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ENGLISH B1.2 Preparatory course for the certification test in English Language level B1 according to the descriptors of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

Student’s Book

English B1.2

ENGLISH B1.2

Reservados todos los derechos. Está prohibido, bajo las sanciones penales y el resarcimiento civil previstos en las leyes, reproducir, registrar o transmitir esta publicación, íntegra o parcialmente, por cualquier sistema de recuperación y por cualquier medio, sea mecánico, electrónico, magnético, electroóptico, por fotocopia o por cualquier otro, sin la autorización previa por escrito de UNIR.

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja Gran Vía Rey Juan Carlos I, 41 26002 Logroño – La Rioja

© Edición y composición: UNIR

Impreso en España – Printed in Spain

Presentación Bienvenidos! Con la lectura y estudio de este manual vas a iniciar la adquisición de un nivel medio de competencia en la expresión y comprensión de la lengua inglesa, tanto en su forma hablada como escrita, para que seas capaz de utilizarla en situaciones cotidianas como instrumento de comunicación y, además, poder GHVHQYROYHUWHDGHFXDGDPHQWHHQVLWXDFLRQHVGHGLÀFXOWDGPHGLDEDMD $OÀQDOL]DUHVWRVFRQWHQLGRVdeberás ser capaz de: h Entender los argumentos esenciales de un discurso normal y comprender la conversación cuando esta

se centre en los temas que estudiaremos. h Serás capaz de contar experiencias y acontecimientos personales y describir tus sueños, ilusiones y

metas. h También serás capaz de explicar o justificar brevemente tus planes u opiniones.

El objetivo que pretendemos es proporcionarte todas las herramientas lingüísticas necesarias para una comunicación natural y espontánea. Para ello, cuentas con un equipo que te ofrece flexibilidad, apoyo constante y atención individualizada.

Material didáctico Dispones de: Manual del alumno (Student’s Book): teoría y ejercicios de gramática, vocabulario, comprensión oral, comprensión lectora y comprensión escrita. Acceso al aula virtual (Virtual Classroom): además del contenido del manual se puede consultar el material audiovisual del curso (audios de ejercicios de comprensión auditiva y lectora, clases magistrales de gramática y clases magistrales de expresión oral). También podrás consultar y descargar el solucionario (Key Booklet) con las respuestas de todos los ejercicios y test. Solucionario (Key Booklet): respuestas de todos los ejercicios y test del curso.

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

Cómo utilizar el material Antes de estudiar Antes de comenzar a estudiar es importante que te familiarices con el material. En la sección anterior WHKHPRVHVSHFLÀFDGRORVFRPSRQHQWHVTXHORLQWHJUDQHOmanual del alumno y el aula virtual que contienen el material teórico y práctico necesario para ir estudiando las diferentes units. Es recomendable que tengas a mano el solucionario para ir comprobando que realizas correctamente los ejercicios y test. Fíjate ahora en el manual del alumno. Está dividido en 8 units. Puedes consultar el índice de contenidos (al principio del manual) para saber qué se estudia en cada unit. Cada unit está dividida en secciones y la estructura es similar en todas las units. En el siguiente apartado, en esta guía, te detallamos la estructura de cada unit. Accede ahora al aula virtual. Verás que puedes consultar los mismos contenidos que tienes en el manual (las 8 units con sus secciones), aunque de una forma mucho más amena. Además, podrás escuchar los audios y ver los vídeos de las clases magistrales.

Cómo estudiar una unit El manual está formado por 8 units, que están divididas en 5 secciones: Grammar, Vocabulary, Reading, Listening y Writing & Recording.

Unit 1. Schedule Grammar

Vocabulary

Present Perfect Test

Types of food and drink Vocabulary practice exercise

Reading

Listening

Writing & recording

What have you done Listening comprehension Writing with connectors today? Now you write Reading comprehension Discuss a situation

Grammar Esta sección incluye la gramática básica. Lee atentamente las explicaciones y los ejemplos propuestos. Después encontrarás una o dos clases (en vídeo)VREUHHVDVPLVPDVUHJODVJUDPDWLFDOHV6LORSUHÀHUHV puedes ver primero la clase para tener una idea de lo que se está explicando y luego profundizar leyendo la teoría y los ejemplos. Esta sección termina siempre con uno o dos test o ejercicios sobre lo estudiado.

Vocabulary En esta sección se trabaja vocabulario relacionado con diferentes temas. Podrás escuchar la pronunciación grabada en audio de ese vocabulario y terminar la sección siempre con un ejercicio de vocabulario (vocabulary practice exercise).

