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1.10

9π 2 ρV D F = 3 πµ DV + 16

2

where D = sphere diameter,µ = viscosity, and ρ = density. Is the formula homogeneous? Solution:

Write this formula in dimensional form, using Table 1-2: 9π ρ ? + { }{V} {D} 16

π }{D}{V} µ {F} ={3 }{ ML T2

or:

= {1}

M {L} LT

2

2

pB (9.81)(2.0) =p B RT Accurate answer.

95000 + 9790(2.0) − 9790(4.0) ≈p B ≈75420 Pa

Approximate answer.

2.15 In Fig. P2.15 all fluids are at 20 °C. Gage A reads 15 lbf/in2 absolute and gage B reads 1.25 lbf/in2 less than gage C. Compute (a) the specific weight of the oil; and (b) the actual reading of gage C in lbf/in2 absolute.

Fig. P1.22

Solution: We see that u slows down monotonically from U∞ at A to zero at point B, x = −R, which is a flow “stagnation point.” From Example 1.5, the acceleration (du/dt) is U∞ +

2R 2 x3

V3 =

pB + γ oil (1.0 ft) +(62.4)(2.0 ft) =p C =p B +(1.25)(144) psf

This acceleration is negative, as expected, and reaches a minimum near point B, which is found by differentiating the accel eration with respect tox: x |max decel. ≈ −1.291 Ans. (b) R

2 du |min = −0.372 U ∞ dt R A plot of the flow decelerationalong line AB is shown as follows.

S ubsti tuti ng ζ = −1. 291 i nto ( du/dt) gi ves

S ol ve f or γ oil ≈ 55.2 lbf/ft 3

Ans. ( a)

With the oil weight known, we can now apply hydrostatics from point A to point C: pC = pA + ρ gh= (15)(144) + (0.0767)(2.0) +(55.2)(2.0) +(62.4)(2.0)

Ans. ( a)

Solution:

Solution:

Convert the temperature from 75 °F to 535°R. Convert the pressure to psf:

π 1 4 12

Wair = ρg υ = (0.00732 slug/ft3 )(32.2 ft/s2 )(3.0 ft 3) ≈ 0.707 lbf 1.45 A block of weight W slides down an inclined plane on a thin film of oil, as in Fig. P1.45 at right. The film contact area is A and its thickness h. Assuming a linear velocity distribution in the film, derive an analytic expression for the terminal velocity V of the block.

Ans.

hW sin θ µA

x

1.65 The system in Fig. P1.65 is used to estimate the pressure p1 in the tank by measuring the 15-cm height of liquid in the 1-mm-diameter tube. The fluid is at 60°C. Calculate the true fluid height in the tube and the percent error due to capillarity if the fluid is (a) water; and Fig. P1.65 (b) mercury. Solution: This is a somewhat more realistic variation of Ex. 1.9. Use values from that example for contact angleθ : 3 (a) Water at 60°C: γ ≈ 9640 N/m , θ ≈ 0°: 4Y cos θ 4(0.0662 N/m)cos(0 °) = = 0. 0275 m, γD (9640 N/m3 )(0.001 m)

∆htrue = 15.0 – 2.75 cm ≈ 12.25 cm (+22% error)

Ans. (a)

or: ∆htrue = 15.0 + 0.91 ≈15.91cm ( −6%error)

y CP,g = −

Solution: The absolute maximum length L occurs when the pump inlet pressure is slightly greater than 20 kPa. The pump increases this by 1.3 MPa and friction drops the pressure over a distance L until it again reaches20 kPa. In other words, quite simply, 1.3 MPa =1,300,000 Pa =(150 Pa/m)L, or L

max

≈ 8660 m Ans.

It makes more sense to havethe pump inlet at 1 atm, not 20 kPa, dropping L to about 8 km.

