sustituido por to know how to. Se puede traducir por poder o saber.

I can swim. Sé nadar. I know how to swim. Sé como nadar. l'll be able to go tonight. Podré ir esta noche. Will he be able to come in time? ¿Podrá venir a tiempo? I have been able to finish it in time. He podido acabar a tiempo. Expresa conocimiento y capacidad física e intelectual.

I can play the violin. Sé tocar el violín. I can read. Sé leer.

Posibilidad.

I can go with you. Puedo ir contigo.

Tambien para dar y recibir permiso.

Can I go with you? ¿Puedo ir contigo?

Puede indicar prohibición en la forma You can’t smoke here. negativa. No puedes fumar aquí. Deducción negativa.

They can’t be at home. No deben de estar en casa.

Habilidad.

I can swim. Sé nadar.

Ofrecimientos.

Can I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarte?

Solamente se usa para el presente de indicativo.

She can do it alone. Lo puede hacer sola.

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Could se usa para el pasado y el condicional.

I could go yesterday. Pude ir ayer. I could go tomorrow. Podré ir mañana.

Sugerencias.

•

You can come with us. Puedes venir con nosotros.

El verbo to know how le puede sustituir

I know how to go. Sé ir.

COULD Indica habilidad en el pasado.

I could translate Italian at the age of 9. Sabía traducir italiano a los 9 años.

Peticiones formales.

Could I go with you? ¿Podría ir contigo?

MAY Posibilidad.

It may rain during the weekend. Puede llover durante la semana.

Permiso.

May I come in ? ¿Puedo pasar?

Prohibiciones.

You may not stay here. No puedes estar aquí.

Especulaciones.

He may be in Italy. Puede que esté en Italia.

Sugerencias.

If I may say so I will buy it. Si se me permite decirlo, yo lo compraría.

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MIGHT Expresa una posibildad más remota que It might snow in Benidorm but I doubt may. it. Podría nevar en Benidorm, pero lo dudo. Especulaciones.

He might be working in a new book. El podría estar trabajando en un nuevo libro.

MUST Obligaciónes morales.

I must visit my friend, he is ill. Debo ir a visitar a mi amigo que está enfermo.

Consejos.

You must visit the museum , it is one of the best in Spain. Debes visitar el museo, es uno de los mejores de España. He must be out because nobody answers the phone. Debe de haber salido, pues nadie contesta el teléfono.

Deducciónes.

Prohibiciones.

You must not come here again. No debes volver a venir aquí.

HAVE TO Obligación normalmente impuesta.

You have to drive with a helmet. Debes conducir con casco.

Para indicar costumbres.

I have to take an aspirin every night. Me tengo que tomar una aspirina cada noche.

En negativa, indica que algo no es You don't have to stay if you have necesario. something to do. No tienes que quedarte si tienes algo que hacer. 255

SHOULD, OUGHT TO •

Son prácticamente sinónimos.

Para dar consejos.

You should go to the Yemo Cineplex cinemas. Debería ir a los cines Yelmo Cineplex. You ought to spend more time with them. Deberías pasar más tiempo con ellos.

WILL Auxiliar del futuro simple.

I will buy a sandwich when I finish this. Me compraré un bocadillo cuando acabe esto.

Predicciones sobre el futuro.

It will be sunny. Hará sol.

Decisiones.

I will buy a new car. Me compraré un coche nuevo.

Ofrecimientos.

I will do it. Lo haré.

Peticiones.

Will you pass me the salt? ¿Me pasas la sal?

WOULD Peticiones y ofrecimientos.

Would you like to come with me? ¿Te gustaría venir conmigo?

Hábitos y rutinas en el pasado.

In 1998 I would walk a lot. En 1998 yo paseaba mucho.

Como a

256

I would go out to the cinema with my friends in the summer nights when I was 6 Iba al cine con mis amigos en las noches de verano cuando tenía seis años.

SHALL •

Es auxiliar de futuro, pero sólo para las primeras personas del singular y del plural I, we. I shall go. Iré.

Puede expresar cierta determinación

We shall never surrender. Nunca nos rendiremos.

USED TO Hábitos en el pasado.

•

I used to sing in the shower. Yo solía cantar en la ducha.

Los hábitos en el presente se pueden expresar con la estructura To be used to +Ing.

I am used to reading. Suelo leer.

NEED • Puede actuar como verbo modal o verbo ordinario. • Como modal no añade “-s“ en la tercera persona del singular y no admite ni auxiliares en la interrogativa y negativa. He needs a lot of money to get married. Necesita mucho dinero para casarse. •

Needn't se usa para indicar que no hay obligación. 257

You needn’t come tomorrow. No es necesario que vengas mañana. •

Need to indica necesidad.

I need to consult a good doctor. Necesito consultar a un buen médico. He needs to have more money to buy this car. Necesita tener más dinero para comprar este coche. Para la forma negativa e interrogativa hay dos opciones: Need you buy so much? Do you need to buy so much? You needn't come with us. No es necesario que venga con nosotros. You don't need to come with us. No es necesario que venga con nosotros. • Para el pasado sólo hay una. You didn't need to wait for them. No era necesario que les esperases.

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1) You ..........................study everyday. a - Can b - Must c - Are 2) The Town Hall ...........................................a new street to Alberto Navarro. a - Should dedicate b - Shall dedicating c - Should to dedicate 3) There's nothing in the fridge. They..............all. a - Must have eaten b - Must has ate c - Must had eaten 4) You ............try everything. a – Can to b - Must c - Need 5) you ..........the receipt here please? a – Can b - Musts c - Shall 6) You ............cry, it's not worth. a - Should not b - Shaln't c - Won't 7) I...........quit smoking. a - Wills b – Haves to c – Have to 8) ..........I speak to Jorge? a - Cans b - Can c - Was 9) He ..........be very rich, he is driving an expensive car. a - Is b - Must c - Should 10) We ........ be united. a - Ought b - Must c - Had 11) He wasn't .........to see the driver. a - Can b - Able c - May

259

12) Will we...........buy a dictionary? a - Must b - Have to c - Can 13) That ........be enough. a - Should b - Cans c - Musts 14) I .........send him something for his new baby. a - Must b - Has to c - Have 15) We .............................send the photograph to you. a - Will b - Do c - Did 16) I ...........like a window-seat please. a - Will b - Would c - Can 17) Yes, I guess we ...........buy them now. a - Shall b - Should c - Would 18) There's Marcelo and that ...........be his father. a - Must b - Has c - Mays 19) People of your age ............not drink beer. a - Shall b - Will c - Should 20) Girls, you ......................say those things about your friends. a - Haven't to b - Mustn't c - Mustn 21) I........................write to Gema I haven't written to her for ages. a - Must b - May c - Had 22) I think my brother ..................to come next month. a - Cans b - Could c - Will be able 23) I don't speak Valenciano ..................you speak Castellano ? 260

a - Would b - Can't c - Are able 24) You ..................have a passport to travel to Petrel. a - Needn't b - Must c - Can 25) Felix, the Maths teacher ..................correcting the exams because he is not here. a - Must be b - Must has c - May have 26) Michael was dictating too fast, so I ...............copy what he said. a - Were able b - Couldn't c - Won't be able 27) Jesús you'd like to go to buy a new computer, .............you? a - Would b - Wouldn't c - May 28) He ..............understand the problem if you explained it to him. a - Would b - Shall c - Will 29) What ....................happen if we didn't go to work? a - Will b - Would c - Must 30) The local Council ...........do something about those houses! a - Must to b - Have to c - Must 31) When you come again, you .........visit The Plaza Mayor and the museums. a – Has to b - May c - Should 32) Come on, boys. We .........win them this time. a - Must b - Have to c - Have 33) They didn't come to the meeting I suppose they ..........have gone to the beach. a - Must b - Has

261

c - May 34) I didn't go to the concert I.............have gone. a - Shall b - Should c - Must 35) This paella tastes very well. Lorenzo ...have made it. a - Must b - Had c - Has 36) I haven't seen María Luisa since Christmas. She.................be in New York. a - Must b - Can c - Shall 37) He........to find the restaurant after asking two or three times. a - Was able b - Couldn't c - Could 38) This book ..........at home. a - Must be read b - Have to be raed c - Has to bee read 39) It .......snow in "El Cid " but it is not very probable. a - May b - Might c - May be 40) It........rain tomorrow. a - May b - Must c - Can 41) We........some money to buy a new fridge. Can we borrow from you? a - Need b - Must c - May 42) You .......speak like this to your parents. a - Shalls b - Shouldn't c - Shall 43) I would........to have a better bike. a - Like b - To like c - Liking 44) Elda Shoes, .......I help you? a - Need b - Can

262

c - Must 45) I .....................buy the bread if you don't give me the money. a - Must b - Can't c - Can 46) You ........teach me how to prepare a paella. a - Ought b - Must c - Need 47) Your aunt is ill. We ........visit her. a - Can b - Should to c - Should 48) You ......go to bed. You look very tired. a - Should b - Should to c - Ought 49) We ought not to visit her. She........study. a - Has b - Must c - Have 50) “Thou........not kill” is one of the ten commandments that God gave us. a - Will b - Shall c - Shan't 51) ........we go to Panoramis? a - Able to b - Sahll c - Shall 52) I promise that you ........have a motorbike if you pass all your exa ms. a - Shall b - Would c - Wont 53) Students .........not use mobile phones during the lessons. a - Will b - Shall c - Wont 54) No smoking.........be allowed in all the premises. a - Will b - Shall c - Is 55) He ...........to have gone to Menorca instead of Ibiza. a - Ought b - Ouhgt c - Outhgt 263

56) You.........to visit your grandmother more often. a - Shall b - Should c - Ought 57) ........you like to come with us to the cinema? a - Will b - Shall c - Would 58) When my mother was young my grandmother ........look after her. a - Used b - Would c - To 59) You........treat everybody with respect. a - Has b - Should c - Will 60) If you.......see her tell her to phone me. a - Should b - Will c - Would 61) You ........visit the dentist twice a year. a - Would b - Should c - Shall 62) Why......you want to buy this? if it is of no use. a - Shall b - Will c - Should 63) The man with the moustache and the golden watch........be his father. a - Must b - Can c - Need 64) You ..................smoke in the classes, it is forbidden. a - Must not b - Must c - Can 65) It .................rain tonight. It is very dark. a - May b - Mays c - Mights 66) I .................................not go because I have not been invited. a - May b - Mei c - Can

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Soluciones 1. B 11. B 21. A 31. C 41. A 51. C 61. B

2. A 12. B 22. C 32. A 42. B 52. A 62. C

3. A 13. A 23. B 33. A 43. A 53. B 63. A

4. B 14. A 24. A 34. B 44. B 54. B 64. A

5. A 15. A 25. A 35. A 45. B 55. A 65. A

6. A 16. B 26. B 36. A 46. B 56. C 66. A

7. C 17. B 27. B 37. A 47. C 57. C

8. B 18. A 28. A 38. A 48. A 58. B

9. B 19. C 29. B 39. B 49. B 59. B

10. B 20. B 30. C 40. A 50. B 60. A

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TABLA RESUMEN DE LOS VERBOS MODALES Can. Could.

May. Might. Will. Would. Shall. Should Ought to. Must.

Habilidades. Petición de permiso. Imposibilidad. Habilidad en el pasado. Posibilidad. Imposibilidad. Sugerencias. Posibilidad. Permiso. Prohibición Posibilidad remota. Predicciones. Decisiones. Peticiones formales. Acciones pasadas. Preferencias. Peticiones formales. Acciones futuras. Consejos.

Obligación. Prohibiciones. Have to. Obligaciones impuestas. Be able to. Habilidades. Must, can’t have + Deducciones. PP. May, might Could, + Have + Participio Pasado. Need.

Deducciones donde no tenemos mucha seguridad.

Needn’t.

Ausencia de necesidad.

Necesidad.

I can swim. Can I come in? He can’t go now. He could read Russian. They could be in Tokyo. I couldn’t buy the car. You could try next year. It may rain tomorrow. May I come in? You may not smoke here. It might snow. They will come. I will buy a Harley. Would you marry me? I would play tennis when I was 10. I would rather go to the cinema. Shall I open the window? I shall visit her. You should buy her a diamond. I must study. You must not go with that boy. You have to drive on the right. He is able to make a cake. They must have bought a new house. They can’t have come here this morning. They may have gone. She could have seen her. You are going to need a lot of help. You needn’t come tomorrow.

QUESTION TAGS (COLETILLAS) •

Son preguntas que sirven para confirmar una suposición. Tienen dos partes, si la primera es afirmativa, la segunda será negativa. Si la primera es negativa, la segunda será afirmativa. Las frases con verbos auxiliares o defectivos forman la coletilla con el mismo verbo.

266

You are from Petrel, aren't you? Tú eres de Petrel, ¿no es cierto? You aren’t from Petrel, are you? Tú no eres de Petrel, ¿verdad? She isn’t from Sax, is she? Ella no es de Sax, ¿verdad? He has a Harley, hasn't he? El tiene una Harley, ¿no es cierto? You can swim, can't you? Tú sabes nadar, ¿verdad? She couldn't run fast, could she? Ella no podía correr deprisa, ¿no es cierto? •

Con los demás verbos se usan las partículas do, does, en presente.

You study every day, don't you? Tú estudias todos los días, ¿no? She plays golf, doesn't she? Ella juega al golf ¿verdad? You don't speak Chinese, do you? Tú no sabes hablar chino ¿verdad? She doesn't write very well, does she? Ella no escribe muy bien. ¿verdad? •

En pasado se usa did.

You went to Milan, didn't you? Fuiste a Milán, ¿no es verdad? She prepared a paella, didn't she? Ella hizo la paella, ¿verdad? •

En futuro se usa will y won't.

They will come tomorrow, won't they? Vendrán mañana, ¿no es cierto? They won't come tomorrow, will they? No vendrán mañana, ¿verdad?

267

•

En condicional se usa would.

They would buy it if they could, wouldn't they? Ellos lo comprarían si pudieran, ¿verdad? She wouldn't buy it, would she? Ella no lo compraría, ¿verdad?

268

SAY Y TELL • Tienen el mismo siginificado, decir y contar. To tell debe ir acompañado de un complemento indirecto, mientras que to say tan solo necesita un complemento directo. I told her your story Le conté a ella tu historia. I told your story to her. Le conté tu historia a ella. I said that I was going to move to Sax. Dije que me iba a ir a vivir a Sax.

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1) What did the teacher ........yesterday? a - Say b - Tell c - Said 2) What did your mother .......to you? a - Say b - Tell c - Speak 3) Please ...............what happened? a - Say b - Tell c - Speak 4) I will never....................a lie. a - Say b - Tell c - Count 5) Will you please ................us all the truth? a - Say b - Tell c - Speak 6) He didn't ...................anything. a - Say b - Tell c - Count 7) Yesterday Mr García .......it was going to rain. a - Say b - Said c - Tells 8) .........a joke. a - Say b - Tell c - Count 9) You've ........me that at least six times today. a - Tell b - Tollen c - Told 10) She is always asking you to .........her words in Italian. a - Say b - Tell c - Speak 11) My mother wants to see Sarah.................to come her at once. a - Tell her b - Let her c - Let she

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12) Did Pedro Civera ........anything about the exams? a - Tell b - Speak c - Say 13) ........me what happened yesterday. a - Say b - Tell c - Speak 14) Don't..........you don't like good wine. a - Say b - Tell c - Speak 15) I........my mother I wanted to be an artist. a - Said b - Told c - Spoke 16) What did she........? a - Say b - Tell c - Speak 17) He.........that he wants to go to Alicante. a - Tells b - Says c - Speaks 18) Don't ........it to your friends. a - Say b - Tell c - Speak 19) I.........my daughter a story every night. a - Speak b - Say c - Tell 20) She never..........lies. a - Says b - Tells c - Speaks 21) We always...............the truth. a - Tell b - Speak c - Say 22) I ...............them I was going to Australia. a - Told b - Tell c – Said

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23) He........his wife he had had an affair with her best friend. a - Said b - Told c - Spoke 24) .......me the truth please. a - Say b - Speak c - Tell 25) They.......................that it was very cold in Disneyland Paris. a - Said b - Sayd c - Told 26) He ...........to the waiter that the wine was not very good. a - Told b - Said c - Sayd 27) He......so. a - Said b - Say c - Told 28) She always......us the story of her childhood in Salinas. a - Tell b - Tells c - Says 29) It is not easy to.........how it all began. a - Say b - Count c - Speak 30) He ...........the secretary to send the faxes. a - Told b - Said c - Order 31) My mother ....... "Let's visit the cousins " a - Said b - Told c - Sayd 32) I know two twin sisters in the Plaza Mayor who are very difficult to...................one from the other. a - Tell b - Say c - Mutter 33) Life is not easy. You can never..........what is going to happen. a - Say b - Tell c - Knows 272

34) When I went to England, a friend .....................me my fortune. a - Said b - Told c - Explaind 35) "It has been the best day of my life "......my sister. a - Told b - Said c - Gueses 36) The teacher......to the class that they should work more. a - Said b - Told c - Manded 37) It goes without........ a - Telling b - Saying c - Explainig

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Soluciones 1. A 11. A 21. A 31. A

2. A 12. C 22. A 32. A

3. A 13. B 23. B 33. B

4. B 14. A 24. C 34. B

5. B 15. B 25. A 35. B

6. A 16. A 26. B 36. A

7. B 17. B 27. A 37. B

8. B 18. B 28. B

9. C 19. C 29. A

10. B 20. B 30. A

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MAKE Y DO •

Estos dos verbos comparten el significado de hacer y para cuyo uso no existen reglas aunque to make tiene el matiz de fabricar, construir y to do se emplea con un sentido más general. Por lo tanto se deben aprender ciertas expresiones.

MAKE

DO

Everybody makes mistakes. Todo el mundo comete errores.

I always do the ironing. Siempre plancho.

He is always making friends. Siempre está haciendo amigos.

How do you do? ¿Cómo estás?

He makes a lot of noise. Hace mucho ruido.

I do the cooking. Cocino.

I´m going to make you my last offer. Te voy a hacer mi última oferta.

We do business with Japan. Hacemos negocios con Japón.

I make many telephone calls. Yo hago muchas llamadas.

His son is doing badly at university. A su hijo le va mal en la universidad.

I make the beds in the morning. Hago las camas por la mañana.

He does well in his job. Lo hace bien en su trabajo.

Make me a promise. Prométemelo.

I do the dusting on Tuesday. Quito el polvo los martes.

She is making coffee. Está preparando café

My sister does the washing up. Mi hermana lava los platos.

She made a fortune in Cuba. Hizo una fortuna en Cuba.

She did her hair yesterday. Se arregló el pelo ayer.

These shoes are made in Elda. Estos zapatos están hechos en Elda.

She does the housework. Ella hace las tareas del hogar.

They have made a lot of money. Han hecho mucho dinero.

We do the shopping on Saturday. Hacemos la compra el sábado.

They made a good choice. Hicieron una buena elección.

They did me a favour. Me hicieron un favor.

They made fun of the new pupil. Se rieron del nuevo alumno.

This will do you good. Esto te sentará bien.

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They made us wait. Nos hicieron esperar.

This pill won’t do you any harm. Esta pastilla no te hará mal.

We made a complaint yesterday. Nos quejamos ayer.

I will do the cleaning. Haré la limpieza.

We made sure everything was OK. Nos aseguramos de que todo estaba bien.

Everyday I do the washing. Cada día hago la colada.

You have to make a decision. Tienes que decidirte.

Englishmen do the gardening on Sunday Los ingleses arreglan el jardín los domingos. He doesn’t do any exercise. No hace nada de ejercicio.

You will have to make an effort. Tendrás que hacer un esfuerzo. Make arrangements, we are going to Paris. Haz los preparativos, nos vamos a Paris.

She is doing up the house. Está decorando la casa.

The Mayor made a good speech. El alcalde hizo un buen discurso. Make up your mind and buy the house. Decídete y cómprate el piso. They made love. Hicieron el amor. They made wa r. Hicieron la guerra.

