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McGRAW-HI LL EDUCATION

Essential

ESL Dictionary for Learners of English

II New York Mexico City

Chicago Milan

San Francisco New Delhi

Athens

Singapore

London

Madrid

Sydney

Toronto

Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as pennitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any fonn or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior wri!len permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-184019-4 MHID: 0-07-184019-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-184018-7, MHID: 0-07-184018-4. cBook conversion by codcMantra Version 2.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill Education cBooks arc available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofcssional.com. Published by McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC © 2014, under license from SM™. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education and its liccnsors reserve all rights in m1d to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permi!led under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill Education's prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be tem1inated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED "AS IS." McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HY PERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable lo you or myone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed tln·ough the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability lo use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.

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Contents

Preface

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User's Guide

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Illustrations index

Grammar and usage boxes index Symbols

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Phonetic Symbols

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English Dictionary A-Z Thematic illustrations Conversation guide Grammar Summary

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6 9

10 11 12 13 421

461 493

This page intentionally left blank

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McGraw-Hill Education: Essential ESL Dictionary for Learners of English is an English dictionary especially designed for students who are studying English at elementary and intermediate levels. Its approach guarantees that all of the terms appearing in the subjects that are taught in English are contained in this dictionary, so that any lexical doubt which students may have regarding these subjects can be easily solved by consulting their dictionary. In addition, it contains 40 pages of

thematic illustrations especially designed to help students to learn vocabulary in a significant and contextualized way and to reinforce the key vocabulary and concepts found in their textbooks. It also has many usage notes and grammar boxes which explain and clarify the main doubts and difficulties which arise for students in their English language learning process, and is supplied with a large number of illustrations to facilitate lexicon acquisition. The dictionary also includes a Conversation guide which provides the user with examples of common conversations that occur in specific contexts, showing the vocabulary and language structures that students need to learn. This guide will help students to tackle successfully a wide range of communication situations.

..

User's Guide

This sign indicates the most

...,.

______

+breakfast

/'hrek.fast/

[co���anb1']

The first meal of

the day: I always have breakfast in bed on Sun­

common words - the first you

days.

need to learn.

calyx

Key terms for the study

/'ke1.hks/

[co���anb1']

The sepals which together

form the layer that protects a flower in bud: The

of school cou�es in Eng�sh

calyx is the outer part of the flower.• The plural is "calyces" or "calyxes".•Compare with "corolla" ( The

petals which form the inner envelope of a flower ) .

Phonetic transcription and


ek·wgrdz/

A black and white ani-

badly /'hacd.li/ [advecb] 1

Not well: He plays tennis re-

ally badly. 2 Seriously: She was badly hurt in a car needs a shave. • The comparative form is "worse" and the superlative form is "worst ".

badminton

/'h>ed.mm.Pn/

[""'��:�able]

A game like

tennis with a very light ball that has feathers: My

for the last time.

backwards

lco:��a:1e]

crash last week. 3 Very much: Your friend badly

Russians won the backstroke last year.

+backward

/'h>ed3 .gr/

ma! that lives in holes: Badgers hunt at night.

swimming in which you swim on your back: The

[advecb ]

1 Towards the

back, towards behind you: Be careful you

don't fall backwards. 2 With the end first:

a

sister's good at badminton.

badtempered

/'ba:d'tcm·pgrd/

[adjective] Annoyed

angry: Why is that kid always so badtempered?

or

J k l m

n 0

p q r S

t U V W X

Y Z

bag

42

a +bag /ba::g / ['0:��anbl]e 1 A container that people use for balcony

-� (

d e

f g h J k

carrying things: We need a large bag to carry the

fruit. 2 sleeping bag See sleeping bag.

+baggage

n ["c��:�abte]

/'ha:g.1d3/

when traveling: Help me put the baggage in the this word. The last "a" is pronounced like the "i" in 11did 11• /'bacg.i/

[adjectiv]e

l'°:��abn l]e

An open or glass cov­

spent the evening talking on the balcony.• The plu­

Bags that you use

car, please. • Be careful with the pronunciation of

baggy

/'ba:: l.b.ni/

ered area on the outside wall of a building: We

Fitting loosely: Those pants

ral is "balconies".

bald

US: /ha:ld/ UK: /h�:ld/

[adjectiv]e

With no hair on

your head: My father's been bald since he was thir­

ty. ®See picture at hair.

+ball

US: /ba:l/ UK: /b3:l/

l'°:��anbl]e 1

A round object

used in games: Helen hits the ball really hard

are much too baggy for me.• This word is informal.

when she's playing tennis. 2 Anything that is

•The comparative form is "baggier" and the superla­

round: I'll need another ball of wool to finish the

tive form is "baggiest".

bagpipes

/'ha:g.pa1ps/

n ]n A musical wind [ptoratou

sweater. 3 A big party where people can dance: in­

strument made of an air sack attached to pipes:

Bagpipes are popular in Scotland. •We can also

Lucy and Mark went to a New Year's ball last year.

ballet

/ba:: 'lc1/

n ["c��:�abt]e 1

Dancing and music that

tells a story: My favorite ballet is "Swan Lake". 2

use "bagpipe" with a singular meaning: "to play the

ballet

bagpipe".

Nureyev was a great ballet dancer.

dancer

A

person

who

dances

ballet:

balloon /b�'lu:n/ l'°:��anb t]e 1 A rubber bag filled with air or gas: Let's get some balloons for the party. 2 A

BAGPIPES

big bag filled with gas that can fly, carrying pas­ sengers: The hot-air balloon moved slowly across

the valley. ®See picture at transport.

BALLOON

l

0

Q

m

n 0

p q r

+bake /he1k/ [verb] To cook food in an oven:

Bake the

bread for thirty minutes.

baker

/'bc1·br/

l'°:��nbl]e

A person who makes and

S

sells bread and cakes: The baker in our street sells

t

bakery l'°:��anbte] A store that sells bread and cakes:

LJ v w x

y z

very good bread.

Sheila's gone to the bakery to buy a loaf of bread. ®See picture at market.

+balance1

/'ba::i.'nts/

n ["c��:�abte] 1

The ability to stay

in one position without falling: Her balance

wasn't very good and she fell. 2 A situation in which two or more things have the same impor­ tance: People need to find a balance between work

and play. 3 to lose your balance To become un­ steady: If you try to carry those heavy things, you'll

lose your balance and fall.

balance2

f'ha:l�ns/

[vre b]

To keep or to stay in one

position without falling: I bet you can't balance

this ball on your head.

ballpoint l'°:��anbt]e A pen

with a small ball at the

end: My ballpoint has no ink left. • We also say "ballpoint pen".•In British English they say "biro".

ballpoint pen

/,h�:lp�mt'pen/

point.

bamboo

/ha:m'hu:/

[nou]n

l'°:��abn 1]'

See ball­

A tall, strong, tropical

plant: Pandas eat bamboo.

+ban1

l'°:��anble]

/ba:;n/

A law or a rule that says that

you must not do something: There's a ban on

smoking in hospitals.

ban2

/ha:n/

[vecb]

To make a law or a rule that says

that something must not be done: Governments

should ban nuclear tests. • Compare with "forbid"

( to

tell somebody that you do not allow them to do

something ) .

barbecue

43

banana

/bg'na::1M/

[ noun]

A long, yellow fruit: I like

bananas for dessert. ® See page 436.

banana tree ['0:��b1" •] A plant which produces ba­ nanas and has very large leaves: The banana tree

banister

/'ba:: n·g·stgr/

['0���nble]

The rail at the side

of a staircase: Hold onto the banister so you don't fall down.

+bank

/h;x,uk/

lco:��a:ie] 1

A place where people keep

grows in tropical or subtropical regions. ® See pa­

money: My aunt has a lot of money in the bank. 2

ge 435.

The land along the side of a river or of a lake:

+band /ba::nd/ lco:�;a:ie] 1

A thin, narrow piece of ma­

We'll put up our tent on the river bank. 3 A place

terial for holding things together: Try tying your

where something is stored: Hospital blood banks

pencils together with this rubber band. 2 A group

save a lot of lives. 4 bank account An arrange­

of people who play music together: He plays the

ment with a bank to keep money in it: I haven't

drums in the town band. 3 A group of people who

got much money in my bank account.

act together: A band of thieves have stolen three cars in this street.

banker

/'hreu·br/

lco:��':1•]

A person who is in

charge of a bank: Talk to a banker if you need a

a

�

� c

d e

f

loan.

g

loose now. • Be careful with the pronunciation of

ing a bank: He's an expert in international bank­

h

this word. The last "a" is pronounced like the "i" in 11did11•

ing.

+bandage1

/'ba:: nd1d3/

lco:�;a:ie] A

piece of cloth that

covers a wound: The bandage round my arm's a bit

bandage2

/'hrendrd3/

[verb]

To tie a piece of cloth

round a wound: The nurse is going to bandage his arm. • Be careful with the pronunciation of this word. The last "a" is pronounced like the "i" in "did".

B&B lco:�;a:ie]

See bed and breakfast. • Be careful.

"B&B" is always written in capital letters.

bandit /'bren.drt/ ['0���nble] An armed robber, usually

banking /'ba::1i.kni/ [unc��:�abl•] The activity of direct­ bankrupt1

/'breJJkrApt/

[ adiecttve]

Unable to pay your

debts: Mr. Fowler went bankrupt and had to sell his house.

bankrupt2

/'ba:;1ikrApt/

[verb]

To make somebody or

something very poor so that they are unable to pay their debts: Bad management bankrupted the company.

banner

/'bren.gr/

['0:�;able ,, ] 1

A long flag: Our club

in a wild place: The bandits attacked the travelers

banner is black and yellow. 2 A long piece of cloth

in the mountains and took everything they had.

or paper with words on it: The banners said: "Stop

bang1

/breu/

[co��;ab1n •] 1

A loud noise: Pete always

closes the door with a bang. 2 A sharp blow: Sha­

nuclear tests!".

banquet

/'hreu.kwrt/

lco:��':1•] A large,

formal meal:

ron had a bang on her left leg.

The wedding banquet will take place at the Hilton.

close something: Don't bang the door when you go

admit somebody to the Christian church: They've

bang2 /ba:;1i/ [verb] 1 To make a loud noise when you baptize out. 2 To hit something: Tom fell and banged his head against the table.

banger

/'hreu.gr/ US : /-'1-/

[co��;ab1n •] 1

See firecracker.

2 See sausage.• This word is British English.

bangs

[p1cra1naun]

/ba:;uz/

The front part of some­

body's hair, cut so that it hangs over the fore­

baptise

or

/ba:;p'taiz/

[verb]

To formally

baptized the child with the name of George.

+bar

US: /ba:r/ UK: /ba:'/

lco:��a:1•] 1 A place where peo­

ple go to drink: Shall we go to the bar for a drink. 2

..

A piece of soap, chocolate and so on: Don't eat that bar of chocolate before dinner. ® See picture at a piece of

They put iron bars on that house after the robbery.

In British English they say "fringe". ® See picture

4 Any of the segments of time into which a piece

at hair.

of music is divided: Each bar is marked with a ver­ /'hren.rJ/

[verb] To send somebody away from

their country: Napoleon was banished to the is­

tical line on the stave.

barbecue1

/'hur·h1,kju/

lco:��abln •] 1

A grill in the

open air: My parents have bought a barbecue so

land of Elba.

l m n 0

p q r

3 A long piece of straight metal:

head: The hairdresser only cut her bangs a little. •

banish

J k

s

t u v

BANI
D/

[co��;anble]

A song that is

popular and traditional: "Oh Susannah!" is an

American folk song.

+follow us: /'fu:.lou/ UK: /'fobu/ [verb] 1 To go behind

somebody: The head waiter asked us to follow him.

2 To come after something: Spring follows winter. 3 To understand: Sorry, could you repeat that? I

the river which will take you to the town.

footprint

/'fut.prmt/

['°��;anbte]

The mark that your

/'fut.step/

['0 ��;a0b1e]

the night can be frightening.

+for US: /h:r/ UK: /h:'/ [preposition] 1 Showing purpose or use: I need a lamp for reading. 2 Intended for

somebody or something: I think mom has got

A

We've been walking for two hours now. I'm tired. •

person who follows or supports a particular be-

See box below. 4 Showing distance: We haven't

lief, leader and so on: Gandhi still has followers to-

seen a house for miles. 5 Going to: Excuse me, is

day.

this the bus for Boston? 6 In favor of: How many of

+following

[adjecti,,]

Next: We arrive in

you are for the idea of having the party on Satur-

Rome on Sunday and the following morning we

day? 7 Showing price: I've bought a jazz CD for on-

/eave for Florence.

/y

fond

/'ful-ou·1D/

US: /fa:nd/ UK: /fond/

[adjecti,,]

1 Affectionate or

$3.

8 Showing the reason for something: He

was sent to prison for robbing a bank.• Be careful!

pleasant: I have fond memories of my time in Paid-

The verb after "for" is in the "-ing" form.

body or something very much: I think Cindy is

for and since

stan.• We usually say "happy" or "affectionate". 2 to be fond of (somebody or something) Like some­ very fond of Rick.

+food

/fu:d/

[noun] What

people, animals and plants

eat to grow and live: Some people in Africa die be­ cause they don't have any food.

fool1

/fu:l/

fool2

/fu:l/

[co���nbte] A stupid person:

He's a fool. He

We use for and since with the present perfect or the present perfect continuous to talk about actions that we started doing in the past and that we are still doing in the present. •

for

We use for with periods of time: hours, one week, two months, three years.

never knows when to keep quiet.

[verb]

To trick somebody: She fooled us

into giving her some money.

- Carmen has been studying English for three years.

t PHRASAL VERBS

- She has been working in the library for hours.

·

to fool around To behave in

a stupid way: Some students are always fooling around instead of paying attention.

foolish

/'fu:.lrJ/

[adjective]

Silly, that behaves like a

fool: It's foolish to try to pretend you haven't bro­ ken the window, George. We saw you.

foosball [co��;a:1e] Game often played in bars in which

you move players on bars on a table: I am useless at

foosball. •The same meaning: "table soccer".

h

The sound of some-

body walking: Hearing footsteps in the middle of

some presents for us. 3 During a length of time:

US: /'fa:.lou.ac/ UK: /'fobu.g'/

g

to follow her footprints in the snow.

footstep

"understand".

follower

e

-

feet leave: We found Susie very easily. We just had

don't quite follow you. • I n this use, we usually say

['0��;anble]

d

•

since We use since with starting points in time: yesterday, lost week, two months ago, September, 1975, their wedding day, the last time that we saw them.. - Sally has been working in this bank since 1994. - I haven't seen Sally and Jim since their wedding day.

J k l m n

O

P q r s

t u v w x

y z

forbade a

b c

d e

-

154

forbade Past tense of forbid. forbid, forbade, forbidden

+forest /fo'b1ci/

[verb]

To tell

/'br·ast/. /'for-/

[noun ]

A large area of land

covered with trees: Forests are bigger than woods.

somebody that you do not allow them to do some­ thing: Smoking is forbidden at our school. • Com­ pare with "ban2" (to make a law or a rule that says

FOREST

that something must not be done).

forbidden

/far'b1d-g-n/. /br-/

forbid.

+force1

/b:s/

I

[""'��:�able]

Past participle of

1 Power: Only judges

have the legal force to send somebody to prison.

2 Strength: If you try to throw me out by force,

['°:��bn te] 3

you'll be sorry. I

An organized group of

g

people: Each county in United States has its own

h

vy and air force: Rita wants to be a member of

police force. 4 the armed forces The army, na­ the armed forces when she grows up. • In this use. the same meaning: "the armed services". "the services".

] k [ m n 0

p q r s

t U v w x

force2

/h:s/

[verb]

To make somebody do some-

thing: Our teacher forced us to play soccer even though it was snowing.

forearm ['°:��nble] The part of the arm between the forestry

/'frmstri/

n [u '��:�able]

The science and prac-

wrist and the elbow: The forearm contains two

lice of planting, looking after and managing for-

long bones, the radius and the ulna.

ests: The forestry commission is working on the re-

+forecast1

['0:�;anbte]

/'b:ka:st/

The

A prediction:

weather forecast for this weekend is excellent: sunny and warm.

forecast2, forecast, forecast

forestation of the burned area.

+forever

/'b:ka:st/

[verb]

To

say what you think that will happen in the fu-

[adverb]

Always:

[co:�;'�1e]

A wom­

US: /h:'rev.21/ UK: /fa're.vg'/

I'll remember you forever, Brenda.

forewoman

/'br,wum .gn/. /'four-/

an who is responsible for a group of workers: The

lure: Some people forecast that in the 21st century

forewoman told the carpenter and the electrician

we will be able to visit the planet Mars.• "Forecast"

what they should do.• The plural is "forewomen".•

also has regular past and past participle forms: "forecasted".

foreground

/'br,ground/.

/'four-/

[noun]

That

part of a view or image which appears to be closest the

to

the

picture

viewer:

there

is

Jn

a

the

foreground

small

of

farmhouse. •

A man is a "foreman".

forgave /far'ge1v/. /hr-/ Past tense of forgive. +forget, forgot, forgotten /far'get/, /br-/ [verb] Not to remember something: Don't forget we're having a test on Monday.

forgetful

/far'gct·fal/. /br-/

[adjective]

That forgets

Compare with "background" (the back part in a pie-

easily: My girlfriend is very forgetful. She never re-

ture).

members my birthday.

forehead

us: /'fo:.ml/ UK: /'fnr.1cl/

[co:��'�1e] The part +forgive, forgave, forgiven

of the face between your hair and your eyes: They say that a wide forehead is a sign of intelligence. ®See picture at face.

+foreign /'br-gn/. /'for-/ [adjective] Belonging to another country: It's not easy to speak a foreign Ianguage.

foreigner

US: /'fo:r.a.1121/ UK: /'for.a.na'/

['0:��nble]

A

/far'g1v/. /br-/

[verb]

To pardon somebody for something: Forgive me for breaking your guitar.

forgiven Past participle of forgive. forgot /fa'got/ Past tense of forget. forgotten /fa'gntgn/ Past participle of forget. +forl< US: /b:rk/ UK: /b:k/ ['°:�;anble] 1 An instrument with several points at one end used for eating:

person from another country: There are very few

Charles, use your fork. Don't pick up your food with

foreigners living in China.

your hands. • Remember! You eat soup with a

foreman

l'°:�;abn te]

A man who is

spoon. you eat french fries with a fork and you cut

y

responsible for a group of workers: The foreman

cakes with a knife. ® See picture at cutlery. 2 A

gave instructions to his workers before they started

large instrument with several points at one end

z

work. • The plural is "foremen". • A woman is a

that is used for gardening: Shona used the garden

"forewoman".

fork to dig out the weeds.

/'hr-mgn/. /'foor-/

fractious

155

form

US:

/b:rm/ UK: /fo:m/

l'°:��abn le]

1 A type: Swim­

ming is a very good form of exercise. 2 A paper with questions: Please, fill in the form at home and

give it to me next week.

tformal

/'hr-mgl/

[adjective]

1 Official: You need formal

permission to leave school before three. 2 Done ac­ cording to certain social rules: My parents wore

formal clothes for the Christmas party.

formation

/br'me1-Jgn/

n ["c��:�able]

The forming of

forward3

['0:��nb1']

/'fo:wgd/

Player in an attacking

position: I play as a forward in the school team. ®See picture at soccer.

fossil

['0:�� a;1']

/'fu:.s'l/ UK: /'fos.'1/

US:

The remains

of a prehistoric plant or animal changed into stone through centuries: A one million year old

ciple forms of fight2• •Be careful with the pronunci-

e

ation of this word. It is pronounced like the word "fort".

US:

/'h:r.mac/ UK: /'h:.mg'/

[adjective]

Previous:

riages.

tformula

/'br·mjg .[g/

['0:��nb1']

foul1

/faul/

[adjective] Very dirty

or unpleasant: Tim is

always using foul language. I don't know where he's picked it up.

1 A rule in science

foul2

['0:��nb1']

/faul/

An action in sport that is not

or mathematics that is written with symbols

permitted: Stopping the ball with your foot in hock­

and numbers: Who knows the mathematical for­

ey is a foul.

mula for calculating the circumference of a cir­ cle? 2 A list of substances necessary for mak­ The formula of Coca Cola is

ing something:

fort

US:

/h:rt/ UK: /h:t/

['0:��';1']

A building like a

castle, built to protect the people inside: In the

American Far West, soldiers lived in wooden forts. fortieth /'bqi .gfl/ [adjective] Referring to forty: I'm the fortieth in the list of admissions to the Universi­ ty.• "Fortieth" can also be written "40th".

fortify

of find.