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

Reading Se incluye en todas las units un ejercicio de comprensión lectora. Además del texto para leer podrás escuchar el audio con ese texto grabado. Te recomendamos que siempre que leas uno de estos textos, vayas escuchando a la vez la grabación para conocer la pronunciación exacta de las palabras. Después tendrás que realizar un test de comprensión lectora (reading comprenhension) sobre lo leído.

Listening Al igual que la sección anterior, aquí podrás escuchar un audio para practicar la comprensión oral y después hacer un test (listening quiz) sobre lo que has escuchado. Esta sección incluye siempre una o dos clases en vídeo muy interesantes: son lecciones de expresión oral de un profesor con un alumno que son muy útiles para detectar errores comunes a la hora de hablar y practicar el uso de expresiones, tiempos verbales y construcciones gramaticales estudiadas.

Writing & recording $OÀQDOGHODunit, toca practicar la expresión escrita. Se parte de un ejemplo real, una explicación sencilla y una clase grabada sobre diferentes tipos de escritos. Después tienes que realizar un ejercicio para practicar lo aprendido. Posteriormente, tendrás que realizar una grabación sobre la tarea que se propone en cada unidad. Las actividades a realizar son: un discurso sobre un tema propuesto, la descripción de una fotografía y la discusión sobre la situación propuesta. Cada unidad alternará una actividad distinta.

Los iconos del curso (QFRQWUDUiVGLIHUHQWHVLFRQRVHQHOPDWHULDOGHOFXUVRSDUDLGHQWLÀFDUODWHRUtDORVWHVWORVHMHUFLFLRVORV audios y los vídeos. Son los siguientes:

Teoría

Explicaciones teóricas de Grammar, Vocabulary y Writing & recording.

Clases (vídeos)

Clases en vídeo de Grammar, Listening y Writing & recording.

Audios

Audios de Reading y de Listening.

Lecturas

Textos de Reading.

Ejercicios

Ejercicios prácticos de Grammar, Vocabulary y Writing & recording.

Test

Test de autocomprobación de Grammar, Reading y Listening.

Grabación

Ejercicios de grabar voz de Writing & recording.

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

Grammar

Vocabulary

Present Perfect Test

Types of food and drink Vocabulary practice exercise

Talking about the future Test

Work related vocabulary Vocabulary practice exercise

Conditional sentences Test

Health and sports Vocabulary practice exercise

Relative pronouns Grammar practice exercise

Environment Vocabulary practice exercise

S

The Past Perfect Test Grammar practice exercise

Illnesses and accidents Vocabulary practice exercise

Unit 6. At home

To have something done Test

Phrasal verbs Vocabulary practice exercise

S

The passive form Test Grammar practice exercise

Adverbs of degree Vocabulary practice exercise

Unit 8. Rumours

Reported speech Test

Slang words Vocabulary practice exercise

Unit 1. Schedule S

Unit 2. Career plans S

Unit 3. Dreams S

Unit 4. Connecting the dots S

Unit 5. Stories

S

Unit 7. Our environment

S

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

Reading

Listening

Writing & recording

Listening comprehension

Writing with connectors Now you write Discuss a situation

Listening quiz

How to write a cover letter Now you write Record your answers Useful Vocabulary

Listening comprehension

How to write a CV /résumé Now you write Describe a photo Useful Vocabulary

Listening comprehension

How to write a postcard Now you write Discuss a situation Useful Vocabulary

Listening comprehension

How to write a horror story Now you write Record your answers Useful Vocabulary

Listening comprehension

How to write an outline Now you write Describe a photo Useful Vocabulary

The best wedding anniversary ever Reading comprehension

Listening comprehension

How to write a short article Now you write Discuss a situation Useful Vocabulary

Conspiracy theories: The Roswell UFO incident Reading comprehension

Listening quiz

How to report an interview Now you write Record your answers

What have you done today? Reading comprehension

:KDWZLOO\RXGRWRJHW\RXUÀUVWMRE" Reading comprehension

The magic potions Reading comprehension

My trip to Tahiti Reading comprehension

House for sale Reading comprehension

Having my house renovated Reading comprehension

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

Unit 1. Schedule Grammar

Vocabulary

Reading

Present Perfect Test

Types of food and drink Vocabulary practice exercise

Listening

Writing & recording

What have you done Listening comprehension Writing with connectors today? Now you write Reading comprehension Discuss a situation

Present Perfect Ouch! I’ve cut my finger. ¡Ay! Me he cortado el dedo.

When we want to speak about something that has happened very recently we use the Present Perfect.

Watch a video about the Present Perfect.

How to make affirmative sentences Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle of the main verb + object

Examples:

They subject

have have

seen p. p. main verb

an accident object

Ellos han visto un accidente.