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1) What is she.....................in summer? a - Making b - Does c - Doing 2) Is there anyhing to.....................here in this city? a - Do b - Make c - Making 3) I hate ........................the housework. a - Doing b - Making c - Do 4) I am .........................my exercises now. a - Doing b - Making c - Does 5) I always.....................my bed. a - Make b - Do c - Doing 6) They were....................a fire yesterday. a – Made b - Making c - Doing 7) If you want to................progress you have to study a lot. a - Made b - Make c - Do 8) The first thing that you must.....................is your homework. a - Do b - Make c - Does 9) I never..................coffee. a - Do b - Make c - Does 10) I prefer...................the shopping. a - Doing b - Making c - Diding 11) Elena always.....................the ironing. a - Does b - Makes c - To make 12) You have to......................room for another desk. 277

a - Do b - Make c - Does 13) They always...................so much noise!!! a - Make b - Do c - Does 14) He ............a very good speech in Novelda about Gaudí. a - Made b - Did c - Do 15) Why don't we.....................a cake? a - Do b - Make c - Does 16) They..................friends very soon. a - Do b - Make c - Does 17) Hippies said. "...............love not war " a - Do b - Make c - Does 18) I was................the washing up when my boss phoned me. a - Doing b - Making c - Diding 19) It will ............you good to go to the beach. a - Do b - Make c - Does 20) You must .........it for us. a - Make b - Makes c - Made 21) I'm ..............the Christmas cake. a - Making b - Doing c - Madeing 22) .................sure you have everything you need. a - Is b - Make c - Do

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23) All right, but .........sure you put plenty of suncream on or you will get burnt. a - Do b - Are c - Make 24) I'm going to ....................coffee. a - Made b - Do c - Make 25) You should ......an effort now. a - Make b - Do c - Made 26) People ...........a lot of money selling shoes to The USA in the 60s. a - Made b - Make c - Did 27) ......sure everything is in order. a - Make b - Do c - Is 28) I have................the decision of going back to teaching again. a - Do b - Done c - Made 29) She is always........................friends. a - Doing b - Made c - Making 30) My daughters..................so much noise! a - Do b - Make c - Making 31) I............some cakes for my guests. a - Did b - Made c - Maded 32) What are you..................? -Just reading the paper. a - Making b - Doing c - Make 33) The doctor always .................wait a lot. a - Does b – Makes c - Making

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Soluciones 1. C 11. A 21. A 31. B

2. A 12. B 22. B 32. B

3. A 13. A 23. C 33. B

4. A 14. A 24. C

5. A 15. B 25. A

6. B 16. B 26. A

7. B 17. B 27. A

8. A 18. A 28. C

9. B 19. A 29. C

10. A 20. A 30. B

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EXCLAMACIONES •

Las oraciones exclamativas pueden tener alguna de las siguientes estructuras.

What a. Se usa con sustantivos.

What a yacht. Qué yate.

También con adjetivos

What a pretty girl. Qué chica tan guapa.

What. Se usa con plurales e incontables.

What pretty girls. Qué chicas tan guapas. What horribe films. Qué películas más malas. What weather. Qué tiempo.

How. Se usa con adjetivos y adverbios.

How beautiful. Qué guapa. How fast. Qué rápido.

Oraciones interrogativas negativas.

Isn’t he the perfect football player? ¿No es él el perfecto jugador de fútbol?

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ORACIONES CONDICIONALES • Describen situaciones hipotéticas. Podemos distinguir básicamente tres tipos de oraciones condicionales: el primer tipo plantea situciones reales. El segundo, indica hipótesis, deseos difíciles de conseguir pero posibles. El tercer tipo, hace referencia a situaciones e hipótesis irreales e imposibles en el pasado, imposibles de conseguir.

PRIMER TIPO Acciones probables que se refieren al presente o al futuro. Si llueve me mojo.

•

SEGUNDO TIPO

TERCER TIPO

Acciones improbables y situaciones hipotéticas.

Acciones imposibles.

Si lloviera me mojaría.

Si hubiera llovido me habría mojado.

No importa qué oración se pone primero, pero sí la condición es la primera se deben separar entre comas.

If you play tennis, buy good tennis shoes. Si juegas al tenis, cómprate una buenas zapatillas. Primer tipo: If + presente + presente. If I eat chocolate, I get fat. También podemos tener: Si como chocolate engordo. If + presente + futuro. If I eat chocolate, I will get fat. Si como chocolate engordaré. Segundo tipo: If + pasado simple + If I ate chocolate, I would get fat. conditional simple. Si comiera chocolate engordaría. Tercer tipo: If + pasado perfecto + If I had eaten chocolate, I would have condicional perfecto. get fat. Si hubiera comido chocolate habría engordado. • En el primer tipo se trata de una referencia al futuro donde cualquiera de las dos acciones puede ir en primer lugar. Indica verdades universales y consecuciones lógicas de acontecimietos. Son acciones que pueden ocurrir. If he doesn’t pay, he’ll have to face the music. Si no paga, tendrá que afrontar las consecuencias.

282

Existen otras posibles combinaciones: If + presente + modal. should + imperativo.

If I finish early I can go. Si acabo pronto podré ir. Should you see her regards. Si la ves, dale recuerdos.

give

her

Imperativo + conjunction + clause

Stop shouting or I will get angry. Para de gritar o me enfadaré.

Unless se suele emplear en lugar de if not.

We won’t go out unless you pay. No nos iremos a menos de que pagues.

Con imperativo.

If you are hungry, eat something ! Si tienes hambre, come.

my

Travel the world if you want to be wise. Si quieres ser sabio, viaja. •

Cualquiera de las dos oraciones puede ir colocada en primer lugar, pero si la subordinada que empieza con if va la primera, debe ir seguida de coma.

Las oraciones del segundo tipo expresan acciones que pueden ocurrir. Expresan deseos y anhelos. If el Fari came here, I would ask for an autograph. Si el Fari viniera le pediría un autográfo. •

También se usan para dar consejos.

If I were you, I wouldn’t go out with him. Yo de tí no iría con él. • Were se puede usar en lugar de was. No hay diferencia en el significado, pero were es más formal, y se usa para posibilidades remotas: If I were rich, I would not buy a yacht. Si fuera rico no me compraría un yate. • También expresan esperanzas y deseos. If I could, I would go to Mexico. Si pudiera, iría a Méjico. 283

• Este tipo suele referirse al presente. • Could y might se pueden usar en lugar de would. •

Las oraciones del tercer tipo hacen referencia a acciones imposibles de realizar, pues son hipótesis en el pasado, lamentos, etc.

If I had met her, I would have told you. Si la hubiera visto, te lo habría dicho.

OTRAS FORMAS DE CONDICIONALES: Suppose.

Suppose you are rich, would you live in a big house? Suponiendo que fueras rico, ¿Vivirías en una casa grande? Suppose he comes, would you visit him? Supón que viene, ¿le visitarías?

Supposing.

Supposing you find a wallet with money, what will you do? Suponiendo que encuentras una cartera con dinero, ¿Qué harías?

As long as.

You could go as long as you pay your part. Podrás ir mientras pagues tu parte.

On the condition that.

On the condition that you pay you can be with us. Con la condición de que pagues puedes estar con nosotros.

Provided.

Provided you want it I will give it to you. Si lo quieres te lo daré.

284

1) If you eat all these cakes you...............................................ill. a - Are b - Will be c - Is 2) If I want to go with you I ...............................................you tonight. a - Would telephone b - Will telephone c - Had telephoned 3) If you had read Mortadelo you.........a good time. a - Would have had b - Will have had c - Will had have 4) If you clean my bike I .............................you to go to the cinema. a - Invites b - Invite c - Invited 5) I .........................you my car if you pay the petrol. a - Would lend b - Will lending c - Lend 6) If you say that again she...........................................crossed with you. a - Is b - Will be c - Would be 7) Unless you study everyday you ....................................able to pass the exam. a - Would not be b - Will not be c - Shall be not 8) If you put ice in the sun it..............................................to water. a - Turn b - Turns c - Turning 9) If the house...........................................on fire call the firemen. a - Go b - Going c - Goes 10) If you...........................................this one I'll bring you another. a - Doesn't like b - Didn't like c - Don't like 11) British people .....................................to Alicante because of the climate. a - Come b - Comes

285

c – Coming 12) If I had money I.........................................a new computer and a Harley. a - Will buy b - Would buy c - Would bought 13) If he ...............................................eating chocolates he will get fat. a - Don't stop b - Doesn't stop c - Didn't stop 14) If I ................................................studied I would get a better job. a - Has b - Have c - Had 15) If it ............more we could grow more trees. a - Rain b - Rained c - Raining 16) If I had known that you wanted to eat out I ......to book a table in a restaurant. a - Will has telephoned b - Would have telephoned c - Will have telephone 17) I.............................you something if I had known that you wanted a drink. a - Would have brought b - Had brought c - Will bring 18) If I had known that you had a new house I..............................to visit you. a - Will have gone b - Would have gone c - Would have went 19) If the boss had been a good one, this shop................................. a - Wouldn't have closed b - Would has closed c - Will have close 20) If you had studied more you.......................................your degree last year. a - Would have got b - Would has got c - Will had got 21) If you...........................here this morning you would have seen my new car. 286

a - Had been b - Had being c - Had be 22) If I had bought lottery yesterday, today I..............................................rich. a - Would have being b - Will have been c - Would have been 23) If they had offered him to be the President of the club he............................... a - Would have accepted b - Will have accepted c - Had accepted 24) If I had known that they were in Elda l...............them to have lunch in La Sirena. a - Willl have invited b - Would have invited c - Had invited 25) If I had known that Penelope Cruz was invited to this party I ..........................earlier. a - Would have come b – Have tohave came c - Will had come 26) If I had know that Benidorm had so many discoes I....................... a - Would has gone b - Would have went c - Would have gone 27) If you ........the bean, it means you are going to pay "the roscón ". a - Find b - Found c - Had found 28) Well, you have to study a lot, if you ...........to get into a good university. a - Want b - Wanted c - Wants 29) Don't ring ...........................there is anything you need. a - Unless b - Or c - Both 30) If I could, I ......................go to Continente with you, darling. a - Went b - Must c - Would 31) What ....................if you won the lottery?

287

a - You do b - Would you do c - Had you done 32) If I were you, I .............work in that bank anymore. a - Would b - Wouldn't c - Can 33) If I were you I ........buy the house today. a - Will b - Would c - Must 34) If you study, you...............pass all the subjects with flying colours. a - Will b - Can c - Would 35) If you ...............worried, tell your mother about it. a - Were b - Are c - Had been 36) If you................earlier tonight, we could go to the cinema. a - Come b - Came c - Comes 37) If I ............too much chocolate I get fat. a - Eat b - Ate c - Would eat 38) ......he rich he would buy a Mercedes. a - Was b - Were c - Is 39) ......you tell me the truth you will be punished. a - As long as b - Unless c - In order to 40) I paid a lot of money......that you repaired my car. a - On condition that b - With the condition that c - At the condition of 41) ......you pay there is no problem. a - As long as b - So long c - With as 42) .........Antonio had won the elections what would have happened?

288

a - Suppose b - Supponing c - Supposing 43) ........that Pepe were rich he would not be here. a - Provides b - Provided c - Providind 44) ..........Manolo the Mayor, nothing of this kind would happen. a - Is b - Are c - Were Soluciones 1. B 11. A 21. A 31. B 41. A

2. B 12. B 22. C 32. B 42. C

3. A 13. B 23. A 33. B 43. B

4. B 14. C 24. B 34. A 44. C

5. C 15. B 25. A 35. B

6. B 16. B 26. C 36. B

7. B 17. A 27. A 37. A

8. B 18. B 28. A 38. B

9. C 19. A 29. B 39. B

10. C 20. A 30. C 40. A

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LA VOZ PASIVA •

Se usa para resaltar más la acción que el sujeto. Puede que desconozcamos al autor de la acción o que no nos interese.

•

La voz pasiva en inglés se usa mucho más que en castellano. Se forma con el auxiliar to be en el mismo timepo que el verbo de la forma activa y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga.

•

En la transformación a pasiva se produce un cambio de sujeto, que lógicamente, debemos hacer concordar con el verbo.

ACTIVA

PASIVA Presente Simple

I eat bread with olive oil.

Bread with olive oil is eaten. El pan con aceite es comido. Pasado Simple

I ate bread with olive oil.

Bread with olive oil was eaten. El pan con aceite fue comido. Futuro Simple

I will buy a car.

A car will be bought. Un coche será comprado. Condicional Simple

I would eat a sandwich.

A sandwich would be eaten. Un bocadillo será comido. Presente Perfecto

I have made a photograph.

A photograph has been made. Una fotografía ha sido hecha. Pasado Perfecto

I had found a wallet.

A wallet had been found. Se había encontrado una cartera.

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Futuro Perfecto I will have seen the sea.

The sea will have seen. El mar habrá sido visto.

been

Condicional Perfecto I would have bought a Cadillac.

A Cadillac would have been bought. Un Cadillac habrá sido comprado.

• Usamos la preposición by para indicar el complemento agente It was done by my mother. Fue hecho por mi madre. •

Los siguientes verbos llevan complemento directo e indirecto. Con estos verbos se puede usar el complemento indirecto como sujeto al transformar las oraciones a pasiva. Esto no ocurre en español.

Give. Dar.

Lend. Prestar.

Offer. Ofrecer.

Pay. Pagar.

Promise. Prometer.

Refuse. Negarse a.

Send. Enviar.

Show. Mostrar.

I gave Mary a kiss.

Mary was given a kiss. Le dieron un beso a María.

I showed my friend my house.

My friend was shown my house. A mi amiga le fue enseñada la casa.

•

Si el complemento es un pronombre complemento. Him, them, her, etc., en la oración pasiva, éste complemento pasará a la forma de sujeto.

He gave her a rose.

•

She was given a rose. Se le dio una rosa.

También se suelen usar los siguientes verbos en estructuras pasivas:

To know. Saber.

To believe. Creer.

To think. Pensar.

To consider. Considerar.

To say. Decir.

291

It is said that he is going to be promoted. Se dice que le van a ascender. 1) The book ..........by Emilio Maestre. a - Was write b - Was written c - Was to written 2) Those pictures .....................by my mother. a - Were taken b - Took c - Tooks 3) The streets ...........decorated. a - Are b - Is c - Will 4) Shoes are traditionally .............with leather. a - Made b - Makes c - Mades 5) Ham in Spain is .......as a starter. a - Eat b - Eaten c - Ate 6) I was........a very nice present in my last birthday. a - Gave b - Given c - To give 7) The boy is .........Pepet and his sister María. a - Calles b - Called c - Calling 8) "The Roscón " has things ..........in it. a - Hide b - Hid c - Hidden 9) It's very difficult to get ...............in a school like that. a - Accept b - Accepted c - Accpeting 10) When we stay up late studying we phone and have one pizza .......... a - Delivered b - Deliveres c - Delivering 11) My brother-in-law Jesus wrote this article. It ...................by him. a - Is witten

292

b - Was wrlte c - Was written 12) Plaza Mayor .......in 1996. a - Was built b - Will be built c - Built 13) Barcelona scored seven goals yesterday. All ........by Ronaldo. a - Were scored b - Scored c - Will be scored 14) She's .........to watch TV on Friday. a - Allowed b - Alloweed c - Alowed 15) All the shoes were........during the shoe fair in Milan. a - Sell b - Sold c - Selling 16) Many boxes are..........due to bad handling. a - Damaged b - Damage c - Damaging 17) People from Elda are........to be very hardworking. a - Say b - Says c - Said 18) The best shoes are......here in Elda. a - Make b - Making c - Made 19) The fire was......by an electrical fault. a - Causing b - Causes c - Caused 20) The leathers were.........from Italy as usual. a - Import b - Importted c - Imported 21) Hotels for the shoe fairs must be......well in advance. a - Book b - Booked c - Boked 22) Someone has......................the book from the library. a - Steal

293

b - Stole c - Stolen

294

Soluciones 1. B 11. C 21. B

2. A 12. A 22. C

3. A 13. A

4. A 14. A

5. B 15. B

6. B 16. A

7. B 17. C

8. C 18. C

9. B 19. C

10. A 20. C

295

EL ESTILO INDIRECTO •

Para contar lo que dijo alguien, podemos hacerlo de dos maneras, repitiendo las palabras exactas, o usando el estilo indirecto.

•

Como se utiliza para contar lo que sucedió, los verbos suelen ir en pasado.

•

En estilo indirecto la frase suele empezar con un verbo como:

Say. Decir

Tell. Contar.

Ask. Preguntar.

Inquire. Solicitar.

Think. Pensar.

Explain. Explicar.

Complain. Quejarse.

Warn. Advertir.

Point out. Señalar.

Remark. Remarcar.

Declare. Declarar.

State. Afirmar.

Announce. Anunciar.

Protest. Protestar.

Claim. Reclamar.

• El tiempo de lo narrado da un salto hacia atrás y las preguntas dejan de serlo. También debemos de tener en cuenta una serie de cambios: en expresiones temporales, en los tiempos verbales y en los pronombres. Presente Simple.

Pasado Simple.

I live in Elda.

He said he lived in Elda.

Presente Continuo.

Pasado Continuo.

I am reading a book.

He said he was reading a book.

Presente Perfecto Simple.

Pasado Perfecto Simple.

I have bought a car.

He said he had bought a car.

Presente Perfecto Continuo.

Pasado Perfecto Continuo.

I have been working with him. Pasado Simple.

He said he had been working with him. Pasado Perfecto.

I went to London.

He said he had gone to London.

Pasado Continuo.

Pasado Perfecto Continuo.

296

I was writing a letter.

He said he had been writing a letter.

Pasado Perfecto.

Pasado Perfecto.

I had been there.

He said he had been there.

Pasado Perfecto Continuo.

Pasado Perfecto Continuo.

I had been waiting for you.

He said he had been waiting for him.

Futuro Simple.

Condicional Simple.

I will live in Alicante.

He said he would live in Alicante.

Futuro Continuo.

Condicional Continuo.

I will be singing in a karaoke.

He said he would be singing in a karaoke.

Can.

Could.

I can swim.

He said he could swim.

Shall.

Should.

I shall do it.

He said he should do it.

May.

Might.

It may rain today.

He said it might rain that day.

Must. Have To.

Had To.

I must study.

He said he had to study.

Now.

Then.

I am happy now.

He said he was happy then.

Today.

That day.

I am sad today.

He said he was sad that day.

Yesterday.

The day before, The previous day.

297

Yesterday I went to Madrid.

He said he had gone to Madrid the previous day.

Tomorrow.

The next day. The following day. The day after.

I will go to Valencia tomorrow.

He said he would go to Valencia the day after.

Next week.

The following week.

Next week I will be in Milan.

He said he would be in Milan the following week.

Last week.

The previous week.

I cooked paella last week.

He said he had cooked paella the previous week.

A Week Ago.

The Week Before.

A week Almeria.

ago

I

played

tennis

in He said he had played tennis in Almería the week before.

This.

That.

I am going to buy this.

He said he was going to buy that.

These.

Those.

These are my friends.

He said that those were his friends.

Here.

There.

I live here.

He said he lived there.

Now.

Then.

Now I want a coffee.

He said that then he wanted a coffee.

• Las ordenes tambien sufren modificaciones: Debemos cambiar el imperativo por infinitivo Go out.

He told us to go out. Nos dijo que nos fueramos.

298

Drink the mik.

He ordered me to drink the milk. Me ordenó que me bebiera la leche.

Go out.

He invited me to go out. Me invitó a que saliera.

• Las órdenes negativas generalmente se expresan con not + infinitive. Don’t smoke in the corridor.

He ordered us not to smoke in the corridor. Nos ordenó que no fumaramos en el pasillo.

• Las sugerencias con let’s se intoducen con el verbo suggest que puede tener dos construcciones. Seguido de gerundio o con una oración subordinada introducida por that. Let’s take a taxi.

He suggested taking a taxi. Él sugirió coger un taxi. He suggested that we should take a taxi. Sugirió que deberíamos coger un taxi.

• En las preguntas, además de cambiar los tiempos se omite el signo de interrogación y se usa el orden de la afirmativa. What does she do?

He asked what she did. El preguntó qué hacía.

When did you go to Petrel?

He asked me when I had gone to Petrel. Me preguntó cuándo había ido yo a Petrel.

• Cuando en el estilo directo se hagan preguntas, en el indirecto debemos utilizar inquire, wonder, want to know, etc. Where's Mary?

He asked where Mary was. Me preguntó dónde estaba María.

How can I go to Elche?

He asked me how he could go to Elche? Me preguntó cómo podría ir a Elche. 299

Why do you smoke?

He wanted to know why I smoked. El quería saber por qué fumaba yo.

• Cuando no empleemos un pronombre interrogativo usaremos if o whether. Is anyone interested in coming? ¿Está alguien interesado en venir? He asked whether anyone was interested in going. El preguntó si alguien estaba interesado en ir.

300

EL GERUNDIO •

En inglés se puede usar como

Sujeto de una oración.

Swimming is very good. La natación es muy buena.

Complemento directo.

I like reading the paper. Me gusta leer el periódico.

Con ciertos verbos.

I avoid going out at night alone. Evito salir solo por la noche. I keep on dancing on Saturday. Sigo bailando el sábado.

En prohibiciones.

No cycling. Prohibido ir en bicicleta.

Detrás de las preposiciones.

I gave up smoking in 1998. Dejé de fumar en 1998.