+foundation

n [u'��:�able]

/faun'de1.J'n/

The

act

of

/'bqg,fm/

[,ecb ]

mous for medical studies ever since its foundation.

foundations

/faun'dc1Jgn/

[p1uar ton un]

The base of a

building: If the foundations are solid, the house

won't fall down.

fountain

/'faun.Im/

[co::�nble ]

A construction from

which water comes out, usually in a yard or a

To strengthen: More sol­

diers were brought in to fortify the defenses of the

park: Chicago has some beautiful fountains.

fountain pen l'°::�bn 1']

A pen that you fill with

town. • We say: "to fortify something with some­

ink: Some writers don't like using computers. They

thing": "cereal fortified with extra vitamins". • Be

only write with fountain pens.

careful with the spelling of these forms: "fortifies", "fortified".

fortnight

/'brt,nmt/, /'fourt-/

[co:��bn 1']

This summer we're going to Florida for a fortnight. •This word is a contraction of "fourteen nights".

fortunate

/'br·tJg-ngt/

[adjective]

+four

/fo:r/ UK: /b:'/

us:

l"::;·;,�;�:i�']

The number 4:

Dogs have four legs.

Two weeks:

Lucky: Those chil­

dren are fortunate to live in such a beautiful place. tfortune /'br-tJgn/ I ['0:�;abn 1'] 1 A large amount of

fourteen

/,b:'ti:n/

l"::;·;,�j;�:i�']

The number 14:

James has got ten marbles and I've got fourteen.

fourteenth

/,h:'ti:n8/

l::j;,;i::J

fourth

us:

/b:re/ UK: /b:e/

1::r:,;i::1

Referring to

2 Good luck: They had

the USA. • "Fourth" can also be written "4th". Be

the good fortune of being selected for the trip to Ita­

careful! When we speak about proportions, we usu-

ly. 3 Fate: Sara can read your fortune in the Tarot

ally say "a quarter" not "a fourth": "I'll be finished

cards.

in a quarter of an hour". "I ate one quarter of the

forty US: /'h:r.!if UK: /'h:.ti/ l"::;·;,�;�:i�e]

The number

40: Ali Baba was the leader of a gang of forty /'b:wgd/

[adjective]

In the direction that is

in front of you: In American football, you can

make forward passes.

forward2

Or

forwards

The fox is a mammal.• The plural is "foxes". a /'fnek.J'n/ l"::; bn 1'] 1 A part of a whole

fraction number:

/'h:wgd/

[admb]

Towards

the front, towards in front of you: Please move

forwards because there are lots of free seats at the front.

pizza".

fox US: /fo:ks/ UK: /foks/ lco:�;':1'] A wild animal of the dog family, with pointed ears and a bushy tail:

thieves.

+forward1

h J k l m n

O

P q r

tee nth" can also be written "14th".

four: The Fourth of July is Independence Day in

["'" ��:�able]

g

Referring to four­

teen: The fourteenth of July is my birthday.• "Four-

money: Mr. Thomson made his fortune selling sec­

ondhand cars. I

-

+found /faund/ Past tense and past participle forms

founding something: The university has been fa­

secret.

(

d

not difficult.

In former times people traveled on horses or in car­

b

fossil was found during the excavations.

fought us: /fo:t/ UK: /b:t/ Past tense and past parti­

something: The formation of the verbs in English is

former

a

1/3

is a fraction. 2 A small amount: I

closed my eyes for a fraction of a second and he disappeared.

fractious /'fnck.Jgs/ [adjective] Disobedient,

bad tem­

pered: You are very fractious today. What is the

S

t LJ v w x

y z

fragile a

b c

d e

g h

156

matter with you?•

This word is usually used when

you refer to a child.

fragile

[adjective]

Do you do any sport in your free time? 7 to set free To let somebody or

school or at work:

1 That

something go from a prison or from a cage:

Glass is quite difficult to transport. It's very fragile. 2 Delicate or unhealthy: I was feeling fragile and the doctor prescribed me some vitamins.

The children opened the cage and set free all the doves.

US: /'frred3.'I/ UK: /'frred3.ail/

breaks or gets damaged easily:

fragility

/frn'd3Ii�ti/

[""'��:�able]

1 The state of being

free2

Due to its fragility, the +freedom /'fri:.d�m/ [noun] 1 The right or power to do what you like, the state of being free: Since I figure needs to be packed carefully. 2 The state of not being strong and healthy: The doctor says that bought the scooter I've had much more freedom of movement. 2 freedom of speech The right to free her fragility now is normal. fragment /fra:g'ment/, /'fra:g.mgnt/ [co���abn le] A small expression: Freedom of speech is an important characteristic of modern democracies. part of something: Be careful! There are still [ragfreelance /'fri,hns/ la��j;��;;bJ Independent, not ments of glass on the floor. frail /fre11/ [adjective] Weak and delicate: Mrs. Hawkins employed by one particular company: My ambiis a frail woman. She's always ill. tion is to be a freelance photographer. I like that pieture frame. It's simple and not too big. ® See piepictures, mirrors and other objects:

l m n 0

p q r s

t u v w x

y z

To make somebody or something

easily damaged or broken:

+frame /fre1m/ ['0:���1e] 1 A structure that surrounds freely

J k

[verb]

/fri:/

The government has decided to free all political prisoners. free:

ture at

glasses.

2 A structure on which something

In Scandinavia many houses have a wooden frame. is built:

framework

/'frc1m,w3rk/

['0:��anble]

The basic struc-

lure on which something is built or in which

The framework burned down in the fire and the roof collapsed. frank /frreJJk/ [adjective] Open, sincere: He's a very frank person. He always says what he thinks. something is based:

fraternity

[""'��:�able]

/frg'f3r·nt·!i/

Friendship or

/'fri:.li/

[adverb]

1 Without control, limit or

Contributions to charity are given freely. 2 Openly: You can speak freely to me. 3 Willingly: I freely admit that I'm jealous. 4 Liberally: He spends his money very freely. 5 Loosely, in a free way: You have translated this part very freely. obligation:

free-range /,fri:'remd3/ [adjective] From a farm, on:

I only eat free-range eggs.

freeway

/'fri:.we1/

['°���a�le ]

US: /fro:d/ UK: /fn:d/

I

[noun] 1

A dishonest ac-

lion to get money: He's been in prison twice for fraud. I [un '��:�ab le] 2 Somebody who is not what they say they are: He said he was the king of an Asian country, but he was a fraud.

freckle

/'frek.!/

your skin:

[co���anble]

A small, brown spot on

Children with freckles always look

If you take the freeway, it only takes two hours to get to the city. •In British English they say "mo-

/fri:/

[adjective]

1 Able to do what you like,

Slaves were not free. They had to do what their masters told them. 2 That does not cost any money: Hurry up! They're giving away free tickets for the circus. 3 That is not doing anything: Are you free tonight, Peter? I'd like you to do me a little favor. 4 free from without restriction:

(something)

That doesn't have or suffer from

I'd like to live in a place free from pollution. 5 free speech The right to free expression: Free speech is an important characteristic of modern democracies. something unpleasant:

6

/fri:z/

[verb] To become solid

You can freeze many types of food to preserve them for a period of time. at a low temperature:

freezer

/'fri.zgr/

['°���anble] A

large fridge where you

My parents buy large amounts of food and keep it in the freezer. can keep food for a few months:

® See picture at kitchen.

freezing

/'fri:.zni/

[adjecti"]

Very cold:

Turn on the

heating, Paul. It's freezing.

naughty.

+free1

A very wide road

that goes directly from one town to another:

support for other people: There was a great feeling torway". o[ fraternity among the people running in the mar+freeze, froze, frozen athon. •The plural is "fraternities".

fraud

not a

factory, when talking about eggs, chickens and so

free time

The time when you are not at

freight car ['°���nble] An open carriage pulled by a train:

That train has 15 freight cars of coal. •

In

British English they say "wagon. truck".

French1 [""'��:�able] other countries:

The language of France and

Do you speak French?•

Be care-

ful! "French" has a capital "F".

French2

/frentJ/ [adjective] Referring to France: Vanessa has a French penpa/ who lives in Marseilles.•

Careful! "French" has a capital "F". For people the singular is "a Frenchman" or "a Frenchwoman" and the plural is "the French".

french fry [co���anble] cooked in oil:

Small, thick piece of potato

Do you want french fries with your

fringe

157 hamburger?• This use is more common in the plural

friends: After two weeks at school I had made

"french fries". • Compare with "potato chip" (a thin

friends with most of my classmates.• Compare with

slice of fried potato sold in packets).• In British Eng­

"acquaintance" (a person that you know slightly). •

lish they say "chip".

Be careful with the pronunciation of this word. "friend" rhymes with "end".

friendly

FRENCH FRIES

/'frend.li/

[adjective]

1 That is helpful, open

and welcoming: John is a very friendly boy. He gets

on well with everyone. 2

to be friendly with

Be

friend with somebody: Sue is friendly with nearly

everybody in the hockey team.

+friendship

[noun ] The relationship with

/'frend..f1p/

a friend: Brian and I have kept our friendship for

years.

fright

/frmt/

[""'��:�able]

A feeling of fear: Hearing

the telephone call in the middle of the night always gives me a fright.

+frighten

/'frm.t'n/

[verb]

a

b (

d e

g h

To make somebody feel

fear: I don't want to frighten you. But there's a po­

liceman asking for you.

+frightened

frequency

[o n un]

/'fra1.t'nd/

[adjective]

That is afraid of

How often some ­

something: Don't be frightened. These snakes are

thing happens: People catch colds with great fre­

not poisonous. • Be careful with the pronunciation

quency at this time of year.• The plural is "frequen­

of this word. The last "e" is not pronounced. • See

/'fri:.kwgnt.si/

box at bored.

cies".•See box below.

+frequent

/'fri:.kw'nt/

[adjective]

Often happening:

There are frequent storms there in the summer.

+fresh

/freJ/

[adjective]

1 Made or picked a short time

ago: I love fresh bread. 2 Not tinned or frozen: Fresh

vegetables have more vitamins than frozen ones. 3

+frightening

/'frm.t'n.11J/

[adjective]

That makes you

feel fear: It was a frightening scene: rats all over

the place.•See box at bored.

fringe

/frmd3/

[co:��'�1e]

1 See bangs. • This use is

British English. 2 An ornamental border or edge on

Clean or new: Let's give the cat some fresh water. 4

cloths, carpets or a piece of cloth, consisting of

Cool: By the seaside there's always a fresh breeze.

loose threads or cords: The carpet at home has

freshman [c0���nble]

A student in the first year of

thick fringes. 3 The outer edge of an area, a group

high school or college: This year she is in 8th

or an activity: The quieter areas are on the fringes

grade and next year she'll be a freshman in high

of town.

/'freJ,w�!·gr/, /-,wu!·gr/

[adjective]

Of riv­

Frequency adverbs

+Friday

·

/'frm.de1/

[noun ]

1 The sixth day of the week:

Friday is between Thursday and Saturday. 2

Friday

Good

See Good Friday. •Be careful! "Friday" has

We use always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely and never to talk about how often we do something: - How often do you sleep eight hours a night?

a capital "F". Be careful with the pronunciation of

always

this word. "Fri" rhymes with "my".® See picture at

usually

calendar.

often

+fridge

/fnd3/

[co��;a,ble]

A machine for

sometimes

keeping

drinks and food cold: Don't forget to put the bottle

rarely

of milk in the fridge.• The same meaning: "refriger­

never

ator".® See picture at kitchen.

fried /frard/ [adjective] That has been cooked in hot oil or fat: How do you want your eggs, fried or boiled?

+friend

/frend/

[co��;anble]

1 Somebody who you know

well, get on well with and feel loyal to: Brian is

my best friend. I've known him for over ten years. 2

to make friends with (somebody)

To become

m

n 0

p r

ers or lakes, not of the sea: Trout are freshwater

fish.

l

q

school.

freshwater

J k

s

t u v w

These words usually go before the main verb: - Susan always walks to school. They go after auxiliary verbs like lo be, to do or to have: - James has often been late for school.

x

y z

frisbee a

frisbee

b

frog

c

d e

g h

158

/'fnz.bi/

['°:��nble]

A round thin plastic ob-

ject that spins when you throw it: If you throw it

right, the frisbee comes back to you. US: /fru:g/ UK: /frng/

[co:��anble] A small green ani-

ma! with big back legs for jumping: Frogs live on

land but lay their eggs in water. ®See

+from

US:

/frn:m/ UK:

[pceposit;on]

/from/

page 431.

1 Showing

where somebody was born: Irene is from Peru. 2

Showing the origin of something:

This flight

comes from New York. 3 Showing the time something starts: I work from nine to five. 4 Showing the material used to make something: I have a

model boat made from wood. 5 Because of: They /frAnt/

[co:�;anble]

1 The forward part of some-

thing: Sue's father once hit the wall with the front

front door

m

n 0

p q r s

x

Y z

ft

A written abbreviation for foot. •See box at ab-

breviations.

+fuel /fjual/ [noun] A substance that can be burned for light or heat: Gas is the cleanest fuel but it can be

dangerous.

fulcrum

[co:��anble]

/'ful.kram/

The point at which a

lever is placed to gain purchase: Placing the lever

at the fulcrum point gives maximum stability. •The

fulfill

/ful'frl/

[verb]

1 To do or to complete your du-

ty, plans or promises successfully: Daniel always

fulfills his promises. 2 To make something you

® See picture at house. 3

front row

The first

row: Some people like sitting in the front row at the

theater. 4

in front of (somebody) 1 Ahead of you,

come an attorney.

+full

/ful/

[adiecH,,]

1 Holding or containing the maxi-

mum: Sorry, you can't go in. The room is full.

® See picture at opposite. 2

full

up With no

before you in position: There are just three girls in

room for anything or anybody else: I can't eat any

front of us in the line. 2 Outside the forward part

more. I'm full up. 3

of something: Wait for me in front of the library.

name in full, please.

®See picture at preposition.

frontal /'frnntal/ [adjecHve] Being at the front: Among

the skull bones you may find: frontal, parietal and

occipital.• Compare with "rear'" (back) and "back'" (situated behind something).

frontier

/frAn't1ar/

['°:�;'�1e]

countries: The Rio Grande marks the frontier be-

tween Mexico and the USA.

frost

US: /fra:st/ UK: /frost/

Fine covering of ice

ter, there's frost on the car windshield in the morning. /fraun/

[verb]

To make a gesture with your

forehead to show that you are angry or surprised:

When I told him I had seen Tom at the movie theater, he frowned.

fruit juice

The liquid

you get by pressing some fruits: I don't drink a/co-

ho/, only fruit juice.• Be careful with the pronunciation of this word. The ending is pronounced the same

+fry1

/fra1/

British

English.

full-time

/,ful'taim/

[,��i:����b]

All the time: If you

want to become a doctor, you'll have to study

fun1

/fAn/

[adiecHve] Enjoyable:

It was fun climbing the

mountain, but very tiring. • Compare with "funny"

page 436.

[verb] To cook food in hot oil or butter:

I'm

going to fry some peppers. • Be careful with the

spelling of these forms: "fries", "fried".

+fun2

/fAn/

[ unc����a ble]

1 Enjoyment, amusement: Rid-

ing a mountain bike is good fun. 2

to have fun To

have a good time: Bye children! Have fun at the

party. 3

to make fun of (somebody)

To laugh at

somebody: I don't think you should make fun of

other people.

function1

/'fA1ikJan/

['0:��'�1e] The job or the intend-

tion of a teacher is to help students learn.

of

word is usually an uncountable noun. We say "some

as the word "root".® See

full stop [co:��nbte] See period. •This word is

ed purpose of somebody or something: The func-

have an orange or other fruit for dessert. • This fruit" or "a piece of fruit". 2

Completely: Write your

(that makes you laugh).

[noun]

that forms on things in very cold weather: In win-

frown

in full

full-time.

The line between two

some plants or trees that you can eat: I always

w

food: Do not put too much oil in the frying pan. •

The same meaning "skillet".® See picture at pan.

wish for true: I'd like to fulfill my ambition to be-

t froze US: /frouz/ UK: /frauz/ Past tense of freeze. +frozen /'frou-zan/ Past participle of freeze. U +fruit /fru:t/ [noun] 1 The soft and often juicy part v

frying pan [co:��nbte] A shallow pan used for frying

The door that is at the

through the front door and out by the back door.

l

french fry. • This use is more

front of a building or an apartment: She went in

of his car. 2

J k

[noun] See

/frm/

common in the plural: "fries".

plural is "fulcrums" or "fulcra".

died from malaria.

+front

+fry2

function2

/'fAQkJan/

[vecb]

To work: This computer

doesn't function properly.

+fund1

/fAnd/

lco:��anble] An amount of money,

usually

for some special purpose: At school we're trying to

start a fund for a new laboratory.

fund2 [verb] To give money for something:

This en-

vironmental project is funded by an important com-

pany.

+funeral /'fju-nar-al/ [co�� �anble] The ceremony of bury-

ing or cremating a dead person: When Mrs. Nelson

died, the whole class went to her funeral.

funfair

/'fan.fear/ US: /-fer/

[co���nble] See amusement

future tense

159 park in the word park'. •This word is British Eng­

form is "furrier" and the superlative form is "furri­

lish.

est". 2 Being covered by hair resembling fur: The

fungus

/'fAQ.ggs/

[co:�;anb1']

One

of

a

group

of

spore-producing organisms which feed on organ­ ic matter: This fungus is a mushroom.• The plural is "fungi".

funnel

[co:�;'�1']

/'fAngl/

1 A kind of tube opening

into a wide mouth, used for pouring liquids into bottles: Use the funnel to fill the bottle or you will

spill the water. 2 The chimney on a ship: As the ship left the harbor, a column of smoke came out of its funnel.

+funny

teddy bear was soft and furry to the touch.

further1

/'fa:ihr/

[adveel.i.gn/ [00:�;•,ble]

A large sailing ship

with several masts, used in the past for trade and in war: The galleon was used by the explorers of America.

gallery /'ga:l·ni/

['0:��:1e] A building where people

can see paintings: In Florence we spent a whole day looking at paintings in galleries.• The plural is "galleries".

+gallon /'ga:bn/ l00:��·:1e] A unit of capacity equal to 3.785 liters: My car does a hundred kilometers to the gallon. • In British English a gallon is equal to

4.5 liters.

gallop f'ga:l.�p/ [verb]

To ride a horse very fast: She

galloped across the valley.

gamble1 /'ga:mbl/ [00:��·:1e] A risk that you take:

It's

a gamble going on a picnic on such a cloudy day.

+gamble2 f'g>emhl/ [verb] 1

To play for money at

cards, on the horses and so on: Uncle Robert lost all his money gambling on horses. 2 To take a risk to get something: They're gambling all they have on the new store they are opening.• Be careful. We say: "gamble on (something)".

gambler /'ga:m·hlgr/ l'°:��"b1'] A person who tries to win money on cards, races and so on: Mr. Ballard is a real gambler; he gambles on anything.

gambling /'g>em.hliD/

[""'��:�able]

The act of betting

money on cards, horses and so on: My aunt likes gambling on the lottery.

+game /germ/ I ['0:��"ble] 1

An activity or sport with

special rules: Chess is my favorite game. 2 Part of a match in tennis and other sports, won by gain­ ing a certain number of points: Tony won the first game easily, but lost the second and the third. I

[""'��:�able]

3 Wild animals that people hunt: It is

forbidden to shoot game in the National Parks.• In

gathering

161 this use "game" is an uncountable noun. 4 board

game See board

game.

game park [noun] A

large area of land used as a

In our trips to Kenya we visited two game parks and saw lots of elephants. /gacQ/

[noun] A group of people who act togeth-

er: A gang of soccer hooligans were arrested by the police after the game.

gangster

/'greD·star/

[noun]

A violent criminal who

Al Capone was a famous gangster who lived in Chicago in the 1920's.

belongs to a gang or leads it:

gaol

/d3erl/

[noun]

See

jail.• This word is pronounced

the same as "jail".•This word is British English.

tgap

[noun] 1

The cats come into our backyard through a gap in the wall. 2 An empty space: Write words in the gaps to complete the exercise. 3 An interval: There's a gap of two years between the brothers. /gxp/

tgarage

A hole:

US: /ga'ra:3/ UK: /'grer.0:3/

where you can keep your car:

the garage at night. ®

US: /'ga;.si.as/ UK: f'gcr.si.as/

or like gas:

reserve for wild animals:

gang

gaseous

[noun] 1

A room

She puts her car in

See picture at

house. 2

A

gasoline

[adiecti"] Of gas,

Saturn is a gaseous planet.