She has gone shopping.

Ella ha ido de compras.

We have bought a house.

Hemos comprado una casa.

Pay attention: ® In the Present Perfect we use “have” or “has” as an auxiliary verb. In Spanish it is the verb “haber”, not “tener”. ® For the third person singular (he, she, it) we must use “has”, not “have”. Incorrect: She have done it. Correct: She has done it. (Ella lo ha hecho). ® In spoken English we usually speak with contractions. The contraction of have is "’ve", for example, “I’ve done it”. (Lo he hecho). The contraction of has is "’s", for example, “She’s gone home.” (Ha ido a casa). ® In order to use the Present Perfect correctly you must know the past participles of the irregular verbs by heart.

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

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How to ask questions Structure: Have/ has + subject + past participle of the main verb + object?

Examples: Have have

you subject

done p. p. main verb

your homework? object?

¿Has hecho tus deberes?

Has he said anything?

¿Ha dicho él algo?

Have we made any mistakes?

¿Hemos cometido (algunos) errores?

How to answer questions Structure: Positive: Yes, + subject + have/ has

Negative: No, + subject + haven’t/ hasn’t

Examples: Have you cleaned your room? ¿Has limpiado tu habitación? Yes, I have Yes subject have

We don’t usually answer questions repeating the past participle: “Yes, I have cleaned it”. We just use “have”.

Have you cleaned your room? ¿Has limpiado tu habitación? No, I have No subject have

More examples: Yes, he has. No, she hasn’t

Yes, they have. No, we haven’t.

Remember: To ask and answer questions in the third person (he, she, it) we always use “has”, we never use “have”.

How to make negative sentences Structure: Subject + have/ has + not + past participle main verb + object

Examples: I subject

14

have have

not not

seem p. p. main verb

them object

Yo no los he visto.

He hasn’t found them.

Él no las ha encontrado.

You haven’t read the newspaper.

Tú no has leído el periódico.

Pay attention to the contractions. Have not: haven’t. Has not: hasn’t. In colloquial English we usually speak with contractions.

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

How to ask negative questions Structure: Haven’t/ Hasn’t + subject + past participle main verb + object?

Examples: Haven´t have + not

you subject

done p. p. main verb

Hasn’t she called you?

them? object?

¿No las has visto?

¿No te ha llamado?

When we ask negative questions we usually make a contraction: Haven’t you? Hasn’t he?

The Present Perfect is used to: ® Talk about an action that happened very recently. It frequently appears with words such as “today”, “this morning”, “lately” and “recently.” They’ve worked hard today. Ellos han trabajado duro hoy.

The Present Perfect is also often used with the following words and expressions: ® Just They have just called. Acaban de llamar.

Note: In Spanish the expression is “acabo / Note: Though the word “ago” can sometimes acaban de….” refer to a very recent time, for example, “5 minutes ago” (“Hace cinco minutos”), we don’t ® Already use it with the Present Perfect; we use it with the past tense. For example, we don’t say: I have They have already seen it. done it five minutes ago. (Lo he hecho hace cinco Ya lo han visto. minutos). We say: “I did it five minutes ago”. (Lo Note: We use “already” with the Present Perfect hice hace cinco minutos). to refer to something that has happened sooner ® Talk about what you have or haven’t done in than expected. In Spanish it is translated as “ya”. your life. In this case the Present Perfect usually ® Yet appears with “ever” (alguna vez) or “never” (nunca). For example: They haven’t done it yet. Aún/Todavía no lo han hecho. Have you ever been to Paris? ¿Has ido alguna vez a París? Have you called yet? ¿Has llamado ya? I have never done that. Nunca he hecho eso. Note: “Yet” is used with the Present Perfect in Note: “Ever” is used when the verb “have” is in its negative sentences and questions. In Spanish it negative form (haven’t/hasn’t) and “never” when can be translated as “aún, todavía or ya”. the verb “have” is in its positive form. ® Talk about time. In this case it appears with “since” or “for”. For example: How long have you lived here? ¿Hace cuánto tiempo que vives aquí? I have lived here for 5 years. Hace 5 años que vivo aquí/ Llevo viviendo aquí 5 años. I have lived here since 2006. Llevo viviendo aquí desde el 2006.

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

15

Important: The English Present Perfect, unlike the Spanish “pretérito perfecto” is never used to talk about “last weekend”. For example, we don’t say: What have you done last weekend? (¿Qué has hecho el fin de semana [pasado]?) We say: What did you do last weekend? Note also that the Present Perfect is more frequently used in British English than in American English. Examples: ® British: I have worked very hard today. He trabajado muy duro hoy. ® American: I worked very hard today. Trabajé muy duro hoy.