Detrás de after, before, since, when, while.

Before eating I have a coke. Antes de comer tomo una coca-cola. After eating I sleep siesta. Después de comer duermo la siesta.

301

1) There's sure ................a long line for the concert. a - To be b - To have c - There is 2) Wasn't it worth .................all those cars? a - Washing b - Wash c - Washed 3) ...............in a pub or a pizzeria is good for me. a - Work b - Working c - Works 4) It was difficult at first..........to live alone in England. a - Have b - Has c - Having 5) I don't mind ............the same clothes everyday. a - Wearing b - Wear c - Weared 6) I hate going ............on Saturday. a - Shops b - Shopping c - Shopper 7) I will get ............to living in Alicante very soon. a - Use b - Used c - Uses 8) I just love ..............all the people and listening to the music. a - Watching b - Watch c - Watched 9) I will not get ...........to living in England in winter. a - Use b - Using c - Used 10) Imagine .........to work in the Sahara. a - Have b - Having c - Has 11) I've got ...........to it. a - Used b - Use c - Using

302

12) I am going to get ............to getting up early willy nilly. a - Used b - Use c - Using 13) I like........in the kitchen. a - Help b - Helping c - To helping 14) My wife has never liked .........to the opera. a - Gone b - Going c - Went 15) I like........ a - Read b - To read c - Reading 16) She hates....... a - Wash b - Washing c - Washed 17) I prefer...... a - Swimming b - Swim c - Going swim 18) I went to England.............English. a - To learn b - Learn c - Learning 19) My sister wants......a cottage. a - To buy b - Buy c - Buying 20) They have nowhere........ a - To go b - Go c - Going 21) My sister is not easy ....... a - Convincing b - To convince c - Convince 22) May I....... a - To go b - Go c - Went 23) Does she ......chocolate? 303

a - To like b - Likeing c - Like 24) Do........home now it's very late! a - Go b - To go c - Goed 25) Paco Claros ........me laugh. a - Makes b - To make c - To made 26) We'd rather.........home. a - To stay b - Stay c - Staying 27) Why .......him about the accident? a - To tell b - Tell c - Telling 28) My keys are ........found. a - Be b - To be c - Beeing 29) There are many letters........written. a - Be b - To be c - Being 30) I went to the disco....... a - To dance b - Dance c - Dancing 31) My family couldn't...................to buy a car. a - Afford b - To afford c - Affording 32) I ...............................to buy the house for a cuartelillo. a - Agree b - To agree c - Agreeing 33) You ..................to go tomorrow to the meeting. a - Are b - Be c – Was 34) I have decided .................a new bike. a - Buying 304

b - Buy c - To buy 35) They deserve.......................treated better. a - Be b - To be c - Being 36) My brother happened .......................Paloma in the cinema. a - Meet b - To meet c - Meeting 37) I have planned....................on holidays to Menorca In spring. a - Go b - To go c - Going 38) She pretended not ........................them in the street. a - To see b - See c - Seeing 39) I refused.............the bill because it was very expensive. a - Paying b - Pay c - To pay 40) In court you must ........................the truth. a - Swear b - Swearing c - To swear 41) Please remind me...................the new customers. a - Call b - Calling c - To call 42) You had better...........................the car now. Next year the prices will go up. a - To buy b - Buy c - Buying 43) She can ............better than last year. a - Swim b - To swim c - Swimming 44) He must......................hard if he wants o pass the exams. a - To study b - Study c - Studying 45) She would rather........................the night in Alicante than in London. a - Spent 305

b - Spend c - Soending 46) Yo must avoid........................to him. a - Speaking b - To speak c - Speak 47) He admitted.......................the jewels. a - Stealing b - Steal c - To steal 48) We can't help.....................chocolate after lunch. a - Eat b - To eat c - Eating 49) My sister hates..........................to the beach. a - To go b - Go c - Going 50) I finished................the novel last summer. a - Writing b - To write c - Write 51) I don't mind..........................to wait. a - To have b - Having c - Have 52) She misses..........................to the mountains now that she is 89. a - Go b - Goes c - Going 53) I suggest.............................to a good restaurant. a - To go b - Going c - Go 54) I am used to............................at night. a - Drive b - Driving c - To drive 55) They boast of.............................the best beaches in the province. a - Have b - To have c - Having 56) It consists of.............................many problems. a - Solve b - Solving 306

c - To solve 57) She dreams of.................................an actress. a - Becoming b - Become c - To become 58) I gave up......................last year. a - Smoking b - To smoke c - Smoke 59) They ended by...........that the goal was scored when the match had finished. a - Say b - Saying c - To say 60) We are looking forward to........................to Madrid. a - Going b - To go c - Go 61) Refrain from........................... a - Smoke b - Smoking c - To smoke 62) We are thinking of...........................a bigger flat. a - Buy b - To buy c - Buying 63) I will never forget........................in London. a - Walk b - Walking c - To walk

307

Soluciones 1. A 11. A 21. B 31. A 41. C 51. B 61. B

2. A 12. A 22. B 32. A 42. B 52. C 62. C

3. B 13. B 23. C 33. A 43. A 53. B 63. B

4. C 14. B 24. A 34. C 44. B 54. B

5. A 15. C 25. A 35. B 45. B 55. C

6. B 16. B 26. B 36. B 46. A 56. B

7. B 17. A 27. B 37. B 47. A 57. A

8. A 18. A 28. B 38. A 48. C 58. A

9. C 19. A 29. B 39. C 49. C 59. B

10. B 20. A 30. A 40. C 50. A 60. A

308

EL INFINITIVO •

Se emplea

Detrás de algunos verbos: afford I learnt to drive in 1977. (permitirse), agree (estar de acuerdo), learn Aprendí a conducir en 1977. (aprender), want (querer), wish (desear), prepare (preparar). Detrás de adjetivos como: sad, ready, It is difficult to translate Latin. easy. Es difícill traducir Latín. It is sad to say Es triste decirlo. It is easy to memorize. Es fácil de memorizar. Detrás de “enough”.

He has enough to live on his own. Tiene suficiente para vivir por su cuenta.

Con: order, invite, tell, etc

They invited me to parade inVillena. Me invitaron a desfilar en Villena.

Con los verbos modales.

I can swim. Sé nadar. I must go. Debo ir.

Como sujeto.

To walk is good. Andar es bueno.

VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO •

Algunos verbos siempre van en gerundio y otros siempre van en infinitivo. Otros como: advise (aconsejar), allow (permitir), permit (permitir), begin (empezar), continue (continuar), intend (tener la intención de), love (amar), prefer (preferir), hate (odiar) etc, pueden ir seguidos de gerundio o de infinitivo sin cambiar el significado.

I started smoking at 17. Empecé a fumar a los 17.

309

I started to smoke at 17. Empecé a fumar a los 17. •

Otros, como: stop (parar), remember (recordar), forget (olvidar), regret (lamentar), pueden ir seguidos tanto por un gerundio como por un infinitivo, pero con sentidos diferentes.

Stop.

I stopped to smoke. Paré para fumar. I stopped smoking. Dejé de fumar.

Forget.

I forgot to post the letter. Olvidé echar la carta. I will never forget visiting my uncle. Nunca olvidaré visitar a mi tío.

Regret.

I regret doing this. Lamento hacer esto. I regret to tell you this. Lamento tener que decirte esto.

Remember.

I remember swimming in the lake. Recuerdo cuando nadaba en el lago. Remember to buy bread. No te olvides de comprar el pan.

Try.

I tried to buy it. Intenté comprarlo. I tried working as a lawyer but I didn’t like it. Intenté trabajar de abogado pero no me gustaba.

VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR INFINITIVO Afford. Permitirse.

Arrange. Preparar.

Care. Cuidar.

Decide. Decidir.

Forget. Olvidar.

Agree.

Ask.

Claim.

Deserve.

Hope.

310

Estar de acuerdo. Appear. Aparecer.

Pedir.

Reclamar.

Merecer.

Desear.

Beg. Suplicar.

Consent. Consentir.

Expect. Esperar.

Manage. Arreglarselas.

Mean. Querer decir.

Offer. Ofrecer.

Pretend. Fingir.

Refuse. Negar.

Remember. Recordar.

Need. Necesitar

Stop. Parar.

Swear. Jurar.

Wait. Esperar.

Want. Querer.

Seem. Parecer.

Wish. Desear.

VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR GERUNDIO Admit. Admitir.

Avoid. Evitar.

Dislike. Disgustar.

Enjoy. Disfrutar.

Finish. Acabar.

Advise. Aconsejar.

Complete. Completar.

Forget. Olvidar.

Miss. Quit. Echar de menos. Abandonar.

Anticipate. Anticiparse.

Delay. Retrasar.

Regret. Lamentar.

Resist. Resistir.

Understand. Comprender.

311

ESTRUCTURAS DE INTERES WHAT IS LIKE? •

Se utiliza para recabar información sobre el aspecto físico de alguien pues para saber cómo es alguien de carácter usamos how.

What is your girlfriend like? ¿Cómo es físicamente tu chica? She is very pretty. Ella es muy guapa. How is she? ¿Cómo está ella? Very well, thank you. Muy bien gracias. •

Las siguientes estructuras nos serán de utilidad a la hora de formular deseos, quejas etc.

Wish. I wish I ha d lived in America. Expresa deseos, para su traducción se debe Ojalá hubiera vivido en América. usar el subjuntivo. I wish you would be rich. Ojalá fueras rico.

Would like.

I wish you were quiet. Ojalá te estuvieras quieto. I would like to go to Paris. Me gustaría ir a Paris. I would like you to come with me. Me gustaría que vinieras conmigo. I would like a sandwich. Me gustaría comerme un bocadillo.

Would prefer.

I’d prefer a coffee. Preferiría un café. I would prefer to go with you. Preferiría ir contigo.

312

Prefer.

I prefer tea to coffee. Prefiero el té al café. I prefer swimming to running. Prefiero nadar a correr. I prefer to stay at home. Prefiero quedarme en casa.

If only.

If only she would stop complaining. Con tan sólo que dejara de quejarse. If only he would do what he has to do. Con tan sólo que hiciera lo que tiene que hacer.

Would rather.

I’d rather not go. Preferiría no ir. I’d rather not go now. Preferiría no ir ahora.

Had better.

I had better go to have a drink. Preferiría ir a tomar una copa.

It's time.

It's time to eat. Es hora de comer. It's time for us to eat. Es hora de que comamos. It's time we ate. Es hora de que comamos.

It's about time.

It’s about time he came. Ya es hora de que venga.

Used to.

He used to drink quite a lot. Él solía beber mucho. I used to wear glasses, but now I use contact lenses. Yo solía llevar gafas pero ahora uso lentillas.

To be used to.

I am used to reading the paper. Estoy acostumbrado a leer el periódico.

313

Enough.

I have enough money. Tengo suficiente dinero. I am rich enough. Soy lo suficientemente rico.

Too.

She is too old to climb the mountain. Es demasido vieja para subir las montañas.

Fairly.

He speaks English fairly well. Él habla inglés bastante bien.

Quite.

He speaks English quite well. Él habla inglés muy bien.

Rather.

He speaks English rather well. Él habla inglés muy bien.

Pretty.

He speaks English pretty well. Él habla inglés muy bien.

314

EL CAUSATIVO HAVE •

Esta estructutura se usa para indicar que el que realiza la acción no es el sujeto sino otra persona. Se usan los verbos causativos have y get. Indica acciones como cortarse el pelo, hacerse un empaste donde lógicamente el sujeto no se hace un empaste ni se corta el pelo, sino que contrata un servicio.

I have my hair cut every month. Me corto el pelo cada mes. I have my car repaired when it breaks down. Me reparan el coche cuando se estropea. •

Esta estructura se puede usar en todos los tiempos.

•

En la interrogrativa y negativa utilizan los auxiliares, do, does, did.

Did you have your tooth fill? ¿Te hicieron un empaste? Do you have your carpets cleaned every year? ¿Te limpian las alfombras cada año?

315

VERBOS CON PREPOSICÓN • Muchos verbos ingleses van acompañados de preposiciones o adverbios. Si observamos por ejemplo el verbo look y sus posibles combinaciones nos daremos cuenta de que en muchos casos nos sería difícil averiguar el significado. I'm looking for a new job. Estoy buscando empleo. I am going to look up a word in the dictionary. Voy a buscar una palabra en el diccionario. We are looking forward to the festivities. Estamos esperando con deseo que lleguen las fiestas. •

Los verbos con preposición se pueden dividir en: separables e inseparables. Serán separables si podemos colocar los complementos entre el verbo y la preposición.

I am going to put my coat on. Me voy a poner la chaqueta. I am going to put on my coat. Me voy a poner la chaqueta. •

Algunos ejemplos con el verbo to come.

Come across.

Come along.

Come off.

Come out.

Encontrarse.

Venir.

Desprenderse.

Publicar.

•

Algunos ejemplos con to get.

Get on.

Get up.

Get over.

Get into.

Get at.

Llevarse bien.

Levantarse.

Recuperarse.

Entrar.

Llegar.

Look up.

Look after.

Look forward to.

Look for.

Look into.

Mirar el significado de una palabra en el diccionario.

Cuidar.

Esperar con deseo.

Buscar.

Investigar.

316

VERBOS Y ADJETIVOS CON PREPOSICIONES •

Muchos verbos y adjetivos van siempre seguidos por una preposición:

About.

He is always dreaming about being rich. Siempre sueña con ser rico. He is worried about the future. Está preocupado por el futuro.

After.

He is always looking after his daughter. Siempre cuida a su hija.

At.

He is good at Maths. Es bueno en matemáticas. He is bad at History. Es malo en historia. Look at me please. Mírame por favor. Don’t shout at me. No me chilles.

For.

I am ready for the party. Estoy listo para la fiesta. He is responsible for the damages. Es responsable de los daños.

In.

I believe in God. Creo en Dios.

Of.

He is fond of running. Le gusta correr. She is afraid of spiders. Le asustan las arañas. She is proud of her daughter. Está orgullosa de su hija. This consists of three parts. Tiene tres partes. 317

I will remind him of his duties. Le recordaré sus obligaciones. On.

That depends on you. Eso depende de ti. He insisted on going. Insistió en ir.

To.

He was married to Helen. Estaba casado con Helen. He was polite to the old man. Fue educado con el viejo. You must listen to me. Debes escucharme.

With.

He was angry with me. Estaba enfadado conmigo. I was satisfied with the work. Estaba satisfecho con el trabajo. I agree with you. Estoy de acuerdo contigo.

318

CONTRACCIONES •

Normalmente se usan en el lenguaje hablado. Recuerda que “-s” puede corresponder a to be o to have pero sólo seguido de got o participio.

He’s a boy. He is a boy Él es un chico He’s got a car. He has got a car. Él tiene un coche. Del mismo modo “-d” puede ser la contracción de had o would. I’d gone there. I had gone there. Yo había ido. I’d like to go. I would like to go. Me gustaría ir. I’m.

I am.

I’ve.

I have.

I’ll.

I will.

I’d.

I had o I would.

You’re.

You are.

You’ve.

You have.

You’ll.

You will.

You’d.

You had o you would.

He’s.

He is o he has.

He’ll.

He will.

He’d .

He had o he would.

She’s.

She is o she has.

She’ll.

She will.

She’d .

She had o she would.

319

It’s.

It is o it has.

It’ll.

It will.

It’d.

It had o it would.

We’re.

We are.

We’ve.

We have.

We’ll.

We will.

We’d.

We had o we would.

They’re.

They are.

They’ve

They have.

They’ll.

They will.

They’d.

They had o they would.

Let’s.

Let us.

Isn’t.

Is not.

Aren’t.

Are not.

Wasn’t.

Was not.

Weren’t.

Were not.

Don’t.

Do not.

Doesn’t.

Does not.

Didn’t.

Did not.

Haven’t.

Have not.

Hasn’t.

Has not.

Hadn’t.

Had not.

Can’t.

Can not.

Couldn’t.

Could not. 320

Won’t.

Will not.

Wouldn’t.

Would not.

Shan’t.

Shall not.

Shouldn’t.

Should not.

Oughtn’t.

Ought not.

Mustn’t.

Must not.

Needn’t.

Need not.

Mightn’t.

Might not.

Daren’t.

Dare not.

321

CAMBIOS ORTOGRÁFICOS •

El plural de las palabras que terminan en “-y” se forma cambiando la "-y" por "-ies" cuando va precedida de consonante.

Lady. Señora.

Ladies.

City. Ciudad.

Cities.

•

Si la “-y” va precedida de vocal no se producen cambios.

Boy. Chico.

Boys.

Day. Día

Days.

•

Lo mismo sucede a los verbos que acaban en “-y” al formar la tercera persona del singular del presente de indicativo.

Carry. Llevar.

He carries.

Study. Estudiar.

She studies.

Play. Jugar.

Mary plays.

Annoy. Molestar.

John annoys.

•

Las palabras que terminan en “-s”, “-ss”, “-zz”, “-sh”, “-x” añaden “-es” para formar el plural si son nombres o la tercera persona del singular si son verbos.

NOMBRES Bus. Autobús.

Buses.

Glass. Vaso.

Glasses.

322

Dish. Plato.

Dishes.

Church. Iglesia.

Churches.

VERBOS Pass. Pasar.

Passes.

Buzz. Zumbar.

Buzzes.

Wash. Lavar.

Washes.

Fix. Fijar.

Fixes.

Algunos nombres acabados en “-o” añaden “-es” para formar el plural. Potato. Patata.

Potatoes.

Tomato. Tomate.

Tomatoes.

Piano. Piano.

Pianos.

Biro. Bolígrafo.

Biros.

•

El pasado y el Participio Pasado de los verbos regulares se froman añadiendo “-ed” al infinitivo. Solo se añade “-d” si el verbo acaba en “-e”.

Answer. Contestar.

Answered.

Listen. Escuchar.

Listened.

323

Ask. Pedir.

Asked.

Live. Pedir.

Lived.

Practise. Practicar.

Practised.

Love. Amar.

Loved.

•

Si el verbo acaba en “-y” precedido de consonante se cambia por “-ied”. Si acaba en vocal se añade “-ed”.

Carry. Llevar.

Carried.

Study. Estudiar.

Studied.

Play. Jugar.

Played.

Die. Morir

Died.

Dye. Teñir.

Dyed.

•

Al añadir “-ing” al infinitivo la “-e” desaparece excepto en dye.

Live. Vivir.

Living.

Practise. Practicar.

Practising.

Dye. Teñir

Dyeing.

•

Cuando el verbo acaba en “-ie” la “-i” se convierte en “-y”.

Die.

Dying. 324

Morir. Lie. Mentir. •

Lying.

Cuando los verbos acaban en “-y” se añade “-ing”.

Try. Intentar.

Trying.

Study. Estudiar.

Studying.

Play. Jugar.

Playing.

Buy. Comprar.

Buying .

•

Al añadir cualquier sufijo “-ful”, “-ness”, “-er”, “-est”, la “-y” se convierte en “-i”.

Beauty. Guapa.

Beatiful.

Steady. Listo.

Steadily.

Happy. Feliz.

Happiness.

Pretty. Guapa.

Prettier, Prettiest.

Sly. Astuto.

Slyly.

•

Los adjetivos acabados en “-al”, doblan la “-l” al formar los adverbios.

Practical. Práctico.

Practically.

Economical. Económico.

Economically.

Historical.

Historically. 325

Histórico. •

Lo mismo sucede con los acabados en “-ful”.

Beautiful. Bonito.

Beautifully.

Faithful. Fiable.

Faithfully.

•

Las siguientes palabras pierden una “-l” al tomar un sufijo

Skill. Destreza.

Skilful.

Well. Bien.

Welcome.

Will. Deseo.

Wilful.

•

La terminación “-re” pertenece al inglés británico y “-er” al americano

BRITÁNICO

AMERICANO

Centre. Centro.

Center.

Theatre. Teatro.

Theater.

•

La terminación “-our” pertenece al inglés británico y “-or” al americano

BRITÁNICO

AMERICANO

Favour. Sabor.

Favor.

Honour. Honor.

Honor.

Colour. Color.

Color.

326

•

Algunas palabras cambian.

Británico

Americano

Aerial. Antena.

Antenna.

Angry. Enfadado.

Mad.

Anywhere. Cualquier parte.

Anyplace.

Autumn. Otoño.

Fall.

Bill. Cuenta del restaurante.

Check.

Car park. Aparcamiento.

Parking lot.

Chemist’s. Farmacia.

Drugstore.

Film. Película.

Movie.

Holiday. Vacaciones.

Vacation.

Label. Etiqueta.

Tag.

Lorry. Camión.

Truck.

Mad. Loco.

Crazy.

Motorway. Autopista.

Freeway.

Nappy. Pañal.

Diaper.

327

Petrol. Gasolina.