/'gres.al.i:n/

[noun] A

liquid that is used in

A snowstorm is coming, make sure you have enough gasoline in your car. •We also say "gas". •In British English motor vehicles for producing power:

they say "petrol".

gasp1 [noun]

A short, quick breath because of sur-

/ga:sp/

[,erb ]

f

Kevin gasped when he felt the cold water.

gas station [noun] A place where you can buy gasoline and other things for your car: We stopped at the gas station and filled up with gas for the journey. •The same meaning: "service station".• Com-

Things or material

that you don't need and that you throw away:

Please put this garbage in the trash can.•

gastric

•

/'grestnk/

[adjec1;,,] Referring to the stomach:

gastropod

/'ga:s·tra,pud/

lco:��anb1'] A mollusk with a

shell which moves itself using a single foot:

GATE

)1

Be care­

The same

meaning: "trash".•In British English they say "rub­ bish".

tgarden

/'gor·da·n/

[noun] 1

h

Gastric flu can make you very ill.

ful with the pronunciation of this word. The last "a" is pronounced like the "i" in "did".

-

pare with "garage" (also par repairs).

Snails are gastropods. We need to find a garage. I don't know what tgate /gc1t/ lco:��ab1' n ] 1 A small door in a wall or in a the red light on the panel means. • Compare with fence: If you leave the gate open, the dog will get "gas station" and "service station" (only to buy gas out into the road. 2 A door at an airport: Passenand other things, not for repairs). gers must wait at gate three.

["nc��:�abte]

d e

pairs:

/'gar·hrd3/

c

To take a short, quick breath:

place where you take your car for gas or for re-

tgarbage

b

She gave a gasp

prise, sudden cold and so on:

when she saw the phone bill.

gasp2

a

An open space where

flower or plants are grown: This town has beauti­ ful gardens in which you can walk. 2 A piece of

J k l m

n 0

p q

land where vegetables or flowers are cultivated:

r

This spring we are going to plant strawberries in our garden. 3 zoological garden See zoo.

s

gardener

US: f'ga:r.d'n.a'/ UK: f'ga:.d'n.a'/

[noun]

A

The gardener is

t

A small plant with a

u

person who works in a garden:

watering the plants.

garlic

f'gur·hk/

[unc��:�abte] 1

very strong smell and taste:

Helen has put too

much garlic in the soup. 2 clove of garlic An indi­ gateau US: /ga:!'ou/ UK: f'gact.au/ [noun] A large deco­ I need a clove of rated cake with cream: We're going to buy a ga­ teau for my birthday tea.• The plural is "gateaux" or garlic for this dish. ® See page 437. garment ['0:��nb1'] An article of clothing: This shop "gateaus". tgather /'greo-ar/ [,erb] 1 To come together in a sells women's garments. tgas /ga:s/ [noun] 1 A substance like air, not a solid or group: A crowd of people gathered around the am­ a liquid: Oxygen is a gas. ® See page 438. 2 A bulance. 2 To bring things together: Lisa gathered substance that is used for heating and cooking: her books before leaving the room. Put the coffee pot on the gas, please. ® See page gathering f'gxo·a-rni/ [noun] An assembly or a meeting: They had a family gathering yesterday. 439. 3 See gasoline. vidual segment of a garlic bulb:

v w x

y z

gauze a

b

162

gauze us: /ga:z/ UK: /g:J:z/ ['°:��nb1'] A thin,

transpar-

ent cloth used mainly to cover wounds: Gauze is

made from silk or cotton.

(

gave /ge1v/ Past tense of give. gaze1 [noun] A deliberate look: I was so embarrassed

d

gaze2

e

view.

f � �

h

that I couldn't return her gaze. /gc1z/

[verb]

To look at something for a long

time: She sat at the window gazing silently at the /gg'zel/

[noun]

A small antelope: Gazelles

/grr/ UK: /grg'/ I

[noun] 1

In a machine, a set

of round pieces with teeth which control the

speed: You have to change gear to go up a hill. I

" � [ nc��: able] 2

Special equipment or clothes for a

sport or a job: Are you going to take your fishing

gear with you?

J k l m n

0

P q

geese /gi:s/ The plural of goose. Gemini /'d3em.r.nar/ [noun] A sign

s

t U V W X

Y z

people to understand the younger generation. 2 A stage in family history: Look at this photo of

me,

my

mom,

my

grandma

and

my great-

grandmother: four generations of MacMillan women.

generator

/'d3c1mc1tgr/

['0:��nble] A machine which

of the zodiac: If

your birthday is between May 21st and June 20th, you're a Gemini.• Be careful. "Gemini" has a capital "G" and doesn't finish in "s".

gender /'d3cn·cfar/ I lco:��a�te] 1 The classification of nouns: Nouns are classified by gender into mascu-

line, feminine and neuter. I

[noun] 2 The condition of

being male or female: Domestic violence is a gen-

down.

generosity

[noon]

/,d3en·g'rus·g!·i/

The quality of

being generous: Aunt Margaret always shows us

great generosity, giving us money on our birthdays.

+generous

[adjec1i"] 1

/'d3c1M·rgs/

Ready, quick to

generous with his money. 2 Large: Lady Athol/ has made a generous contribution to our school.

genius /'d3i:.ni.gs/ [noun] An extremely talented person: Picasso was a genius who made a great con-

tribution to twentieth century art. /'d3cn-tg.J/ [adiec1i"] Kind, calm and unag-

+gentle

gressive: The new doctor has a gentle voice.

+gentleman

/'d3en-tg.J.mgn/

[co:��nbte] 1

A polite way

of saying "man": ''A gentleman at the door is wait-

der issue.

gene [co:��a�1'] A part

gy, or any machine which converts one kind of

give money, time or other help: Jonathan's very

of a cell that determines the

ing to see you". 2 A man who is polite and be-

characteristics of a living thing: If the children are

haves well to others: He doesn't behave like a gen-

red-haired, one of their parents must have a gene for red hair.

genealogical

/,d3i-ni-g'Jad3·1·bl/

[adjeclive]

Referring

to the study of the history of families: The family

prepared a genealogical tree showing their ancestors.

+general1

/'d3engrgl/

[adjective] 1

Affecting many pea-

pie or things: The principa/'s illness was a matter

r

People

energy into another: The generator has broken

live in Africa and Asia. US:

['0:��nbte ] 1

/,d3c1u'rcr.J'n/

born at about the same time: It's hard for old

converts mechanical energy into electrical ener-

gazelle +gear

+generation

tleman at all.• The plural is "gentlemen".

+genuine /'d3cn.ju.m/ [adjective] Real, true:

This ring is

made of genuine gold.

geographical

/,d3i:gu'grrefrbl/

[adjective]

Referring

to geography: a geographical report.

+geography

/d3i'ag-rg.fi/

[noun]

The study of the

countries of the world, their rivers, mountains,

of general concern for parents and students. 2 Not

populations and so on: We're studying the geogra-

in detail, describing only the main points: Give us

phy of Asia at the moment. • The plural is "geographies".

a general idea of your plan.

general2

/'d3c1mgJ/

[noun]

A very important officer

in the army: The generals are inspecting the new

/,d3i:gu'lod31bl/

[adjecti"]

Referring to

the scientific study of the surface part of the Earth, especially the rocks and soil: The geologi-

tanks.

general election [noun]

geological

An election in which

people choose a government: The general election

will be held in March.

general knowledge [noun]

geology

/d3i'ul-g-d3i/

[noun]

The study of rocks:

They've sent up a satellite to study the geology of

What

you

know

about many different subjects: We had a general

knowledge quiz in class today and I won!

general practitioner [noun]

cal survey of the area took months to complete.

A family doctor:

General practitioners treat all kinds of illnesses. •

"GP" is an abbreviation for "general practitioner".

+generate j'd3en-g,re1t/ [verb] To make heat, electric-

Mars.• The plural is "geologies".

geometric [adjec H,.] 1

or

geometrical

/,d3i:gu'mctnk/

Made up of regular shapes: She prefers

geometric designs. 2 Referring to geometry: geometric studies.

geometry

/d3i'am-g.tri/

[noun]

The study of lines,

shapes, curves and so on: Children learn about

ity, power and so on: The new power station gener-

squares and circles in geometry.• The plural is "ge-

ates electricity for the whole city.

ometries".

get

163

geosphere ['0���abn 1'] The interior of the Earth and

an adjective, to be the person that something

the part of the Earth's surface which is not water:

happens to or that achieves a certain state: I got

The geosphere is mainly made up of rock. ® See

stopped by the police yesterday on my motorcycle; I

page 449.

got angry when I saw the results. 10 To take a bus,

geranium

[co���anb1'] A

plant with

taxi, train and so on: Let's get a bus. It's too far to

bright red, pink or white flowers: Geraniums are

walk. 11 To catch an illness: If you don't wear a

/d3g're1.ni.gm/

very common in the Mediterranean region. ® See

jacket you'll get a cold. 12 Get out! Words you use

page 433.

when you think what the other person says can't

thing that causes illness: Flu is spread by germs.

the way to being late: It's getting on: we should go

germ US: /c3l �:m/ UK: /d33:m/ [on un] A very small living German1

/'cl33:mgn/

[adje ci;ve]

Referring to Germany:

Beethoven was German.• Be careful! "German" has a capital "G".

German2

I

[oc ���'0b1'] 1 A person from

be true 13 Got you! 14 to be getting on To be on

now.• See box on the following page. II PHRASAL VERBS ·

to get away

1 To escape:

The thief got away with her purse. 2 To go away Germany: My

somewhere for a break, or to leave somewhere

aunt is married to a German and they live in Bonn. I ["" '��:�ab le] 2 The language of Germany and other

early: My father is going to get away early this Fri­

day, so that we can all go to the beach. ·

to get

countries: Robert speaks German fluently. • Be

away with (something)

careful! "German" has a capital "G".

or something cheeky, and avoid punishment:

Germanic

/d3g'mren.1k/

US:

/d3'1'-/

[adje tc ;ve]

Referring

You won't get away with it!·

to get back

1 To re­

turn to your house, city or base: My sister's gone

The Germanic tribes invaded Hispania in the 5th

on a school trip and she won't get back till next week. 2 To move away from something, especial­

century.

f'd33:mmc1t/

[verb]

To begin to grow, or

ly something dangerous: Get back! The firework

to get (something) back

to cause a seed to grow: The gardener's main job

could still explode. ·

in spring was to germinate the flowers.

be returned something that is yours: I lent Jason

germination

/,dpm1'ne1Jgn/

[co���nb1']

The act of

germinating: If you put seeds in warm damp condi­

tions, you are encouraging germination.

gerund

/'d3er.'nd/

[co���'0b1'] The form of a verb used

to describe a continuing action, which can also

To

my bike gloves but I expect to get them back on Monday. · to get behind To be late with some­ thing: You're getting behind with your work. ·

get by

to

1 To manage, to survive: Thanks for all

your help; I'd never get by without my friends. 2 To

become an adjective: "Running" is the gerund of

be able to do what is necessary in another lan­

the verb "to run".

guage: I don't have a good level, but I can get by

gesture /'d3es-tJgr/ [noun] A movement of your head or your hand to show feeling: Fanny made a ges­

ture indicating that she wanted us to go and join her.

tget, got, gotten

/get/

[verb] 1

To buy or to obtain

in French.

•

to get down To return to the ground

from something higher up: I don't know how to

get down from this tree! ·

thing)

to get down to (some­

To start doing something: When are you

going to get down to your homework?·

to get in 1

something: Who will get the tickets for the play?;

Referring to a form of transport on a scheduled

You won't get any help from him. 2 To receive

journey, to come to a place: What time does the

something: Jim got a parcel from Canada yester­

train get in? 2 To enter a car or a taxi: Hurry up,

to get off 1

day; I got your message. 3 Used with "have", to

get in the car! We're going to be late!·

possess: Mike wasn't very happy when he changed

To leave a train, bus or other vehicles, except

schools but now he has got plenty of new friends. •

car or taxi: We get off at the last stop. 2 To stop

This use only has two forms: "has gotten" or "has

being on something or somebody: Get off me, you

to get on 1 To progress:

got" and "have gotten" or "have got". 4 To bring or

are too heavy!·

to pick up something: Get me a glass of water,

you getting on with your English? 2 To climb into

How are

please. 5 To become: My grandfather's getting old

a vehicle, except a car or a taxi: You can't get on

and can't remember names; It's getting dark: we

the bus with all those bags. 3 To climb onto a

should go. 6 To come, to arrive: How long will it

horse, donkey, camel and so on: I got on the cam­

take to get to Miami?; I will phone you when we get to the hotel. 7 To understand an explanation, joke

with (somebody)

or instructions: OK, I get it. 8 To cause something

tionship with somebody: I get on very well with

to happen or be done: I must get this watch re­

paired. 9 When followed by a past participle or

b c

d e

f

h

To do something wrong

to Germans, Germany or the German language:

germinate

a

el and hung on as it stood up. ·

to get on well

To have a good, friendly rela­

my father. to get out 1 To leave a car or a taxi: Kate got out of the car in a hurry. 2 To leave a

J k l m

n 0

p q r s

t u v w x

y

•

z

getaway a

164

room, building, elevator and so on: We got out of the elevator and walked to the front door, and

standing position, to get out of bed: Ron usually

gets up at six o'clock in the morning. 2 To reach

b

suddenly

from bad news, a shock, a blow or a disappoint-

up the slide.

c

ment, or to become well again: He still hasn't

something naughty or bad: What has Bobby got

d e

f

h

J k l m n

...

When are you going to get around to put in order your room?

To do

up to now?• In British English the past participle of "get" is "got".• See box below.

getaway /'gct·g,wc1/ [noun] An escape:

The prisoners

made a quick getaway.

geyser

US: /'ga1.za'/ UK: /'gi:.zgr/

[co�z�':1' ]

A hot-wa-

ter spring which discharges steam and water intermittently: The geyser sprays a column of hot

water.

To survive: Their relationship was greatly affected by what happened, but they got through it. to get through (to somebody) 1 To make contact: I ·

ghost

US: /goust/ UK: /ggust/

[noun] 1

The spirit of a

dead person: I don't believe in ghosts. 2 ghost

buster Somebody who tries to remove ghosts

tried to phone my grandmother but I couldn't get

from a place: Have you seen the movie "Ghost bust-

through. 2 To make somebody understand you or respond to you: I have tried to explain to him, but

ers"? • Be careful with the pronunciation of this

it's impossible to get through to him because he doesn't want to listen.

•

to get up

1 To rise to a

to get The verb to get is used in many senses in English and can be confusing at times. Here is a list of the main uses of to get with simple explanations and example sentences:

Possession: - I have got a lot of books. Obligation: - You have got to go to the bank this morning to sign some papers.

•

Movement (to get 1 adverb/ prcpositon) - I have to get back before 10 p.m. - The door was locked so we couldn't get in. The thief managed to get away because he could run very fast.

s

- When the house caught fire, we had to get out through the window.

t

- The burglars got over the wall and into the house. •

Obtaining, receiving: - You got a package in the mail this morning.

•

Becoming: (to get+ 2d1cct1vc) - Hurry up! Your lunch is getting cold

•

Passive: (to get+ past pcrt'riple) - I must get my hair cut this afternoon. When translating this use of the verb to get into Spanish, we usually use the reflexive verb:

x

z

1 To arrive at the

to get up to (something)

·

can't get through all that work alone. 2 To pass:

r

y

to get through

the top of something: Help your little brother get

Don't worry, you'll get through your test all right. 3

p

w

·

end of something or to finish something: Jane

•

v

·

especially something that you don't like doing:

0

u

To recover

to get around to (doing something) To find time to do something,

gotten over his friend's death.

•

q

to get over (something)

•

- to get one's hair cut •

Arrive: - I got home late last night.

word! "gho" is pronounced like "go".

+giant1

/'d3a1gnt/

[noun]

An enormous person: She

read the children a story about a giant and a dwarf

giant2

/'d3a1gnt/

car company.

[ad;ee1;,,]

Very large: Ford is a giant

gibe /d3a1b/ [noun] See jibe. +gift /gift/ [co�z�anb1'] 1 A present: I'll give Lynn a puppy as a gift. •The same meaning: "present'". 2 A spe­

cial ability: Neil has a gift for telling stories.

gift certificate [co�z�·:1'] A card that you can use to

buy certain things: The first prize for the literary

competition was a gift certificate for twenty-five dol­ lars.

gig

/gig/

[noun]

A pop, rock or jazz concert: I went to

a great gig last weekend.• This word is informal.

gigantic

/d3m'gaen-t1k/

Tower is gigantic.

gill

/gil/

[co�z� ·:1']

[adjecHve]

Very big: The Eiffel

The respiratory organ in many

aquatic animals, which can be internal or external:

The gills on a fish are in a slit on the side of its head. /d3m/ [noun] A colorless alcoholic drink: Maggie

gin

ordered a gin and bitter lemon.

ginger /'d3m-d3gr/ [adjec1;,,] Having an orange brown color: I know the girl with the ginger hair.

gingerbread

/'d3m-d3:>r,hred/

[unc����a bte ]

A cake or

cookie flavored with ginger: Gingerbread is made

with syrup.

giraffe

fd3g'rxf/

[noun]

An African animal with a

very long neck and spotted skin: Giraffes are tall

enough to eat the leaves from trees. ® See page 428.

+girl

US: /g�:I/ UK: /g3:J/

[noun]

A female child or a fe­

male adolescent: They have two children: a boy

and a girl.• Be careful! Many people feel it is offen­ sive to call a woman a "girl" after she has become an adult.

glasses

165

+girlfriend

f'g3rJ.frcnd/

[noun]

The female romantic

companion of somebody, a female friend: Jim's

coming to lunch today with his girlfriend.

Girl Guide [nouo] See

Girl Scout. •Be careful! "Girl

Guide" has capital letters.• This word is British English.

Girl Scout [ co���·:1• ]

especially a habit or a difficult enterprise: My

dad has just given up smoking.

given /'g1v.'n/ Past participle of give. glacier US: /'gle1.si.ac/ UK: /'ghes.i.�·/ [couo] A large mass

b

of land ice: Glaciers move slowly down mountains.

c

+glad

/glaxl/

[adjecti"]

Pleased and happy: Martin's

A girl who belongs to a

glad to be back home again.• Be careful! We don't

youth group: I belong to the Girl Guides and we

use "glad" before a noun. We say: "a happy person",

go to a different camp every summer. • Be ca reful! "Girl Scout" has capital letters. • Boys be-

not "a glad person".

gladiator

/'g1"'d·i,e1pr/

[co���nb1•]

Somebody who

long to a similar youth group called the "Scouts".

fights in an arena with a weapon against other

•In British English they say "Girl Guide".

men or wild animals: Fighting between gladiators

+give, gave, given have

something,

something:

Give

/g1v/

to

[,.rb] 1

present

me your

To let somebody

was a popular entertainment during the Roman

somebody

Empire.

telephone

with

number,

please. 2 To do an action: She gave a cry when she burned her fingers. 3 To make somebody feel something: The wound's giving Gary a lot of pain.

4 Referring to a material, to be a little flexible:

glance1

/gla:ns/

[noun ]

A quick look: I can tell at a

glance that you're doing that wrong.

glance2 /gla:ns/ [verb] To have a quick look: I always /glrend/

[co���a,,ble] An

will give a little. 5 Referring to a person's atti-

Some glands secrete directly into the bloodstream.

and take

give

Exchange between two or more people:

and

secretes

glandular [ad;ec1;,.]

chemical

substances:

Referring to the glands: She

was very ill due to glandular fever.

glare

/glcr/ UK: /gb'/

us:

to glare at (somebody)

The secret for a relationship is give and take:

To look angrily at somebody: She glared at the

sometimes you do what you want, sometimes let

man who was smoking in the bus.

your friend do what he wants. 7 Oh,

give up! +glass

us:

/glres/ UK: /gla:s/ I

[""'��:�abl e] 1

A hard,

Words you use when you are tired of somebody

transparent material: Glass is used for making

complaining, arguing or telling stories you don't

windows, bottles and many other things. • In this

believe: Oh, give up! Stop complaining. 8

use "glass" is an uncountable noun.

way to (somebody) See body) " in the word way.