Test A. Talking about experiences. Match the first half of the questions with a suitable ending. Do not repeat an ending. 1. Have you ever climbed 2. Have you ever ridden 3. Have you ever seen 4. Have you ever swum 5. Have you ever planted 6. Have you ever eaten 7. Have you ever given 8. Have you ever driven 9. Have you ever written 10. Have you ever built

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

         

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

a house? a tractor? a shooting star? a book? a mountain? a horse? in the Indian Ocean? a tree? a curry? a speech?

B. Choose the correct word for the gap: 1. Have you read the newspaper ……………………..? I want to read it. A. since. B. lately. C. yet. 2. Have you been to that restaurant again …………………….. \RXJRWIRRGSRLVRQLQJWKHUH" A. since. B. yet. C. ago.

16

6. I haven’t spoken to him ……………………. the argument. A. yet. B. ago. C. since. 7. The company has …………………….. slowed down on their recruitment drive. A. since. B. recently. C. ago.

3. Have you seen Barbara ……………………..? I really miss her. A. ever. B. recently. C. since.

8. We haven’t had a response to our advertisement …………………….., but I’m sure we’ll have one soon. A. ago. B. just. C. yet.

4. Have you …………………….. made the tea? It’s boiling hot. A. lately. B. recently. C. just.

9. I’m sorry Mr. MacPherson has …………………..OHIWWKHRIÀFH A. lately. B. just. C. recently.

5. Have you been to the cinema ……………………..? I haven’t been in ages. A. just. B. since. C. lately.

10. I have had a lot of headaches …………………….. doctor, do you know what might be causing them? A. lately. B. yet. C. just.

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

Vocabulary Types of food and drink Meat Carne

Example

Seafood Mariscos

Example

beef steak un filete (vacuno)

I ordered two beef steaks. Pedí dos filetes.

fish pez/pescado

I would like to have some fish. Me gustaría tomar pescado.

very rare steak filete muy poco hecho

We like our steak very rare. Nos gustan los filetes muy poco hechos.

seafood marisco

Which is your favourite seafood? ¿Cuál es tu marisco preferido?

rare steak filete poco hecho

Most people like rare steak. A la mayoría de la gente le gustan los filetes poco hechos.

crab cangrejo

You can add some crab to the salad. Puedes añadir algo de cangrejo en la ensalada.

medium steak filete medio hecho

I like a medium steak. A mí me gusta el filete medio hecho.

prawns langostinos

Do you think these prawns are delicious? ¿Crees que estos langostinos son deliciosos?

well done steak filete muy hecho

They always eat their steaks well done. Ellos siempre comen los filetes muy hechos.

shrimps gambas

Those are the best shrimps in town. Esas son las mejores gambas de la ciudad.

chicken pollo

Chicken is my favourite food. El pollo es mi comida favorita.

oysters ostra

Oysters are always expensive. Las ostras son siempre caras.

pork chop chuleta de cerdo

She bought five pork chops. Ella compró cinco chuletas de cerdo.

lobster langosta

I have never had a lobster. Nunca he comido langosta.

lamb chop chuleta de cordero

Is the lamb chop good? ¿Está buena la chuleta de cordero?

mussels mejillones

Mussels are good as a first course. Los mejillones son buenos como primer plato.

veal ternera

Let’s have some veal. Tomemos ternera.

trout trucha

Trout tastes good with almonds. La trucha sabe bien con almendras.

ham jamón

The ham was delicious. El jamón estaba delicioso.

salmon salmón

This salmon comes from Norway. Este salmón viene de Noruega.

cod bacalao

Cod is very popular in Portugal. El bacalao es muy popular en Portugal.

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

17

18

Fruit Fruta

Example

Vegetables Verduras

Example

fruit fruta

You should have some fruit every day. Deberías tomar fruta todos los días.

vegetables verduras

You should always eat vegetables. Siempre deberías comer verduras.

apple manzana

An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Una manzana al día mantiene al médico en la lejanía.

potato patata

How many potatoes would you like to have? ¿Cuántas patatas quieres tomar?

orange naranja

Those oranges are perfect to make juice with. Esas naranjas están perfectas para un zumo.

carrot zanahoria

Rabbits eat carrots. Los conejos comen zanahorias.

banana plátano

Monkeys like bananas. A los monos les gustan las bananas.

peas guisantes

Would you like some peas with your steak? ¿Quieres guisantes con tu filete?

lemon limón

That lemon is too sour. Ese limón es demasiado agrio.

mushroom champiñón

Mushrooms are very popular in autumn. Los champiñones son muy populares en otoño.

peach melocotón

That blouse has a peach tone. Esa blusa tiene un tono melocotón.

