• Author / Uploaded
• Deepak Sharma

Citation preview

1.

OBJECTIVE :

To determine totalsolid(TS), solid(TDS), in a given sample.

2.

Total

suspendedsolid(TSS),Total

dissolved

THEORY:

TOTAL SOLIDS: The term “total solid “ refers to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water and is related to both specific conductance and turbidity. total solids (also referred to as total residue) is the term used for material left in a container after evaporation and drying of a water sample. Total solids includes both total suspended solid , the portion of total solids retained by a filter and total dissolved solid , the portion of total solids that passes through a filter ( American public health Association ,1998). Total solids can be measured by evaporating a water sample in a weighed dish and then drying the residue in an oven at 103-105 °C .the increase in weight of the dish represents the total solids. Instead of total solids laboratories often measure total suspended solid and total dissolved solids.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Total dissolved solids(TDS) are the total amount of mobile charge ions. including minerals ,salts or metals dissolved in a given volume of water (mg/L), also referred to as parts per millions (ppm). This material can include carbonate , bi-carbonate ,chloride,sulphate phosphate ,nitrate ,calcium magnesium, sodium, organic ions, and other ions . a certain level of these ions in water is necessary for aquatic life. To measure TDS , the water sample is filtered and then the filtrate (the water that passes through the filter ) is recovered in a pre-weighed dish and dried in an oven at 180 °C,until the weight of the dish no longer changes . the increase in weight of the dish represents the total dissolved solids , and is reported in mg/l.

Total suspended solid (TSS): Total suspended solids are solids in water that can be trapped by a filter .TSS can include a wide variety of material , such as slit ,decaying plant and animal matter ,industrial waste , sewage. High concentration of suspended solids can cause many problems for stream health and aquatic life.to measure TSS the water sample is filtered through a pre weighed filter .the residue retained on the filter is dried in an oven at 103-105 °C .untill the weight of the filter no longer changes .the increase in the weight of filter represents the total suspended solids.TSS can also be measured by analyzing total solid and subtracting total dissolved solids

4. APPARATUS REQUIRED : Apparatus

S.No.

Quantity

1

Beaker (100ml)

2 Nos.

2

Filter paper (Ashless-Whatman-42)

1 No.

3

Heating plate and oven

1 No. each

4

Weighing balance :least count 0.1 mg (Electronic top loading balance)

1 No. each

5

Tongs

1 No.

5.REAGENTS REQUIRED:1.Water/Waste water Sample

6.STEPWISE PROCEDURE:1. Take two dried beaker from oven and weight them separately .assign no. 1and 2 to them. 2. Take 75 ml of water sample in beaker 1. 3. Filter the water from beaker 1 into beaker 2 using the funnel and pre weighed filter paper . 4. After the completion of filteration process the filter paper along with with residue, should be kept for drying and the difference of weights of filter paper gives the total suspended solid (TSS) . 5. The beaker 2 is heated (boiled ) for about half an hour at 105+-2 °C .weight the residue along with the beaker. And beaker 2 will give Total dissolved solid (TDS).

7.OBSERVATION TABLE :Physical observation of given sample. S.No.

Particulars

1.

Appearance

2.

Color

3.

Odor

4.

Temperature

5.

Temperature of drying

Observation

Details of Measurement :S.No.

particulars

1.

Volume of water sample taken ml.

2.

Weight of empty beaker,g Beaker 1 Beaker 2

3.

Weight of beaker and dried sample for TS, g

4.

Weight of beaker and dried sample for TDS, g

5.

Weight of dried filter paper used for TSS, g

6.

Weight of dried filter paper +dried residue for TSS, g

8.ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE:

Quantity

•Dissolved minerals, gases and organic constituents may produce aesthetically

displeasing

color ,taste and odor.

• Some dissolved organic chemicals may deplete the dissolved oxygen in the receiving waters and some may be inert to biological oxidation, yet others have been identified as carcinogens. • Water with higher solids content often has a laxative and sometimes thereverse effect upon people whose bodies are not adjusted to them.

• High concentration of dissolved solids about 3000 mg/L may also produce distress in livestock. In industries, the use of water with high amount of dissolved solids may lead to scaling in boilers,corrosion and degraded quality of the product. • Estimation of total dissolved solids is useful to determine whether theWater is suitable for drinking purpose, agriculture and industrial purpose. • Suspended material is aesthetically displeasing and provides adsorptionSites for chemical and biological agents. • Suspended organic solids which are degraded anaerobically may release obnoxious odors. • Biologically active suspended solids may include disease causingOrganisms as well as organisms such as toxic producing strains of algae. • The suspended solids parameter is used to measure the quality ofWaste water influent and effluent. • Suspended solids determination is extremely valuable in the analysis ofPolluted waters. • Suspended solids exclude light, thus reducing the growth of oxygenProducing plants.

9. CALCULATION:

10. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Total dissolved solid (TDS) :mg/l

Total suspended solid (TSS):

mg/l

Total solid

mg/l

:

The sum of TDS TSS is slightly less than value of Total solid. this may be because of presence of the moisture in beaker for TDS and filter paper for TSS after the drying process .hence the beaker with dried sample and filter sample with dried residue must be sufficiently desiccated for the removal of moisture and therefor accuracy in reading. This may be excessive drying of giving sample because it may cause the evaporation of volatile material and inherent moisture .

11.PRECAUTION:1. The beaker should be kept dry before taking the initial weights. 2. The drying process should be carried out at a temperature of 105 °CThe filter paper should be weighed after desiccating it only. 3. The weight should be note down in g, upto the fourth decimal point. 4. The water should be poured through the filter paper slowly so that filter paper does not get torn. 5. The volume of water taken should be measured accurately.

12.REFERENCE: 1. Mathur, R. P., Water and Wastewater Testing (Laboratory Manual), 4 th ed., Nemchand and Brothers, Roorkee , 2005. 2. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., “Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse”, 4 th ed., Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2003.