"to give way to

to give ( some-

• co I [ ���a:1 ] 2

A

container made of glass: Let's have a glass of

champagne and drink to the New Year.•In this use

t PHRASAL VERBS· to give (somebody) away To show somebody's real feelings or identity

the plural is "glasses".

+glasses

US:

/'glres.rz/ UK: /'gla:.srz/

[,1uca1nauo]

Lenses

when they are trying to hide them: Her expres-

in a frame that help some people to see better:

to give (something) away

You'll see better when you've got your new glasses.

1 To make a present of something that is

•When we talk about two or more "glasses", we use

yours: My uncle gave away all his money to the

the word "pairs": "I have two pairs of glasses".

sion gave her away.

•

poor. 2 To make known something that was supposed to be secret: We were planning a sur-

back To return something: Nicola still has my

lens

frame

to me?· to give in To surrender, to admit that swer: Don't give in to James if you think you are

m n

Q

p q r

u

y

to give up To abandon

the attempt: I give up! Tell me the answer. · to

give (something) up To stop doing something,

l

x

to give (something) out To

distribute: The teacher gave out the test papers

and told us to start. ·

J k

w

to give off (something) To produce a

smell, smoke or gas: That cigarette is giving off

a terrible smell. ·

h

v

you are beaten or that you don't know the an­

right. ·

-

t

to give (something)

tennis racket. When is she going to give it back

f

s

GLASSES

prise party for my parents, but my little brother gave the secret away. ·

e

organ of the body which

produces

strict with Jamie, why don't you give a little. 6

d

glance at the newspaper headlines in the morning.

gland

These new shoes are a bit tight but I am sure they tude, to be a little more flexible: You are very

a

sunglasses

goggles

z

glide a

b c

d e

f

� �

h

166

glide

[verb]

/glaid/

To move in a smooth and silent

way: We watched the eagle gliding slowly over the

cliffs.

glider

[nouo]

/'glm-dgr/

An airplane without an en­

gine: Flying in a glider would be an exciting experi-

thing for a brief moment: I glimpsed her doing the

a short distance or a long one: My parents have

shopping as I went past the store.

gone to Canada. I'm going to the movies this eve­

glitter US:

/'gh!.ac/ UK: /'glrt.g•/

[verb]

�

To shine with

+global

[adjective]

whole

a particular direction: Go along the road until you

world: Scientists say that there will be global c/i­

get to the park, then turn left. We went up the

/'glou-hgl/

Including

mate changes.

globe US:

[co:��anble] 1

the

stairs. 3 To leave a place: We can't go now because A model of

it's raining. 4 To work, to function: This CD player

the world: The teacher's using the globe to show

Asia to his students. 2 The earth: The CNN can be

won't go.• This use is informal. S To become: Stop playing tricks on him or he'll go crazy. 6 To result:

heard all over the globe.• In this use we usually say

How did the meeting go? 7 To disappear: Look! My

glorious

q

/gloub/ UK: /glaub/

purse's gone! 8 Referring to time, or to a road, riv­

[adjective] 1

Dark: What a gloomy

er or canal, to pass: In the test, the hour went very

morning! 2 Unhappy, without hope: Her future looks gloomy.•The comparative form is "gloomier"

particular way: Listen, it goes like this. 10 To do

and the superlative form is "gloomiest".

an activity, usually a free time activity: Have you

f'glu:.mi/

[adjective] 1

ever gone climbing? • In this use, the word after

splendid: We had a glorious day in the mountains.

"go" is in the "-ing" form. 11 as you go Deciding or

2

f'gbr·i-gs/, f'glour-/

Having

great

fame

and

honor:

The army

achieved a glorious victory against the invaders.

glossary

[nouo]

u v w x

y z

inventing something in the moment, improvis­ ing: We can decide the other things as we go. 12 Go

An alphabetical

for it! Words you use to encourage somebody to

list with explanations of certain words found in a

try something or to buy something. 13 going to 1

/'glas .g.ri/, /'gb-sg-/

text: There's a glossary of scientific terms at the

An expression that shows what you are planning

end of the book.• The plural is "glossaries".

to do: She's going to get married next week. 2 An

+glove

[noun]

A covering for your hand: Put

expression that shows what you believe will hap­

your gloves on because the weather's cold. ® See

pen: Our team is going to lose the game; look how

picture at clothes.

badly they are playing. 14 to go far To be success­

glow

/g!Av/

/glgu/

[verb]

To shine with a steady light: A

small lamp always glows at their door. /glu:/

[noun] A substance

that sticks things to­

gether: You'll need some glue to mend that broken

t

fast. 9 Referring to a melody or rhythm, to be in a

Beautiful,

r +glue1 s

ning.• In this meaning, "go" is often used with prep­ ositions like "away", "off" and "over". 2 To travel in

bright flashes: All that glitters is n t gold.

l

P

A try: My brother has

+go2, went, gone US: /gou/UK: /ggu/ [verb] 1 To travel

[verb]

/ghmps/

J k

0

[noun] 1

/gou/ UK: /ggu/

had several goes at the driving test.•The plural is "goes". 2 in one go In one try, in one period with­

To see somebody or some­

glimpse

gloomy

n

go1 US:

out break: Blow out the candles in one go.

ence!

"earth".

m

United States.• "GNP" is an abbreviation for "Gross National Product".•See box at abbreviations.

[verb]

t PHRASAL VERBS

•

to go ahead To continue

with a plan: Shall we go ahead with the plans with

our vacation? · to go around 1 To travel around

cup. ® See page 456.

glue2

ful: I am sure that she will go far, she has a lot of talent.

To stick things together: Oh no,

the outside of something, or in a curve or circle:

we've broken the fruit bowl! Let's try and glue the pieces together.

We had to go around the park because it was closed, and it took us longer. 2 To have enough for

/glu:/

gluteus 1'°:��·�1·]

One of three muscles in the but­

tock: The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in

everybody:

Is there enough lemonade to go

around? 3 To visit somebody or something: Let's

the buttock. • The plural is "glutei". ® See page

go around to Jim's house for a chat. · to go away To

423.

leave: Go away! I'm busy! · to go back To return to

GMT

/,d3i:.cm'ti:/

[noun]

The time at an imaginary

a place: I really enjoyed our vacation in Orlando

line in Greenwich, an area of London, which di­

this year. Can we go back next year?· to go by 1 To

vides the earth into east and west: The times in

pass in time or space: Do you go by the post office

the rest of the world are determined in relation to

on the way to school? 2 To miss ( an opportunity ) :

the GMT.• "GMT" is an abbreviation for "Greenwich

Don't let this opportunity go by. · to go down 1 To

Mean Time".•See box at abbreviations.

descend: She went down the stairs slowly, smiling

GNP

The total value of goods and services pro­

duced by a country in one year: the GNP of the

at the photographers. 2 To fall: House prices are going to go down this year. 3 Referring to a vehicle,

gone

167

The ship goalkeeper US: /'goul,ki:.pil'/ UK: /'gaul,ki:.pa'/ [noun] The football or hockey player who defends the went down in the middle of the Atlantic. · to go down with (something) To become ill: All the chi/- goal: The goalkeeper saved two goals in five minutes. • "Goalie" is informal for "goalkeeper". ®See dren went down with chickenpox at the same time.· to go in To enter: Let's buy some popcorn before picture at soccer. we go in. · to go into something To explain or goat us: /gout/ UK: /gaut/ [noon] A domestic animal with horns and a beard: Goats give us milk. ®See look at something more: You don't need to go into the reasons. to go off 1 To explode: Don't let that page 428_ firework go off in your hand! 2 Referring to some- +god /god noun/ ['0:��nbte] 1 A superior being that peopie believe in: Some religions have more than one thing to eat or to drink, to become bad: We can't eat the cheese because it's gone off. 3 Referring to god. 2 The creator of the universe according to Christians, Jews and Muslims: Do you believe in lights, to stop working: All the lights went off sudGod? • Be careful. In this use "God" has a capital denly. 4 Referring to an event, to result: How did the party go off?• This use is informal.· to go on 1 "G". To continue: I can't go on without you; Let's go on goddess US: f'ga:.dcs/ UK: /'god.cs/ [noun] A female with the game. 2 To happen: What's going on here? god: Diana was the Roman goddess of the moon 3 Words that you use to encourage somebody: Go and the hunt.• The plural is "goddesses". on, have another sandwich. 4 Referring to lights, godfather US: /'ga:d,fa:.ib/ UK: /'god,fa:.ila'/ [noun] A male godparent: Ray, my dad's best friend, is my to start working: I saw the lights go on in the house brother's godfather. opposite. 5 To talk too long about something: Stop going on about it. It's only one day! 6 To have a godmother US: f'ga:d,mAil.ac/ UK: f'god,mAo.a'/ [noun] A female godparent: My sister's godmother is aunride on something in a park or amusement park: tie Beryl. Are you going to go on the roller coaster? · to go out 1 To leave: Bob's gone out to have something to godparent US: /'ga:d,pcr.'nt/ UK: /'god, pea.rant/ [noun] A person that takes secondary responsibility for a eat. 2 To stop shining or burning: The fire had child when they are baptized: My aunt Jean and gone out by the time we returned. · to go over 1 To cross a mountain pass, a bridge or other thing uncle John are my godparents. •This word is more common in the plural. that is above something else: We went over the bridge. 2 To examine for errors or problems some- goggles US: /'ga:.glz/ UK: /'gog.1z/ [pturalnoun] Special to sink at sea or to fall out of the sky:

•

thing you have done, or to look at the steps of a

glasses used for swimming or for protection

The teacher asked me to go over my homework again.· to go through 1 To cross a tun-

against dust:

plan again:

nel, a wood, a crowd of people or other obstacle:

Divers wear goggles to see under water. ®See picture at glasses.

go-kart

/'gauka:t/

[noun]

A very small racing car

When the train went through the tunnel it went used for fun: We went to the go-kart races on Sunday. dark. 2 To suffer, to experience: The children have gone through a lot since their mother died. 3 To ex- gold1 /gauld/ [adjective] With the color of gold: The sign is written in gold letters. •The same meaning: amine carefully: If you go through your pockets you'll find the tickets.· to go up 1 To go higher: For "golden". the children's department, go up to the second +gold2 /gaulcl/ [noun] A very valuable, yellow metal: floor. 2 To increase: Prices will go up at Christmas. Sally wears gold earrings. 3 To approach somebody or something: She went golden /'goul-dan/ [adjective] 1 Made of gold: Debbie's mother wore a golden broach at the opera last up to the singer and asked for an autograph. · to go with 1 To accompany somebody: I will go with night. 2 With the color of gold: This cup has a you to the bus stop. 2 To taste or look good with golden rim.• In this use, the same meaning: "gold1". something else: The drapes don't go with the arm- goldfish /'gould,f1J/ [noon] A small orange fish: chairs. Who's going to feed my goldfish when I'm away?

+goal ball:

US:

/goul/

UK:

/gaul/

['0:���1'] 1

A point in foot-

Arsenal won the game by three goals to one. 2

The space between the posts in games like football:

The ball hit the post and went into the goal.

®See picture at have:

soccer. 3 An aim or purpose you

His goal in life is to become an astronaut.

goalie

/'gauli/

informal.

[noun] See goalkeeper.• This

word is

®See picture at

golf

US:

/ga:lf/

UK:

pet.

/golf/

[noun] A game

small hard ball and long sticks:

played with a

I like playing golf

golf COUrSe [noun]

The place where people play

gone

/gon/ Past participle of

golf:

The new golf course has eighteen holes.

a

b c

d e

f

h

J k l m

n 0

p q r s

t u v w x

go'. •

y

has returned, we usually use "has been" not "has

z

us:

/ga:n/

UK:

Be careful. When somebody has gone to a place and

gonna a

b c

d e

f

h

168

gone". We say: "Mark has been to Italy several times". ( We don't say: "Mark has gone to Italy sev-

eral times". ) .

n 0

p q r s

t u v

"going to": I'm gonna call the police.• This word is

third person in company of a girlfriend and boyfriend who want to be alone: I am tired of playing

good1

[adjecti,.]

1 Of a high quality: Frank went to a very good school. 2 Able to do some/gud/

thing well: My father's a good cook. 3 Right, suitable: These pills will be good for your stomach

problem. 4 Pleasant or enjoyable: Have a good day! 5 Obedient, well-behaved: The kids have been good. 6 Healthy: Grandma still has very good hearing. 7

to be good at (something)

To be

skillful or successful at doing something: Ron's

for good

good at math. 8

For the last time, for

good2

[nouo]

A profit or advantage: She did it

for the good of her country.

good afternoon [expression] See afternoon. tgoodbye /'gud.bm, 'gub-, ,-'-/ [interjection] An expression that you say when you leave a place: It's late,

it's time to say "goodbye". • "Bye" is an informal

y z

gorgeous

/'g�r·d3gs/

[adjecti"] Very

nice, very beau-

tiful: The weather was gorgeous over the weekend. •This word is informal.

gorilla

[noun] A

/gg'nb/

very large and strong ani-

mal of the monkey family: Gorillas live in forests

in Africa.

gosh

/ga:J/ UK: /gnJ/

US:

[interjection]

A word you say

when you are surprised: "Gosh! That's a lot of

money!".

gossip1 /'gnsrp/ I [ unc��:�ble] 1 Talk about other pea-

Sun-

Good Friday.• Be careful. "Good Friday" has capital

[co��;anbte]

2 A person who talks

Don't tell him anything because he's a gossip.

gossip2

/'gnsrp/

[verb] To talk about

other people or

about their private lives: They're gossiping about /ga:t/ UK: /got/ Past tense and past partici-

US:

pie forms of get. •The past participle form is also "gotten".

gotta

US:

/'guqg/ UK: /'gnt.g/

[verb]

A way of saying

"have got to" or "have got a": I gotta go now or I'll

letters.

/,gud'luk.nJ/

[adjective]

Attractive:

Paul's a good-looking boy. • The same meaning: "handsome". When we use "good-looking" for peaple, this is usually to talk about boys and men. For

good morning [expressio n ] See morning. good natured /,gud'ncrt.fgd/ [adj ective] Kind:

•Be careful with the pronunciation of "natured". The "e" is not pronounced.

[noun] Kindness,

virtue: He's a

perfect example of human goodness.

goodness2 [interjection]

US:

/'gaq'n/ UK: /'got.'n/ Past participle of

get.• In British English they say "got".

tgovern

/'gAv.grn/

[verb]

To control and rule a coun-

for many years.

Mary

won't get angry because she's a good natured girl.

/'gudngs/

be late.• This word is informal.

gotten

try, province and so on: Spain governed California

women we usually say "beautiful" or "pretty".

goodness1

countable noun. I

about other people or about their private lives:

got

day: Christians remember the death of Christ on

good-looking

the gossip you hear.• In this use "gossip" is an un-

the Royal Family again.

way of saying "goodbye".

good evening [expression] See evening. Good Friday [noun] The Friday before Easter

tgovernment

/'gAV·arn·mant/, /-ar·mant/

[noun]

The

people who control a country: The government is

going to raise the price of gasoline. co a /'gAv·a·ngr/, /-gr.nar/ [ ���

+governor

bte n ]

A person

who governs a state: Before he become President

of the United States, Bill Clinton was Governor of

A word that shows you are

surprised or angry: My goodness! I've forgotten the

keys!

Robert stood looking at the goods in the store window.

goose

gooseberry. Why don't you two go out without me tonight?

pie or about their private lives: Don't believe all /gud/

good night [expression] See night. w tgoods /gudz/ [pturat noun] Things that you buy or sell: x

1 A small green fruit

informal.

f'gu:.ng/ UK: f'gg.ng/

"best".

m

[noun]

need some gooseberries for the pie.• The plural is "gooseberries". 2 to play gooseberry To be the

US:

ever: He's leaving the town for good. • The com-

[

/'guz.b'r.i/

used in cooking for jam, pies and so on: You'll

[verb] A way of saying

gonna

parative form is "better" and the superlative form is

J k

gooseberry

Arkansas.

gown /gaun/ [noun] A long dress: She looked so pretty in her wedding gown.

GP

/,d3i:'pi:/

[noun]

See general practitioner . • Be

careful. "GP" is always written in capital letters.

GPS [ unc��:�a bte]

A system which uses signals from

satellites to show the position of something or

[noun]

A bird with a long neck, that

somebody: Follow the directions of the GPS to get

looks like a large duck: My uncle keeps geese and

to the final address. • Be careful. "GPS" is always

/gu:s/

turkeys on his farm.• The plural is "geese".®

page 429.

See

written in capital letters. "GPS" is an abbreviation for "Global Positioning System".

grape

169

grab

/gra:b/

[verb]

To take something quickly and

roughly: The policeman grabbed the thief by the

arm and took him away.• Be careful with the spelling of these forms: "grabbed", "grabbing".

grace

/gre1s/

[nouo]

A fine way of moving: Martha

dances with tremendous grace.

graceful mals.

+grade1

/gre1d/

/gre1d/

[co���':1']

1 Year of a school course: I

[verb] 1

To arrange or order things by

this use, the same meaning: "mark'". /'gra:d.ju.gJ, 'gra:d3.u.gJ/

[adjective]

Slow, pro-

number of Hispanics in the United States in the last few years. /'graed.ju.li, 'graed3.u.li/

[adverb]

Little by

little, slowly: His health should improve gradu-

[noun]

See gram. • This is British

English spelling.

gramophone

[co���':1']

/'gra:mgfaun/

Old-fashioned

gran

/gra:n/

[noun]

See grandmother. • This word is

informal.

+grand

[adjecti'"] Very

/gra:ncl/

important or large: Ian

has got grand ideas for the future.

grandad

/'gracndacd/

[noun]

See grandfather. • This

word is informal.

+grandchild

/'gra:nd.t.farld/

[noun]

The child of your

son or your daughter: My grandpa says she loves having her grandchildren around her.• This word

/'graed3ugt/

[noun]

A person with a uni-

versity degree: She's a graduate of Harvard Uni-

versity.

[noun]

/'graen,d�!·gr/

[verb] To receive an academ-

ic diploma or degree: Philip graduated in psycho/-

ogy.

graduated cylinder lco:��nb1']

A glass cylinder

with lines printed on its side which is used by

granddaughter was born in May.

+grandfather

/'gracnd,fui\.gr/

[noun]

The father of

your mother or father: Andy's grandfather is 85

years old today. • "Grandad" and "grandpa" are informal for "grandfather".® See picture at family.

grandma

/'graend.ma:,

'graem-/

[noun]

See

grand-

+grandmother

/'graend,mAil-gr/

[noun] The mother

of

your father or mother: My grandmother doesn't "grandma" are informal for "grandmother". ® See

picture at family.

grandpa

/'graend.pa:, 'graem-/

[noun] See grandfather.

•This word is informal.

grandparent

/'graend,pegrgnt/

[noun]

The parent of

scientists to measure the volume of a liquid: The

your father or your mother: My grandparents are

chemistry teacher told his students to pour exactly

coming to a barbecue tomorrow. • This word is

50 ml of alcohol into the graduated cylinder.

more common in the plural.

®See page 440.

graffiti

/gdfi!·i/

[""'��:�ble]

Words or pictures that

people paint on walls: The walls of the subway station were covered with colorful graffiti.

+grain

/grem/

[""'��:�able ]

1 The seeds of a cereal:

The birds are eating the grains of corn. 2 A small, hard piece of something: Some grains of sand got in my camera when I took photos on the beach. gram /graem/ [noun] A very small unit of weight: I need 100 grams of sugar for the cake. •The abbreviation "g" is only used in written language. See box at abbreviations. • The British English spelling is

+grandson

/'graend.sAn/

[noun] The son of your son or

your daughter: Her grandson is only two years old.

granite

/'graen.11 /

[""'��:�able]

A hard, igneous rock:

Granite is used a lot in building.

grannie

granny

or

/'gra:m-gr/

[noun] The rules of a language:

English grammar isn't especially difficult.

c

d e

f

h

[noun]

grant1

/gru:nt/

[noun]

[v"b]

/grc1p/

[noun]

n 0

p q r s

t v

To give somebody something

they have asked for: The principal granted us per-

grape

m

Money that you get from the

particular purpose: Mark's been given a grant to go and do research at Boston University. My school got a grant to buy new computers. /gru:nt/

l

u

Government or other institution to study or for a

grant2

J k

See grand-

/'gra:n.i/

mother.• This word is informal.

mission to take the day off.• This word is formal.

"gramme".

+grammar

b

The daughter

like living alone. • "Gran", "grannie", "granny" and /'gra:djucrt/

a

is more common in the plural: "grandchildren".