cauliflower coliflor

We don’t eat cauliflower. No comemos coliflor.

pear pera

How many pears did you buy? ¿Cuántas peras compraste?

lettuce lechuga

I like very green lettuces. Me gustan las lechugas muy verdes.

grapefruit pomelo

Some grapefruits are pink inside. Algunos pomelos son de color rosa por dentro.

cucumber pepino

Do you put cucumber in your salads? ¿Pones pepinos en tus ensaladas?

melon melón

We always have melon in the summer. Siempre tomamos melón en el verano.

garlic ajo

They don’t like garlic. A ellos no les gusta el ajo.

strawberry fresa

I love strawberries with cream. Me encantan las fresas con nata.

pineapple piña

Can you slice the pineapple? ¿Puedes cortar en rebanadas la piña?

tomato tomate

That salad doesn’t have tomatoes. Esa ensalada no tiene tomates.

grape uva

Wine is made with grapes. El vino se hace con uvas.

© Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

Drink Bebida

Example

Drink Bebida

Example

drink bebida

That’s a very good drink. Esa es una bebida muy buena.

tomato juice zumo de tomate

It’s good to drink tomato juice when you’re dieting. Es bueno beber zumo de tomate cuando estás haciendo dieta.

to drink beber

What would you like to drink? ¿Qué te gustaría beber?

lemonade limonada

When it’s hot I drink lemonade. Cuando hace calor tomo limonadas.

coffee café

He drinks a lot of coffee. El bebe mucho café.

white wine vino blanco

They don’t have white wine. No tienen vino blanco.

tea té

They sell very good tea in that shop. Ellos venden muy buen té en esa tienda.

red wine vino tinto

She always drinks red wine. Ella siempre bebe vino tinto.

with milk con leche

I always drink tea with milk. Siempre bebo té con leche.

rosé wine vino rosado

Does rosé wine go well with fish? ¿Va bien el vino rosado con el pescado?

hot chocolate chocolate caliente

Give me some hot chocolate. Dame un chocolate caliente.

water agua

I need some water. Necesito agua.

orange juice zumo de naranja

I drink orange juice in the mornings. Bebo zumo de naranjas por las mañanas.

(sparkling/ still) mineral water agua mineral (con/ sin gas)

I don’t like sparkling water. No me gusta el agua con gas.

apple juice zumo de manzana

Do you like apple juice? ¿Te gusta el zumo de manzana?

beer cerveza

Would you like a beer? ¿Quieres una cerveza?

Listen to a complete list of different types of food and drink.

Vocabulary practice exercise Translate the following sentences:

1

Quiero agua con gas.

2

No me gusta la cerveza.

3

El filete viene con ensalada.

4

Tengo que comprar unas lechugas.

5

Siempre me tomo una copa de vino tinto con las comidas.

6

Me gusta el filete poco hecho.

7

La trucha es mi pescado favorito.

8

Las navidades pasadas tomamos ostras.

9

Las chuletas de cerdo siempre vienen con patatas.

10 El jamón bueno suele ser caro. © Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S. A. (UNIR)

19

Reading What have you done today? When I get home my grandmother usually asks me: - What have you done today? Since my grandfather passed away my grandmother lives with us. As both of my parents work, she is usually at home alone all day and has nobody to talk to. ‘I have been at the library, as usual,’ I reply. ‘Have you seen any of your friends lately?’ she asks. ‘Yes, I have. Susan and Peter were at the library too.’ ‘Have you been out to lunch with them recently?’ ‘Yes, I have. Or, mmm, not exactly. We ate a sandwich in the park next to the library.’ ‘And what have you studied today?’ ‘Physics.’

‘Yes, of course I have. You always ask me the same questions.’

Then she stops talking and usually thinks about another topic to start a different conversation.

‘You’re right. I just want to talk to you because I hardly see you.’

‘You know, I haven’t seen your grandfather,’ she adds, forgetting my grandfather is dead.

I often think it is difficult to live at home with so many people asking me questions about what I have or haven’t done recently.

And I continue the conversation as if he were still alive. ‘He must have gone shopping,’ I say. A bit later my mother gets home and she starts cooking dinner right away. She often shouts over to me from the kitchen. ‘Have you bought some milk?’ ‘Yes, I have mum. It’s in the fridge.’ ‘Okay, thank you.’ About an hour later my father gets home and starts talking to my grandmother. I can hear them from my room. ‘Have you gone out?’ ‘No,’ she says. ‘It’s too cold.’ ‘Well, you should because it’s good for you to walk.’ Then my father comes to my room and starts asking me questions like: ‘Have you studied at the library?’