σ xx = 3000 psf σ yy = 2000 psf σ xy = 500 psf

Ans. ( b)

2.4 Given a flow pattern with isobars po − Bz + Cx 2 = constant. Find an expression x = fcn(z) for the family of lines everywhere parallel to the local pressure gradient? p. Solution: Find the slope (dx/dz) of the isobars and take the negative inverse and dx dx −1 integrate: d |p=const = B = (po − Bz +Cx 2) = −B +2Cx = 0, or: dz dz dz 2C x ( dx /dz) gradient T hus

dx |gradient= − 2Cx , i ntegrate dz B

dx −2C dz = , x = const e−2Cz/B x B

Ans.

2.8 A diamond mine is 2 miles below sea level. (a) Estimate the air pressure at this depth. (b) If a barometer, accurate to 1 mm of mercury, is carried into this mine, how accurately can it estimate the depth of the mine? Solution:

(1/12)(1.2)(1) 3sin 60 ° 0.0722 =− hC G (1.2) hC G

(a) Convert 2 miles = 3219 m and use a linear-pressure-variation estimate:

Then p ≈ pa + γ h = 101,350 Pa + (12 N/m3 )(3219 m) = 140,000 Pa ≈140 kPa

Ans . (a)

Alternately, the troposphere formula, Eq. (2.27), predicts a slightly higher pressure: p ≈ pa (1 − Bz/To) 5.26 =(101.3 kPa)[1 −(0.0065 K/m)( 3219 − m)/288.16 K] = 147 kPa Ans. (a)

5.26

(b) The gage pressure at this depth is approximately 40,000/133,100 ≈ 0.3 m Hg or 300 mm Hg ±1 mm Hg or ±0.3% error. Thus the error in the actual depth is 0.3 % of 3220 m or about±10 m if all other parameters are accurate. Ans. (b)

2 2 2 2 p1 V 1 p2 V 2 117 V 1 2116 V 3 + ≈ + , or: + ≈ + , 2 2 1.93 2 1.93 2 ρ ρ

Ans.

0

U y 1 + b dy −2 ρ UbH, 2 L

1

0

U y U y 1+ ρ 1 + b dy −2Hρ U 2b = −Fdrag 2 L 2 L

3L 3 7 1 Use H = , then Fdrag = ρ U 2Lb − ρU 2Lb ≈ ρ U 2Lb 4 2 6 3

Ans.

Eliminate V 1 and introduce V3 = 19.66

D 1/12

2

ft to obtain D4 = 3.07E −4, D ≈ 0.132 ft s

Ans.

The dimensionless force, or drag coefficient F/(ρU 2Lb), equals C D = 1/3.

Ans.

Fx = −F bolts +p 1,gageA 1 =m(V

2

2

≈ 12.8 m/s

π π (0.08) 2 −(998) (0.08) 2(5.0)[12.8 −5.0] ≈ 163 N 4 4

Ans .

Thus F = ρA jV

2 j

(

)

= 1.94

slug π 2 ft ft 3 4 12

tank

2

50

ft s

2

≈ 106 lbf

Ans .

3.74 Water at 20°C flows down a vertical 6-cm -diameter tube at 300 gal/min, as in the figure. The flow then turns horizontally and exits through a 90° radial duct segment 1 cm thick, as shown. If the radial outflow is uniform and steady, estimate the forces (F x , F y , F z) required to support this system ag ainst fluid momentum changes.

Ans .

2.66 Dam ABC in Fig. P2.66 is 30 m wide into the paper and is concrete (SG≈ 2.40). Find the hydrostatic force on surface AB and its moment about C. Could this force tip the dam over? Would fluid seepage under the dam change your argument?

Ans. (a)

Ans. (b)

4.21 Air flows under steady, approximately one-dimensional conditions through the conical nozzle in Fig. P4.21. If the speed of sound is approximately 340 m/s, what is the minimum nozzle-diameter ratio D e/D o for which we can safely neglect compressibility effects if V o = (a) 10 m/s and (b) 30 m/s? Fig. P4.21

π π ρoV o D 2o = ρ eV e D ,2e or V o ≈V (De /De ) o 2 if ρ o≈ ρ e 4 4 To avoid compressibility corrections, we require (Eq. 4.18) that Ma ≤ 0.3 or, in this case, the highest velocity (at the exit) should be Ve ≤ 0.3(340) = 102 m/s. Then we compute (D e/D o) mi n =(V o/V )e