+granddaughter

mother.• This word is informal.

ally.

graduate2

/gracm/

of your son or your daughter: Mr. and Mrs. Allen's

gressive: There's been a gradual increase in the

graduate1

cal errors in the letter he wrote.

gramme

old gramophone in the basement. ®See page 443.

To read a piece of work to say how good it is: The teacher graded our tests and we all passed. • In

gradually

According to

term for record player: We found my grandfather's

size, kind and so on: They grade the fruit by size. 2

+gradual

[adiecti"]

[adjective] Attractive and elegant

am in fifth grade and my sister is in seventh. 2 A mark that a student gets in a test: Lee got poor grades in his math test.• In British English they say "mark". 3 A level, a quality: Which grade of gas do you want?

grade2

/gdma:p-bl/

the rules of grammar: There were many grammati-

Gazelles are very graceful ani-

/'grcrs.f'l/

in movement:

grammatical

A small green or purple fruit:

Wine is made from grapes. ® See page 436.

W x

y z

grapefruit a

b c

d

170

grapefruit

/'grcrp.fru:t/

[noun]

A yellow fruit that

looks like a large orange: She drinks grapefruit

juice for breakfast every morning. ®See page 436.

graph

/gru:f, gra:f/

[nouo]

A mathematical diagram

with information: This graph shows the pass rate

in the standardized state standars test at this school.

graphic1 /'gnrfrk/ [co���bn le]

Picture, drawing or de-

+gray

/grcr/

[::r:,�:�I

The color between black and

white: His hair went gray as he grew old. • In British English they say "grey".

graze

/gre1z/

[verb]

1 To eat grass: The horses are

grazing in the field. 2 To cut yourself slightly: The child grazed his knee on the fence.

grease1

[unc��:�ab1']

/gri:s/

1 A thick oily substance:

You'll have to put some grease in the lock. 2 The fat

e

sign that is made using geometric figures and

from an animal: There's too much grease in this

signs: The Managing Director showed some graph-

soup.

f

ics in order to explain the company's financial de-

h

velopment.

graphic2

[ m

n 0

p q r

[adjective]

1 Referring to visual

Clear and powerful, easy to imagine: She gave a

graphic account of the incident.

grasp

J k

f'gnef.1k/

arts: The description of the scene was graphic. 2

[verb]

t U v w x

y z

/gri:s/

[verb]

To put grease on something:

You have to grease the dish before you put the meat in it.

greasy

/'gri:.si/

[adjective]

With a lot of grease on it:

Don't come near me with those greasy fingers. +great /grert/ [adjecti,,] 1 Very large: The Great Fire of

1 To hold some-

Chicago destroyed the city in 1871. 2 Important or

thing firmly: Uncle Cecil grasped my hand warmly

famous: Humphrey Bogart was one of the greatest

when he saw me. 2 To understand something: The

American actors. 3 Very good: He's a great cook. 4 Wonderful, splendid: We had a great day at the

US:

/gra;sp/ UK: /gro:sp/

teacher tried several times to explain the idea to us, but nobody could grasp it. • In this use we usually

zoo. 5 a great many A large number of: A great

say "understand".

1 A green plant that grows

many people will see the game. 6 a great deal of A large amount of: She spent a great deal of time

in yards and fields: Cows eat grass. 2 A piece of

cleaning her bike. • Be careful with the pronuncia-

Keep off the grass.

tion of this word' The last part "eat" rhymes with

+grass

/gro:s/

[""'��:�able]

ground covered in grass:

®See page 432.

grasshopper

"eight".

us:

/'gnes,ha:.pac/ UK: /'gra:s,hop.g'/

[noun] An insect with long legs: Grasshoppers move by giving long jumps. ®See page 431.

grassy

us:

/'gr,,,s.i/ UK: /'gru:.si/

[adjective]

great-grandfather [noun]

The grandfather of

your father or mother: My great-grandfather died

in the Second World War.

Covered

great-grandmother [noun]

The grandmother of

with grass: There's a grassy area all around the

your father or mother: Her great-grandmother was

swimming pool.

Polish.

ing a metal tool: She's grating some carrot for the

Jimmy, you've eaten a whole packet of cookies.

grate /gre1t/ [verb] To rub food into small pieces us- greed salad.

/gri:d/

[noun]

The desire to have too much:

That's pure greed!

+grateful

[adjective]

/'gre1t.f'I/

Feeling or showing

thanks to somebody: I'm very grateful to you for all

your help.

s

grease2

gratitude

greedy

f'gri:.di/

[adjective]

Wanting too much, want-

ing more than you really need: Henry looked at

the steak with greedy eyes.

[noun]

Greelen/

e [co:��bt n ]

1 A person

your hands on: You must hold onto the handlebars

whose job is hanging criminals: Hangmen used to

firmly when you ride a mountain bike. ® See page

wear hoods over their heads so that they would not

441.

handmade

/,haend'merd/

[adjectv i ]e

be recognized.• The plural is "hangmen". 2 A word Made by hand:

Handmade shoes can be very expensive.

handshake

/'haend.Jerk/

[co� � ]· : '�1

Greeting when

you take somebody's hand and shake it: When he

introduced me to Nee/a, she gave me a firm handshake.

game: In "hangman" each wrong letter you say

adds a bit to the drawing of a man being hanged.

� ]· See handkerhankie Or hanky /'haeDki/ [co�: '�1 chief.• These words are informal. +happen /'h.cp.'n/ [verb] To take place: What happened to Carol yesterday?

hasty

179

happening

['0���nble]

/'ha:p.'n.ni/

An event: There

have been some strange happenings in this house.

• We usually use the verb "happen": "Some strange things have happened in this house".

thappiness

[un'��:�able]

/'hrep.1.ngs/

The state of be­

ing happy: Her recovery brought great happiness /'ha:p.i/

/'hann·fal/

[acijecti,,]

Causing damage to

somebody or something: Eating candies is harm-

ful for your teeth.

harmless

/'hurm-Jgs/

[adjecti"]

Not dangerous: That

dog is harmless; its bark is worse than its bite. un ab e 1 The /'hur-mg·ni/, /'hur-mg·ni/ I [ '��:� l ]

harmony

state of agreement in ideas and feelings: There's

to her family.

thappy

harmful

[adjective]

Very pleased, content: I'm

perfect harmony between the two sisters. I

[noun] 2

A

happy to be here with you. •The comparative form

pleasant arrangement of sounds or colors: The

is "happier" and the superlative form is "happiest".

choir sang in perfect harmony. •The plural is "har-

® See picture at emotions.

monies".

harbor [co���';1•] Safe place where ships can tie up harness1

/'ha:ms/

lco:��nb1e] 1

A set of leather straps

to load, unload and wait before going back to sea:

and metal parts put around the horses's head

During the storm the ships stayed in the harbor. •

and body so that it can be controlled and fas­

The same meaning: "port".

tened to a cart: The harness was placed on the

thard1

/ha:d/

[adjecti>e] 1

Firm and solid, not soft: This

cake is as hard as a rock. 2 Difficult to do or to un­

derstand: This translation is very hard. 3 hard

disk See "hard disk" in the word disk.

hard2

[adverb] A lot,

horse and they left. 2 A set of straps for fastening

something to a person's body or for controlling a

chute. 3 to get back in harness To get back in the

routine of one's usual work or activity: The whole

gy: Take an umbrella with you because it's raining

family got back in harness after the summer vaca­

hard. • Compare with "hardly" (only just or almost not).

hardback

['0���nble]

/'hard,ba:k/

A book with a hard

cover: Hardbacks are nice, but much more expen­

sive than paperbacks.® See picture at book.

harden

/'har-dg.n/

hardly

/'hard-li/

[verb]

cold wind, the snow's hardening very quickly.

[adverb]

Almost

not;

only

tion.

harness2

/'har-ngs/

[verb]

1 To attach a horse with

leather straps: They harnessed the horse to the

cart. 2 To control and use the power of a natural

resource: Hydroelectric dams harness the force of

To become hard: With this just:

the river to generate electricity.

harp US: /ho:rp/ UK: /ha:p/ lco:��nb1'] A very large musi­

cal instrument with strings that are plucked with

There's hardly any milk left in the fridge. • Be

the fingers: Who taught Rebecca to play the harp?

carefu[l "Hardly" is not the adverb form of "hard".

® See page 458.

Compare with "hard'" (a lot, very much and with en­

harsh

US: /ho:rJ/ UK: /ha:f/

[adjective]

Rough and un­

pleasant; cruel: He spoke in a harsh voice.

ergy).

hardness /'hard-ngs/ ["''��:�able] 1 The quality of be­ harvest

/'ha:vrst/

I

[noun]

1 The time of year when

ing solid and not soft: The hardness of metal

crops are picked: Peter helps on the farm during

makes it difficult to work with. 2 The quality of be­

the harvest. I

about the hardness of the test. • Compare with

means there'll be a good harvest.

ing difficult to do or to take: Everybody agreed "softness" (the quality being tender, springy, smooth, gentle, delicate, mild or light).

hardware [un'��:�b1']

1 The physical equipment

and parts of a computer: The technician advised

me to buy some new hardware for my computer. 2

Metal equipment, tools and items used in a house: I will go to the shopping center to get some

hard-working

/'hord'w3r·kID/

[aciiecti,,]

Who works

a lot: Tom's a hard-working student.

hare US: /her/ UK: /heg•/ [co���a,ble] An animal like a big rabbit: Hares move by jumping.

tharm1

US: /ha:rm/ UK: /ha:m/

n [u '��:�ble]

Damage: My

dog would never do any harm to a child.

harm2

/hu:m/

[verb]

lco:��a,ble]

2 The amount of food col­

lected during this time: This wonderful weather

To hurt somebody or some­

thing: This storm will harm the trees.

(

d e

f g

J k l m

n 0

p q r

harvester lco:��a,ble] 1 A person who cuts and gath­

s

A machine used in the fields to collect a crop: The

t

ers a crop: The harvesters picked all the grapes. 2

harvester was used to bring in the crop.

has /h>ez, hgz, gz/ [verb] See have. hash mark [co���abn 1'] The symbol

SiMBOLO DE AL­

MOHADILLA: In some social networks, hash marks

are usually added before keywords. • The same

hardware for gardening.

b

small child: He needed a harness for the para­

very much and with ener­

/hu:d/

a

meaning: "pound sign".

hasn't /'hrez.'nt/ The contraction of "has not". haste /herst/ [""��:�able] The state of doing things too quickly: In her haste, she forgot the keys.

hasty

/'he1.sti/

[adjective]

Done quickly and without

thinking enough: That hasty decision was a big

mistake.• The comparative form is "hastier" and the superlative form is "hastiest".

u v w x

y z

hat a +hat

b (

d e

f g

-

180

/haot/

['0:���1e] A

thing that somebody wears on

® See picture at clothes.

11

hatch /h,,,tJ/ [vecb] To come out of an egg or to cause to come out: Three chickens have already hatched.

+hate /he1t/ [verb] Not to like something or somebody at all: I hate getting up early.• The verb after "hate"

/'her.tnc/l

["nc��:�abte] A

strong feeling of dis­

like: He's full of hatred for the man who killed his

dog.

haunt

to have had it

To be about to break or col­

lapse; or to have reached the point where you can't continue: I think that chair has had it: let's

remove it before somebody has an accident. 12

have it in for somebody

to

To dislike somebody

and be determined to criticize or harm them: She

is in the "-ing" form.

hatred

[verb] 1

To be and to ap­

has had it in for me ever since I made that joke

about her. 13 to have nothing to do with (some­ body or something) To not be the responsibility

pear in a place, when you are talking about

of somebody, or not be relevant: I had nothing to do with it: it was Sam's idea.• When "have" is used

ghosts: They say that ghosts haunt the castle. 2 To

to help another verb, it is called an "auxiliary".

US:

/ha:nt/ UK: /h�:nt/

come into your head and stay there, usually

"Have" is an auxiliary in uses 1, 3, 4 and in the ex­

something negative: Her screams still haunt me at

pression "to have (something) done". •See box on

night.

the following page. us:

/'ha:n.!1d/ UK: /'h3:n.ticl/

[adjec11,,]

Lived

in or visited by ghosts: Is this house haunted?

[

Make somebody do something

for you: We'll have the kitchen painted next week.

haunted

J k

(something) done

their head: Take your hat off before you go in.

+have, had, had

/h,,,v, hgv, gv/

[verb] 1

To own or to

t PHRASAL VERBS · to have something back To recover something that is yours: Can I have it

back on Monday. ·

to have on 1 To wear: The

be given in life: George has a new computer; I have

thief had on a black coat and jeans. 2 To have on

two brothers.• See box on the following page. 2 An

your schedule: What do you have on next week?·

auxiliary verb that goes with another verb to say

to have somebody over To invite somebody to

that something happened in the past: Anita and

your house: I'm having some friends over on Fri­

Tony have seen that movie; I have spoken to her

day.

haven't /'haev.'nt/ The contraction of "have not". hawk US: /ha:k/ UK: /h�:k/ ['0:��anbte] A bird that catch­

m

about it. •See box on the following page. 3 Used

n

has got a house in Scotland. •This use is always in

es small animals for food: Hawks have very good

the present tense. This use is British English. 4 Used

eyesight.

0

p q r

with "got", to own or to be given in life: My uncle

with "got", to feel: I've got a pain in my leg.• This use is always in the present tense. 5 Used with food and drink nouns, to consume: What time do you

have dinner?; I'm going to have a ham sandwich. 6

t u

x

y z

['°:��a�te]

Dry grass that is food for cattle:

cows in winter.

hay fever [""'��:�able] An allergy which is caused by breathing in pollen: I suffer from hay fever every

thing: Do you have a break after lunch? 7 To re­

spring.

ceive: When did Lee have the call from Chile? 8 To

hazelnut

organize that somebody do something: I'll have

Squirrels love eating hazelnuts. hazy /'hc1.zi/ [adjective] Not clear: The day began hazy,

have to

To be obliged to,

/'he1.z'l.nAt/

['0:��a�te]

A small round nut:

must: I have to finish the work this weekend; You

but later it became hot and clear.• The comparative

have to take the test, it's compulsory. • "Have to"

form is "hazier" and the superlative form is "haziest".

and "must" have very similar meanings. "Have to" is used generally for external obligation and facts: reg­ ulations, the law and so on. "Must" is used mainly for personal opinions (See box at

v w

/he1/

Farmers keep hay in barns so that they can feed the

Used with many nouns, to talk about doing some­

him do the laundry. 9

s

hay

HAT

must).

10

to have

+he /hi:, hi, if [proooon] The male person or animal being talked about: John isn't here today because he's ill.

+head1

/hed/

['°:��anbte] 1 The

part of your body above

your neck: Be careful you don't bang your head

•

u

-� hat

beret

wooly hat

baseball cap

health

181 when you go through the tunnel. ® See page 421.

2 Your brain: Use your head! If you think a little

headmistress

/'hcd,mis·tm/, /,hcd'm1s-/

['0:��nb1'] A

woman who is in charge of a school in Great Brit-

you will find the solution. 3 The most important

ain or of a private school: Sally's going to talk to

part of something: Who's going to sit at the head

the headmistress about her test results. • It is now

of the table? 4 The most important person: Mrs.

more common to say: "head teacher".•A man who is

Mcintyre became the head of our department last

in charge of a school is a "headmaster".

year. 5 See headteacher. 6 heads

or

tails Words

that you say when you throw a coin to decide who wins: Let's toss a coin; heads you win, tails you

lose.

head2

head office [nou]n

The most important office of a

firm: The company's head office is now in Los Angeles.

headphones

/'hed,founz/

[ptul/

lco:��anble] A wild animal like a dog:

Jackals are usually solitary animals.

+jacket

lco:��'�1' ]

short coat: Your tie denim jacket A jacket made of the same material as jeans: /'d3rek.rt/

1 A

doesn't go with your jacket. 2

Clare, is this you denim jacket or mine? 3

leather jacket

A

jacket made of leather: I re­ See picture

ally like Dave's leather jacket. ®

at

clothes.

JACKET

leather jacket

denim jacket

jack·Of·all·trades /,d3a:bv,:il'trc1dz/ lco:��'�1'] A person who can do many things: Rob's father is a jack-of-all-trades,

who does everything in the

house.

jackpot /'cl3rek,pot/ lco:��nb1'] A big prize, an accumulated prize: My aunt Maggie's very lucky; she won the jackpot in the lottery last year.

jaguar f'd3a:g·wur/, /-ju,ur/ lco:��'�1'] A large wild cat: Jaguars live in forests and swamps in America.

jeweler

205

jail

/d3cII/ [noun] A prison: The woman was sent to jail for stealing jewelry from a store. •The same meaning: "prison". • In British English they say

mandible. •The same meaning: "jaw", "mandible". ® See

jazz

page 422.

/d3rez/

[un'����abte]

A kind of music with strong

rhythms and parts that are invented at the mo­

"gaol".

In the early twentieth century, Af­ rican-Americans began playing jazz in the south of the USA.

ment of playing:

JAIL

+jealous

/'d3cl.gs/

[adiecti,,]

1 Wanting what some­

body else has and feeling bad because you don't

I'm really jealous of Janice. She's clever, beautiful and popular. 2 Afraid of losing some­ body's love: Stephen's jealous of Karen's male friends. jealousy /'d3cb.si/ [u n'����abte] Envy: Jealousy can sometimes be a problem when a small child has a baby brother or sister.• The plural is "jealousies". have it:

[ on un]

1 A soft food made from fruit

+jeans

and sugar: Would you like some strawberry jam on your bread? I lco:��nb1'] 2 A group of people or things that cannot move: There was a traffic jam on the highway this morning. 3 A difficult situa­ tion, being in trouble: I'm in a real jam, I've lost all my school textbooks. •The "j" is pronounced as in the word "John". • Compare with "ham" (salted

cloth:

+jam1

/d3acm/ I

meat from a pig).

jam2 /d3rem/ [verb] 1 To push something into a small Susan jammed all her clothes into her bag. 2 To block something: The garage doors are jammed so we can't take the car out. Jamaican1 [adjeci;"] Referring to Jamaica: They spent their vacations in a Jamaican Beach. • Be space:

careful! "Jamaican" has a capital "J".

Jamaican2 [co:��anb1'] A person from Jamaica: There are a Jamaican staying at the hotel. • Be careful! "Jamaican" has a capital "J".

janitor [co:�;anb1'] Person who cleans a building and There are three janitors in my school and they clean during the eve­ ning. maintains it with minor repairs:

+January year:

/'d3acn·ju,cr·i/

[noun]

The first month of the

January's a very cold month in Detroit. • Be

careful! "January" has a capital "J". ®See picture at

calendar. jar US: /d3u:r/ UK: /d3u:'/ [co:��0b1'] A wide opening:

container with a

sport:

jaw

/'d3acv.lm/ /d3a:/

Today Emma is wearing blue jeans and a white T-shirt. • When we talk about two or more "jeans", we use the word "pairs": "I bought three

pairs of jeans".® See picture at

clothes.

jeep® fd3i:p/ [co:�;a,bte] A kind of strong car that can go over rough ground:

Neil's father takes his jeep

when he goes fishing.

+jelly

/'cl3el.i/

[noun]

A transparent

dessert

lco:�;anb1']

UK:

/d3�:/

A long spear used in

lco:��nb1']

One of the two

bones that hold your teeth: The lion opened its jaws and roared. •The same meaning: "jawbone",

/'d3el.i.f1J/

transparent body:

lco:�;anb1']

A sea animal with a

Some jellyfish are shaped like

umbrellas.• The plural is "jellyfish" or "jellyfishes".

jersey

/'d33r·zi/

lco :�;',,b1']

A warm piece of clothing

My soccer jersey has my name and my number on the back. • Be careful with the pronunciation of this word! • The same meaning: with long sleeves:

"mandible".

The jawbone is also known as the

c

d e

f g h

"jumper", "pullover", "sweater". "Sweater" is the

k l m

n 0

p q

most commonly used word.

[co:�;':1'] A joker employed at court

r

The job of the jester traditionally was to make people laugh.