20

‘Yes, I was there all day dad; we are in the middle of exams right now.’

I would like to have a bit more privacy. I would also like to have finished my exams.

Vocabulary Get home (v.): llegar a casa. Pass away (v.): fallecer. As both: ya que ambos. Library (n.): biblioteca. Lately (adv.): últimamente. Go out for lunch (v.): salir fuera a comer. Note: In present perfect you say: I have been out. Physics: Física. Topic (n.): tema. Add (v.): añadir. Dead (adj.): muerto. As if he were still alive: como si estuviera todavía vivo. Must have gone (v.): debe de haber ido. Shout (v.): gritar. It’s good for you to walk: Te viene bien caminar. Be right: tener razón. I hardly see you: apenas te veo.

‘Have you done your homework?’

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Reading comprehension After reading the text, answer the questions below.

7. Why didn’t the grandmother leave the house? A. Too tired. B. Too cold. C. Too busy.

1. Who’s usually at home when the narrator returns from school? A. Mother. B. Father. C. Grandmother.

4. What was the narrator studying? A. A science. B. A humanity. C. A language.

8. What is the narrator doing in school at the moment? A. Sports. B. Library research. C. Tests.

2. Where’s the narrator’s grandfather? A. At the shops. B. No longer alive. C. In his room.

5. Who arrives home after the narrator? A. Father. B. Mother. C. Grandfather.

9. Why does the father always ask the same questions? A. To check homework. B. Communicate with his child. C. He feels he should.

3. Why does the grandmother want to talk so much? A. She loves it. B. She’s nosey. C. She’s lonely during the day.

6. :KRGRHVWKHIDWKHUVSHDNWRÀUVW" A. Mother. B. Child. C. Grandmother.

10. What has the narrator always wanted at home? A. Go to Paris and Rome. B. Finish exams. C. Have some space to himself.

Listening Listening comprehension Listen to the interview which discusses talented children then answer the questions below.

1. What is another term or expression for “spotlight”, to that being used in the listening? A. Fame. B. Lamplight. C. Place. 2. What does “gross generalization” mean? A. Silly. B. To exaggerate something. C. To assume something. 3. What does “to be pushed” mean in the context of the listening? A. Made to fall over. B. Encouraged. C. Made to work hard at something.

4. 4. :KDWGRHV´RZQIUHHZLOOµPHDQLQ :KDWGRHV´RZQIUHHZLOOµPHDQLQ the the listening? A. A Spirit. Spirit B. An action in a relaxed way. C. Doing something you want to. 5. What is natural to children? A. Curiosity. B. Cleverness. C. Hard work. 6. What did one of the speakers see children forced to do? A. Practice sport. B. Drink sugary drinks. C. Eat vegetables. 7. How many hours does the theory talk about? A. 1,000. B. 10,000. C. 100,000.

8. What level can you reach in a subject if you have studied for this time? A. Advanced. %3URÀFLHQF\ C. Expert. 9. How many hours must you study a day to achieve the level in 5 years? A. 4. B. 6. C. 3. 10. Will everybody reach an expert level if they study the correct amount of hours? A. No. B. Yes. C. Maybe.

21 Watch a conversation between two people using the Present Perfect.

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Writing & recording Writing with connectors A good way to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors, or, linking words, are used to connect different ideas in a text. Here are some examples of connectors or linking words:

Addition:

Comparison:

® And: y.

® Both: ambos.

® Additionally: adicionalmente.

® Equally: igualmente.

® In addition: adicionalmente.

® Likewise: de la misma manera.

® Also: también.

® Similarly: similar.

® Besides: además.

® As - as: tanto/ tan/ como.

® Furthermore: además.

® As though: como si.

® Moreover: además. ® Too: además. Alternatives:

Time or Sequence:

® But: pero.

® Afterwards: después.

® Either/or: o bien/ o bien.

® At first: al comienzo.

® Neither/nor: ni/ ni.

® As soon as: inmediatamente después.

® Whether: si condicional.

® In the end: finalmente.

® Instead: en vez de, en lugar de.

® Later: más tarde.

® On the other hand: por otro lado.

® Meanwhile: mientras tanto.

® Otherwise: de otro modo.

® Then: entonces, luego. ® After: después.

Cause-Effect: ® For: para, por. ® So: así pues. ® Accordingly: de acuerdo con, según. ® After all: después de todo. ® As a result: como resultado de. ® Consequently: consecuentemente. ® Hence: así pues. ® Therefore: por lo tanto. ® Thus: así. ® Because: porque.

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® In order that: a fin de que. ® Since: desde.