Gas.

Queue. Cola.

Line.

Rubber. Borrador.

Eraser.

Shop. Tienda.

Store.

Single ticket. Billete de ida.

One way ticket.

Sunglasses. Gafas de sol.

Shades.

Sweets. Caramelos.

Candy.

Taxi. Taxi.

Cab.

Tin. Lata.

Can.

Trousers. Pantalones.

Pants.

Underground . Metro.

Subway.

Wire. Telegrama.

Telegram.

•

Algunas palabras usan “-c” en el nombre y “-s” en el verbo

NOMBRE

VERBO

Advice. Consejo.

Advise.

Practice. Practicar.

Practise.

328

Licence. Permiso. •

License.

Los monosilabos acabados en una sola consonante y precedidos de una sola vocal, doblan la consonante final al añadir un sufijo.

Plan. Planear.

Planning.

Dad. Papa.

Daddy.

Let. Permitir.

Letting.

Beg. Suplicar.

Beggar.

Sit. Sentarse.

Sitting.

Put. Poner.

Putting.

Fat. Gordo.

Fatter.

Star. Estrella.

Starring.

Stir. Remover.

Stirring.

Fur. Piel.

Furry.

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VERBOS IRREGULARES Infinitivo Arise Be Bear Beat Become Begin Bend Bet Bid Bind Bite Bleed Blow Break Bring Build Burn Burst Buy Catch Choose Come Cost Creep Cut Deal Dig Do Draw Dream Drink Drive Eat Fall Feed Feel Fight Find Fling Fly Forbid Forget

Pasado Arose Was Bore Beat Became Began Bent Bet Bade Bound Bit Bled Blew Broke Brought Built Burnt Burst Bought Caught Chose Came Cost Crept Cut Dealt Dug Did Drew Dreamt Drank Drove Ate Fell Fed Felt Fought Found Flung Flew Forbade Forgot

Participio Pasado Arisen Were, Been Borne Beaten Become Begun Bent Bet Bidden Bound Bitten Bled Blown Broken Brought Built Burnt Burst Bought Caught Chosen Come Cost Crept Cut Dealt Dug Done Drawn Dreamt Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Fed Felt Fought Found Flung Flown Forbidden Forgotten

Traducción Surgir, presentarse Ser, estar Llevar, soportar Batir, golpear, latir Llegar a, ser, hacerse Empezar Doblar Apostar Mandar, ordenar Atar, encuadernar Morder Sangrar Soplar Romper Traer Edificar Arder, quemar Estallar Comprar Atrapar Escoger Venir Costar Arrrastrarse Cortar Tratar Cavar Hacer Dibujar, sacar, tirar Soñar Beber Conducir Comer Caer Alimentar, Sentir, palpar, tocar Luchar Encontrar Lanzar Volar Prohibir Olvidar 330

Forgive Freeze Get Give Go Grow Hang Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep Kneel Know Lay Lead Leap Learn Leave Lend Let Lie Light Lose Make Mean Meet Mow Pay Put Quit Read Ride Ring Rise Run

Forgave Froze Got Gave Went Grew Hung Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt Knew Laid Led Leapt Learnt Left Lent Let Lay Lit Lost Made Meant Met Mowed Paid Put Quit Read Rode Rang Rose Ran

Forgiven Frozen Got Given Gone Grown Hung Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt Known Laid Led Leapt Learnt Left Lent Let Lain Lit Lost Made Meant Met Mown Paid Put Quit Read Ridden Rung Risen Run

Say See Sell Send Set Sew Shake

Said Saw Sold Sent Set Sewed Shook

Said Seen Sold Sent Set Sewn Shaken

Perdonar Helar Conseguir, obtener Dar Ir Crecer, cultivar Colgar Haber, tener Oir Esconder Golpear Sostener, agarrar Hacer daño, doler Guardar, conseguir Arrodillarse Saber, conocer Poner Guiar Saltar Aprender Dejar, salir Prestar Dejar, permitir Tumbarse Iluminar Perder Hacer Querer decir, significar Encontrar Segar Pagar Poner Abandonar Leer Montar, cabalgar Sonar, tocar el timbre Levantarse Correr, dirigir un negocio Decir Ver Vender Enviar Poner, establecer Coser Agitar 331

Shine Shoot Show Shrink Shut Sing Sink Sit Sleep Sling Smell Speak Spell Spend Spill Spoil Spread Stand Steal Stick Sting Strike Swear Swim Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw Understand Wake Wear Win Wind Write

Shone Shot Showed Shrank Shut Sang Sank Sat Slept Slung Smelt Spoke Spelt Spent Spilt Spoilt Spread Stood Stole Stuck Stung Struck Swore Swam Took Taught Tore Told Thought Threw Understood Woke Wore Won Wound Wrote

Shone Shot Shown Shrunk Shut Sung Sunk Sat Slept Slunk Smelt Spoken Spelt Spent Spilt Spoilt Spread Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Struck Sworn Swum Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thrown Understood Woken Worn Won Wound Written

Brillar Disparar Mostrar Encogerse Cerrar Cantar Hundir, sumergirse Sentarse Dormir Lanzar, tirar Oler Hablar Deletrear, hechizar Pasar el tiempo, gastar Derramar Estropear Extender Ponerse de pie Robar Pegar Picar Golpear Jurar Nadar Tomar, llevar Enseñar Rasgar Decir, contar Pensar, creer Arrojar Comprender Despertar Llevar puesto, usar Ganar un premio Dar cuerda al reloj Escribir

332

CONECTORES •

A la hora de redactar un texto necesitarás usar palabras o expresiones que te permitan unir ideas en forma de frases y organizar el texto.

•

Primero debes tener claro qué te piden y haz un esquema donde aparezcan las ideas que quieres desarrollar. Usa un papel y anótalo todo. Luego tacha las ideas que no te gusten y ordenalas y clasifícalas.

•

Recuerda que puede ser una buena idea que la composición tenga tres partes diferenciadas: introducción, desarrollo y conclusión.

•

A continuación encontrarás algunas expresiones que te pueden servir para organizar tus ideas.

Para introducir. In the first place.

En primer lugar.

To begin.

Para empezar.

First of all.

Lo primero de todo.

It is obvious.

Es óbvio que.

It is certain that.

Es cierto que.

It is a commonly held belief among people that.

Es una creencia bastante extendida entre la gente que.

It goes without saying that.

Ni que decir tiene que.

A controversial question facing our society is.

Un asunto controvertido que afecta a nuestra sociedad es.

Whether we like it or not.

Nos guste o no.

As regards.

Por lo que respecta.

333

Expresar opinión. In my opinion.

En mi opinion.

In my view.

Tal y como yo lo veo.

Personally.

Personalmente.

As far as I’m concerned.

Por lo que a mí respecta.

From my point of view.

Desde mi punto de vista.

I would like to point out a couple of things.

Me gustaría puntuaalizar un par de aspectos.

I believe/consider/think.

Creo que.

I feel very strongly that.

Estoy convencido de.

I’m absolutely convinced that.

Estoy absolutamente convencido de.

I’m inclined to believe that.

Tiendo a pensar que.

I am totally opposed to.

Estoy totalmente en desacuerdo con.

I am in favour of.

Estoy a favor de.

I strongly disagree with.

No estoy nada de acuerdo con.

It seems/ appears to me that.

Me parece que.

There is no doubt that.

No hay duda de que.

One thing that is sure is.

Algo que es seguro es.

It is true that.

Es cierto que.

I very much doubt that.

Dudo mucho de que.

We should all have to take into account that.

Deberíamos tener en cuenta que.

Every now and then.

De vez en cuando.

334

A favor y en contra. One of the strongest arguments in favour of... Is that.

Uno de los argumentos mas sólidos a favor de ...

On the other hand.

Por otra parte.

There are several arguments against... Hay varios argumentos en contra de... Yet there is another side to the picture.

Aunque hay otros aspectos que se deben tener en cuenta.

There is bitter controversy over.

Existe gran controversia por lo que respecta a.

On the one hand.

Por una parte.

On the other hand.

Por otra parte.

While there are many supporters of the idea, there are also people who have reservations about it.

Mientras que hay mucha gente que apoya esta idea, hay otros que tienen ciertas reservas.

There are valid arguments for...

Hay argumentos muy validos a favor de.

There are also other good reasons against.

Aunque también existen buenas razones en contra de.

...has both advantages and disadvantages.

...tiene tanto ventajas como desventajas.

Para expresar la opinión de otros. An increasing number of people believe that.

Un gran número de personas cree que.

Today many people are worried about.

Hoy en día mucha gente está preocupada con.

Half the population are in favour/ against of...

La mitad de la población está a favor/en contra de...

These people firmly believe that...

Estas personas creen firmemente en...

335

Para continuar. In the second place.

En segundo lugar.

Secondly.

En segundo lugar.

Next.

Después.

Besides.

Además.

In addition.

Además.

Apart from that.

Además de.

Moreover.

Y además.

What is more.

Además.

Futhermore.

Además.

Another aspect to be considered can be.

Otro aspecto para tener en cuanta es.

Para expresar contraste. On the one hand.

Por una parte.

On the other.

Por otra parte.

While.

Mientras que.

Whereas.

Mientras.

In spite of the fact that.

A pesar de.

Although.

Aunque.

In spite of.

A pesar de.

However.

Sin embargo.

Given the differences between.

Teniendo en cuenta las diferencias entre.

336

At the same time

Al mismo tiempo

Para comparar. At the same time.

Al mismo tiempo.

Similarly.

Del mismo modo.

Likewise.

Del mismo modo.

Para expresar causa. Because.

Porque.

Because of.

A causa de.

The main purpose of...is...

El propósito principal es.

The reason is very simple.

La razón es bien sencilla.

For this reason.

Por esta razón.

Para expresar resultado. Therefore.

Por lo tanto.

As a result.

Como resultado.

Consequently.

Como consecuencia.

In consequence.

En consecuencia.

Thus.

Por lo tanto.

So.

Así.

Para ejemplificar. A good ilustration of this is.

Un buen ejemplo de esto es.

Nothing could better demostrate this

Nada podría demostra esto mejor. 337

that. We have an obvious proof of this in... Tenemos una prueba clara de esto en. This is best exemplified by.

Esto está muy bien explicado con.

This is best shown in the following example.

Esto se puede apreciar mucho mejor con el siguiente ejemplo.

In other words.

En otras palabras.

That is to say.

Es decir.

For instance.

Por ejemplo.

For example.

Por ejemplo.

Para incluir datos y estadísticas. Recent studies have found that.

Estudios recientes han demostrado que.

Researches claim that.

Los investigadores afirman que.

According to recent studies.

Según estudios recientes

Para narrar. When.

Cuando.

While.

Mientras que.

Before.

Antes.

After.

Después.

By the time.

Por esas fechas.

During.

Durante.

It all began when.

Todo empezó cuando.

It all happened.

Todo ocurrió.

338

Once upon a time.

Érase una vez.

Suddenly.

De repente

All of a sudden.

De repente.

First.

Al principio.

At first.

Al principio.

Later.

Más tarde.

Afterwards.

Depués de todo.

Meanwhile.

Mientras tanto.

In the meantime.

Mientras.

Finally.

Finalmente.

In the end.

Al final.

Para concluir. The conclusion to be drawn from this is that.

La conclusión que podemos sacar es.

We can conclude by saying that.

Podemos concluir afirmando que.

To sum up.

Para resumir.

Summing up.

Resumiendo.

In brief.

En breve.

In conclusion.

Como conclusión.

In short.

En breve.

Finally.

Finalmente.

All this suggests that.

Todo esto nos sugiere que.

We should all work elbow to elbow in

Creo que todos deberíamos trabajar de 339

this respect.

forma conjunta en la misma dirección.

In conclusion.

Como conclusión.

Although there are two sides to a picture I believe that.

Aunque hay dos caras de la moneda yo tiendo a creer que.

All things considered, I am in favour of/against...

Teniendo en cuenta todos los aspectos, estoy a favor/en contra de.

Lastly.

Por último.

As was previously stated.

Como ya se ha dicho.

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FALSOS AMIGOS Son palabras que pueden fácilmente inducir a error. Muchas son de origen latino y han cambiado el significado. Un buen consejo es no dejarse llevar por las apariencias y comprobar siempre el significado en el diccionario. Pues en la lengua inglesa las apariencias engañan. Abuse.

Insultar.

Actually.

En realidad.

Advertise.

Anunciar.

To advise.

Aconsejar.

Agenda.

Orden del día.

Anxious.

Nervioso. Deseoso.

Apology.

Disculpa.

Apparent.

Evidente.

Application.

Solicitud.

Argument.

Discusión.

To assist.

Ayudar.

To assume.

Asumir.

Avocado.

Aguacate.

Cabinet.

Gabinete de ministros, vitrina.

Career.

Carrera.

Carpet.

Alfombra.

Cartoon.

Dibujos animados.

Casual.

Informal.

Casualty.

Baja militar.

Character.

Personaje.

341

Collar.

Cuello.

Collector.

Coleccionista.

Complexion.

Color de la piel.

Conductor. Conference.

Cobrador de autobús. Director de orquesta. Congreso.

Conservatory.

Invernadero.

Constipated.

Estreñido.

Disgust.

Asco.

Embarrassed.

Avergonzado.

Eventually.

Finalmente.

Exit.

Salida.

Fabric.

Tejido.

Firm.

Empresa.

Idiom.

Expresión idiomática.

Insane.

Loco

Intoxicated.

Borracho.

Large.

Grande.

Parents.

Padres.

Physician.

Médico

Policy.

Política

To presume.

Suponer.

To pretend.

Fingir.

Quiet.

Callado.

Rare.

Poco frecuente. 342

To remove.

Quitar.

Sensible.

Sensato.

Signature.

Firma.

Spectacles.

Gafas.

Suburb.

Barrio residencial.

Success.

Éxito.

Sympathy.

Compasión.

To pretend.

Fingir.

Tramp.

Vagabundo.

Vicious.

Malvado.

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EXPRESIONES PARA LA COMUNICACIÓN ORAL Saludos y Felicitaciones .

How do you do? ¿Cómo estás?

How are you? ¿Cómo estás?

Very well tha nk you. Muy bien gracias.

Fine thanks, and you? Bien y tú?

Good morning. Buenos días.

Hi. Hola.

Good afternoon. Buenas tardes.

Congratulations. Enhorabuena.

Good evening. Buenas tardes- noches.

So long. Hasta luego.

Good night. Buenas noches.

See you. Nos vemos.

Hello. Hola.

Happy birthday. Feliz cumpleaños.

Good bye. Adiós.

Happy Christmas. Feliz Navidad.

How are things? ¿Cómo te van las cosas?

Well. Bien.

See you tomorrow. Hasta mañana.

So long. Hasta luego.

Happy anniversary. Feliz aniversario.

How is it going? ¿Cómo te va?

Up and down. Así así.

344

Para dirigirse a un desconocido. Excuse me. Disculpe.

I beg your pardon. Disculpe.

Presentaciones Peter, this is Mary. Pedro esta es María.

Mary, do you know Michael? ¿María, conoces a Miguel?

Let me introduce my friend Paul. Permíteme que te presente a mi amigo Pablo.

Cuando no entendemos algo bien Can you repeat it please? ¿Puede repetirlo por favor?

Can you speak more slowly? ¿Puede hablar más despacio?

I’m sorry I don’t understand Lo siento, pero no lo entiendo.

Para preguntar la hora Would you mind telling me the time? Me dice la hora por favor?

What’s the time please? ¿Qué hora lleva?

Hablando por teléfono Hello, could I speak to Manuel? ¿Hola, podría hablar con Manuel? Para agradecer algo Thank you. Gracias.

Thank you very much. Muchas gracias.

That’s very kind of you.

Thanks. 345

Es muy amable por su parte.

Gracias.

You’re welcome. De nada.

Don’t mention it. No hay de qué.

Expresiones de cortesía Excuse me. Disculpe.

Sorry Lo siento

I beg your pardon. Perdón.

346

DÍAS DE LA SEMANA A diferencia de en español en inglés se escriben en mayúsculas. Monday. Lunes.

Tuesday. Martes.

Wednesday.

Día de la luna.

Tiw era un dios de la guerra.

Día de Odín. Día de Thor.

Miércoles.

Thursday. Friday. Jueves. Viernes. Frig era la esposa de Odín.

Saturday. Sábado.

Sunday. Domingo.

Día de Saturno.

Día del sol.

DÍAS DE FIESTA Easter. Pascua.

Whitsun. Pentecostes.

Halloween.

Christmas day. Día de navidad.

Boxing day. 26 de diciembre.

New year’s day. Día de año nuevo.

New year’s eve. Nochevieja.

Midsummer’s eve. Noche de san Juan.

MESES DEL AÑO Al igual que los días también se escriben en mayúsculas. January. Enero.

February. Febrero.

March. Marzo.

April. Abril.

May. Mayo.

June. Junio.

July. Julio.

August. Agosto.

September. Septiembre.

October. Octubre.

November. Noviembre.

December. Diciembre.

ESTACIONES Spring. Primavera.

Summer. Verano.

Autumm. Fall (USA) Winter Otoño. Invierno.

347

PUNTOS CARDINALES North. Norte.

South. Sur.

East. Este.

West. Oeste.

LOS COLORES White. Blanco.

Black. Negro.

Pink. Rosa.

Green Verde.

Orange. Naranja.

Purple. Morado.

Yellow. Amarillo.

Red. Rojo.

Brown. Marrón.

Blue. Azul.

Navy blue. Azul marino.

Beige. Beige.

Chestnut. Castaño.

Colored. Coloreado.

Grey. Gris.

Lilac. Lila.

Blond. Rubio.

Dark. Oscuro.

348

ADJETIVOS Big. Grande.

Cheap. Barato.

Clean. Límpio.

Easy. Fácil.

Good. Bueno.

Long. Largo.

Nice. Agradable.

Fair. Justo.

Fat. Gordo.

Hot. Caliente.

Cold. Frio.

Short. Corto.

Angry. Enfadado.

Happy. Feliz.

Ill. Enfermo.

Thirsty. Sediento.

SIGNOS DEL ZODIACO Aquarius. Acuario.

Pisces. Piscis.

Aries. Aries.

Taurus. Tauro.

Gemini. Geminis.

Cancer. Cancer.

Leo. Leo.

Virgo. Virgo.

Libra. Libra.

Scorpio. Escorpio.

Sagittarius. Sagitario.

Capricorn. Capricornio.

349

LA HORA Usamos el verbo to be para indicar las horas junto a las siguientes estructuras: Para preguntar la hora usamos What’s the time? What time is it? Coul d you tell me the time please? O’clock. En punto. Proviene de la expresión of the clock.

It is 8 o’clock.

Half past. Y media.

It is half past 9.

A quarter to. Menos cuarto.

It is a quarter to 6.

A quarter past. Y cuarto

It is a quarter past 7.

To. Menos

It is twenty to 4.

Past. Y

It is twenty past 4.

Usamos a.m y p.m para indicar antes del mediodía y después del mediodía. También podemos usar In the morning. In the afternoon. At night. Midday= 12.00 am Midnight= 24.00 Los horarios de los medios de transporte se rigen por el sistema de 24 horas. I took the 18.30 plane to London.

350

NÚMEROS CARDINALES One. Uno.

Eleven. Once.

Two. Dos.

Twelve. Doce.

Three. Tres.

Thirteen. Trece.

Four. Cuatro.

Fourteen. Catorce.

Five. Cinco.

Fifteen. Quince.

Six. Seis.

Sixteen. Dieciséis.

Seven. Siete.

Seventeen. Diecisiete.

Eight. Ocho.

Eighteen. Dieciocho.

Nine. Nueve.

Nineteen. Diecinueve.

Ten. Diez.

Twenty. Veinte.

Thirty. Treinta.

Eighty. Ochenta.

Forty. Cuarenta.

Ninety. Noventa.

Fifty. Cincuenta.

A hundred. Cien.

Sixty. Sesenta.

A thousand. Mil.

Seventy. Setenta.

A milion. Un millón. 351

•

Se usa un guión entre los números comprendidos entre el 21 y 99. A partir del 100 se usará and.

Twenty-one. Veintiuno. One hundred and three. Ciento tres. En Estados Unidos 1 billón equivale a 1,000,000,000. En Europa 1 billón equivale a 1,000,000,000,000. •

Hundred, thousand, million y billion como son adjetivos no añaden “-s”

I paid three million pesetas in 2001 for a car. Pagué tres millones de pesetas en el año 2001 por un coche. •

Las fechas se indican de dos en dos

I was born in 1962. Nací en en el año 1962. My grandmother Berta was born in 1900. Mi abuela Berta nació en (nineteen hundred). El 00 es hundred. •

Los números de teléfono de uno en uno

My phone number is 965436789. Mi número de teléfono es... •

Se usa coma con los números: 1,000.