S

jester

/'d3cs·tgr/

in medieval times:

jet

/d3ct/

lco:�;':1']

1 A fast stream of liquid or gas

coming out of a small hole: I've just burned my hand on the jet of steam coming out of the kettle. 2 A fast airplane: The jet took off from Heathrow airport at eight o'clock. 3 jumbo jet See jumbo jet. the re-

Saturday is the holy day of the week for practicing Jews. • Be careful! "Jew" has a

from ancient Israel:

capital "J".

t LJ V W

jewel /'d3u:.0l/ lco:�;':1'] A precious stone: My mother

X

wore her jewels when she went to the opera last �t.

y

jawbone 1co:�;':1'] The lower of the two bones that jeweler hold your teeth:

that

shakes when it is moved: I'd like jelly and ice cream for dessert, please.• The plural is "jellies".

jellyfish

b

Pants made of a strong

ligion of Judaism or whose family was originally

Throwing the javelin is an Olympic sport.

US:

[pturatnou n]

" te There's very little honey left in the Jew jd3u:/ [ :�;a,b ] A person who belongs to

jar. ®See picture at container.

javelin

/d3i:nz/

a

/'d3u·g.Jgr/, /'d3u·Jgr/

makes or sells jewelry:

lco:�;a,,bte]

Person who

The local jeweler provided

Z

jeweller a

b

206

the rings for the wedding. • The British English

jockey

US: /'d3a:.ki/ UK: /'d3ok.i/

['0���nble]

A person

who rides horses in races: Jockeys have to be very

spelling is "jeweller".

jeweller /'d3u:gJg/ UK: /'d3u:.g.Jg•/ ['0��;anb1•] See jew­ fit and light in weight. eler.• This is a British English spelling. jog1 fd3og/ [verb] To run at a slow pace: A lot of peo­ C tjewellery f'd3u:.'l.ri/ [ ""��:�b1• ] See jewelry. • ple go jogging to keep fit. Be careful! We don't say "a jewellery". We say jog2 [noon ] A slow run: We went for a jog in the park

d

"some jewellery" or "a piece of jewellery". • This

e

elleries".

f

is a Br itish English spelling.• The plural is "jew-

tjewelry

/'d3ud.ri/

[""'��:�able ]

before breakfast.

jogging

US: /'d30:.gn1/ UK: /'d3og.n1/

Valuable ornaments

like rings, bracelets and so on: I keep my jewelry

in a special box.• Be careful! We don't say "a jewel­

g

ry". We say "some jewelry" or "a piece of jewelry".•

h

ral is "jewelries".

The British English spelling is "jewellery".• The plu-

jogging.

john

US: /'cl3a:n/ UK: /'d3on/

to go to the john.• This word is informal. /dpn/ [verb] 1 To connect things: Join the dots

together to make the picture. 2 To come together: The two roads join near the bridge. 3 To become a cyclists club. t PHRASAL VERBS

joint1

k

X

y z

[co��;a,,ble]

1 A place where two things

covered by the knee cap. 3 Piece of meat cooked in the oven: We had a joint of beef for Sunday lunch.

4 A cheap place for entertainment: How can you

go to that joint to celebrate her birthday?

joint2 /d3�rnt/ [adjective] Together, combined:

The cou­

ple opened a joint account. joke1 fd3guk/ [co���a,,ble] 1 Something that you tell or

0

w

/d38111t/

with a water resistant joint. 2 Referring to the

n

v

To take part in

body, a place where bones meet: The knee joint is

m

u

to join in

or parts are joined: The plumber repaired the pipe

l

t

·

Would you like to join in the darts

game?

5

[co���anble] Restroom: I need

join

something:

r

Run­

member of something: Kevin has just joined the

JEWELRY

p q

[""'��:� able]

ning at a slow speed for exercise: My mother likes

say to make people laugh: Stop making jokes

about my purple socks. 2

Jewish

/'d3u:.rJ/

[adjective]

Referring to Jews: My

friend Abraham is Jewish.• Be careful! "Jewish" has a capital

jibe

"J".

/d3arb/

['0���nble]

A remark which makes some-

body else look foolish: That was a cruel jibe. Why

are you always so nasty to her?• This word is also written "gibe".

jigsaw

or

jigsaw puzzle

f'd3r9s�:/

[co��;a"b1•]

make a picture: Mark will need a lot of skill and patience to do that jigsaw puzzle. jingle /'d3111gl/ [verb] To make a ringing sound: Tim­

my thought he heard the jingle of sleigh bells on

tjob

US: /d3a:h/ UK: /d3oh/

[co���bln •]

to play a joke on (some­

To do something funny to somebody to

make people laugh: They played a joke on Keith by

imitating his teacher's voice on the phone. 3

tical joke

prac­

A joke played against somebody: On

April Fools' Day we played a practical joke on Mary.

joke2

/cJ3guk/

[verb]

To say funny things against

somebody: I was only joking when I said you ate

enough for three people.

A

game in which you put small pieces together to

Christmas Eve.

body)

joker

US: /'cl3ou.kac/ UK: /'cl3gu.b'/

[co��;anbl•] A

person

who makes jokes: Don't take Jonathan seriously

because he's a real joker. f'd3oli/ [adverb] 1 Very: The comic your brother

jolly

lent me is jolly good. 2 Merry, cheerful: My grand­ ma is very jolly, she's always good fun to be with.• This word is informal.

1 A task that you

jot

to jot (something) down

must do: Linda's only job here is to look after the

t PHRASAL VERBS

plants. 2 Work that you are paid to do: Sandra's

make a quick note of something: I think I jotted

sister has a job in a travel agency. 3

her telephone number down somewhere.• Be care­

out of a job

·

To

Without a job: My sister has been out of a job since

ful with the spelling of these forms: "jotted", "jot­

January.

ting".

jump

207

journal

1 A magazine or a

+judgment /'d3Ad3·mant/ I [noun] 1 An opinion: What

a

est: The doctor's study was full of medical journals.

made by a judge: Judges have to study cases very

2 A record of what somebody has done during the

carefully

b

day: Philip kept a journal of the things he did dur-

[""'��:�ble]

ing the summer vacation. • In this use, the same

judgment when he bought his ticket weeks ago.

f'd33r-na·l/

l'°:��nble]

newspaper for one particular profession or inter-

meaning: "diary".

journalism

/'d33r·na·l,rz·am/

[""'��:�able]

should we do, in your judgment? 2 A decision 3

before

they

pronounce judgment. I

Common sense: Stuart showed good

There are none left now.• The British English spellThe job of

ing is "judgement".

writing for magazines or newspapers: The article

judiciary /d3u'drJ.i,er-i/, /-'drJ-a-ri/ l'°:��nble] The col-

about the beginning of the war was a brilliant piece

lective name for the judges: The judiciary is re-

of journalism.

sponsible for interpreting and applying the laws

+journalist

l'°::�·b1n e]

/'d33r-na-1-ast/

A person who

writes for magazines or newspapers: Today the

passed by Congress.

judo

f'd3ud-ou/

[""��:�ble]

A sport in which you

Prime Minister is having an interview with foreign

wrestle or throw somebody: Billy does judo at

journalists.

school.

+journey

/'d33:ni/

l'°::�anble]

The act of going from

one place to another: Their journey to Reno took a

whole day on the car.• Compare with "trip1" (a journey involving an activity like business, shopping,

lca:��a"ble] An

/d3Ag/

lca:��anble] A

container for liquids with a

organized combat between two

juggle

/'d3Ag.!/

[verb]

juggler /'d3Ag·lar/ lca:��a�le] A person who juggles:

people on horseback with lances: The knights in

We saw two excellent jugglers at the circus last week.

/d3aust/

[verb]

To fight on horseback in a

tournament: In medieval times knights jousted to

gain favor.

+juice

un /d3u:s/ [ c��:�ble] The liquid from fruit or veg-

etables: Would you like a glass of orange juice with

your breakfast?

joy [noun] Great happiness:

The children jumped for

joy when they saw the new.

joyful /'d3�r.f'l/ [adjective] Very happy:

juicy /'d3u:.si/ [adjective] Full of juice:

Where did you

get these juicy apples?

That music is

really joyful!• We also say "joyous".

jukebox /'d3uk-haks/ lco::�·nble] A machine that plays records in cafes, bars and so on: Put a coin into

the jukebox and it'll play the record you choose. joyous /'d3�r.as/ [adjective] See joyful. Joyride /'d33r.rard/ lca:��bln e] A ride in a car for plea- +July /d3u'lar/ [noun] The seventh month of the year: sure, especially a stolen car driven fast and with-

Many schools are closed during July.• Be careful!

out care: They took the car for a joyride and left it

"July" has a capital "J". ® See picture at

calen-

dar.

on the beach.

joysticl< /'dp.st1k/ lco:��·nble]A special handle used for jumble1

/'d3Amhl/

[noun] A

lot of things mixed to-

controlling movement on an airplane, with a com-

gether in an untidy way: Everything is in a terrible

puter and so on: Show me how to use the joystick.

jumble in my bedroom.

Judaism

/'d3u:.der.r.z0m/

n [uc��:�able]

The religion of

the Jews: Judaism has survived for over 4000

years. •Be careful! "Judaism" has a capital "J".

jumble2 /'d3Ambl/ [verb] To mix things in an untidy way: All my clothes are so jumbled I can't find any-

two years' imprisonment. 2 A person who decides

the winner of a competition: The three judges of

the vegetable competition were unanimous in their /d3Aci3/

[verb]

1 To have an opinion about

something: You should never judge anybody just

by their appearance. 2 To make decisions in a

court of law or in a competition: Who's going to

judge the photograph competition tomorrow?

+judgement

/'d3Ad3.1rnnt/

n un] [o

This is a British English spelling.

See

judgment.

•

g h

k l m n 0

p q r s

t

arriving on the jumbo jet from New York tomorrow.

u

ment into the air: Jenny's last jump was her best. 2

v

+jump1 /d3Amp/ lca:��a,ble] 1 A quick or sudden movehigh jump

A sport in which people jump over a

high bar: I've never been good at the high jump at

decision.

judge2

f

thing.

+judge1 /d3Ad3/ lco::�anble] 1 A person who decides on jumbo jet lco::�nble] A large airplane: My brother is legal things: The judge sentenced the robbers to

e

To throw things in the air,

catch them and throw them again quickly: Look!

armor charged towards each other in the joust.

joust2

d

handle: Is there any lemonade left in the jug?

That clown is juggling six eggs.

sightseeing and so on).

joust1

jug

c

school.

long'.

3

long jump

See "long jump" in the word

W

jump2 /cl3Amp/ [verb] 1 To move up into the air by

x

you're likely to fall into the water. 2 To move sud-

y

knock at the door made us jump.

z

using your feet: If you try to jump over that stream,

denly because something surprises you: A loud

jumper a

jumper

208 /'d3Am·pgr/ ['0:��nble] A warm woolen piece

of clothing with long sleeves: Today Nigel's wear­

b

ing a red jumper and blue jeans.• The same mean­

c

most commonly used word.

d e

f g h

k l m n 0

p q r s

t u v w x

y z

ing: "jersey", "pullover", "sweater". "Sweater" is the

jump rope ['°:��'�1e] A

rope that is used for skip­

ping: My sister's got a new jump rope with bells in

the handles.

junction

Jupiter

/'d3u:prtgr/ ['0:��nble] A planet of the solar

system that is fifth in order from the Sun: Jupiter

is the largest planet in the solar system. ® See pa­

ge 446-447. jurisdiction

/,d3ugns'drkfgn/ [""��:�able] The au­

thority of an official body to administer laws:

That court has no jurisdiction in this kind of case.

+jury US: /'d3ur.i/ UK: /'d3ug.ri/ ['0:��nble] A group of peo­

/'d3A1.Jk.fn/ ['0:��nble] A place where roads

ple who decide if a person is guilty or innocent at

meet: Be careful when you cycle across the junction.

a trial: The jury found him innocent of the murder.

+June

/d3u:n/ [noun] The sixth month of the year:

Summer begins in June. • Be careful! "June" has a

•The plural is "juries".

+just1

/d3Ast, d3gst/ [adverb] 1 A very short time ago:

capital "J". ®See picture at calendar.

Stephen has just come back from school. • In this

and gorillas live in the jungles of Africa and Asia.

tense. 2 Exactly: This cooking book is just what I

jungle /'d3A1J.gf/ [noun] A forest in the tropics: Monkeys +junior1 [adj ective]

use, "just" is normally used with the present perfect

1 Younger: The older students can

need. 3 At the time when: The bell rang just as I

have lunch in their classrooms but the junior stu-

was taking a shower. 4 Only, simply: What you're

dents use the cafeteria. •See box at abbreviations.

telling me is just an excuse. 5 By a small amount: I

2 Less important: In the army, a colonel is junior to a general. 3 junior high or junior high school In

just missed the train as it was leaving the station. 6

the United States, a school for children between

say to ask somebody to wait a little: Just a mo­

eleven and fourteen years old: My daughter goes

to junior high, she is in 7th grade.• In this use, the same meaning: "middle school".

junior2

/'d3un.jgr/ ['0:��nble] A student in the third

year of high school or college: My brother is a ju­

nior this year so he's studying hard to get good grades for his college application.

junk food [""'��:�able]

just

a

minute or just

a

moment Words that

ment, I think I heard a knock at the door. 7

now

you

just

1 Right now: I don't have enough money to

buy the tickets just now. 2 A very short time ago: I gave the keys to your sister just now.

just2

/d3Ast/ [adjective] Fair, morally right: I think the

referee made a just decision.

+justice /'d3As.trs/ [""'��:�ble] 1 Fair behavior or treat­

Food that is easy and quick

ment: Justice has been done; they've given him his

to prepare and eat: Junk food contains a lot of

job back. 2 A system of law: They took the case to

chemicals.

the Indiana Court of Justice.

k /kcr/ The eleventh letter of the alphabet: The name "Karen" begins with a "K". K /ke1/ A thousand: My starting salary was $20 K a year.• This word is informal. kangaroo /,kaeu·g�'ru/ 1'°:��'�1'] A large Australian animal that moves by jumping on its back legs:

Kangaroos carry their young in a pouch. ® See pa­ ge 428.

K

karate /b'rn·!i/ [un'��:�abte] A

sport in which people

Karate was in­ vented in Japan. ® See picture at sport. kayak /'kai.aek/ 1'°:��'�1'] A light canoe with a cov­ ered top: Kayaks are often made of fiberglass. +keen /ki:n/ [adiecti,,] l Enthusiastic, very interested: Wendy is very keen on tennis. •Be careful. We say: fight using their hands and feet:

"to be keen

on

(something)". 2 Fine or sharp, when

She has a keen sense of smell. +keep, kept, kept /ki:p/ [verb] 1 To continue to have something: Sara keeps all her old clothes. 2 To continue doing something: He keeps making noises. 3 To have something in a particular place: I keep all my old toys in a closet. 4 To maintain something in a particular way: She keeps her room very tidy. S To look after animals, for food: We have a house in the country where we keep pigs and chickens. 6 Referring to food, to stay in a good state: Most food keeps better in the fridge. 7 To cause somebody to stay: Many things keep Colin in Colombia, not just his girlfriend. 8 talking about the senses:

Referring to the law, a promise or an agreement, to do what it says: I

always keep my promises. 9

to keep a secret Not to reveal a secret that somebody tells you:

Can you keep a secret? 10 to

keep watch See "to keep watch" in the word

watch'. t PHRASAL VERBS · to keep away Not to go near

Keep away from the dog, he's danger­ to keep (something) back 1 To save a part of something, not give all: I have kept a part of the cake back for Amy, she will arrive much later. 2 To not tell everything: I think he is keeping some­ thing back Come on, what else you know? to keep (something) down To retain food, not to vomit it: With this stomach flu I can't keep any food down. to keep off Not to go onto something, usually to protect it: Keep off the grass!· to keep on To con­ tinue doing something: Don't stop! Keep on run­ ning. · to keep to (something) To not move away from a line, path, plan or regulation: We must keep to the original plan. · to keep up To continue something:

ous.

•

•

•

doing something well, to maintain a level of ef­

Keep up the good work! · to keep up with (somebody or something) To go as fast as some-

fort:

keeper a

210

body or something: You're walking too quickly, I

b keeper

/'ki-par/

['0��;•0b1']

A person who guards or

looks after a zoo or a museum: The keeper has to

(

/,ki:p'f1t/

/'ki,houl/

['0���nb1']

A hole in which a key

[un'��:�able]

anybody was in. ®See picture at key.

[co��;•0b1•] A ring

key ring

for carrying keys: I carry

all my keys on a key ring. ®See picture at key.

feed the lions twice a day.

keep fit

keyhole

goes: He looked through the door keyhole to see if

can't keep up with you.

Physical fitness exer-

kg A written abbreviation for kilogram.•See box

at abbreviations. d kennel /'kc11.' l/ ["���b1•] See doghouse.• This word khaki /'ka:.ki/ [:cij;,�::J A color between yellow and 0

cises: Keep fit classes are very fashionable.

e

is British English.

brown: Soldier's uniforms are often khaki.

keep.

gave him a tremendous kick.

kept /kept/ Past tense and past participle forms of +kick1

/krk/

['°���0b1'] A

blow with the foot: The horse

f kerb /b:h/ /k3:h/ [co��;a0b1'] See curb. • This kick2 /krk/ [verb] To hit somebody or something word is British English. with your foot: He got angry and kicked me. g ketchup /'kctJ.Ap/ [0"'��:�·b1'] A sauce made from to- kick-off /kik. :-Jf/ [ noon] The start of a soccer game: US:

h

UK:

matoes and spices: I always put ketchup on my

hamburgers.

kettle

/'kcS-a·l/

l'°:�;a0b1']

A container used for boil-

J

['0:��0b1'] A

large

kidnap /'krd.nrep/ [verb] To carry somebody away by

drum which has the shape of a bowl: Mike plays

force: His father was kidnapped by the Mafia.• Be

kettledrum

/'ket.!.drAm/ US: /'ke!-f

_,. the kettledrums in the local orchestra. ab1e � +key1 /ki:/ ['0:�; 0 ] 1 A special shaped piece of metal

[ ITT

n 0

for opening or closing locks: Have you got the key

for the front door? 2 One of a group of parts of

ny keys.® See page 442. 3 A solution or a group of solutions: The key to the exercises is at the back

of the book.

One of the two body or-

+kill

/k1l/

[verb]

To make a person or an animal die:

The car ran over the cat and killed it.

+killer

/'krl-ar/

[co:�;a0b1']

A person or animal who

kills: The police caught the killer.

killing

KEY

/'kil.1u/

[co��;'�1']

Taking the life of some­

body or something, a murder: He admitted re­

key

sponsibility for the killing.

kilo /'k1!-a/ [co:�;a�te] See kilogram. kilogram /'krlaugrrem/ ['°:�;a0b1'] A

unit of weight

equal to one thousand grams: In United States

people use pounds instead of kilograms.• "l:.t'l/

['°:��nble]

Joan

mother:

is

living

at

her

moth­

that lives and dies: Human beings are mortals.

mortal2 US: /'m":r.!'1/ UK: /'m":.t'l/ [adjective] Leading to

motion /'mou·Jan/ [noun] Movement:

This week we're

going to study the motion of the planets.

motive US: /'mou.trv/ UK: /'mau.trv/ ['°:�;anb1'] A reason

h

tives for wanting to come and see us every day.

+motor

US: /'mouyr./ UK: /'mau.ta'/

['°���nble]

Machine,

large or small, which causes motion: The motor of

During the Roman Empire,

the vacuum cleaner is broken.• "Motor" is usually used for electrical appliances. Compare with "en-

death:

mortal combat.

mosaic1

/mou'ZCI·Ik/

l'°:�;a�le] A

design made using

many small stones or pieces of glass: This Roman

mosaic represents a scene of a banquet.

mosaic2 [adiect;,.]

like one: The mosaic pattern on your bathroom US: /'nm:z.lcm/ UK: /'muz.hm/

[;:rn/ UK: /m:>:n/

grandpa's death.

mourning

[,,rb]

To be sad for

They mourned their

somebody who has died:

/'1rnr·nni/. /'mour-/

[""��:�ble ]

They're in mourning for their grandmother. • Be careful! We say: "to be in mourning".

+mouse

[co:�;':1e] A

+Mrs.

/'mrs.rz/

[noun ] A title

used for a married wom­

an: Mrs. Harrison is one of the school teachers. • Be careful! This word is normally used with a last

Feeling or

showing sadness for somebody who has died:

name, when the first name is not mentioned. •See box at abbreviations.

+Ms.

/maz, m1z/

[noun ] A title used for a woman:

When

a woman doesn't want to say if she's single or mar­

small animal with a long

ried, she uses "Ms.". •Be careful! This word is nor­

tail: Jackie screamed when she saw the mouse. •

mally used with a last name, when the first name is

/maus/

not mentioned.•See box at abbreviations.