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Read this list of sentences and see how they have been linked together. 1. Claire got up at 7 a.m. 2. She got dressed. 3. She had breakfast. 4. She went to work at 8 a.m. 5. She got to her office. 6. She talked to her boss. 7. She didn’t like what her boss said. 8. She wasn’t upset. 9. She decided to have a coffee. 10. She went out of the office. 11. She bought a lottery ticket. 12. She came back to the office. 13. Her colleague Bob called her. 14. He told her their boss had been dismissed. 15. She went home very happy.

When Claire got up at 7am it was raining. She got dressed and had breakfast. One hour later she went to her work. As soon as she got to her office she talked to her boss. She didn’t like what her boss said but she didn´t say anything. Later she decided to have a coffee and go out to buy a lottery ticket. When she came back to the office her colleague Bob called her and told her their boss had been dismissed. In the end, she went home very happy.

Watch a video about writing with connectors.

Now you write Instructions: Try to link the following sentences with connectors. You can elaborate and make up your own sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

It was raining. Kent didn’t like the rain. He decided to stay home. Robert called him to go to the cinema. He refused. His friend insisted. He went with his friend. He got wet. He hadn’t liked the film. He felt anger towards his friend. He went back home. He went to bed. He had forgotten everything.

Compare your text to this example: It was raining when Kent got up. As he didn’t like the rain, he decided to stay home. Then his friend Robert called him to go to the cinema. At first he refused, but Robert insisted so eventually they went to the cinema. As he was leaving the cinema he got wet. Since he hadn’t liked the film, he felt an anger towards his friend as they were going home. But by the time he went to bed, he had forgotten everything.

Vocabulary Make up (v.): inventar. Refuse (v.): rechazar. Get wet (v.): mojarse.

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Discuss a situation You are going to propose marriage to your partner. You would like to take her/him to a restaurant and make the proposal there. These are the options you have thought of:

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Decide which one would be the most suitable and explain why. Record yourself with your opinions. The recording must be, at least, between 1 and 2 minutes. Important: use the Useful Language worksheet and the vocabulary and grammar already studied in the course to help you.

How do you record your voice? Here are some ideas about it. How do you record your voice? You just need some headphones with a microphone. Go to Windows and click on Inicio>Todos los programas>Accesorios>Entretenimiento>Grabadora de sonidos.

Windows XP

Windows 7 Once you’ve got this screen:

click on the red circle and start recording. Once you’ve finished (try it as many times as you need) click on Archivo>Guardar como and save it.

Remember to follow a logical system to name the files, in order to classify them better; for example: marialopez1.wav, marialopez2.wav, etc.

25 Nowadays, there are other ways to record your voice and save that file into your computer, for example with your mobile phone. Do it as you like.

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Unit 2. Career plans Grammar

Vocabulary

Reading

Listening

Writing & recording

Talking about the future Test

Work related vocabulary Vocabulary practice exercise

What will you do to get \RXUÀUVWMRE" Reading comprehension

Listening quiz

How to write a cover letter Now you write Record your answers Useful Vocabulary

Talking about the future As in Spanish, in English we have many ways to talk about the future. I’m flying at 4 o’clock tomorrow.

Compare: I’m flying to New York tomorrow. Mañana viajo (vuelo) a Nueva York. I’m going to fly to New York tomorrow. Mañana voy a viajar (volar) a Nueva York. I will fly to New York tomorrow. Mañana viajaré (volaré) a Nueva York. The plane leaves at 5 o’clock tomorrow. El avión sale a las cinco mañana.

When we talk about travelling by plane or car, it is more common to use the verbs: fly (volar) or drive (conducir) than the verb “travel” or “go by”.

What are the differences between these tenses? Check this table to learn about the differences.

Tense

When do we use this tense

Example

Translation

Present Continuous

When we talk about something that we have in our agenda.

You are leaving to Rome tomorrow.

Mañana te marchas a Roma.

To be + going to

When we refer to a decision or a plan.

We are going to have lunch with our boss next Monday.

El próximo martes vamos a comer con nuestro jefe.

Will

r
When we make a sudden decision. r
When we talk about actions that aren’t planned. r
When we make predictions. r
When we talk about future facts.

® I’ll do the shopping after work. ® We will probably go to the cinema. ® She thinks it will rain. ® I will be 50 next year.

® Haré la compra después de salir del trabajo. ® Probablemente iremos al cine. ® Ella piensa que lloverá. ® Voy a cumplir 50 el próximo año.

Present Simple

When we talk about timetables or events.

The trains arrives at 6 p.m.

El tren llega a las 6 p.m.

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To help you remember all these differences we’ll look at some more examples: Present Continuous: what we have in our agenda.

To be + “going to”: what we have planned.