Solution: The CV surrounds the tank and wheels and cuts through the jet, as shown. We have to assume that the splashing into Fig. P3.61 the tank does not increase the x-momentum of the water in the tank. Then we can write the CV horizontal force relation: d Fx = −F = u ρ dυ −mi n uin = 0 −mVjet independent ofθ dt

h (8h csc 60 °) 2

U δ (3 m/ s)(0.011 m) m = = 0.0055 s 6x 6(1 m)

Solution: If we apply one-dimensional continuity to this duct,

−V ),1

3.61 A 20°C water jet strikes a vane on a tank with frictionless wheels, as shown. The jet turns and falls into the tank without spilling. If θ = 30°, estimate the horizontal force F needed to hold the tank stationary.

Fig. P2.62

dδ y2 y3 dδ C δ v = 2U − , wher e = = dx 2δ 2 3δ 3 dx 2 x 2 x

vmax = v|y=δ =

Q1 = Q 2, or (5 m/s)( π/4)(0.08 m) 2 =V 2( π/4)(0.05) ,2 solve for V

or: F bolts = (71300)

The two-dimensional incompressible continuity equation yields

This estimate is within 4% of the exactvmax computed from boundary layer theory.

Fig. P3.54

Finally, write the balance of horizontal forces:

2.62 Gate AB in Fig. P2.62 is 15 ft long and 8 ft wide into the paper, hinged at B with a stop at A. The gate is 1-in-thick steel, SG = 7.85. Compute the 20°C water level h for which the gate will start to fall.

Solution:

or :

Now apply conservation of mass to determine the exit velocity: Ans.

4.19 An incompressible flow field has the cylinder componentsυ θ = Cr , υ z = K (R 2 – r 2), υ r = 0, where C and K are constants andr ≤ R, z ≤ L. Does this flow satisfy continuity? What might it represent physically? (a) Assuming a no-slip condition at the wall, find an expression for the velocity component v(x, y) for y ≤ δ. (b) Then find the maximum value of v at the stationx = 1 m, for the particular case of airflow, whenU = 3 m/s and δ = 1.1 cm.

(b) We see that v increases monotonically with y, thusvmax occurs at y = δ :

p1 − p2 = (γ merc −γ water)h = (132800 − 9790)(0.58 m) ≈71300 Pa (gage)

− (9790)h C G (1.2)(0.5 +0.0722/h C G )

∂u ∂ v ∂ w ∂ ∂ f ∂ df + + = (4 xy2 ) + + ( −zy2) =4 y2 + −y2 =0 dy ∂x ∂ y ∂ z ∂ x ∂ y∂ z df = −3 y2. Integrate: f ( y) = ( −3 y2 ) dy =− y 3 +constant Ans. dy

y

Solution: Let the CV cut through the bolts and through section 2. For the given manometer reading, we may compute the upstream pressure:

Solve for h C G , water = 2.09 m, or: h = h C G + 0.433 = 2.52 m

Solution: Simply substitute the given velocity components into the incompressible continuity equation:

−2 y dδ 2 y2 dδ dδ y y2 ∂v ∂u =− = −U + , or: v =2U − dy | x =const dx 0 δ 2 δ 3 ∂y ∂x δ 2 dx δ 3 dx

M A = 0 = (23242)(0.5461) +(1766)(0.5cos60 °)

1/2

=(V /102) o

1/2

= 0.31 if V o 10 = m/s = 0.54 if V o =30 m/s

Ans . (a) Ans. (b)

4.31 According to potential theory (Chap. 8) for the flow approaching a rounded twodimensional body, as in Fig. P4.31, the velocity approaching the stagnation point is given by u = U (1 – a2/x2), where a is the nose radius and U is the velocity far upstream. Compute the value and position of the maximum viscous normal stress Fig. P4.31 along this streamline. Is this also the position of maximum fluid deceleration? Evaluate the maximum viscous normal stress if the fluid is SAE 30 oil at 20°C, with U = 2 m/s and a = 6 cm. Solution:

(a) Along this line of symmetry the convective deceleration is one-dimensional:

ax = u

∂u a2 2a2 a2 a4 = U 1 − 2 U 3 =2U 2 3 − 5 ∂x x x x x

da This has a maximum deceleration at x = 0, or at x = − √ (5/3) a= −1.29a dx

Ans . (a)

The value of maximum deceleration at this point isax,max = −0.372U 2/a. (b) The viscous normal stress along this line is given by

Solution: The centroid of surface AB is 40 m deep, and the total force on AB is

Fig. P2.66

F = γ h CG A =(9790)(40)(100 ×30) = 1.175E9 N

Solution: First convert 300 gal/min = 0.01893 m3/s, hence the mass flow isρQ = 18.9 kg/s. The vertical-tube velocity (down) is V tube = 0.01893/[( π/4)(0.06) 2] = −6.69 k m/s. The exit tube area is (π/2)R ∆h = ( π/2)(0.15)(0.01) = 0.002356 m2, hence V exit = Q/A exit = 0.01893/0.002356= 8.03 m/s. Now estimate the force components: +45°

−V exitsinθ ρ ∆hR dθ ? 0

F x = F x = u out dmout =

The line of action of this force is two-thirds of the way down along AB, or 66.67 m from A. This is seen either by inspection (A is at the surface) or by the usual formula: y CP = −

but also V1 = V 3

or :

The weight of the gate, W = 180(9.81) = 1766 N, acts at the centroid, as shown above. Since the force at B equals zero, we may sum moments counterclockwise about A to find the water depth:

or: 110.9h3 = 150000 − 18369, h = (131631/110.9)1/3 =10.6 ft

S ol ve f or τ AA ≈ 683 lbf/ft 2

Fo 2 ρo (π /4)D 2o

o=

3.54 For the pipe-flow reducing section of Fig. P3.54, D 1 = 8 cm, D 2 = 5 cm, and p2 = 1 atm. All fluids are at 20°C. If V 1 = 5 m/s and the manometer reading ish = 58 cm, estimate the total horizontal force resisted by the flange bolts.

M B = (10000)(15) −(288.2h 2)[(h/2)csc 60 ° −(h/6) csc 60 °] −4898(7.5cos 60 °) = 0,

Ft,AA = 0 = τAA L −(3000 cos30 −500 sin 30)L sin 30 −(500 cos30 −2000 sin 30)L cos 30

1

L 2

The weight of the gate is (7.85)(62.4 lbf/ft3)(15 ft)(1/12 ft)(8 ft) = 4898 lbf. This weight acts downward at the CG of thefull gate as shown (not the CG of the submerged portion). Thus, W is 7.5 ft above point B and has moment arm (7.5 cos 60° ft) about B. We are now in a position to findh by summing moments about the hinge line B:

Ans. ( a)

ρ u dA − ρ u dA =2 ρ

Fx = 0 = uρ u dA − uρ u dA =2

(1/12)(8)(h csc 60° ) 3sin 60° (h/2)(8h csc 60° ) h = − csc 60 ° 6

Fn,AA = 0 = σ AA L − (3000 sin 30 + 500 cos30)L sin 30 − (2000 cos30 + 500 sin 30)L cos30 S ol ve f or σ AA ≈ 2683 lbf/ft 2

Fig. P2.61

y CP = − Fig. P2.1

Fig. P3.41

V = 4xy2i + f(y)j – zy2k

2

= 288.2h2 (lbf)

Solution: Make cut “AA” so that it just hits the bottom right corner of the element. This gives the freebody shown at right. Now sum forces normal and tangential to side AA. Denote side length AA as “L.”

Fig. P3.172

Solution: At 35°C the vapor pressure of water is approximately5600 Pa (Table A.5). Bernoulli from the surface to point 3 gives the Torricelli result V 3 = √(2gh) = √2(32.2)(6) ≈ 19.66 ft/s. We can ignore section 2 and write Bernoulli from (1) to (3), with p 1 = pvap and ∆z = 0:

where 2H is the inlet height. Solve for H = 3L/4. Now the linear momentum relation is used. Note that the drag force F is to the . right (force of the fluid on the body) thus the force Fof the body on fluid is to the left We obtain,

These are shown on the freebody at right. The water force and its line of action are shown without numbers, because they depend upon the centroidal depth on the water side:

F = γ h CG A =(62.4)

Find the shear and normal stresses on plane AA cutting through at 30°.