•

Se usa el punto con los decimales: 4.5.

•

En las horas se pueden usar uno o dos puntos: 3.45 o 3:45.

•

El 0 se pronncia /ou/

352

LOS NÚMEROS ORDINALES •

Con la excepción de first, second y third, los números ordinales se forman añadiendo “-th” a los ordinales.

•

Existen algunos que sí que se ven modificados:

5th

8th

9th

12th

20th

Fifth.

Eighth.

Ninth.

Twelfth.

Twentieth.

First. Primero.

Eleventh. Undécimo.

Second. Segundo.

Twelfth. Duodécimo.

Third. Tercero.

Thirteenth. Decimotercero.

Fourth. Cuarto.

Fourteenth. Decimocuarto.

Fifth. Quinto.

Fiftteenth. Decimoquinto

Sixth. Sexto.

Sixteenth. Decimosexto.

Seventh. Séptimo.

Seventeenth. Decimoséptimo.

Eighth. Octavo.

Eighteenth. Decimoctavo.

Ninth. Noveno.

Nineteenth. Decimonoveno.

Tenth. Décimo.

Twentieth. Vigésimo.

353

•

En las decenas “y” cambia por “-ie”. Hundred, thousand y million añaden “-th”

Twenty.

Thirty.

Forty.

Fifty.

Sixty.

Seventy.

Twentieth.

Thirtieth.

Fortieth.

Fiftieth.

Sixtieth.

Seventieth.

USOS En fechas.

November 30 t h .

Capítulos.

Chapter III.

Monarcas.

Juan Carlos I. ( The first)

EQUIVALENCIA DE PESOS Y MEDIDAS 1 ounce.

28,35 gramos.

1 pound.

454 gramos.

1 inch.

2,45 centímetros.

1 foot.

30 centímetros.

1 mile.

1.610 metros. Milla terrestre.

1 mile.

1.852 metros. Milla marina.

1 pint.

0,57 litros.

1 gallon.

4,54 litros.

1 stone

6’356 kilos.

12 inches = 1 foot.

30,48 centimetros.

3 feet = 1 yard.

91,44 centimetros.

1760 yards= 1 mile=.

1,61 kilometres.

16 ounces= 1 pound

0,454 kilos.

354

PAISES Y NACIONALIDADES Brazil. Brasil.

Brazilian.

Britain. Gran Bretaña.

British.

Canada. Canadá.

Canadian.

China . China.

Chinese.

Denmark. Dinamarca.

Danish.

Egypt. Egipto.

Egyptian.

Europe. Europa.

European.

Finland . Finlandia.

Finnish.

France. Francia.

French.

Germany. Alemania.

German.

Greece. Grecia.

Greek.

Holland . Holanda.

Dutch.

Ireland . Irlanda.

Irish.

Italy. Italia.

Italian.

Japan. Japón.

Japanese.

355

Mexico. Méjico.

Mexican.

Norway. Noruega.

Norwegian.

Poland . Polonia.

Polish.

Scotland . Escocia.

Scottish.

Spain. España.

Spanish Spaniard.

Portugal. Portugal.

Portuguese.

Sweden. Suecia.

Swedish.

Switzerland . Suiza.

Swiss.

Turkey. Turquía.

Turkish.

Wales. Gales.

Welsh.

356

LA FAMILIA Ancestor. Antepasado.

Grandfather. Abuelo.

Grandmother. Abuela.

Relative. Pariente.

Father. Padre

Mother. Madre.

Twin. Gemelo.

Son. Hijo.

Daughter. Hija.

Mum. Mamá.

Brother. Hermano.

Sister. Hermana.

Dad. Papá.

Husband . Esposo

Wife. Esposa.

Cousin. Primo.

Uncle. Tio.

Aunt. Tia.

Nephew. Sobrino.

Grandson. Nieto.

Granddaughter. Nieta.

Niece. Sobrina.

Brother-in-law. Cuñado.

Sister-in-law. Cuñada.

Widow. Viuda.

Father-in-law. Suegro.

Mother-in-law. Suegra.

Widower. Viudo.

Son-in-law. Yerno.

Daughter-in-law. Nuera.

357

PROFESIONES Lawyer. Abogado.

Teacher. Profesor.

Actor. Actor.

Farmer. Agricultor.

Bricklayer. Albañil.

Mayor. Alcalde.

Artist. Artista.

Housewife. Ama de casa.

Barber. Barbero.

Librarian. Bibliotecario.

Waiter. Camarero.

Singer. Cantante.

Butcher. Carnicero.

Carpenter. Carpintero.

Surgeon. Cirujano.

Driver. Conductor.

Janitor. Conserje.

Accountant. Contable.

Conductor. Cobrador de autobus. Priest. Sacerdote.

Headmaster. Director de un colegio. Manager. Gerente.

Economist. Economista.

Nurse. Enfermera.

Chemist. Farmacéutico.

Blacksmith. Herrero.

Researcher. Investigador.

Jeweller. Joyero.

Judge. Juez.

Cleaner. Limpiador.

Sailor. Marinero.

Typist. Mecanógrafo.

Dressmaker. Modista.

Baker. Panadero.

Hairdresser. Peluquero.

Painter. Pintor.

Secretary. Secretario.

Soldier. Militar.

Grocer. Tendero.

Shoemaker. Zapatero.

Salesman. Vendedor.

358

LA CASA Bedroom. Dormitorio.

Hall. Entrada.

Door. Puerta.

Bathroom. Cuarto de baño.

Kitchen. Cocina.

Corridor. Pasillo.

Air conditioning. Aire acondicionado.

Lift. Ascensor.

Central heating. Calefacción central.

Diningroom. Comedor.

Garage. Garaje.

Curtains. Cortinas.

Water heater. Calentador de agua. Study. Despacho.

Loft. Desván

Attic. Ático.

Stairs. Escaleras.

Doorbell. Timbre.

Letterbox. Buzón.

Aerial. Antena.

Garden. Jardín.

Roof. Tejado.

Window. Ventana.

Chair. Silla.

Shelf. Estantería.

Wall. Pared.

Light. Luz.

Toilet. Aseo.

Heating. Calefacción.

Corridor. Pasillo.

Basement. Sótano.

Ceiling. Techo.

359

LA COCINA Tin opener. Abrelatas.

Refrigerator. Nevera.

Microwave oven. Horno microondas.

Sink. Fregadero.

Spoon. Cuchara.

Knife. Cuchillo.

Fork. Tenedor.

Toaster. Tostadora.

Saucepan. Cacerola.

Freezer. Congelador.

Pantry. Despensa.

Broom Escoba.

Oven. Horno.

Tap. Grifo.

Washing machine. Lavadora.

Washing up liquid. Liquido para fregar los platos.

Dishwasher. Fregaplatos.

Iron. Plancha.

Saucer. Platillo.

Corkscrew. Sacacorchos.

Ironing board. Tabla de planchar.

Cup. Taza.

Mug. Tazón.

Telephone. Teléfono.

Teapot. Tetera.

Cloth. Trapo.

Glass. Vaso.

Dishes. Platos.

Litter. Basura.

Coffe pot. Cafetera.

Pan. Sartén.

360

EL CUARTO DE BAÑO Toilet. Taza del WC.

Towel. Toalla.

Mirror. Espejo.

Washbasin. Lavabo.

Bath. Bañera.

Bidet. Bidé.

Shower. Ducha.

Plug. Enchufe.

Soap. Jabón

Towel. Toalla.

Toothbrush. Cepillo de dientes.

Toothpaste. Pasta dentífrica.

Comb. Peine.

Shower. Ducha.

Razor. Maquinilla de afeitar. Emergency kit. Botiquín.

Brush. Cepillo.

Shampoo. Champú.

Hairspray. Laca.

Comb. Peine.

Dryer. Secador.

Cologne. Colonia.

Compresses. Compresas.

Makeup. Maquillaje.

Sponge. Esponja.

Lipstick. Lapiz de labios.

Tissue. Papel higiénico.

Nail polish. Laca de uñas.

Eyeliner. Rímmel.

Eyeshadow. Sombra de ojos.

Comb. Peine.

Eye-shadow. Sombra de ojos.

Lipstick. Barra de labios.

Mirror. Espejo.

Nail varnish. Esmalte de uñas.

Perfume. Perfume.

Aftershave. Loción.

Hairbrush. Cepillo.

Deodorant. Desodorante.

To shave. Afeitarse.

To have a bath. Bañarse.

To have a shower. Ducharse.

To dry. Secar.

Showergel. Gel.

Duvet.

Bedcl othes.

Sanitary towel. Compresa.

El DORMITORIO Alarm clock.

Bed.

361

Despertador.

Cama.

Edredón.

Ropa de cama.

Sheet. Sábana.

Dressing table. Tocador.

Alarm clock. Despertador.

Television. Television.

Telephone. Teléfono.

Lamp. Lampara

Sofa. Sofa.

Bokcase. Librería.

Window. Ventana.

Ashtray. Cenicero.

Fireplace. Chimenea.

Cushion Cojín.

Picture. Cuadro

Rocking chair. Mecedora.

Table. Mesa

Carpet. Alfombra.

Wallpaper. Papel pintado.

Lampshade. Pantalla.

Clock. Reloj.

Chair. Silla.

Sofa. Sofá.

Chest of drawers. Cómoda.

Bed. Cama.

EL SALON

MUEBLES Wardrobe. Armario.

Sideboard. Aparador.

Table. Mesa.

LA CIUDAD 362

Airport. Aeropuerto.

Bus station. Estación de autobuses.

Car park. Parking.

Cinema. Cine.

Hospital. Hospital.

Hotel. Hotel.

Market. Mercado.

Police station. Comisaría.

Post office. Oficina de Correos.

Toilets. Aseos.

Restaurant. Restaurant.

Station. Estación

Bank. Banco.

Beach. Playa.

Book shop. Libreria.

Library. Biblioteca.

Chemist. Farmacia.

Church. Iglesia.

Petrol station. Gasolinera.

Phone box. Cabina de teléfono.

Sea. Mar.

River. Río.

Supermarket. Supermercado.

Street. Calle.

Cathedral Catedral.

Cementery. Cementerio.

Building. Edificio.

School. Escuela.

Sculpture. Escultura.

Stadium. Estadio

Statue. Estatua.

Fair. Feria.

Art gallery Galería de arte.

Hospital. Hospital.

Garden. Jardín.

Monastery. Monasterio.

Museum. Museo.

Pavilion. Pabellón.

Palace. Palacio.

Park. Parque.

Square. Plaza.

Bridge. Puente.

River. Río.

Ruins. Ruinas.

Theater. Teatro.

Zoo. Zoológico.

Cinema. Cine.

Baker. Panadería.

Butcher. Carnicería.

Drugstore. Droguería.

Delicatessen.

Fishmonger. Pescadería.

Greengrocer. Verdulería.

Grocer. Ultramarinos.

Hardware store. Ferretería.

Newsagent. Prensa.

Off-licence. Bodega.

Post office. Oficina postal.

363

TIENDAS

364

PARTES DEL CUERPO Eye. Ojo.

Mouth. Boca.

Nose. Nariz

Hair. Pelo.

Chest. Pecho.

Leg. Pierna.

Elbow. Codo.

Knee. Rodilla.

Stomach. Estómago.

Head. Cabeza.

Ear. Oreja.

Chin. Barbilla.

Foot. Pie.

Arm. Brazo.

Hand. Mano.

Throat. Garganta.

Fist. Puño.

Thumb. Dedo pulgar.

Finger. Dedo.

Mouth. Boca.

Moustache. Bigote.

Tongue. Lengua.

Brain. Cerebro.

Heart. Corazón.

Lung. Pulmón.

Kidney. Riñon.

Muscle. Músculo.

Neck. Cuello.

Biscuits. Galletas.

Cakes. Pasteles.

Chewing gum. Chicle.

Sweets. Golosinas.

Fruit juice. Zumo.

Milk. Leche.

Sugar. Azúcar.

Tea. Té.

Eggs. Huevos.

Butter. Mantequilla.

Bread. Pan.

Cheese. Queso.

Rice. Arroz.

Spaghetti. Espaguetis.

Chips. Patatas fritas.

Meat. Carne.

Fish. Pescado.

Chicken. Pollo.

Sandwich. Bocadillo.

Meatballs. Albóndigas.

Lambchops. Chuletas de cordero.

Fillet. Filete.

Hamburguer. Hamburguesa.

COMIDA

365

EN LA MESA Sugar caddy. Azucarero.

Bottle. Botella.

Cafetera. Coffepot.

Glass. Vaso.

Tablecloth. Mantel.

Bread. Pan.

Salt. Sal.

Napkin. Servilleta.

Cup. Taza.

Fork. Tenedor.

Teapot. Tetera.

Vinager. Vinagre.

Oil. Aceite.

Garlic. Ajo.

Cinnamon. Canela.

Hot pepper. Guindilla.

Butter. Mantequilla.

Mustard. Mostaza

Parsley. Perejil.

Pepper. Pimienta.

Salt. Sal.

Vinegar. Vinagre.

Smoked. Ahumado.

Grilled. Asado.

Breaded. Empanado.

Fried. Frito.

Boiled. Hervido.

Rare. Poco hecho.

Well done. Bien pasado.

Medium. Al punto.

Baked. Cocinado.

Roasted. Asado.

Acid. Ácido.

Bitter. Amargo.

Hot. Caliente.

Sweet. Dulce.

Fresh. Fresco.

Cold. Frío.

Tasty. Sabroso.

Spicy. Picante.

Tap water. Agua del grifo

Mineral water. Agua mineral.

Sparkling water. Agua con gas.

SABORES

BEBIDAS Water. Agua.

366

Tonic water. Tónica.

Black coffee. Café solo.

Short coffee. Cortado.

Decaffeinated coffee. Descafeinado.

Espresso. Café exprés.

Long coffee. Café largo.

Coffee with milk. Café con leche.

Tea. Té.

Beer. Cerveza.

White wine. Vino blanco.

Rose wine. Vino rosado.

Red wine. Vino tinto.

Orange juice. Zumo de naranja.

Hot chocolate. Chocolate.

Soda. Gaseosa.

Gin. Ginebra.

Whisky. Whisky.

Rum. Ron.

Draft beer. Caña.

Soft drink. Refresco.

Coke. Coca cola.

Juice. Zumo.

FRUTAS Y VERDURAS Apple. Manzana.

Musrhroom. Champiñón.

Broccoli. Brécol.

Asparagus. Espárragos.

Tomato. Tomate.

Artichokes. Alcachofas.

Escarole. Escarola.

Cucumber. Pepino.

Cabbage. Repollo.

Endives. Endivias.

Lettuce. Lechuga.

Avocado. Aguacate.

Brussels sprouts. Coles de Bruselas.

Peas. Guisante.

Carrot. Zanahoria.

Apricots. Albaricoques.

Spinachs. Espinaca.

Radishes. Rábanos.

Potato. Patata.

Plums. Ciruelas.

Leeks. Puerros.

Onion. Cebolla.

Banana. Plátano.

Coconut. Coco.

Carrot. Zanahoria.

Orange. Naranja.

Zucchinni. Calabacín.

Date. Dátil.

Raspberries. Frambuesas.

Strawberries. Fresas.

Lemon. Limón.

Mandarin. Mandarina.

367

Mango. Mango.

Peaches. Melocotones.

Quince. Membrillo.

Orange. Naranja.

Pear. Pera.

Pineapple. Piña.

Watermelon. Sandía.

Melon. Melón.

Raisin. Pasa.

Aubergine. Berengena.

Celery. Apio.

Pudding Pudin.

Icecream Helado.

Custard. Natillas

Marmalade. Mermelada.

Honey. Miel.

Honey. Miel.

Cake. Tarta

Yogurt. Yogur.

Chocolate. Chocolate.

Cookies. Galletas.

POSTRES

PESCADOS Anchovy. Anchoa.

Elver. Angula.

Octopus. Pulpo.

Shrimps. Gambas.

Angler. Rape.

Hake. Merluza.

Oysters. Ostras.

Sole. Lenguado.

Clams. Almejas.

Herring. Arenque.

Prawn. Langostino.

Squids. Calamares.

Cockle. Berberecho.

Lobster. Langosta.

Razor clam. Navajas.

Sword fish. Pez espada.

Cod. Bacalao.

Mackerel. Caballa.

Salmon. Salmón.

Turbot. Rodaballo.

Crab. Cangrejo.

Mussels. Mejillones.

Sardine. Sardina.

Cuttlefish.

Norway lobster.

Sea bream. 368

Sepia.

Cigala.

Besugo.

Bacon. Tocino.

Deer. Ciervo.

Hen. Gallina.

Partridge. Codorniz.

Chicken. Pollo.

Goose. Ganso.

Lamb. Cordero.

Pork. Cerdo.

Cow. Vaca.

Hare. Liebre.

Ox. Buey.

Rabbit. Conejo.

CARNES

Turkey. Pavo.

FRUTOS SECOS Almonds. Almendras.

Hazelnuts. Avellanas.

Sunflowerseeds. Pipas.

Pistachios. Pistachos.

Chestnuts. Castañas.

Pinenuts. Piñones.

MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE Car. Coche.

Bus. Autobús.

On foot. A pie.

Plane. Avión.

Taxi. Taxi.

Ship. Barco.

ACTIVIDADES DIARIAS 369

Wake up. Despertarse.

Get up. Levantarse.

Have a shower. Ducharse.

Get dressed. Vestirse.

Have breakfast. Desayunar.

Go to work. Ir al trabajo.

Have lunch. Comer.

Watch TV. Ver la TV.

Buy the newspaper. Comprar el periódico.

Go for a walk. Dar un paseo.

Have dinner. Cenar.

Go to bed. Irse a la cama.

ACTIVIDADES DE TIEMPO LIBRE Meet friends. Reunirse con amigos.

Go to the cinema. Ir al cine.

Go to the pub. Ir al pub.

Go to the disco. Ir a la discoteca.

Go to the mountains. Ir al campo.

Go shopping. Ir de compras.

ROPA Coat. Abrigo.

Cap. Gorra.

Pocket. Bolsillo

Skirt. Falda.

Belt. Cinturón

Clogs. Zuecos.

Purse. Monedero.

Sleeve. Manga

Bikini . Bikini.

Dress. Vestido

Pyj amas. Pijama.

Stockings. Medias.

Blouse. Blusa.

Dressing gown. Bata.

Ring . Swimming trunks.

Tie. Corbata.

Boots. Botas.

Handbag. Bolso.

Sandals. Sandalias.

Trainers. Zapatillas de deporte.

Bow. Lazo.

Hat. Sombrero.

Shirt. Camisa.

Trousers. Pantalones.

370

Bra. Sujetador.

Jacket. Chaqueta

Shoes. Zapatos.

T-shirt. Camiseta

Bracelet. Pulsera

Jeans. Vaquero.

Shorts. Pantalón corto.

Umbrella. Paraguas.

Braces. Tirantes.

Knickers. Bragas.

Size. Talla.

Underpants. Calzoncillos.

Vest. Camiseta.

Slippers. Zapatillas de ir por casa.

Jacket. Chaqueta.

Wellingtons. Botas de agua.

Socks. Calcetines.

Cap. Gorra.

Raincoat. Gabardina.

Zipper. Cremallera.

Scarf. Bufanda.

Glasses. Gafas.

Gloves. Guantes.

Watch. Reloj de pulsera.

Ear-rings. Pendientes.

Bracelet. Pulsera.

Necklace. Collar.

Handkerchief. Pañuelo.

Jacket. Chaqueta.

Scarf. Bufanda.

Socks. Calcetines.

Vest. Chaleco.

Belt. Cinturón.

Zipper. Cremallera.

Slip. Enagua.

Gloves. Guantes.

COMPLEMENTOS Y JOYERIA Bracelet. Pulsera.

Brooch. Broche.

Earring. Pendiente.

Necklace. Collar.

Watch. Reloj.

Ring. Sortija.

Chain. Cadena.

Pendant. Colgante.

Leather. Piel.

Knitted. De punto.

TEJIDOS Y MATERIALES Acrylic. Acrílico.

Cotton. Algodón.

371

Wool. Lana.

Corduroy. Pana.

Silk. Seda.

Velvet. Terciopelo.

Cloth. Tela.

Fur. Piel.

Glass. Cristal.

Leather. Cuero.

Oil. Aceite.

Silver. Plata.

Stone. Piedra.

Wire. Alambre.

Bronze. Bronce.

Canvas. Lona.

China. Porcelana.

Corduroy. Pana.

Iron. Hierro.

Linen. Lino.

Porcelain. Porcelana.

Steel. Acero.

Vervet. Terciopelo.

Aluminium. Aluminio.

Brass. Latón.

Clay. Arcilla.

Clay. Arcilla.