The plural is "mice".® See page 442.

+mouth

/maufJ/

['0:��nb1']

The part of the body that

you use for eating and talking: Don't talk with

your mouth full!• Be careful with the pronunciation of this word! The vowel sound of this word is pro­

[co��;anb1e]

Mt

An abbreviation for "Mount" that goes before

the name of a mountain: Mt Everest is the highest

mountain in the world.

+much

/mAtf/

[,���er�:��nl 1

A lot of something: Hurry

up! I don't have much time. 2 as much as The

nounced the same as in "cow".

mouthorgan [co��;anble]

z

[ co��;anble]

say "cinema".® See picture at street.

v

y

/'mu:.vi/

Somebody who climbs mountains: The mountain­

mouthful

x

drapes.

+movie

eer reached the summit.

u

w

A special kind of bike

ground.

mountainous

S

changing of posi­

ies this evening. •In this use, in British English we

l

r

[noun] A

say "the pictures".

mountaineering

p q

/'mu:v.mant/

tion or place: There was a movement behind the

With a mountain bike you can go over very rough

J k

0

+movement

with thick wheels, used for riding in the country:

mountaineer

n

to move out To

movie isn't very good. 2 the movies The showing

nounced.® See pages 444 and 445.

mountain bike ['0��;anble]

•

leave an apartment or a house: We're moving out

of our present address at the end of the month.

"Mt" is only used in written language.

+mountain

pronunciation of this word! The "a" is not pro­

.,

to move into To go and live

across the valley.

mount2

e

h

•

in a new apartment or house: We're moving into

that goes very high: The mountains in central Asia

g

t PHRASAL VERBS

The cowboys all mounted their horses and galloped

The amount of food

same quantity as: He doesn't know as much math

you can get in your mouth in one go: She ate a

as me. 3 how much Words used to ask about

/'mao!.l.ful/

quantity with uncountable nouns: How much but­

whole sandwich in two mouthfuls. A small musical instru­

ter is there in the fridge?• "Much" is used with un­

ment that you play by moving it across your lips

countable nouns like "time" or "water". Compare

while you are blowing: I would like to play the

mouthorgan.

movable

or

moveable

normally used in negative sentences and questions. /'mu:vahl/

[adjec 11,,]

Able

to be moved: The back of the chair is movable. • Compare with "immovable" ( that cannot be moved) .

move

/mu:v/

[verb]

with "many" ( used with countable nouns ) . "Much" is

1 To change place or position:

I'm going to take a photo. Don't move now. 2 To

In affirmative sentences we use "a lot of".•The com­ parative form is "more" and the superlative form is "most".

+mud

/mAd/

[""'��:�able]

Wet soil: When it rains the

road to the farmhouse gets covered in mud.

musical

247

muddy /'mACl.i/ [adjecti,,] Covered in mud:

Clean your

boots before coming into the house; they're very muddy.• The comparative form is "muddier" and the superlative form is "muddiest".

muesli

n [u'��:�able]

/'mju:zli/

A breakfast

cereal:

Muesli is made from grain, dried fruit and nuts.

mug

/mAg/

[co���anble] A

tall straight cup: I've bought

(a drinks ) .

some new coffee mugs. • Compare with "cup" small round container used for drinking hot

® See picture at cup.

mule

[co���anb1']

murmur1

['0:��nble]

/'n13arnr/

A soft

continuous

sound: There was a murmur of approval when the principal presented his plans for the new school.

murmur2

/'m3:mgr/

[vecb]

To talk in a very low

voice: She murmured something into my ear but I couldn't understand what she said.

Murphy's Law ["'" ��:�able] A

us:

/,mefc:.fiz'lu:/ UK: /,nn:.fiz'b:/

humorous principle that states that if

anything can go wrong, it will: Murphy's Law says that for example if you drop a piece of bread and

An animal similar to a don­

butter, it will always fall butter side down. • Be

key: Mules are the cross of female horses and male

careful! "Murphy's Law" has capital letters. • This

/mju:l/

donkeys.

multi-

phrase is informal.

/mAlti-/

[pren.]

An addition to the beginning

+muscle

/'mAs.lf

[noun]

One of the parts of the body The muscles move the

of a word that means "many": Something that is

that cause movement:

multicolored has many colors. /,mAJ·ti'scJ .jg.Jgr/, /,mAJ·tOI-/

bones and allow us to move all parts of the body.•

multicellular

[adjective]

Having more than one cell: Every living creature is multicellular except the single-cell amoeba.

multilingual

[adjective]

/'mAS·kjg.Jgr/

[adjective]

goes to the gym regularly. 2 Relating to muscles:

/'mAl·ta,plm/

[verb]

muscular contractions. ®See page 423.

1 To add the same

mUSCUlature

/'mAs.kju.fa.tJgr/ US: /-tJzr./

[""'��:�able]

number several times: If you multiply five by three,

The muscular system: The bat's wing musculature

it is the same as adding five three times. 2 To grow

is enviable. ®See page 423.

in number: Rabbits multiply very quickly. • Be

d e

f g h

1 Having well-de­

several languages: Multilingual guides have infor­ mation in several languages.

c

®See page 423.

muscular

veloped muscles: He is very muscular because he

+multiply

b

Be careful with the pronunciation of this word!

That uses

/,mAlti'hDgwgJ/

a

+museum

/mju:'zi:.gm/

['0:��ble " ] A building

that has

careful with the spelling of these forms: "multiplies",

interesting objects for people to look at: In the

"multiplied".

Museum of Natural History you can learn a lot

J k l

-

about the origins of man.

n

served: The Egyptian mummies are fascinating. •

no leaves, flowers or roots: You can eat some mush­

0

The plural is "mummies". Be careful with the pronun­

rooms but others are poisonous. ®See page 437.

mummy

/'mAm.i/

lco:��anble]

The body of a person

who died a long time ago but is still well pre­

ciation of this word! The vowel sound here is pro­ nounced the same as in "sun".

mumps /mAmps/ [""'��:�ble] An infectious disease in

mushroom /'mAJ.ru:m, -rom/ 1co:��anble] A plant that has +music

/'mju:.z1k/

n [uc��:�able]

1 Sounds arranged to

sound pleasant: I like different types of music. 2 The written or printed symbols that represent

which your neck swells: I had mumps when I was

sounds in a song or symphony: I can't read music.

a kid.• It is usually used with a singular verb.

I play by ear.

municipal

/mju:'ms.1.p'l/

[adjective]

r s

a town or city: The library and the baths are mu­ /rnju,ms·a'pcet.qi/

[co:��a�le]

t

A town

which has its own local government: The resi­ dents of the municipality elect their representa­

u

tives.• The plural is "municipalities".

+murder1

/'m3:dgr/

[noun]

The killing of somebody:

v

There has been a murder in a bank in Kansas City.

•Compare with "crime" (an illegal action ) .

murder2

/'m3:ciar/

[verb] To kill somebody:

dered him by putting poison in his tea.

murderer

US:

/'mefc:.dzr..zr./ UK: f'm3:.cJor.g•/

person who kills another person:

w

She mur­

[co:��anble] A

The police

caught the girl's murderer when he was trying to go

abroad.• Compare with "criminal'" (somebody who does something against the law) .

q

Of, or relating to,

nicipal.

municipality

p

x

MUSIC musical1

/'mju:z1bl/

[adjective]

Referring to music:

Can you play a musical instrument? ® See pages 458-460.

y z

musical

248

a +musical2

b (

d e

f

g h

/'mju:z1bl/

[co:��nbte]

A play or a movie

that has songs and dances: I went to see the musi­

cal "Grease" yesterday.

+musician

/mju:'z1J."n/

[co:��a:ie ] A

person who plays

or writes music: There are twenty musicians in the

school orchestra.

Muslim

US: /'mu:.zlcm/ UK: /'muz.lnn/

[:cii:cl;:�l Refer­

ring to Islam or a follower of Islam: In most Ar­

ab countries, the people are Muslims. • Be care­ ful! "Muslim" has a capital "M". • We also say "Moslem".

mussel /'mAsg]/ l'°:��nble] A bivalve mollusk with an

oval shell: Mussels live in the sea and are often

consumed as food.

+must

/n1Ast, mast, mas/

[verb]

1 A word that you use

to say that it is necessary to do something: You

must listen to me when I speak to you! 2 A word that you use to show that you think something is true: She must be a foreigner. She doesn't under­

J k l

stand English.• See box below.

The verb must only has one form. The verbs that follow it are in the infinitive without lo:

·

- You must be more punctual, James.

- l mustn't forget Mom's birthday. - I must go now.

Must is used with a present or future meaning.

0

For other tenses, we use have

present perfect: They have had to wait years for this opportunity.

Have to can be used in any tense.

must (must not/musn't) and the negative of have to (have not to) have completely different meanings: Negative forms: Note that the negative of

•

- You must not smoke in the chemistry laboratory. You could start a fire.

u

w x

y z

Must not/musn't means that it is imperative that you do not do something:

t v

to:

past tense: When I was 14, I had to be home at 10.

p

s

mustard

/'mAs-tard/

1unc��:�able]

A spicy sauce made

from the seeds of a plant: I love hot dogs with

mustard.

mustn't /'mAs.'nt/ The contraction of "must not". must've The contraction of "must have". mute [adjective] Not able to speak: Deaf and mute

people often communicate by using a special sign

language.

mutter

US: /'Il1A$.Y/ UK: /'Il1AU'/

[,.rb]

To speak in a

low voice, often expressing disagreement: She

muttered something but I couldn't hear her.

mutton

/'mAt-g-n/

[""��:�able]

The meat from an

adult sheep: Anne prepared a leg of mutton with

herbs.

+my /mm/ [adjecti"] Of me;

belonging to me: This is my

sister Nellie.

myriapod [co:��nb1'] Any

invertebrate which has a

body with many segments and legs: Centipedes

and millipedes are myriapods.

n

r

Hair that men have above the

mouth: My great uncle had a very long mustache.

+myself

must and have to

.,

q

mustache [co:��nbte]

- You must not move when the dentist's drill is in your mouth. •

Don't have to means that you are not obliged to do something, you can decide to do it or not: - You don't hove to come shopping with us. You can stay at home if you want. - I don't

have to finish this homework tonight. I can do it tomorrow night.

/ma1'self/

[pronoun]

1 A word that refers to

"me" when I am the subject of a sentence: I hurt

myself with the bread knife. 2 A word that under­ lines that I am the person the verb refers to: I my­

self am not very keen on pizza. 3 by myself 1 Alone: I go to school by myself 2 Without help: I

made this kite all by myself

+mysterious

/mr'stm-i-as/

[adjective]

That is strange

and difficult to explain: Every night we hear mys­

terious noises coming from the attic.

+mystery

/'nus-tni/

[noun]

Something

that

is

strange and difficult or impossible to explain: It

is still a mystery to me how George could pass Math.• The plural is "mysteries"_

myth /m18/ I lco:��a:ie] 1 A story from an ancient civi­ lization: Do you know the myth of King Midas? I

[noun]

2 Untrue, but commonly believed: The idea that money or a good job will make you happy is a myth.

mythical

/'m18.1.k'I, 'm18.1.k/

[adjective]

1 Referring to

a story from an ancient civilization: A mermaid is

a mythical creature. 2 Untrue, not existing: He in­ vented a mythical uncle in South America.

mythological

/,11118gl'od31bl/

[adjective]

Referring to

myths: Many mythological characters from Greek

myths are well-known even today. n

mythology

/m1'8ol-g-d3i/

[u c��:�abte]

The body of

myths from a particular culture, or the study of these myths: The study of Greek mythology is nec­

essary to understand classical painting. •The plu­ ral is "mythologies"_

n

/en/ The fourteenth letter of the alphabet: The

name "Nicholas" begins with an "N".

+nail1

/ne1l/

[co��;anb1']

1 The hard part at the end of

your fingers or your toes: I need to cut my nails. 2

A thin piece of metal with a point: Would you pass me the hammer and the nails?

nail2

/ncII/

[verb] To

fix things with a nail: I'm going

to nail the shelf to the wall.

N

+naked

/'ner.krd/ [adjective] Without clothes on: He was

alone and swam naked in the sea.• Be careful with the pronunciation of this word. The "e" is pro­ nounced like the "i" in "did".

+name1

/ne1m/

[co:�;anbte]

1 The word that you use to

refer to a person or a thing: That little girl's name is Lesley. 2 Christian name The name or names that go before the family name: My Christian name is Ruth. • Be careful! "Christian name" has a capital "C". • The same meaning: "first name". 3

family name or last name The name that you share with other people in your family: My teach­ er's family name is 'Jones". • I n this use. the same meaning: "surname".

name2

/nc1m/

[verb]

To give a name to somebody or

something: They're going to name their dog "Ma­ mo".

namely

/'ne1m.li/

[adverb] That is to say:

Only one stu­

dent, namely Sarah, is missing this morning.

nanny

/'naen.i/

[co:�;anb1']

A woman who looks after

the children of a family: The Smiths need a nanny for the summer vacation.• The plural is "nannies".

nap

/nxp/

[co:�;a,,bte] A short sleep:

I felt tired so I took

a nap on the sofa.

napkin

/'na:p.km/

['0��;a,,bte] A piece of cloth or paper

to clean your hands or lips when you are eating:

Put a napkin beside each plate, please.• The same meaning: "serviette".

nappy

/'nxp.i/

['0:��nbte]

See diaper. • This word is

British English.• The plural is "nappies".

narrate /ng're1t/ [verb] To relate a story or commen­ tary: The radio presenter narrated the wedding.

+narrow

/'naer·ou/

[adjective]

Not wide, with a short

distance from side to side: This road is very nar­ row and passing is difficult.• Compare with "wide"

(that is large from one side to another ).

nasal

250

a

nasal

/'nc1.z'l/

b

nasty

US:

c

d

[adjecti"]

Referring to the nose: His

voice is quite nasal because he has a cold. /'nres.ti/

UK:

/'na:.sti/

[adjective]

Unpleasant,

unkind: There's a nasty smell coming from the

flora and fauna: Nature reserves are an important

aspect of conservation.

+nation

/'nci.J'n/

lco:�;a:ie] A

country and its people:

[adjective]

/'nre.f.>n.'l, 'nre.f.nal/

Belonging to

national anthem [co:��a:1e ]

The official piece of

music of a country: "The Star-Spangled Banner" is

the national anthem of the United States of America.• We also say "anthem".

nationality

l

native2

q r s

t U v w x

y z

/'noqi/

UK:

/'n:>:.ti/

[adjecti"]

Bad in be-

cream. • This word is normally used when we talk

native1

p

US:

havior: If you're naughty I won't buy you an ice about a child or to a child. The comparative form is

J k

0

naughty

we're going to the seaside for the day. • Compare

/,mcf-a'na;l-qi/

[ noun]

The state of be-

ality? He's Chilean.• The plural is "nationalities".•

-

The number 0: 0.9 is normally

with "international" (between different nations).

longing to a country: What's your friend's nation-

m

naught lco:�;a:ie]

read "naught point nine".

one country: Tomorrow is a national vacation and

h

area of land which

is protected and managed in order to maintain its

bathroom. •The comparative form is "nastier" and

e +national

g

nature reserve [co:�;anble] An

the superlative form is "nastiest".

Canada is an American nation.

f

by day. 2 The qualities of a person or a thing: Jack would never hurt anybody; it's not in his nature.

See box on the following page.

/'nc1t1v/

[adjective]

/'ncrtrv/

/'n:>·!1·bl/, /'nu!·1-/

[adjective]

Referring to

sailing: Old sailors love to tell nautical stories.

naval

/'ne1.v'l/

[adjective]

Belonging to a navy: The US

Navy beat Spain in the naval battle in 1888.

navel

/'ne1.v'l/

['°:��anb1e]

The small hollow in the

middle of the stomach where there used to be the

cord attaching a baby to his mother: He shows a

Belonging to the place

where you were born: Her grandmother's native

land is Norway.

"naughtier" and the superlative form is "naughtiest".

nautical

lco:��anble] A person who was born in

small navel where the Doctor cut the umbilical cord at his birth.• The same meaning: "belly-button".

navigate

[,,rb]

/'na;v.1.gc1t/

To guide or direct a

ship or an aircraft: Stars and compasses were used

a particular place: The girl you met yesterday is a

by early sailors to navigate their way from one part

native of California.

of the world to another.

Native American 1::1,n,�::1

Referring to the na-

tive people of America: The Native Americans lost

almost all of their land to the white man. • Be careful! "Native American" has capital letters.•We also

1 The birth of Jesus Christ:

This play shows the Nativity story. 2 Nativity A miniature representation of Christ's

scene

birth scene: Crowds of people visited the Nativity

scene at Christmas.

NATO

igating: Navigation is difficult in these waters be-

cause of the currents.

+navy

f'ne1.vi/

[ on u]n

The part of the armed forces

that fights at sea: My grandfather served in the na-

say "American Indian, Indian".

Nativity [u'n ��:�able]

navigation /,nrevr'gerJgn/ 1unc��:�able1 The act of nav-

vy during the war.• The plural is "navies".

navy blue [;:j;,�::J Dark blue: Our team now wears navy blue shirts and socks.

+near1

/nrgr/

[adjective]

Not far: The nearest bus station

is next to the church.• Be careful! "Near" is not used

Referring to an international military or-

before a noun except in the comparative and superla-

ganization consisting of the US, Canada and ma-

live forms ("nearer" and "nearest"). "Nearby" can be

ny European countries: NATO members will be

meeting this Tuesday in Belgium to discuss the incident. •"NATO" is an abbreviation for "North At!antic Treaty Organization".•See box at abbrevia-

tions.

+natural

f'na;tJ-gr.gl/

[adjective]

1 Made by nature: Our

new stove works on natural gas. 2 Usual, normal: It's natural to be nervous on the first day of school.

naturally

f'na;t.f-ar·a·li/

[adverb]

1 Normally: Please,

try to behave naturally when you see the Princess.

2 By nature: Tigers are naturally aggressive. 3 As you would expect, of course: Naturally, I hope

you'll join us for the trip to Russia.

+nature

/'ne1-tJar/

[ucn ��:�able] 1

Everything that is not

made by man: One of the best things about living

in the country is being able to observe nature day

used before a noun.

+near2

/nm/

[advecb]

Not far: We can go on foot be-

cause Lee lives very near.• Be careful! We say "near

a place". (We don't say "near to a place").

+near3

/nm/

[prepositio ]n

Not far from: The cat's sleep-

ing on the carpet near the fire. • Careful. We say

"near the table". (We don't say "near of the table").

nearby1 /,ndbm/ [adjective] Not far away:

They stay at

a nearby hotel when they come to see us.

nearby2

/,nra'bar/

[adverb]

Not far away: They have

put a new bus stop nearby.

nearly

/'nm-Ii/

[admb]

Almost: My parents nearly

missed their plane yesterday.

neat

/ni:t/

[adjective]

Tidy, carefully arranged: Make

sure that your uniforms look neat and clean for the

concert this evening.

251

a

Nationalities

country

adjective

person from the country

Algeria

Algerian

Algerian

Argentina

Argentinian

Argentinian

Australia

Australian

Australian

Bolivia

Bolivian

Bolivian

Brazil

Brazilian

Brazilian

Bulgaria

Bulgarian

Bulgarian

Canada

Canadian

Canadian

Chile

Chilean

Chilean

China

Chinese

Chinese

Colombia

Colombian

Colombian

Cuba

Cuban

Cuban

Dominican Republic

Dominican

Dominican

Egypt

Egyptian

Egyptian

El Salvador

Salvadoran

Salvadoran

France

French

Frenchman, Frenchwoman

Germany

German

German

Greece

Greek

Greek

Guatemala

Guatemalan

Guatemalan

Haiti

Haitian

Haitian

Honduras

Honduran

Honduran

India

Indian

Indian

Iran

Iranian

Iranian

Iraq

Iraqi

Iraqi

(the) Irish Republic

Irish

Irishman, Irishwoman

Israel

Israeli

Israeli

Italy

Italian

Italian

Jamaica

Jamaican

Jamaican

Japan

Japanese

Japanese

Mexico

Mexican

Mexican

(the) Netherlands

Dutch

Dutchman, Dutchwoman

New Zealand

New Zealand

New Zealander

Panama

Panamanian

Panamanian

Paraguay

Paraguayan

Paraguayan

Peru

Peruvian

Peruvian

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rican

Puerto Rican

Portugal

Portuguese

Portuguese

Russia

Russian

Russian

Saudi Arabia

Saudi, Saudi Arabian

Saudi, Saudi Arabian

South Africa

South African

South African

Spain

Spanish

Spaniard

Turkey

Turkish

Turk

(the) United /(ingdom

British

Brit

(the) United States of America

American

American

Uruguay

Uruguayan

Uruguayan

Venezuela

Venezuelan

Venezuelan

The plural for the person from a particular country is usually formed by adding-s. But words ending in -ese stay the same (for example, the Japanese), and words like Frenchman or Frenchwoman become Frenchmen or Frenchwomen. Be careful' We always begin these words with a capital letter: we write Mexican (and not mexican).

b c

d e

f g h J k l m

0

p q r s

t u v w x

y z

neatness a

b c

d e

f g h J k [

252

neatness

/'ni:t.ngs/

[u n'��:�able] The

quality of being

tidy: The content of your compositions is of course very important, but don't forget neatness, too!