Ans . (b)

Find the appropriate form of the functionf(y) which satisfies the continuity relation.

L

Solution: Only the length (h csc 60°) of the gate lies below the water. Only this part contributes to the hydrostatic force shown in the freebody at right:

2.1 For the two-dimensional stress field in Fig. P2.1, let

cm s

Fig. P3.44

0=

(1/12)(1.2)(1) 3sin 60 ° = −0. 0461 m (1.567)(1.2)

y CP = −

Ans. (b)

=1.24

4.9 An idealized incompressible flow has the proposed three-di mensional velocity distribution

Ans . (c)

Fg = γ hA =(12360)(1.567)(1.2) =23242 N

(b) Mercury at 60°C: γ ≈ 132200 N/m , θ ≈ 130°:

1.75 Oil, with a vapor pressure of 20 kPa, is delivered through a pipeline by equallyspaced pumps, each of which increases the oil pressure by 1.3 MPa. Friction losses in the pipe are 150 Pa per meter ofpipe. What is the maximum possible pump spacing to avoid cavitation of the oil?

Ans. (a) 2

Ans .

3.172 The 35°C water flow of Fig. P3.172 discharges to sea-level standard atmosphere. Neglecting losses, for what nozzle diameter D will cavitation begin to occur? To avoid cavitation, should you increase or decrease D from this critical value?

To avoid cavitation, we would keep D < 0.132 ft , which will keep p1 > pvapor.

Fw = (9790)h CG (1.2)

4Y cos θ 4(0.47 N/m)cos 130 ° = = −0. 0091 m, γD (132200 N/m3 )(0.001 m)

250/3600 N/s m mL =7.8 ×10 −6 =7.8 s s 8909 N/m3

Solution: The proper CV is the entrance (1) and exit (2) plus streamlines above and below which hit the top and bottom of the wake, as shown. Then steady-flow continuity yields,

Solution: Let γ = 12360 N/m3 for glycerin and 9790 N/m3 for water. The centroid of AB is 0.433 m vertically below A, so h CG = 2.0 − 0.433 = 1.567 m, and we may compute the glycerin force and its line of action:

2 pa p V2 +0 +z 1 ≈ a + +z 2 γ γ 2g

pC + γ zC ≈ pa + γ z2 , or, at point 3: pC , mi n = pa − γ (z3 − z2 ) = pa − ρ g(L +H)

3.44 Consider uniform flow past a cylinder with a V-shaped wake, as shown. Pressures at (1) and (2) are equal. Let b be the width into the paper.Find a formula for the force F on the cylinder due to the flow. Also computeC D = F/( ρU 2Lb).

2.61 Gate AB in Fig. P2.61 is a homogeneous mass of 180 kg, 1.2 m wide into the paper, resting on smooth bottom B. All fluids are at 20°C. For what water depth h will the force at point B be zero?

3

h=

3

pCC = pair + ρwater g ∆ z CC = 8000 Pa + (9790 N/m3 )(0.25 m) =10448 Pa-gage FCC = pCC ACC = (10448 Pa)( π/4)[(0.36 m) −(0.16 m) ] = 853 N

2 2

Solve for V 2 =V exit = 2g(z 1 −z 2) = 2gH Ans . Since the velocity is constant throughout th e tube, at any point C inside the tube,

(b) The net force on the cylindrical sidewall CC is zero due to symmetry. Ans. (b) (c) The force on annular region CC is, like part (a), the pressure at CC times the area of CC:

2

Fig. P3.169

Write Bernoulli from 1 to 2: p1 p V + + z1 ≈ 2 + +z 2 , or: γ 2g γ 2g

Fig. P3.20

or: Fo = 2 ρ oA oV 2,o solve for V

2

=0,

Solution:

Fx = −Fo =m outu out −m inu in = m jet( −V o) −m jet( +V )o

+ (9790 N/m3 )(0.25 + 0.12 m) Fig. P2.60 = 11622 Pa-gage Fbottom = p bottomA bottom= (11622 Pa)( π/4)(0.36 m) 2 = 1180 N Ans. (a)

Ans.