Denim. Tela vaquera.

Marble. Mármol.

Plaster. Yeso.

Suede. Ante.

Tinfoil. Papel de aluminio.

Wax. Cera.

372

ADJECTIVOS PARA LA DESCRIPCION FIGURE

FACE

NOSE

HA IR

EYES

SKIN

CHARACTER

Tall. Alto.

Round.

Redonda.

Long. Larga.

Straight. Liso.

Bright. Brillantes.

Pale. Pálido.

Humble. Humilde.

Short. Bajo.

Oval. Ovalada.

Flat. Chata.

Wavy. Rizado.

Large. Grandes.

Tanned.

Proud. Orgulloso.

Stout. Robusto.

Long. Larga.

Prominent .

Tangled.

Small.

Thin. Delgado.

Small. Pequeña.

Brown. Marrón

Blue. Azules.

Flecked. Greedy. Con Avaricioso. pecas Selfish. Egoista.

Athletic. Atlético.

Wrinkled.

Auburn. Castaño.

Grey. Grises.

Miserable. Triste.

Golden. Rubio.

Merry. Alegres.

Honest. Honrado.

Muscular. Musculoso.

Arrugada.

Prominente

Enredado

Pequeños.

Bronceado.

Silky. Sedoso.

Mean. Tacaño.

Blonde. Rubio.

Stubborn. Cabezota. Enthusiastic. Entusiasta.

373

ADJETIVOS PARA DESCRIBIR EL CARACTER Boring. Aburrido.

Pleasant. Agradable.

Cheerful. Alegre.

Ambitious. Ambicioso.

Adventurous. Audaz.

Greedy. Avaricioso.

Bright. Brillante.

Loving. Cariñoso.

Gossipy. Chismoso.

Sympathetic. Compasivo.

Polite. Cortés.

Careful. Cuidadoso.

Determined. Decidido.

Amusing. Divertido.

Boastful. Fanfarrón

Childish. Infantil.

Clever. Listo

Crazy. Loco.

Proud. Orgulloso.

Vain. Presumido.

Wise. Sabio.

Stubborn. Testarudo.

374

LA ESCUELA Book. Libro.

Desk. Pupitre.

Blackboard. Pizarra.

Paper. Papel.

Teacher. Profesor.

Bulletin board. Tablón de anuncios.

School. Colegio.

University. Universidad.

Pen. Bolígrafo.

Notepad. Bloc de notas.

Notebook. Cuaderno.

Sheet of paper. Hoja de papel.

Pencil. Lapicero.

Eraser. Borrador.

Paste. Pegamento.

Ruler. Regla.

Sharpener. Sacapuntas.

Chalk. Tiza.

College. Universidad.

Essay. Trabajo.

Exam. Examen.

Fountain pen. Pluma estilográfica.

Holidays. Vacaciones.

Lecture. Conferencia.

Homework. Deberes.

Lesson. Lección.

Map. Mapa.

Mistake. Error.

Question. Pregunta.

Reading. Lectura.

Rubber. Borrador.

Schoolbag. Cartera.

Timetable. Horario.

Break Recreo.

Dictation Dictado.

Janitor. Conserje.

To pass. Aprobar.

To fail. Suspender.

Term. Trimestre.

Blot. Borrón.

Canteen Cantina.

Calculator. Calculadora.

Spelling. Ortografía.

Nursery school. Parvulario.

Primary school. Escuela primaria.

Infants school. Escuela (5-7 años)

Junior school. (7-11 años)

High school. Instituto.

Grammar school. Instituto de bach.

Secondary modern school. Formación prof.

University. Universidad.

Polythecnic. Universidad politécnica.

Playground. Patio.

Geography. Geografía.

Chemistry. Química.

Mathematics. Matemáticas.

Physics.

Exam.

Degree.

Teacher.

375

Física.

Examen.

Licenciatura.

Profesor.

Principal. Director.

To revise. Repasar.

Subject. Asignatura.

Letter. Carta.

Envelope. Sobre.

Computer. Ordenador.

Label. Etiqueta.

Printer. Impresora.

Keyboard. Teclado.

Basketball. Baloncesto

LA OFICINA

INSTRUMENTOS

DEPORTES Tennis. Tenis.

Football. Fútbol.

Handball. Balonmano.

Swimming. Natación.

Ice hockey. Jockey sobre hielo.

Billiards. Billar.

Headache. Dolor de cabeza.

Toothache. Dolor de muelas

Backache. Dolor de espalda.

Sore throat. Dolor de garganta.

Break a leg. Romperse una pierna.

Temperature. Fiebre.

Stomachache. Dolor de barriga.

Measles. Sarampión.

DOLENCIAS

376

TAREAS DOMESTICAS To do the washing. Lavar la ropa.

To do the washing up. Lavar los platos.

To do the ironing. Planchar.

To do the cleaning. Limpiar.

To make the beds. Hacer las camas.

To do the dusting. Quitar el polvo.

To do the gardening. Arreglar el jardín.

To tidy. Ordenar.

TIEMPO ATMOSFERICO Fine. Bueno.

Sunny. Soleado.

Hot. Caluroso.

Wet. Humedo

Warm. Templado.

Windy. Ventoso.

Swony. Nevado.

Frosty. Helado.

Freezing. Mucho frio.

Centigrades. Centígrados.

Sunny. Soleado.

Degree. Grados

Foggy. Con niebla.

Hot. Caluroso.

Cold. Frio.

Cloudy. Nublado.

Rainy. Lluvioso.

Windy Ventoso.

EL DOCTOR ANIMALES Cow. Vaca.

Calf. Ternero.

Horse. Caballo.

Duck. Pato

Bull. Toro.

Pig. Cerdo.

Goat. Cabra.

Chicken. Pollo. 377

Dog. Perro.

Bitch. Perra.

Hen. Gallina.

Tortoise. Tortuga.

Goldfish. Pez de colores.

Pelican. Pelícano

Swan. Cisne.

Seagull. Gaviota.

Cod. Bacalao.

Herring. Arenque.

Shark. Tiburón.

Sole. Lenguado.

Trout. Trucha.

Hake. Merluza.

Crab. Cangrejo.

Mussel. Mejillón.

Prawn. Gamba.

Squid. Calamar.

MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE

ARBOLES, FLORES Y PLANTAS Daisy. Margarita.

Tulip. Tulipán.

Carnation Clavel.

Thistle. Cardo.

Oak. Roble.

Elm. Olmo.

Ash. Fresno.

Pine. Pino.

Palm. Palmera.

Cedar. Cedro.

Geranium. Geranio.

Jasmine. Jazmín.

Orchid. Orquídea.

Rose. Rosa.

Violet. Violeta.

HERRAMIENTAS

POLITICA 378

Prime minister. Primer ministro.

MP. Diputado.

Parliament. Parlamaento.

Cabinet. Gobierno.

House of commons. Cámara de los comunes.

House of lords. Cámara de los lores.

President. Presidente.

Governor. Gobernador.

Congress. Congreso.

Senate. Senado.

Mayor. Alcalde.

Council. Ayuntamiento.

Councillor. Concejal.

To vote. Votar.

Conservative party. Partido conservador.

Liberal. Liberal.

Faith. Fe.

God. Dios.

Virgin Mary. Virgen María.

Angel. Ángel.

Devil. Demonio.

Saint. Santo.

Priest. Sacerdote.

Vicar. Vicario.

Bishop. Obispo.

Monk. Monje.

Nun. Monja.

Heaven. Cielo.

Abbey. Abadía.

Cathedral. Catedral.

Monastery. Monasterio.

Church. Iglesia.

Temple. Templo.

Synagogue. sinagoga

Mosque. Mezquita.

To pray. Rezar.

Prayer. Oración.

Holy. Sagrado.

Withdraw. Reintegro.

Savings. Ahorros.

Democracy. Democracia.

RELIGION

BANCO Bank. Banco.

Account. Cuenta.

379

Cash. Dinero en metálico.

Profit. Beneficio.

Loss. Perdida.

Loan. Préstamo.

380

SIMILES As agile as a monkey.

Muy ágil.

As bitter as gall.

Más amargo que la retama.

As black as coal.

Más negro que el carbón.

As blind as a bat.

Más ciego que un topo.

As brave as a lion.

Más valiente que un león.

As brown as a berry.

Muy moreno.

As busy as a bee.

Ocupadísimo.

As clean as a new pin.

Más limpio que el jaspe.

As clear as crystal.

Más claro que el agua.

As cool as a cucumber.

Más fresco que una lechuga.

As cunning as a fox.

Más astuto que una zorra.

As dead as a doornail.

Completamente muerto.

As deaf as a doorpost.

Más sordo que una tapia.

As different as chalk to cheese.

Diferente como de la noche al día.

As dry as a bone.

Más seco que la mojama.

As easy as ABC.

Muy fácil.

As fit as a fiddle.

En forma.

As flat as a pancake.

Liso como una tabla.

As fresh as a daisy.

Más fresco que una lechuga.

As good as gold.

Muy bueno.

As green as grass.

Verde como la hierba.

As happy as a king.

Más alegre que unas Pascuas.

381

As hot as fire.

Muy caliente.

As light as a feather.

Ligero como una pluma.

As like as two peas.

Como dos gotas de agua.

As mad as a hatter.

Más loco que una cabra.

As old as the hills.

Más viejo que Matusalén.

As pale as death.

Más blanco que la pared.

As patient as Job.

Más paciente que el santo Job.

As poor as a church mouse.

Más pobre que una rata.

As proud as a peacock.

Más orgulloso que un pavo real.

As quiet as a mouse.

Más callado que nunca.

As red as betroot.

Más rojo que un pimiento.

As right as rain.

Más derecho que una vela.

As round as a barrel.

Más gordo que un barril.

As sharp as a razor.

Muy ingenioso.

As silent as the grave.

Más callado que una tumba.

As slippery as an eel.

Escurridizo como una anguila.

As slow as a tortoise.

Más lento que una tortuga.

As smooth as velvet.

Más suave que un guante.

As sweet as honey.

Más dulce que la miel.

As thin as a rake.

Más delgado que un palo.

As timid as a mouse.

Más tímido que nadie.

As white as snow.

Más blanco que la nieve.

As wise as an owl.

Muy sabio.

382

REFRANES A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

Más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando.

A cat may look at a king.

Nada es imposible.

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

Un amigo en la necesidad es un amigo de verdad.

A man is known by his friends.

Dime con quién andas y te diré quién eres.

A stich in time saves nine.

Quien no arregla la gotera, arregla la casa entera.

Actions speak louder than words.

Obras son amores y no buenas razones.

All roads lead to Rome.

Todos los caminos conducen a Roma.

All that glitters is not gold.

No es oro todo lo que reluce.

All work and no play makes Jack a Debe de haber tiempo para todo. dull boy. Among the blind the one-eyed is king. En el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Barking dogs seldom bite.

Una manzana al día, mantiene al doctor en la lejanía. Perro ladrador, poco mordedor.

Better be alone than in ill company.

Más vale solo que mal acompañado.

Better late than never.

Más vale tarde que nunca.

Birds of a feather flock together.

Dios los cría y ellos se juntan.

Blood is thicker than water.

La familia es lo que más tira.

Constant dripping wears the stone.

La constancia lo puede todo.

Courtesy cost nothing.

La amabiliad no cuesta nada.

Cut your coat according to your cloth. Amóldate a tu presupuesto. Don’t count your chickens until they are hatched.

No hagas como en el cuento de la lechera.

383

Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

Acostarse pronto y levantarse temprano hacen al hombre sano, rico y sabio.

Example is better than precept.

El ejemplo es el mejor precepto.

God helps those who help themselves. Dios ayuda a los que se ayudan a sí mismos. He who laughs last laughs longer. El que ríe el último, ríe mejor. He who pays the piper calls the tune.

El que paga manda.

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

Agua pasada no mueve molino.

Look after the pence and the pounds will look after themselves.

Cuida de los peniques y las libras se cuidarán solas.

Make hay while the sun shines.

Disfruta mientras puedas.

Never look a gift horse in the mouth.

A caballo regalado no le mires el diente.

One good turn deserves another.

Un buen favor se paga con otro.

Out of sight, out of mind.

Ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente.

Practice makes perfect.

La práctica hace maestros.

Such a father, such a son.

De tal palo, tal astilla.

The early bird catches the worm.

A quien madruga Dios le ayuda.

Too many cooks spoil the broth. Two heads are better than one.

Demasiados cocineros echan a perder el caldo. Cuatro ojos ven más que dos.

What’s worth doing is worth doing well.

Lo que vale la pena hacer, vale la pena hacerlo bien.

When the cat is away the mice will play.

Cuando el gato está ausente, los ratones se divierten.

Where there is a will, there is a way.

Querer es poder.

You can not have your cake and have it.

No puedes tenerlo todo.

384

EXPRESIONES IDIOMATICAS A close shave.

Por los pelos.

A crying shame.

Una vergüenza.

A day off.

Un día libre.

A dish.

Estar como un tren.

A slip of the tongue.

Un lapsus.

All alone.

Más solo que la una.

All in all.

En resumidas cuentas.

All over the world.

Por todo el mundo.

All the same.

A pesar de todo.

April fool.

Inocente.

As a matter of fact.

De hecho.

As good as done.

Dar algo por hecho.

Be in a hurry.

Tener prisa.

Be in the red.

Estar en números rojos.

Be moody.

Estar de mal humor.

Be the talk of the town.

Ser la comidilla del pueblo.

Be your age.

No seas niño. Compórtate.

Brand new

Nuevo.

By heart.

De memoria.

By the way.

A propósito.

Call a spade a spade.

Al pan pan y al vino vino.

Crack a joke.

Contar un chiste.

385

Every now and then.

De vez en cuando.

Feel homesick.

Sentir morriña.

First things first.

Lo primero es lo primero.

Follow suit.

Seguir el ejemplo.

Get rid of.

Librarse de.

Give someone a cold shoulder.

Dar de lado a alguien.

Give someone the sack.

Despedir a alguien del trabajo.

Go out on a spree.

Irse de marcha.

Go to hell.

Irse a la porra.

Goodness.

Cielos.

Have a good time.

Pasarlo bien.

Have a sweet tooth.

Ser goloso.

Have forty winks.

Dar una cabezadita.

Have fun.

Pasarlo bien.

Have the knack of.

Tener habilidad para algo.

Hit the jackpot.

Tocarle a uno el gordo.

I don’t give a damn.

Me importa un bledo.

If the cap fits wear it.

Si te pica, te aguantas.

In black and white.

Por escrito.

In the twinkling of an eye.

En un abrir y cerrar de ojos.

In time.

A tiempo.

Inside out.

Al revés.

It goes without saying.

Ni que decir tiene.

It’s up to you.

Depende de ti. 386

Jump to conclusions.

Sacar conclusiones.

Keep one’s fingers crossed.

Tocar madera.

Last but no least. Love at first sight.

El último pero no por eso menos importante. Amor a primera vista.

Many happy returns of the day.

Que cumplas muchos más.

Mind your own business.

Métete en tus asuntos.

Off the beaten track.

Fuera de lo común.

On leave.

De permiso.

On second thoughts.

Pensándolo mejor.

On time.

Puntual.

Once and for all.

De una vez por todas.

Once in a blue moon.

De uvas a peras.

Once upon a time.

Érase una vez.

One’s cup of tea.

Santo de devoción.

Out of the blue.

De repente.

Over and over again.

Una y otra vez.

Owe someone a grudge.

Tenérsela jurada a alguien.

Play host.

Hacer los honores.

Rack one’s brains.

Devanarse los sesos.

Ring a bell.

Ser familiar.

Show off.

Presumir, ostentar.

Sleep on it.

Consultarlo con la almohada.

Talk shop.

Hablar del trabajo fuera de horas.

387

The coast is clear.

No hay moros en la costa.

The last but one.

El penúltimo.

There’s no accounting for taste.

Sobre gustos no hay nada escrito.

Third time lucky.

A la tercera va la vencida.

Time is money.

El tiempo es oro.

Time is up.

Ser la hora.

To be like a bull in a china shop.

Ser un desmañado.

Turn over a new leaf.

Borrón y cuenta nueva.

Two heads are better than one.

Cuatro ojos ven más que dos.

388

TRABALENGUAS •

She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore, and the shells she sells are sea-shells, I’m sure.

•

What kind of noise annoys an oyster?. A noisy noise annoys an oyster most.

•

When a doctor gets sick, and another doctor doctors him, does the doctor doing the doctoring have to doctor the doctor the way the doctor being doctored wants to be doctored, or does the doctor doing the doctoring of the doctor, doctor as he wants to doctor?

•

Work while you work, play while you play. That is the way to be cheerful and gay

•

Whether the weather is cold, or whether the weather is hot, we have to put up with the weather, wether we like it or not

CITAS Even God can not change the past.

Agathon.

Eureka.

Archimedes.

Man is by nature a political animal.

Aristotle.

The price of wisdom is above rubies.

The Bible.

A living dog is better than a dead lion.

The Bible.

There is no new thing under the sun.

The Bible.

When thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth.

The Bible.

Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.

The Bible.

Veni, vidi, vici.

Julius Caesar.

Cogito, ergo sum.

Descartes.

It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

Good fences make good neighbours.

Robert Frost.

It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees.

La Pasionaria.

389

When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford.

Samuel Johnson.

One should eat to live, and not live to eat.

Moliere.

All animals are equal but some are more equal than others. George Orwell. Brevity is the soul of wit.

Shakespeare.

Neither a borrower or a lender be.

Shakespeare.

390

ABREVIATURAS a.m.

Before noon.

A/c.

Account.

AD.

Anno Domini.

B.A.

Bachelor of Arts.

B.C.

Before Christ.

B/E.

Bill of exchange.

B.B.C.

British Broadcasting Corporation.

Bros.

Brothers.

c.a.d.

Cash againts documents.

C.O.D.

Cash on delivery.

C.W.O.

Cash with order.

Cfm.

Confirm.

CIA.

Central Intelligence Agency.

Co.

Company.

Dept.

Department.

e.g.

For example.

FBI.

Federal Bureau of Investigation.

G.M.T.

Greenwich Mean Time.

GCE.

General Certificate of Education.

H.M.

Her Majesty.

H.R.H.

His or Her Royal Highness.

I.O.U.

I owe you.

391

IBM.

International Business Machine.

IRA.

Irish Republican Army.

ISBN.

International Standard Book Number.

K.

A thousand.

K.O.

Knock-out.

L/C.

Letter of credit.

Ltd.

Limited.

m.p.h.

Miles per hour.

MP.

Member of Parliament.

NASA.

National Astronautic and Space Administration.

NATO.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

NHS.

National Health Service.

o.n.o.

Or nearest offer.

P.

Pence.

p.a.

Per annum.

P.T.O.

Please turn over.

Pls.

Please.

POB.

Post Office Box.

R&D.

Research and development.

R.S.V.P.

Répondez s’il vous pliat.

Rgds.

Regards.

SOS.

Save our souls.

Thx.

Thanks.

392

U.N.O.

United Nations Organization.

U.S.A.

United States of America.

U.S.S.R.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

UFO.

Unidentified Flying Object.

V.A.T.

Value Added Tax.

V.I.P.

Very Important Person.

Y.M.C.A.

Young Men’s Christian Association.