We are leaving tomorrow at 2 o’clock. Nos marchamos mañana a las 2.

We are going to see this area. Vamos a ver este lugar.

What is the difference between” the Present Continuous” and “to be + going to” ("voy a") when used for the future? The Present Continuous is often used for actions that are planned with more detailed than in the case of “going to”. There has been a confirmation (Present Continuous). For example: ® Present Continuous: She is meeting him at 10 a.m. tomorrow. (More detailed planning). ® Going to: She is going to go to Milan next week. (Less detailed planning. Possibly doesn’t have her ticket).

Will: when we make a sudden decision.

Will: when we talk about actions that are not planned.

I’ll buy that ring! ¡Compraré ese anillo!

They will probably go to the beach. Probablemente irán a la playa.

Will: when we make predictions.

Will: for future facts.

I think you will find a new job. Creo que encontrarás un nuevo trabajo.

I will get a pay rise with my new job. Voy a conseguir un aumento de sueldo con mi nuevo trabajo.

The Present Simple Tense: when we talk about timetables or events. The football match starts at 6 o’clock. El partido empieza a las 6 p.m.

Watch a video about the different ways of expressing the Future.

Be careful! In Spanish it is possible to use the Present Simple tense for speaking about the future in most cases, when in English it is not. For example, in Spanish we can say: “Hoy como con mi hermana” (“como” is the simple present). In English we must use the Present Continuous or “going to”: I’m having lunch with my sister today or I’m going to have lunch with my sister today. We can’t say: I have lunch with my sister today. This is a very common mistake made by Spanish speakers. Remember: The Present Simple tense with future meaning is only used when talking about timetables and events. How do we know when “the Present Continuous”, “to be + going to” or the Present Simple are being used to talk about the future? We know it because we usually find these tenses next to future time references such as: tomorrow, today, at 5 o’clock, this evening, this afternoon…

27 We have already studied the structures of the Present Continuous and the Present tense in the previous units, therefore in this unit we will only look at the structure of “will”.

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How to make affirmative sentences with will Structure: Subject + will + main verb in the infinitive without to + object

Examples: They subject

will will

buy main verb

a house object

Ellos comprarán una casa.

She will get a new dress.

Ella comprará un nuevo vestido.

We will travel to Greece.

Iremos a Grecia.

The contraction of “will” is “’ll”: ® ® ® ® ® ® ®

The contracted form of will is often used in speech and therefore we use it a lot when we are making sudden decisions.

I will: I’ll. You will: You’ll. He will: He’ll. She will: She’ll. It will: It’ll. We will: We’ll. They will: They’ll.

Example: The phone rings. I’ll get it.

The doorbell rings. I’ll go.

How to ask questions Structure: Will + subject + main verb in the infinitive without to + object? Examples: Will will

you subject

go main verb

to the supermarket? object

¿Irás al supermercado?

Will she come to our party?

¿Vendrá ella a nuestra fiesta?

Will they sing at church tomorrow?

¿Cantarán ellos en la iglesia mañana?

How to answer questions Structure: Yes, + subject + will

No, + subject + will not/ won’t

Examples: Will you come with me to the meeting? Yes, I No, subject

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¿Vendrás conmigo a la reunión? will will not/ won’t

Notice: the contraction of “will not” is “won’t”. When we speak we usually say “won’t”. “Will not” is emphatic. For example: Will you do that? ¿Harás eso? No, I will not do it. No, no pienso hacerlo.

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How to make negative sentences Structure: Subject + will not (won’t) + main verb in the infinitive without to + object Examples: He subject

won't will + not

work main verb

today object

Él no trabajará hoy.

You won’t do that.

Tú no harás eso.

We won’t sell our car.

No venderemos nuestro coche.

How to ask negative questions Structure:

When we ask negative questions we usually make a contraction: Won’t you? Won’t he?

Won’t + subject + main verb in the infinitive without to + object? Examples: Won’t will + not

you subject

go main verb

with us? object

¿No vendrás con nosotros?

Won’t they work with us?

¿No trabajarán con nosotros?

Won’t he clean up his room?

¿No limpiará su habitación?

Test A. Link the two parts of the conversation together to see how the future tenses are used. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

:KHQGRHVWKHÁLJKWOHDYH" I hear you have booked your seat Who will pick you up? Are you going to sleep or try to stay awake? :LOOLWEHDEXV\ÁLJKW" Shall I make you a sandwich? Do you have a book to read? How much luggage are you taking?

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.

I think it’ll be quite crowded. My father will pick me up. No, I’ll eat what they offer me on board. No, I’ll probably get a magazine at the airport. It leaves at nine o’clock. I’m taking a big suitcase.