Ans.

V 12

Solution: For a CV enclosing the vane and the inlet and outlet jets,

pbottom = p air + ρ waterg ∆ z = 8000 Pa

V Fx = W sin θ −τA =W sin θ − µ A = ma h

or:

Ans.

Solution: (a) The bottom force is simply equal to bottom pressure times bottom area:

Fig. P1.45

3 y y3 − b dy − U ob dy 2δ 2δ 3 0

3.41 In Fig. P3.41 the vane turns the water jet completely around. Find the maximum jet velocity V o for a force F o.

Fig. P2.45

or: pA = patm −12200 Pa = 12200 Pa (vacuum)

Solution: Let “x” be down the incline, in the direction of V. By “terminal” velocity we mean that there is no acceleration. Assume a linear viscous velocity distribution in the film below the block. Then a force balance in the x direction gives:

h=

Q2 = Q1 =

2.60 The pressure in the air gap is 8000 Pa gage. The tank is cylindrical. Calculate the net hydrostatic force (a) on the bottom of the tank; (b) on the cylindrical sidewall CC; and (c) on the annular plane panel BB.

Then the total weight of air in the tire is

0

But also Q 2 = V 2 π(0.1 m)(0.002 m) =7.8 ×10 −,6 solve for V

+ (9790)(0.45 m) = p A ,

p 6724 lbf/ft2 = = 0.00732 slug/ft3 RT (1717 ft lbf/slug ? ?°R)(535 R) °

or: V terminal =

Solution: Take γ = 9790 N/m3 for water and 133100 N/m3 for mercury. Write the hydrostatic formula between the atmosphere and point A:

p1 p V + + z1 = 2 + +z 2 +hf +hturb , or: 0 +0 +50 =0 +0 +10 +hf +hturb γ 2g γ 2g Q 2 where hf = 3.5Vpipe /(2g) and hp = Pp /(γ Q) and Vpipe = (π /4)D 2pipe

3.169 Once it has been started by sufficient suction, thesiphonin Fig. P3.169 will run continuously as long as reservoir fluid is available. Using Bernoulli’s equation with no losses, show (a) that the exit velocity V 2 depends only upon gravity and the distanceH and (b) that the lowest (vacuum) pressure occurs at point 3 and depends on the distance L + H.

δ

0 = Q top + Q right −Q l eft =Q + U o

Solution: The specific weight of the oil is (0.91)(9790) = 8909 N/m3. Then

− (133100)(0.15 m) − (12)(0.30 m)

From this compute the density of the air in the tire:

ρair =

Ans.

2 2

Q 3 − 35410Q + 2.261E6 =0, with roots Q = +76.5, +137.9, and −214.4 m3 /s

5 3 = Q + U ob δ −U ob δ, solve for Q = U ob δ 8 8

= 222 lbf

V 12

Introduce the given numerical data (e.g. D pipe = 4 m, P pump = 25E6 W) and solve:

3.20 Oil (SG-0.91) enters the thrust bearing at 250 N/hr and exits radially through the narrow clearance between thrust plates. Compute (a) the outlet volume flow in mL/s, and (b) the average outlet velocity in cm/s.

patm + (0.85)(9790)(0.4 m)

p = (32 lbf/in2 )(144 in 2 /ft2 ) + 2116 lbf/ft2 = 4608 + 2116 ≈ 6724 lbf/ft2

Ans. ( c)

Fig. P3.145

The flow rate is the unknown, with the turbine power known:

The negative Q is nonsense. The large Q (=137.9) gives large friction loss, hf ≈ 21.5 m. The smaller Q ( = 76.5) gives hf ≈ 6.6 m, about right. Select Qriver ≈ 76.5 m 3/s. Ans.

δ

2

Therefore the handle force required is F= P/16 = 222/16 ≈ 14 lbf 2.45 Determine the gage pressure at point A in Fig. P2.45, in pascals. Is it higher or lower than Patmosphere?