393

ORACIONES y VILLANCICOS EL PADRE NUESTRO Our father, who art in Heaven Hallowed be thy name Thy kingdom come Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven Give us this day our daily bread And forgive us our trespasses As we forgive those who trepass againts us And lead us not into tempation But deliver us from evil

AVE MARÍA Hail. Mary, full of grace The Lord is with Thee Blessed art thou among women And blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary. Mother of God Pray for us sinners Now and at the hour of our death. Amen

HAPPY BIRTHDAY Happy Happy Happy Happy

birthday to you birthday to you birthday, dear…. birthday to you

For he’s a jolly good For he’s a jolly good For he’s a jolly good And so say all of us And so say all of us And so say all of us For he’s a jolly good And so say all of us

fellow fellow fellow

fellow

HOLY NIGHT 394

Silent night, holy night All is calm, all is bright Round you Virgin mother and child Holy infant so tender and mild Sleep in heavenly peace Sleep in heavenly peace Silent night, holy night Son of God, oh how bright Love is smiling from thy face Peals for us the our of grace Christ ous Saviour is born Christ ous Saviour is born

JINGLE BELLS Jingle bells, jingle bells Jingle all the way Oh what fun is to ride In a one-horse open sleigh Dashing through the snow In a one-horse open sleigh Over the fields we go Laughing all the way Bells on bob-tail ring Making spirits bright What fun it is to ride and sing A sleighing song tonight. Oh Jingle bells, jingle bells Jingle all the way Oh what fun is to ride In a one-horse open sleigh

395

1) Mary.........a German boyfriend. a - Has b - Have c - Are 2) We .....................a nice park near Sagasta Sqaure. a - Has b - Have c - Is 3) Yesterday Mr García .......it was going to rain. a - Say b - Said c - Tells 4) They were....................a fire yesterday. a - Made b - Making c - Doing 5) My grandmother was always.................home. a - At b - In c - On 6) Monforte is .................the road to Alicante. a - On b - In c - At 7) He is very good .............music. a - In b - On c - At 8) He is always ......a bad mood. a - In b - On c - At 9) ......the moment things are very different. a - In b - At c - On 10) He was ........the Navy. a - In b - On c - At 11) She drives ........full speed a - At b - In c - On 12) I am .............working there but I will change very soon. 396

a - Still b - Yet c - Already 13) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Three b - Sheep c - Ship 14) El verbo "to be " significa ....... a - Tener b - Ser o estar c - Parecer 15) Si hablamos de un perro usaremos el pronombre........ a - It b - He c - She 16) ¿A qué categoría gramatical pertenece: " My, your, his, her, its, our, your y their "? a - Pronombres personales b - Pronombres posesivos c - Adjetivos posesivos 17) ¿Qué preposición debemos usar cuando hablamos de los dias de la semana? a - On b - In c - At 18) El verbo to have se usa para formar los tiempos......... a - Simples b - Continuos c - Perfectos 19) How.............you do? a - Do b - Am c - Is 20) Let me introduce.......... a - Me b - Myself c - Mine 21) I hope you enjoy..........stay. a - You b - Your c - Yourself 22) Here you.......... a - Are b - Is c - Am

397

23) He.........a boy. a - Am b - Is c - Are 24) Isabel...............a chocolate cake. a - Is eating b - Is eat c - Is ate 25) You..................too much. a - Are work b - Are working c - Are worked 26) María Teresa................a new book. a - Are writing b - Is writeing c - Is writing 27) My sister is ..........doctor. a - An b-A c - Something 28) Is Salinas............big city? a-A b - An c - These 29) I went to the swimming pool.......hour ago. a - An b-A c - The 30) He has ........cat. a - An b-A c - Many 31) I don't work............Sunday. a - In b - On c - At 32) I wake up.........8.00. a - At b - In c - On 33) I look at the stars..................night. a - At b - In c - On 34) I ......................like liver. 398

a - Does b - Doing c - Do not 35) Where...........you from? a - Is b - Are c - Am 36) What........your brother do? a - Do b - Does c - Is 37) How old ........you? a - Is b - Are c - Am 38) What languages ........you speak? a - Does b - Are c - Do 39) ........were you born? a - Where b - Which c - What 40) He............to the University. a - Goes b - Go c - Is go 41) My wife.............at a High School. a - Teaches b - Teach c - Is tiching 42) In summer, my daughter ...........her friend Marta. a - Miss b - Misses c - Is missed 43) He............the best player in Elda. a - Is b - Are c - Am 44) I ..................................a shower. a - Am having b - Has c - Has having 45) I ................................at the moment. a - Am smoking 399

b - Smokeing c - Smoking 46) He .....................................fat. a - Get b - Is getting c - Gets 47) My sister ............................................a chocolate cake for my birthday. a - Has been making b - Has be made c - Has been makeing 48) They are.....................playing football. a - Yet b - Still c - Already 49) He has.....................come back from school. a - Already b - Yet c - Still 50) She ..................................with us next April in Cazorla. a - Will fish b - Would fishing c - Would been fishing 51) They ................................her at the airport tomorrow morning. a - Meet b - Are meeting c - Meets 52) I ...................................a Harley in November. a - Am driving b - Is driving c - Driving 53) I ..............................him a María Callas CD for his birthday. a - Give b - Giving c - Am giving 54) The new teacher.................................at seven. a - Come b - Is comeing c - Is coming 55) We ...........................some money to charities. a - Gives b - Are giveing c - Are giving 56) They ...........................to Majorca with all their friends. a - Are going 400

b - Goes c - Are go 57) He ...............smoking next year. a - Give b - Is giveing up c - Is giving up 58) I ..........................her a new Polo for her birthday. a - Buys b - Am buying c - Buy 59) The sun ...............................................this afternoon. a - Shine b - Is shineing c - Is shining 60) The waiter ..............................................a bottle of Rioja wine. a - Bring b - Bringed c - Is bringing 61) Barcelona............against Manchester United in June a - Will be playing b - Will play be c - Will be played 62) Alejand ro Sanz ...............................................a new album in March. a - Release b - Is releaseing c - Is releasing 63) What .................................................for a living? a - Does you do b - Do you do c - Do you does 64) I ...............................that this President will win again. a - Does not think b - Do not thinks c - Do not think 65) He .............most of the homework with his mother. a - Does b - Doing c - Do 66) I have ..................................................paella every Saturday for years. a - Ate b - Eat c - Eaten 67) They have just ............................................around Spain. 401

a - Travel b - Traveled c - Travelled 68) Flavio has ............................................his girlfriend. a - Forgave b - Forgive c - Forgiven 69) Toni has ...............................................fireworks for the summer party. a - Buyed b - Bought c - Boughting 70) Cayetano has ..........................................a new house for his family. a - Build b - Built c - Boughts 71) Mario has ........................................................the beers in the bar. a - Paid b - Payed c - Paying 72) My mother............her new portrait next week. a - Will have paint b - Will be paint c - Will have painted 73) We ............................in this house since 1997. a - Lived b - Have being living c - Have been living 74) He ......................a book for a long time. a - Writes b - Is wrote c - Has been writing 75) ........these books interesting? a - Is b - Are c - Am 76) The baby.......eating the food. a - Am b - Is c - Are 77) Cats.........black or white. a - Is b - Are

402

c - Am 78) Pepita ........three daughtres. a - Has b - Haave c - Having 79) Carlos is in Elche. .............works there in a shoe factory. a - Him b - He c - His 80) ..................says that Isabel is her best friend. a - She b - Her c - Hers 81) I haven't ......................................money. a - Some b - Any c - Something 82) Would you like .........................chocolates? a - Any b - Will c - Some 83) Have you seen ................love film lately? a - Some b - Any c - No 84) There are.....................................boys playing football outside. a - These b - Some c - Any 85) Is there.........................................cinema in town? a - Any b - Some c - Six 86) I've got ....................................books on computers. a - Any b - Some c - Me 87) ..........................there a bus from Alicante at 7.00? a - Is b - Are c - Am 88) There...........two trains to Madrid every day. a - Is b - Are c - Am 403

89) ................there a supermarket near here? a - Is b - Are c - Am 90) There.................a parade next Saturday. a - Is b - Are c - Am 91) There...............many restaurants in Benidorm. a - Is b - Are c - Am 92) There.............a concert next June in Santa Pola. a - Is b - Are c - Am 93) Pepi..............................swim very fast.. a - Do b - Does not c - Do 94) .........................you like football? a - Does b - Do c - Are 95) ...................Pepe read the paper? a - Do b - Does c - Is 96) I ............................eat meat. a - Do not b - Does not c - Will do 97) I want two ......................of Fanta. a - Glass b - Glassves c - Glasses 98) This tree has many .................................................. a - Leafs b - Leaves c - Leafss 99) In the zoo I saw four ..... a - Sheep b - Sheeps c - Sheppes 100) She has many ............................. 404

a - Worries b - Worrys c - Worryes 101) There are ........schools in Salinas. Only two. a - Little b - Few c - Much 102) I have .........................money left. a - Little b - Few c - Many 103) We have to study.........................books. a - Much b - Many c - Any 104) Not ...................people smoke in this University. a - Manys b - Many c - Fews 105) They pay Zidane .......................money. a - Much b - Many c - Few 106) There aren't ..............................towns in Teruel. a - Many b - Much c - Little 107) They asked me ...........................questions. a - Many b - Little c - Much 108) I don't have ................................time. a - Much b - Many c - Little 109) Everybody says that Jorge is ..............................than his brother. a - More clever b - The more clever c - The most clever 110) I am .............................teacher here. a - The oldest b - Older c - Olderest 111) This exercise is .......................................than the previous one. a - Easier 405

b - Easyer c - Easiest 112) When I was young Agustina was the .......................................swimmer in Elda. a - Fastest b - Fatesr c - The ffasterest 113) This is ........................................book I have ever read. a - The goodest b - The bester c - The best 114) You should eat ....................................chocolate. a - Littler b - Less c - Littlest 115) The picture is .......................the wall. a - At b - In c - On 116) We go to church ......................Sundays. a - At b - In c - On 117) The milk's .......................................the fridge. a - In b - At c - On 118) They sat ...........................the wall. a - On b - At c - In 119) They made the film ....................Petrel. a - In b - At c - On 120) Mary's not here - she's....................the office. a - On b - In c - At 121) The ham is...................................the shelf in the kitchen. a - On b - In c - At 122) They are all......................................the garden. a - At 406

b - In c - On 123) The papers are................................my desk. a - In b - At c - On 124) He's not..........................................work today. a - On b - In c - At 125) I'll see you ........................................Monday. a - In b - At c - On 126) They came to visit us ....................my birthday. a - In b - At c - On 127) Did you have a good time ......................Christmas? a - In b - At c - On 128) School finishes ..................................three o'clock. a - On b - In c - At 129) I'll meet you............................the station. a - At b - In c - On 130) He's still..........................................school. a - At b - In c - On 131) That picture....................the wall was painted by Vladi Monzó. a - In b - At c - On 132) We're meeting...............................7.00 on Tuesday. a - At b - On c - In 133) I ............................to the swimming pool every day at 5.00. a - Going b - Goes 407

c - Go 134) ............................what he's saying? a - Do you understand b - Does you understand c - Did you understand 135) Horatio ..........................................a shower at the moment. a - Is has b - Is having c - Has 136) Somebody...............................to us. a - Is listens b - Listens c - Is listening 137) She..........................to go home now. a - Is wants b - Is wanted c - Wants 138) How often ........................................a magazine? a - Do you read b - Does you read c - Did you reads 139) The Town Hall ...........................................a new street to Alberto Navarro. a - Should dedicate b - Shall dedicating c - Should to dedicate 140) I .......................................................in Aspe tomorrow. a - Will be b - Will is c - Will am 141) I .........................................my cousin in Madrid next week. a - Visited b - Will visit c - Visit 142) They ...........................a new road in 2007. a - Build b - Will build c - Builded 143) I ........................................to the Yelmo Cineplex cinemas tomorrow. a - Went b - Go c - Will go 144) They ...........................in La Sirena next Saturday. a - Will be having dinner 408

b - Will dinner have c - Will be dinner 145) I..........to Berlín in August. a - Will flying b - Will flying be c - Will be flying 146) They .............................a lot with that teacher. a - Will learnt have b - Will have learnt c - Will have learn 147) He ...............................many countries in April. a - Will have seen b - Will seen c - Will be seen 148) I .............................everything before 12:00. a - Will eaten b - Will have eaten c - Will be ate 149) Next summer he ............................................a new car. a - Will bought b - Will buying c - Will have been driving 150) In May he .......................................with a new team in France. a - Will played b - Will have been playing c - Will playing be 151) We.........................................many good films but this is the best. a - Has see b - Has seen c - Have seen 152) He ...............................some shoes to his brother. a - Has bought b - Has buy c - Have bought 153) The food ............................................horrible. a - Am b - Was c - Are 154) The French ...........................Spanish very bad in the past. a - Speaks b - Spoke c - Speaking 155) Inmita .......to a swimming pool in the evenings when she was 3 years old. a - Went 409

b - Go c - Went 156) When we lived in Alicante my wife ....................her mother every night. a - Phone b - Phoned c - Phones will 157) My aunt ............................gazpachos in the Culebrón. a - Ate b - Eat c - Will eats 158) We.....................................a lot in England last summer. a - Enjoying b - Enjoys c - Enjoyed 159) Lady Hernández...............................her old boyfriend in a restaurant. a - Met b - Meeting c - Meets 160) I ...............................more than ever last summer. a - Swim b - Swimming c - Swam 161) They .................................to Alicante when they were young. a - Will go b - Goes c - Went 162) The doctor .......................us hat it was nothing important. a - Tolds b - Telling c - Told 163) The bus ...........................................in every city. a - Stopped b - Stopping c - Stop 164) It ..........................................during the festivies. a - Rained b - Raining c - Raineing 165) The alarm clock...............................................but I couldn't stop it. a - Ringing b - Rings c - Was ringing

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166) He has............................................on weight since he got married. a - Puts b - Put c - Putting 167) Pepe has...................................a new apartment in Santa Pola. a - Buying b - Boughted c - Bought 168) My brother-in-law has...................................football in Alicante. a - Plays b - Played c - Playeding 169) Manuela ..........................................................aspirins for a long time. a - Is takes b - Is took c - Has been taking 170) Alberto Navarro ...........................his last book for over fifteen years. a - Has been writing b - Has be writing c - Has being writing 171) There's nothing in the fridge. They..............all. a - Must have eaten b - Must has ate c - Must had eaten 172) My parents .............................me some money when I got married. a - Giving b - Gaven c - Gave 173) I ............................................that she had won the lottery. a - Have knew b - Have known c - Has know 174) Last summer they .......................................siesta before six. a - Was sleeping b - Sleep c - Were sleeping 175) I .........................................................how to get to Alicante. a - Am explaining b - Explains c - Does explain 176) I' ve worked in Elche ...................six years. a - Since

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b - For c - Ago 177) I've lived in Elda ...................I was a child. a - Since b - For c - Ago 178) We have not been in Rome ...........we were married. a - For b - Since c - Ago 179) I've known them ................years. a - Ago b - For c - Since 180) She has been working here ...................she left school. a - For b - Since c - Ago 181) He has been in prison..................nine years. a - Ago b - Since c - For 182) Pepica has lived in Salinas.............................she was ten years old. a - For b - Since c - Ago 183) He has been ill .........a long time. a - For b - Since c - Ago 184) Pili is in her office. She's been there ..............7 o'clock. a - Ago b - For c - Since 185) The bus is late. We've been waiting .........................20 minutes. a - Since b - For c - Ago 186) Laura is studying Medicine ............................1987. a - Ago b - For c - Since 187) I've been learning English.............................January. a - For b - Ago 412

c - Since 188) I've only been cycling to work......................two months. a - For b - Since c - Ago 189) If you put ice in the sun it..............................................to water. a - Turn b - Turns c - Turning 190) If you...........................................this one I'll bring you another. a - Doesn't like b - Didn't like c - Don't like 191) If I ................................................studied I would get a better job. a - Has b - Have c - Had 192) If it ............more we could grow more trees. a - Rain b - Rained c - Raining 193) If I had bought lottery yesterday, today I..............................................rich. a - Would have being b - Will have been c - Would have been 194) If I had known that they were in Elda l............................................ them to have lunch in La Sirena. a - Willl have invited b - Would have invited c - Had invited 195) Indicativo, Subjuntivo e Imperativo son: a - Modos verbales b - Formas del adjetivo c - Tipos de adverbios 196) ¿Qué nombre reciben los siguientes verbos: "to be, to have y to do "?. a - Auxiliares b - Modales c - Ordinarios 197) My wife is........the kitchen. a - In b - On c - At 198) I was .......the station. 413

a - In b - On c - At 199) The water is..........the fridge. a - On b - In c - At 200) The book is ..........the table. a - In b - On c - At 201) My mother is.........home. a - On b - In c - At 202) My house is..............the road to Sax. a - In b - On c - At 203) The football match ................................at 6:00. a - Starts b - Are starting c - Is starting 204) We ....................................some books to the Public Library. a - Are giving b - Gives c - Giving 205) He................................................smoking next year. a - Is give up b - Is giveing up c - Is giving up 206) They ............................... "the cuartelillo ". a - Are clean b - Are cleanig c - Are cleaned 207) I like ..........................................fresh air in the mountains. a - Breathes b - Breathing c - Breathed 208) Pleased to meet ............ a - Yours b - Us c - You 209) I'll try .............English tea. a - Some 414

b - Many c - Any 210) Don't ...............to him. a - Listened b - Listen c - Listening 211) You must .........it for us. a - Make b - Makes c - Made 212) How long have you ....................learning English? a - Be b - Being c - Been 213) That's ............. a - Enough b - Enougher c - Enoughing 214) Teresa's ...........the phone. a - In b - On c - At 215) Please hurry ............. a - Down b - In c - Up 216) How ..............shirts are you going to buy? a - Many b - Much c - Often 217) .........cash. a - In b - On c - At 218) ..............credit card. a - By b - With c - In 219) Shut up and mind your ........business. a - Our b - Ours c - Own 220) The streets ...........decorated. a - Are b - Is 415

c - Will 221) Come ..............about ten o'clock. a - At b - In c - On 222) Let's ..............a good restaurant, I am very hungry. a - Finding b - Found c - Find 223) There has ........a car crash in Juan Carlos I. a - Be b - Was c - Been 224) What ................happened to him, he is very sad. a - Is b - Has c - Have 225) A little boy called Jaime ......been knocked off by a bike. a - Is b - Have c - Has 226) That ........be enough. a - Should b - Can c - Must 227) Thank ......very much. a - You b - Yours c - Youm 228) You'll need it when it gets .......... a - Coldest b - Colder c - Colding 229) I ..........hope you've got everything now, Pepe. a - Did b - Do c - Does 230) I'm really looking ...............to the concert! a - For b - Forward c - Up 231) Wasn't it worth .................all those cars? a - Washing b - Wash c - Washed 416

232) I intend to get a job ........weekends. a - In b - On c - At 233) I don't mind, .......................the hours are reasonable and the pay is good. a - Long so b - So long as c - As long as 234) It was difficult at first..........to live alone in England. a - Have b - Has c - Having 235) ............all cars here are automatic. a - Nearly b - Near c - Close 236) This is celebrated ......the fourth Thursday of November. a - On b - In c - At 237) Give.............regards to your family. a - Me b - My c-I 238) Everyone ...........paella and ham in Spain. a - Loves b - Love c - Loving 239) It says .......diving! a - Not b - No c - Any 240) I don't mind ............the same clothes everyday. a - Wearing b - Wear c - Weared 241) I'll bring you a present ........the journey. a - In b - Up c - On 242) I suppose ....... a - As b - So c - So as so