1.26 A tire has a volume of 3.0 ft and a ‘gage’ pressure of 32 psi at 75°F. If the ambient pressure is sea-level standard, what is the weight of air in the tire?

V 4 =5.24 m/s

For the given control volume and incompressible flow, we obtain

W 2000 lbf = = 40744 psf , A 3-in ( π /4)(3/12 ft) 2

Hence P = poil Asmall = (40744)

3

Ans(a) .

3η −η 3 y u ≈ Uo where η = Fig. P3.16 2 δ Compute the volume flowQ across the top surface of the control volume.

M A = 0 = F(15 +1) −P(1),

poil =

V 1 =5.45 m/s

From mass conservation, Q4 = V 4A 4

or: F = P/16, where P is the force in the small (1 in) piston.

3.145 The large turbine in Fig. P3.145 diverts the river flow under a dam as shown. System friction losses are hf = 3.5V 2 /(2g), where V is the average velocity in the supply pipe. For what river flow rate in m3/s will the power extracted be 25 MW? Which of the two possible solutions has a better “conversion efficiency”? Solution:

π π π V1 (0.04 2 ) +(5) (0.05 2) +(5.89) (0.06 )2 =0.0333 4 4 4

Meanwhile figure the pressure in the oil from the weight on the large piston:

Ans.

Fig. P3.141

( 1)

Q4 (0.0333 m 3 /s) = =5.89 m/s Ans. (b) π 2 A3 (0.06 2 ) 2

( 0. 0333 m3 /s) = V 4 (π ) ( 0. 06 2 )/4

First sum moments clockwise about the hinge A of the handle:

p1 − p2 V12 − V 22 160000 + +(z 1 −z 2) = +0 −7.66 ≈8.7 m 2g 998(9.81) ρg

Fig. P3.8

3.16 An incompressible fluid flows past an impermeable flat plate, as in Fig. P3.16, with a uniform inlet profile u = U o and a cubic polynomial exit profile

Fig. P2.20

Solution:

p1 p p−p 75000 + z1 = 2 +z 2, or: z 2 −z1 = 1 2 = ≈7. 66 m 998( 9. 81) ρg ρg ρg

3.141 Water at 20°C is pumped at 1500 gal/ min from the lower to the upper reservoir, as in Fig. P3.141. Pipe friction losses are approximated byhf ≈ 27V 2 /(2g), where V is the average velocity in the pipe. If the pump is 75 percent efficient, what horsepower is needed to drive it?

Substituting into (1),

Ans. (b)

2.20 The hydraulic jack in Fig. P2.20 is filled with oil at 56 lbf/ft 3. Neglecting piston weights, what force F on the handle is required to support the 2000-lbf weight shown?

With the valve closed, there is no velocity or friction loss:

With flow: h f =

Since 0.2Q 3 = 0.1Q 4, and Q4 = (120 m3/h)(h/3600 s) = 0.0333 m3/s,

or: pC = 2395 lbf/ft2 = 16.6 psi

U2 2 2 x − = ∞ , ζ = R ζ3 ζ 5 R

Ans.

Solution: (a) For steady flow we have Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = Q 4, or

Fig. P2.15

u = U ∞ (1 −R 2/x 2); v =w =0

4

Solution:

When the valve is open, the velocity is the same at (1) and (2), thus “d” is not needed:

3.8 Three pipes steadily deliver water at 20°C to a large exit pipe in Fig. P3.8. The velocity V 2 = 5 m/s, and the exit flow rate Q4 = 120 m3/h. Find (a) V 1; (b) V 3; and (c) V 4 if it is known that increasing Q3 by 20% would increase Q4 by 10%.

V1A1 +V 2A 2 +V 3A 3 =V 4A 4

Solution: First evaluate γair = (pA /RT)g = [15 × 144/(1717 × 528)](32.2) ≈ 0.0767 lbf/ft3. Take γwater = 62.4 lbf/ft3. Then apply the hydrostatic formula from point B to point C:

Using the concepts from Ex. 1.5, find (a) the maximum flow deceleration along AB; and (b) its location.

d du 5 = 0 i f ζ 2 = , or dx dt 3

R

Fig. P2.14

If we neglect the air effects, we get a much simpler relation with comparable accuracy:

1.22* According to the theory of Chap. 8, as a uniform stream approaches a cylinder of radius R along the line AB shown in Fig. P1.22, – ∞ < x < –R, the velocities are

The area element for this axisymmetric flow is dA= 2π r dr. From Eq. (3.7),

π Q = u dA = C( R 2 −r 2)2 πr dr = CR 2 0

Solution: First compute ρA = pA /RT = (95000)/[287(293)] ≈ 1.13 kg/m3, hence γA ≈ (1.13)(9.81) ≈ 11.1 N/m3. Then proceed around hydrostatically from point A to point B:

S ol ve f or pB ≈ 75450 Pa

2

where, hoping for homogeneity, we haveassumed that all constants (3,π,9,16) are pure, i.e., {unity}. Well, yes indeed, all terms have dimensions {ML/T 2}! Therefore the StokesOseen formula (derived in fact from a theory) isdimensionally homogeneous.

du ∂ u ∂ u R2 = +u = 0 +U ∞ 1 − 2 ∂ x dt ∂ t x

Solution:

95000 Pa + (11.1 N/m3 )(4.0 m) +9790(2.0) −9790(4.0) −

M L 2 {L } ? L3 T 2

L + {1} T

3.3 For steady laminar flow through a long tube (see Prob. 1.12), the axial velocity distribution is given by u = C(R 2 − r 2), where R is the tube outer radius and C is a constant. Integrateu(r) to find the total volume flowQ through the tube.

2.14 The closed tank in Fig. P2.14 is at 20° C. If the pressure at A is 95 kPa absolute, determine p at B (absolute). What percent error do you make by neglecting the specific weight of the air?

The Stokes-Oseen formula [10] for dragon a sphere at low velocity V is:

+45°

−Vexi t cosθ ρ ∆hR dθ −0 = −Vexit ρ ∆hR 2

F y = F y = v out dmout − mvi n = −45°

or :

I xx sin θ (1/12)(30)(100) sin(53.13 °) =− = −16. 67 m hCG A (40)(30 ×100)

to be added to the 50-m distance from A to the centroid, or 50+ 16.67 = 66.67 m. As shown in the figure, the line of action of F is2.67 m to the left of a line up from C normal to AB. The moment of F about C is thus M C = FL =(1.175E9)(66.67 − 64.0) ≈ 3.13E9 N ?m

Ans .

This moment is counterclockwise,hence it cannot tip over the dam . If there were seepage under the dam, the main support force at the ttom bo of the dam would shift to the left of point C and might indeed cause the dam to tip over.

F y = −(8.03)(998)(0.01)(0.15) 2 ≈ −17 N

An.s (b)

F z = F z =m( wout − win) =(18.9 kg/ s)[0 −( − 6.69 m / )]s ≈+126 N

2a2 U 4µ U ∂u = 2µ wi th a max i mum τ max = at x = −a a ∂x x3

Ans . (c)

3.133 The long pipe in Fig. 3.133 is filled with water at 20°C. When valve A is closed, p1 − p2 = 75 kPa. When the valve is open and water flows at 500 m3/h, p1 − p2 = 160 kPa. What is the friction head loss between 1 and 2, in m, for the flowing condition? Fig. P3.133

Ans. ( b)

Thus maximum stress does not occur at the same position as maximum deceleration. For SAE 30 oil at 20°C, we obtain the numerical result S A E 30 oi l , ρ = 917

Ans. (a)

−45°

3

τ xx = 2µ

kg kg 4(0.29)(2.0) , µ = 0. 29 , τ max = ≈ 39 Pa m?s (0.06 m) m3

4.50 Investigate the polar-coordinate stream function ψ = Kr 1/2sin 12 θ, K = constant. Plot the streamlines in the full xy plane, find any stagnation points, and interpret. Solution: Simply set ψ /K = constant and plot r versus θ. This represents inviscid flow around a 180° turn. [See Fig. 8.14(e) of the text.]

Ans. ( b)

y

x

Fig. P4.50