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243) That is the ............compliment you can pay to a girl like her. a - Great b - Greater c - Greatest 244) José Luis says you are a very good ......... a - Cooker b - Cooking c - Cook 245) 5.900 ...............insurance and unlimited mileage. a - Including b - Includes c - Include 246) ...............interesting! a - What b - What an c - How 247) I was .................sorry that I felt ashamed. a - So b - As c - So as 248) You can ..............a taxi and go sightseeing. a - Spend b - Hire c - Look up for 249) Can I .........a bike? a - Hire b - Spend c - Renting 250) Imagine .........to work in the Sahara. a - Have b - Having c - Has 251) People of your age ............not drink beer. a - Shall b - Will c - Should 252) The place I enjoyed .............was the museum of Moder Art. a - Most b - More c - Little 253) At what time did you .......................to the cinema last night? a - Go b - Went c - Going 254) I play football wi th......... 418

a - He b - Him c - His 255) She is ..................secretary. a - Me b - My c - Mine 256) My wife eats ..................oranges. a - Many b - Little c - So 257) The umbrella is.......... a - He b - Her c - Hers 258) If I could, I ......................go to the cinema with you, darling. a - Went b - Must c - Would 259) Girls, you ......................say those things about your friends. a - Haven't to b - Mustn't c - Mustn 260) Have another chocolate. No, thank you very much indeed, ....................too much. a - I've eaten b - I eaten c - I ate 261) I think my brother ..................to come next month. a - Cans b - Could c - Will be able 262) Mr. Martínez ......................for a loan, but then, he won the lottery. a - Was asking b - Asking c - Askeing 263) That girl is ............................pretty. a - As b - So many c - So 264) How .......................you go to Sax tomorrow? a - Does b - Shall c - Will 265) My daughter hasn't ....................from school yet. 419

a - Comed b - Coming c - Come 266) Haven't you done it ....................? a - Ago b - Yet c - For 267) Manolo, .................go to the disco tonight. a - Let us b - We let's c - We let 268) You have to be much .....................when you use this. a - More careful b - Carefuler c - Carefulest 269) It was nice to see him again. I .........him for ages. a - Haven't seen b - Haven t see c - Saw 270) Those are the ones .................came yesterday. a - Who b - Whom c - Whose 271) It ...........for ages in Almeria. Said the weather forecast yesterday. a - Doesn't rain b - Did rain c - Hasn't rained 272) I was going to write but the computer ...............down. a - Break b - Breaks c - Broke 273) Oscar always ...................tennis a - Play b - Plays c - Is play 274) ......you born in Elda ? a - Had b - Are c - Were 275) Jesús you'd like to go to buy a new computer, .............you? a - Would b - Wouldn't c - May 276) My grandmother died at the .......of 89. a – Age 420

b - Years c - Years of 277) Hey...........a look, Rocio Jurado is there with her husband. a - Have b - Take c - Put 278) Plaza Mayor .......in 1996. a - Was built b - Will be built c - Built 279) What ....................happen if we didn't go to work? a - Will b - Would c - Must 280) The local Council ...........do something about those houses! a - Must to b - Have to c - Must 281) All these children are nice, but ours are ................ a - Niecerest b - Nicer c - Nicest 282) The shop was open this morning. It ...at 4:45. a - Open b - Was open c - Opened 283) It ..............a lot in winter in Bocairente. a - Snows b - Is snowed c - Is snowing 284) We haven't seen the new Harry Potter film ... a - Yet b - Already c - Still 285) It's late and Juan is ...........in bed. a - Already b - Still c - Yet 286) I think that "The Pillars of the Earth " is .........book I have read in my life. a - The best b - Best than c - The better 287) If I were you, I .............work in that bank anymore. a - Would 421

b - Wouldn't c - Can 288) Come on, boys. We .........win them this time. a - Must b - Have to c - Have 289) She is very pretty but my girlfriend is ........ a - Prettier b - Prettiest c - The pretty 290) I was listening to the news ...........TV when the baby began to scream. a - On b - In c - At 291) This is the boy........father is the President of "The Moros Musulmanes ". a - Whose b - What c - Which 292) I ..........to London since 1993. a - Haven't been b - Haven't gone c - Haven't go 293) She doesn't live in Novelda, ...she? a - Do b - Does c - Doesn't 294) It........rain tomorrow. a - May b - Must c - Can 295) I am .............tall as Paco Cabrera. a - As b - So c - So as 296) This is the restaurant.........we celebrate our anniversary every year. a - Where b - Which c - What 297) We........some money to buy a new fridge. Can we borrow from you? a - Need b - Must c - May 298) What's your new girlfriend like ? a - Very nice b - Very pretty 422

c - Demanding 299) It's very late and your brother is...... a - Still in bed b - Still in the bed c - Already in bed 300) There is......milk in the fridge. a - No b - Some c - Many 301) .........very nice car is a Mercedes. a - What a b - How c - How a 302) I want you to .................to my party. a - Came b - Coming c - Come 303) She gave him four .........of bread. a - Loafs b - Loaves c - Loavings 304) She had .......money that she didn't know what to do. a - So much b - So many c - So 305) He got married on the ...........of May. a - 3rd b - 3nd c - 3st 306) My uncle has never been to Jamaica. a - Neither has mine b - Neither has me c - Neither has I 307) I never listen to...radio at night. a-A b - The c-308) Why don't you eat..........breakfast? a-A b - The c-309) Before......lunch we played ATAJOS. a - The b-c-A 423

310) ...........Vinalopó is the only river we have. a-b - The c-A 311) .......wine is good if you drink properly. a-b - The c-A 312) ........wine from Rioja is my favourite. a-b - The c-A 313) I went to.......hospital to visit my friend Enrique who had a heart attack. a - The b-c-A 314) Sarah goes to......church every Sunday with my wife. a-b - The c-A 315) There is .......which is not very clear in this. a - Something b - Anything c - Nothing 316) The indians had many....... a - Chiefs b - Chieves c - Cifs 317) My favourite.........were a ball and the Scalextrix. a - Toys b - Toyes c - Tois 318) A famous English king had six........ a - Wifes b - Wives c - Wivess 319) The plural of goose is... a - Gooses b - Geese c - Gees 320) .........live in Elda. a - Us b - We c - Our 321) La casa de Manoli. 424

a - House's Manoli b - Manoli's house c - The manoli's house 322) El coche de mi amigo. a - The my friend's car b - My friend's car c - Car's my friend 323) La casa de los Torres. a - The Torres' house b - Torres'ss house c - The house of Torres' 324) We were.......the theatre last night. a - In b - On c - At 325) I studied ........don Emilio's school from 1968 to 1975. a - In b - On c - At 326) I met her ..........a lecture. a - On b - In c - At 327) She studied........Oxford. a - On b - At c - Of 328) She lives.....Oxford. a - In b - On c - At 329) Elda is ......the road to Albacete. a - In b - On c - At 330) I live ......the second floor. a - In b - At c - On 331) I was born......Elda. a - On b - In c - At 332) We have a house......the coast. a - In 425

b - On c - At 333) I met her..........the croosroads. a - At b - In c - On 334) We arrived .......France in 1990. a - At b - In c - On 335) We arrived ........Paris in 1991. a - At b - On c - In 336) ......lunch time we drink coke. a - In b - On c - At 337) ......the beginning of the book I didn't like very much. a - In b - On c - At 338) ........first sight I fell in love with her. a - At b - In c - On 339) We became friends.......last. a - In b - On c - At 340) ........Christmas day my family come home. a - In b - On c - At 341) You must be ......time for the plane. a - In b - On c - At 342) Holidays in Spain are.......July to September. a - For b - From c - At 343) All the trains come......Alicante. a - From b - For 426

c - Up 344) We are going .................the cinema tonight. a - At b - To c - In 345) The safest way to travel is.......road. a - On b - In c - By 346) We got.......the bus at 8.00. a - In b - On c - By 347) I go to work........foot. a - In b - On c - By 348) ¿Qué forma verbal expresa intención? a - Going to b - Must c - Need 349) Let.................come. a - Her b - She c - Hers 350) Los advervios de frecuencia se colocan .......del verbo to be. a - Detrás b - Delante c - Cerca 351) The thief........he had robbed all the jewels. a - Adnited b - Admitted c - Admitedd 352) I ................to London in 1987. a - Go b - Went c - Gone 353) She hates....... a - Wash b - Washing c - Washed 354) She never..........lies. a - Says b - Tells c - Speaks 427

355) ........long have you been studying English? a - Where b - How c - What 356) Novelda is.......than Monóvar. a - Far b - Further c - Furthest 357) Pepe is .......rich as Manolo. a - So b - As c - Than 358) ..........does she want? a - Where b - What c - Who 359) .......is this old car? a - Whose b - Who c - Whom 360) .........was that pretty girl who was with you in the Plaza Mayor? a - Who b - Whose c - Whom 361) She play tennis. a - So do she b - So does she c - Does she so 362) Are they.........waiting for the doctor? a - Still b - Yet c - Already 363) I haven't read the book about Garzon...... a - Yet b - Still c - Already 364) I haven't written my Christmas cards...... a - Still b - Yet c - Already 365) How much is two + three? a - Five b - Six c - Seven 366) We have.................magazines and books about Elda. 428

a - A lot b - A lot of c - Lots 367) Good....... a - Ivining b - Evening c - Evenning 368) Thank you very much indeed. -You're....... a - Welcome b - Welcomed c - Welcame 369) .......Christmas Eve we have dinner together. a - In b - At c - On 370) .........way, how is your family? a - In b - By c - Upon 371) You never know........he is happy or sad. a - Whenever b - Wheather c - Whether 372) My factory passed ........the hands of my uncle. a - In b - Into c - To 373) If you ...............worried, tell your mother about it. a - Were b - Are c - Had been 374) If you................earlier tonight, we could go to the cinema. a - Come b - Came c - Comes 375) We never understood......he wanted to say. a - Who b - Which c - What 376) ......mind, I have another one. I will repair it. a - Never b - All c - Both 377) If you work for......you will not have to suffer a boss. a - You 429

b - Yours c - Yourself 378) Many people nowadays live by....... a - Them b - Themselves c - Their 379) We enjoyed ..........in our honeymoon. a - Us b - Ours c - Ourselves 380) My friend Tomás is a .........driver. a - Carefully b - Care c - Careful 381) He is always very......and sends me a Jabugo ham on November the 30th. a - Kindly b - Kaind c - Kind 382) We never speak..........about our friends. a - Badder b - Badly c - Worse 383) ......Lent people many people don't eat meat. a - At b - On c - In 384) In the middle ....................August we organise many BBQs. a - From b - Of c - On 385) People .......the beach should drink water all the time. a - In b - On c - At 386) We ought not to visit her. She........study. a - Has b - Must c - Have 387) I went for a walk........Castelar Square. a - About b - Afloat c - Around 388) ......your mouth close all the time, only answer if the teacher asks you. a - Keep 430

b - To keep c - Keeps 389) My father-in-law arrived...........Alicante airport from Italy yesterday. He went to Lineapelle. a - In b - At c - On 390) I haven't finished........ a - Yet b - Already c - Still 391) If you can't water the plants, I ........do it for you. a - Would b - Will c - Won't 392) All the shoes were........during the shoe fair in Milan. a - Sell b - Sold c - Selling 393) Hallowen is...... a - October 31st b - October 1rd c - October 1nd 394) ........faithfully. a - Your b - Yours c - Yourself 395) Everybody..........to make the beds. a - Has b - Have c - To have 396) There are.......good and bad methods of learning a language. a - All b - Neither c - Both 397) No smoking.........be allowed in all the premises. a - Will b - Shall c - Is to 398) When my mother was young my grandmother ........look after her. a - Used b - Would c - To 399) Why......you want to buy this? if it is of no use. a - Shall 431

b - Will c - Should 400) He........his wife he had had an affair with her best friend. a - Said b - Told c - Spoke 401) He ...........to the waiter that the wine was not very good. a - Told b - Said c - Sayd 402) Life is not easy. You can never..........what is going to happen. a - Say b - Tell c - Knows 403) "It has been the best day of my life "......my sister. a - Told b - Said c - Gueses 404) It goes without........ a - Telling b - Saying c - Explainig 405) ........stupid of him! a - What b - How c - What a 406) I like swimming. -.......too. a-I b - My c - Me 407) ........that Pepe were rich he would not be here. a - Provides b - Provided c - Providing 408) It was.............understood by all the students. a - Easy b - Easily c - Easier that 409) The party was.........planned. a - Wonderfully b - Wonder c - Wonderful 410) I don't think so...... a - Personally b - Personal 432

c - Personaly 411) The man with the moustache and the golden watch........be his father. a - Must b - Can c - Need 412) Do........home now it's very late! a - Go b - To go c - Goed 413) Why .......him about the accident? a - To tell b - Tell c - Telling 414) I went to the disco....... a - To dance b - Dance c - Dancing 415) Is Real Madrid going to win the league?- I think....... a - Such b - So c - Some 416) .......to speak. a - So b - Such c - As 417) She lives ........ a - The fifth floor b - On the fifth floor c - On the fivefth floor 418) English people celebrate ..........................twelve days after Christmas' day. a - Twelfth's night b - Twelve night c - Twelves nights 419) He ...................arrive late yesterday. a - Do b - Does c - Did 420) He has...................away because he was a little bit tired. a - Go b - Went c - Gone 421) Before my daughters were born I visited many....................with my wife. a - Countries 433

b - Countryes c - Cauntries 422) Please.......................on the lights. a - To switch b - Switch c - Switching 423) Don't forget ...............the letters. a - Posted b - To post c - Posts 424) The park is......................the hospital. a - Next b - Next to c - Next about 425) Someone has......................the book from the library. a - Steal b - Stole c - Stolen 426) She is always........................friends. a - Doing b - Made c - Making 427) My daughters..................so much noise! a - Do b - Make c - Making 428) What are you..................? -Just reading the paper. a - Making b - Doing c - Make 429) I have finished the book. - He said .................finished the book. a - He has b - He had c - He having 430) We always arrive............... a - Early b - Earliest c - The earlier 431) My parents work.............. a - Hard b - Harder than c - The hard 432) It .................rain tonight. It is very dark. a - May b - Mays 434

c - Mights 433) At 9.00 am you must say good................... a - Night b - Afternoon c - Morning 434) American people often say..................instead of bye a - So long b - So long as c - As by 435) We eat ...............fish. a - Many b - Much c - Few 436) I smoke..........................cigarettes than before. a - Few b - Fewerst c - Fewer 437) ....................wife's name is Inma. a-I b - Me c - My 438) They said he was a ...................teacher. a - Bored b - Boring c - Borerst 439) I was .....................because the film was boring. a - Boring b - Borest c - Bored 440) In a couple of hours the factory was......... a - Ablaze b - Ablase c - Ablasing 441) He always says that ll the Chinese look.................. a - Like b - Alike c - Likes 442) His .....................brother works in Perú. a - Elder b - Old c - Older 443) Sometimes she drives me............. a - Madder b - Mad c - Madest 435

444) Many peole are....................during the Moors and Christians Festivities. a - Drink b - Drank c - Drunk 445) The....................age of pop was the 60s. a - Gold b - Golgind c - Golden 446) I have decided .................a new bike. a - Buying b - Buy c - To buy 447) They deserve.......................treated better. a - Be b - To be c - Being 448) You had better...........................the car now. Next year the prices will go up. a - To buy b - Buy c - Buying 449) Yo must avoid........................to him. a - Speaking b - To speak c - Speak 450) I don't mind..........................to wait. a - To have b - Having c - Have 451) ¿Qué clase de conj unción es "so "? a - Consecutiva b - Copulativa c - Adversativa 452) ¿Qué clase de conjunciónes son "if, unless, as long as, provided that "? a - Condicionales b - Causales c - Finales 453) ¿Cómo se llaman las palabrass que llevan acento? a - Átonas b - Tónicas c - Agudas 454) ¿Cómo se llaman las palabras que no llevan acento? a - Átonas b - Llanas

436

c - Esdrújulas 455) ¿Cómo se llaman las palabras que llevan el acento en la última silaba? a - Agúda b - Llana c - Esdrújula 456) ¿Cómo se denominan a los verbos ser y estar? a - Transitivos b - Copulativos c - Modales 457) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Paul b - John c - Four 458) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Had b - Head c - Said 459) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Pen b - Bed c - Pan 460) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - At b - Art c - Hat 461) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Pat b - Match c - Part 462) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Shop b - Sport c - Fox 463) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Full b - Fool c - Pull 464) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Bat b - But c - Cup 465) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Run b - Rung 437

c - Sank 466) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Heard b - Turn c - Debt 467) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Place b - Plays c - Prize 468) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Bus b - Once c - Buzz 469) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Seat b - Sell c - Shell 470) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Thin b - Sin c - Thing 471) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Ham b - Hum c - Bun 472) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Was b - Wash c - Ship 473) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Swan b - Bald c - Ball 474) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Want b - Wallet c - Salt 475) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Scar b - Party c - Dollar 476) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Daughter b - Fault c - Because 438

477) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Beans b - Bread c - Dead 478) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Dry b - Big c - City 479) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Bore b - Canoe c - Shoe 480) Yes, they........interesting books. a - Is b - Are c - Am 481) I...........a teacher. a - Is b - Am c - Are 482) You.........the limit. a - Are b - Is c - Am 483) I ....................tall. a - Is b - Am c - Are 484) Horacio ......in Elche. a - Am b - Is c - Are 485) I.........in the classroom. a - Am b - Is c - Are 486) You.....................tall. a - Is b - Are c - Am 487) Tres. a - Zrui b - Tree c - Three 488) Cinco. 439

a - Faif b - Five c - Fife 489) Diez. a - Tenn b - Tent c - Ten 490) Trece. a - Thirten b - Therteen c - Thirteen 491) Dieciséis. a - Sixten b - Sisteen c - Sixteen 492) Diecisiete. a - Seventeen b - Seventen c - Seveteen 493) Madre. a - Sister b - Daugher c - Mother 494) Abuelo. a - Father in law b - Grandfather c - Granparentes 495) Abuela. a - Motherold b - Grandmother c - Mother inlaw 496) Hija. a - Daughter b - Sister c - Mother 497) Pariente. a - Relative b - Parent c - Parenting 498) Chaleco. a - Coat b - Waistcoat c - Tie 499) Vaqueros. a - Jins 440

b - Jeans c - Troussers 500) Macarena lives........Ronda. a - In b - On c - At

441

Soluciones 1. A 14. B 27. B 40. A 53. C 66. C 79. B 92. A 105. A 118. A 131. C 144. A 157. A 170. A 183. A 196. A 209. A 222. C 235. A 248. B 261. C 274. C 287. B 300. A 313. A 326. C 339. C 352. B 365. A 378. B 391. B 404. B 417. B 430. A 443. B 456. B 469. C 482. A 495. B

2. B 15. A 28. A 41. A 54. C 67. C 80. A 93. B 106. A 119. A 132. A 145. C 158. C 171. A 184. C 197. A 210. B 223. C 236. A 249. A 262. A 275. B 288. A 301. A 314. A 327. B 340. B 353. B 366. B 379. C 392. B 405. B 418. A 431. A 444. C 457. B 470. C 483. B 496. A

3. B 16. C 29. A 42. B 55. C 68. C 81. B 94. B 107. A 120. C 133. C 146. B 159. A 172. C 185. B 198. C 211. A 224. B 237. B 250. B 263. C 276. A 289. A 302. C 315. A 328. A 341. A 354. B 367. B 380. C 393. A 406. C 419. C 432. A 445. C 458. A 471. A 484. B 497. A

4. B 17. A 30. B 43. A 56. A 69. B 82. A 95. B 108. A 121. B 134. A 147. A 160. C 173. B 186. C 199. B 212. C 225. C 238. A 251. C 264. C 277. A 290. A 303. A 316. A 329. B 342. B 355. B 368. A 381. C 394. B 407. B 420. C 433. C 446. C 459. C 472. A 485. A 498. B

5. A 18. C 31. B 44. A 57. C 70. B 83. B 96. A 109. A 122. B 135. B 148. B 161. C 174. C 187. C 200. B 213. A 226. A 239. B 252. A 265. C 278. A 291. A 304. A 317. A 330. C 343. A 356. B 369. C 382. B 395. A 408. B 421. A 434. A 447. B 460. B 473. A 486. B 499. B

6. A 19. A 32. B 45. A 58. B 71. B 84. B 97. C 110. A 123. C 136. C 149. C 162. C 175. A 188. A 201. C 214. B 227. A 240. A 253. A 266. B 279. B 292. A 305. A 318. B 331. B 344. B 357. B 370. B 383. A 396. C 409. A 422. B 435. B 448. B 461. C 474. C 487. C 500. A

7. C 20. B 33. A 46. B 59. C 72. C 85. A 98. B 111. A 124. C 137. C 150. B 163. A 176. B 189. B 202. B 215. C 228. B 241. C 254. B 267. A 280. C 293. B 306. A 319. B 332. B 345. C 358. B 371. C 384. B 397. B 410. A 423. B 436. C 449. A 462. B 475. C 488. B

8. A 21. B 34. C 47. A 60. A 73. C 86. B 99. A 112. A 125. C 138. A 151. C 164. A 177. A 190. C 203. A 216. A 229. B 242. B 255. B 268. A 281. B 294. A 307. B 320. B 333. A 346. B 359. A 372. B 385. B 398. B 411. A 424. B 437. C 450. B 463. B 476. C 489. C

9. B 22. A 35. B 48. B 61. A 74. C 87. A 100. A 113. A 126. C 139. A 152. A 165. C 178. B 191. C 204. A 217. A 230. B 243. C 256. A 269. A 282. C 295. A 308. C 321. B 334. B 347. B 360. A 373. B 386. B 399. C 412. A 425. C 438. B 451. A 464. A 477. A 490. C

10. A 23. B 36. B 49. A 62. C 75. B 88. B 101. B 114. B 127. B 140. A 153. B 166. B 179. B 192. B 205. C 218. A 231. A 244. C 257. C 270. A 283. A 296. A 309. B 322. B 335. C 348. A 361. B 374. B 387. C 400. B 413. B 426. C 439. C 452. A 465. C 478. A 491. C

11. A 24. A 37. B 50. A 63. B 76. B 89. A 102. A 115. C 128. C 141. B 154. B 167. C 180. B 193. C 206. B 219. C 232. B 245. A 258. C 271. C 284. A 297. A 310. B 323. A 336. C 349. A 362. A 375. C 388. A 401. B 414. A 427. B 440. A 453. B 466. C 479. A 492. A

12. A 25. B 38. C 51. B 64. C 77. B 90. A 103. B 116. C 129. A 142. B 155. A 168. B 181. C 194. B 207. B 220. A 233. B 246. C 259. B 272. C 285. B 298. B 311. A 324. C 337. C 350. A 363. A 376. A 389. B 402. B 415. B 428. B 441. B 454. 467. A 480. B 493. C

13. C 26. C 39. A 52. A 65. A 78. A 91. B 104. B 117. A 130. B 143. C 156. B 169. C 182. B 195. A 208. C 221. A 234. C 247. A 260. A 273. B 286. A 299. A 312. B 325. C 338. A 351. B 364. B 377. C 390. A 403. B 416. A 429. B 442. A 455. A 468. C 481. B 494. B

442