+necessary

/'nes.g.ser.i/

[adjective]

What is needed:

I'm not feeling very well today but I don't think it's necessary to call the doctor.

necessity

/ng'scs-qi/

[""'��:�able]

Something that is

Q

p q r s

t U v W

stopped to pick us up.

neither1

US:

/'ni:ogr/ UK: /'natfor/

[advecb]

1 Not: Peter

never makes his bed, and neither does his brother.

2 neither... nor... Not and not: As it was raining yesterday we played neither soccer nor tennis.• Be

+neck

[co::�abn 1']

/nek/

The part of your body between

the head and the shoulders: Giraffes have very long necks. ®See page 421.

necklace /'nek.Jgs/ [co::�anble] A piece

careful! We use "neither" with a positive verb and "either" with a negative verb.

neither2

/'ni:ogr/ UK: /'naiogr/

US:

[ a�dd�'�;��,,]

Not one

of jewelry that

and not the other of two people or things: Neither

goes round your neck: My aunt sometimes wears

team scored any goals in the game yesterday. • Be

an emerald necklace around her neck. ® See pie-

careful! We use "neither" with a positive verb and

ture at

need1

jewelry.

/ni:d/

[u n c��:�ble]

"either" with a negative verb.

1 Something that is neces-

+nephew

/'ncf.jn:. 'ncv-/

[co:��a,ble]

The son of your

sary: There is great need for food in many parts of

brother or sister: My nephew is only seven years

the world. 2 in need of Lacking in something: A

old and he can play the piano beautifully. •We say

lot of African countries are in need of doctors.

+need2 /ni:d/ [vecb] To require or to be necessary:

"niece" for a girl.® See picture at

You

Neptune

/'ncptju:n/

lco:�;a,,ble] A

family.

planet of the solar

need to do more exercise if you want to keep fit. •

system that is eighth in order from the Sun: Nep-

This verb can be a modal verb.

tune is the farthest planet from the Sun. ®See pa-

+needle

/'ni:dl/

lco:��a,ble] 1 A small thin piece of met-

ge 447.

+nerve

US:

/m:v/ UK: /n3:v/ I

[co:�� ble] "

1 O ne of the

sew the button on your coat. 2 A long thin piece of

long thin parts of the body that carries feel-

metal or plastic used for knitting: I had to use a

ings to your brain and messages from it: Mes-

pair of very fine needles to make this tiny sweater

sages travel along the nerves as a series of tiny

for my sister's baby.

electrical impulses. I

needless

/'ni:d.Jgs/

[adjecHve]

Not necessary: Need-

less to say, Patsy told Dana about the problem.

needn't /'ni:.d'nt/ The contraction of "need not". negation /m'gerJgn/ [""'��:�able] The act of denying: Negation of the facts will get you nowhere.

+negative1 /'neggtrv/ [adjective] Indicating "no", "not", "never" and so on: "They didn't go shopping" is a negative sentence.

negative2

/'ncggt1v/

['0:��nble]

[""'��: �able ]

2 Courage: She

showed a lot of nerve under pressure. 3 The cheek or lack of shame necessary to do something rude or outrageous: She had the nerve to ask me to lend her

$20,

after insulting me in

front of my friends.

nerves

US:

/n'J':vz/ UK: /n3:vz/

[plucal noun]

The state of

being worried or afraid: My grandma says that grandpa has suffered with his nerves ever since the

A piece of film from

which you can make a photograph: Keep the neg-

car accident he had last year.

+nervous

/'113r.vgs/

[adjective] 1

Worried or afraid: The

atives in case you need more copies.

mysterious phone calls made everyone in the house

tion to somebody or something: The local church

to the nerves in the body: The nervous system con-

neglect1 /rn'glekt/ [""'��:�ble] A failure to give atten-

/rn'glckt/

[vecb]

nervous. ® See picture at

emotions.

2 Belonging

trols the activities of your body.

is in a terrible state of neglect.

neglect2

To give little attention to

Nessie [noun]

A popular nickname for a monster

somebody or something: Some people have pets

that is supposed to live in a lake in Scotland: If

and when they get tired of them they neglect them.

you ever go to Loch Ness, Nessie may give you a

neigh [verb]

To make the sound that a horse

makes: The pony started neighing when it saw the

X +neighbor [co:��'�1e]

l

We tried to

Being near:

hitchhike to the neighboring town but nobody

sity.• T he plural is "necessities".

fright.• Be careful! "Nessie" has a capital "N".

+nest

/nest/

[co:��a,ble] A

place built by birds or small

animals to live in: Birds lay their eggs in nests.

field.

Y

neighboring [adjective]

needed: We'll only borrow his car in case of neces-

al used for sewing: Here's a needle and thread;

ITT

ing affected by the increase in street violence. •We usually say "area".

A person who lives near you:

+net

/net/

[nou n]

A material made of crossed over

She always says "Hello" to the neighbors when she

string, rope and so on, with holes: Margaret must

meets them in the elevator.

have been nervous in the tennis game because she

+neighborhood [co:��'�1e]

The area

round

the

place where you live: The neighborhood is becom-

kept hitting the ball into the net.

nettle

/'net.I/ US: /'nc!-f

[co:�� nb le]

A wild plant with

nightgown

253 stinging leaves: Be careful with those nettles when

network

/'net,w3rk/

[co���bln e ] A system of people

or

things that are linked together over some distance: Internet is a large computer network.

neuron

/'njugrrm/

[co���·:1e ]

newsstand [co���'nble]

A store that sells newspa-

pers: I'm going to buy a magazine at the news-

you walk through this part of the field.

A nerve cell that con-

stand. • In British English they say "newsagent's". ®See picture at street.

tnext1

/nekst/

[adje ctive]

1 Coming after this one, the

following: Turn right at the next crossroads and

nects the brain to another part of the body: Neu-

you'll see the shopping center on your left. 2 next

rans transmit impulses.

to Beside: If you want to make a phone call you'll

neuter [adjective] In certain languages, of the gender

find a call box next to the bookstore. • Be carefu[I

which is neither masculine nor feminine: a neu-

We say: "I'd like to go to Italy next year". We don't

ter noun.

say: "I'd like to go to Italy the next year".® See pic-

neutral

/'nu·trgl/

[adjective]

1 Not committed to one

side or the other: Switzerland remained neutral

ture at preposition.

next2

/nekst/

[adrnb]

Coming after something: I've

during the Second World War. 2 In chemistry, nei-

done the exercise, Miss Furlow. What shall I do

ther acid nor alkali: Some substances, like water,

next?

are neutral. 3 In physics, having no charge, neither positive nor negative: Neutrons are neutral

atoms. 4 Having no particular or strong charac-

[advecb]

j'nev.gr/

In the next building:

Our

nib

/nrb/

[co���:1e]

Not at any time: My father

tnice

/na1s/

[adjective]

1 Pleasant, good: We had very

• "Never" usually goes before the main verb and af-

friendly: Be nice to your brother because he's ner-

ter auxiliary verbs like "be", "do" or "have". We don't

vous about his tests.• The comparative form is "nic-

use "never" with a negative verb. • See box at fre-

er" and the superlative form is "nicest".

quency.

/,nev.gr .i\g'Jes/

[adverb]

nickel

/'nrk.1/

I

[ucn ��:�able]

1 A shiny metal with a

Despite that,

special color that is white with a little silver:

however: He feels down but nevertheless he says

Nickel occurs naturally and is used in steel-making. I

that he is going to continue in the race. US: /nu:/ UK: /nju:/

[adjective]

1 Recently made,

bought for the first time: Come home with me and

[co���a:ie ]

2 A five cents coin: The storekeeper

gave me back a nickel.

nickname

/'mk.ne1m/

[co:��·:1e ]

An informal name

I'll show you my new CD player. ® See picture at

used instead of your real name, especially by

opposite. 2 Seen or met for the first time: I saw

friends and family: William F. Cody's nickname

the new teacher in the supermarket this morning. 3

New Year's Day See "New Year's Day" in the word

was "Buffalo Bill" because he was a buffalo hunter.

tniece

/ni:s/

[co:��anbte]

The daughter of your brother

year. 4 New Year's Eve See "New Year's Eve" in

or sister: Mrs. Brown's niece is coming to spend

the word year.

Christmas with her. • We say "nephew" for a boy.

newly

US: /'nu:.li/ UK: /'nju:.li/

[adverb] Recently:

Don't

touch the door because it's newly painted.

tnews

[unc��:�abte]

/nait/

[ noun]

dark: Nights are shorter in summer than in winter.

2 good night An expression that you use before

today's paper. • Be careful! We don't say "a news".

going to bed: Say "good night " and go to bed. •

We say "the news", "some news" or "a piece of news".

/'nju:z,c1.d3gnt/ US: /'nu:z-/

[co���a,bte]

A

Compare "good night" with "good evening" ( a greet-

ing that is used in the evening ) .

nightclub

/'nmt.klAb/

[co���a:te]

A place for enter-

person who has a store that sells newspapers: I

tainment that opens at night: My parents went to

always have a little conversation with the newsa-

a nightclub to see a musical show yesterday.

gent when I go to buy the newspaper. UK:

/'nju:z,erci3gnt/

[ co���a,bte]

See

newsstand.• This word is British English.

tnewspaper

[co���a,bte] Sheets

us:

f g h

/'nu:z,pe1.pac/ UK:

/'nju:z,pe1.pg'/

of printed paper with news, opin-

ion, pictures and so on: Have a look at the weather

nightdress

/'nart.drcs/

[co���'nble]

A kind of thin

dress that women wear in bed: They gave me a

beautiful nightdress with pink spots. • The same meaning:

J k l m

0

p q

1 The part of the day when it is

Information

newsagent's

e

r

®See picture at family.

tnight

about new events: There is no interesting news in

US: /nu:z/ UK: /nju:z/

newsagent

d

The pointed end of a fountain

nice weather during our stay in Majorca. 2 Kind,

tnew

c

next-door neighbors are very nice.

never takes the car when he goes to the city center.

tnevertheless

b

pen: I have a special pen with a gold nib.

teristics: a neutral color.

tnever

next-door [adjective]

a

"nightgown".

"Nightie"

is informal for

"nighdress".

nightgown [c0:��a,b1•]

A kind of thin dress that

report in the newspaper.• The same meaning: "pa-

women wear in bed: My sister prefers pajamas to

per".

nightgown.• The same meaning: "nightdress".

s

t u v w x

y z

nightie

254

a

nightie

b

nightingale

c

d e

f g h

/'nm.ti/ US: / -!if

e ['°���abl n ]

See nightdress. •

This word is informal. /'na1.t1u.ge1l/

US:

['°���nb1]'

/-!Ju- /

A

Nightingales usually sing at night.

co able /'nmt,megr/ [ :�� n ] A bad dream: Last night I had a nightmare about Dracula running after me.

nightmare

A small low table which is

placed next to a bed: Mary switched off the alarm clock on her night table.• The same meaning: "bed-

side table", "side table".

night·time

night-time

The

time

We saw a lot of bats near the river

/ml/

["nc��:�abl]e

Nothing; zero:

game by one goal to nil. •We

Houston won the usually say "nil" in

scores in sport.

J k l m

0

p q r s

t u v w x

y z

i '] The number 9: I've done nine +nine /nam/ l"::;·�,�i�; �;

of the ten parts of the exercise. One more and I've finished.

nineteen

l"::;·�,�i;; �i;']

/,nam'ti:n/

The number 19:

My sister is nineteen years old.

nineteenth /,nam'ti:nt8/ 1::1,0,�:�l Referring to nineteen:

Queen Victoria lived in the nineteenth centu-

ry.•"Nineteenth" can also be written "19th".

ninetieth

1 Morally fine, unselfish

was a very noble gesture. 2 ing a high social rank: She has noble origins.

nobleman

/'ngllhlmgn/

the nobility:

ties.• The

['°:��':1]e A

Hav-

male member of

The nobleman ruled over his proper-

plural is "noblemen".• A female member

of the nobility is a "noblewoman".

noblewoman

/'ngubl,wumgn/

e ['0:��bl n ]

A female

The main role of a noblewoman in the Middle Ages was to give her husband a son.• The plural is "noblewomen".• A male memmember of the nobility:

+nobody person:

US: /'noll.ho:.di/ UK: /'ndll.hd.di/

[proo n un]

No

There's nobody you can speak to just now.

•The same meaning: "no one".• Be careful! We use

at night-time.

nil

[adiecti,,]

ber of the nobility is a "nobleman".

/'na1t.ta1m/

when it is dark:

/'nou-bgl/

and admirable: It

small bird that is known for its beautiful singing:

night table ['0:��bn 1]'

noble2

/'nmn-ti-gfl/

1::1,0,l::J i

Referring to ninety:

"nobody" with a positive verb. • "Nobody" is used with a singular verb.•See box at anybody.

nocturnal

/nok't3:nglf

[adiecti,,]

Of the night or that

takes place or is active at night:

The owl is a noc-

turnal bird.

nod

US: /no:d/ UK: /nod/

[vecb]

To move your head up

Don't just nod when I ask you a question. Answer properly.• This word describes an ac-

and down:

tion with a positive meaning.• Look at the spelling of these forms: "nodded", "nodding".

+noise

/n�1z/

[ noun]

An unpleasant or load sound:

This vacuum cleaner makes a lot of noise.

They're celebrating their grandmother's ninetieth +noisy /'mr.zi/ [adjecti,,] Making lots of noise, very birthday tomorrow.• "Ninetieth" can also be written loud: Our street is very noisy on weekdays. •The "90th".

ninety

comparative form is "noisier" and the superlative /'nom·ti/

["::;�,�i���; i ]'

The number 90:

The

post office building is ninety years old.

ninth

/namtfl/

!::1;,1::J i

Referring to nine:

The com-

pany offices are on the ninth floor.• "Ninth"

so be written "9th".

nitrogen

/'na1trgd3gn/

can al-

["'" ��:�able] A gaseous element

which makes up 80 per cent of the atmosphere:

form is "noisiest".

nomad

/'nou·ma:cl/

['0:��nb1]'

A member of a tribe

which does not live in one fixed place, moving

In the paleolithic era the people were nomads and lived by hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants. around, or an individual who does the same:

non·

/non -/

[peen.] An addition to the beginning of a

word that changes a word's meaning into its opNitrogen is an essential part of biological moleposite: A "non-alcoholic drink" is a drink that does cules. +no1 /ngu/ [advecb] 1 The opposite of yes: "Do you not contain alcohol. speak German?" "No, I don't". 2 no longer Not any +none /nAn/ [prno n on] Not one; not any: None of my more, in a past time but not now: I no longer go friends can run faster than me. swimming every morning; with the tests there's no +nonsense US: /'no:n.sents/ UK: /'non.s,nts/ [""'��:�able] Foolish or silly things: Don't talk nonsense! time. +no2 [acijce t,i ,] 1 Not any, zero: No animals were hurt in non•StOp US: /,no:n'sto:p/ UK: /,non'stop/ [,��i:���:bJ Without a stop: They flew non-stop from Boston to the fire at the zoo last week.•See box at some. 2 A word that shows you cannot do something: The Tokyo. noon /nu:n/ [ unc��:�able] Midday, twelve o'clock in the sign on the wall says "No parking". nobility US: /nou'h11.d.!i/ UK: /nglJ'h11.J.ti/ [""'��:�able] midday: The sun is at its highest at noon. Members of society belonging to a high rank: The +no one [wonoon] See nobody.• Be careful! We use "no one" with a positive verb.• "No one" is used with a nobility lost a lot of its power after the Industrial Revolution. singular verb.•See box at anybody. noble1 f'ngobl/ [co:��':''] A member of the aristocra- +nor US: /n�:r/ UK: /m:'/ [conjunction] 1 And not also: I like cy: In the past, the nobles were the ruling class. neither football nor basketball. 2 Not either: I do

noticeboard

255

not know how to use this computer and nor do you.

moved house. 3 not at all 1 Not even, a little: I

•"Nor" is used after phrases with "neither" or "not".

don't remember his face at all. 2 A polite way of

+normal

/'n�r·mgl/

[adjective]

Usual; common: Storms

are quite normal in summer around here.

+north

US: /n�:r8/ UK: /n�:8/

[uncountable "0:�ci:�l';,1;veJ

The direction on your left when the sun rises:

answering when somebody says "thank you":

Thanks for your help. "Not at all". •In this use, the same meaning: "you're welcome".

+note1

/ngot/

["��;•,b1' ]

1 Written words that help

You'll find the lake if you keep going north. • See

your memory: He made a note of the things he had

box at abbreviations.

to buy for the trip. 2 A written message: I'm going

northeast [0"'� �:�abte] In between the north and the

to leave a note for my mom to say I'll be back at six.

east: Brazil's a very large country in the northeast

3 A sound in music: Tracy can't sing a note.

of South America. •See box at abbreviations.

® See page 460. 4 to take notes To make notes:

+northern

US: /'n�:r.oa'n/ UK: /'n�:.o'n/

[adjective]

Of the

north: There are a lot of lakes in northern United

States.

North Pole [couc] The most northern place of the

He took a lot of notes at the lecture.

note2

[verb] 1

/ngot/

To give attention to something:

I noted from her tone of voice that Marie seemed to be rather depressed. 2 to note (something) down

earth: The Norwegian Explorer Roald Amundsen

To write something to help your memory: I'll just

reached the North Pole in 1926. •Be careful! "North

note down your telephone number.

Pole" has capital letters.

northwest ["nc��:�abte]

In between the north and

the west: Oregon is in the northwest of United

States. •See box at abbreviations.

+nose US: /nooz/ UK: /ngoz/ ['0��;a;1'] 1

The part of your

face that is just above your mouth: Tommy fell off

his bike and broke his nose. ® See picture at

notebook

/'nout,buk/

nose to clean it: You make a lot of noise when you

blow your nose. 3 to turn your nose up at (some­

es in a notebook. ® See picture at

notepad

/'nautpa:d/

book.

["�:;•,b1'] Pieces of paper joined

together where you make notes: You'll find a note­

pad next to the telephone.

[0 '��:�abte]

US:

/'nout,pc1.p/

UK:

/'naut,pc1.pa'/

Paper for writing letters: I need some

notepaper to write to Pat.

+nothing

/'nA81u/

[pronouc]

1 Not anything: There's

thing) To think that something is not good

nothing we can do but wait until he calls.• Be care­ ful! We say: "l have nothing" or "l haven't anything".

like it: Why did you turn your nose up at the tie I

(We don't say: "I haven't nothing"). 2 for nothing For

bought you? /na'sta:l·d3a/, /na-/, /na'stal-/

[0"'��:�abte]

no money: Simon gave me the comics for nothing.

A

longing for things that happened before: I often

feel nostalgia for where I lived before. •Be careful with the pronunciation of this word!

nostril

US: /'nu:.str'l/ UK: /'nns.tr'l/

["��;a,ble]

the two holes in the nose that admit air and smells: My left nostril is blocked. ®See page 425.

+not

US: /na:t/ UK: /not/

[adverb]

1 A word that makes

another word negative: She's not happy here. 2

not any longer Not any more, in a past time but not now: He doesn't live there any longer. He has

NOTE

notice1

/'nautrs/

['0���"b1']

A public announcement:

The notice says "Visitors must not feed the animals".

+notice2

/'nautrs/

[verb ]

1 To see and note somebody

or something: Have you noticed the new table­ One of

c

d e

f g h

small book where

enough for you or to refuse it because you don't

nostalgia

b

you make notes: She keeps all her friends' address­

face. notepaper "

2 to blow your nose To blow air through your

["��;a,bte] A

a

cloth? 2 to take no notice To give no attention: She took no notice of what I told her at lunch.

noticeable

/'nou·p·sa·bal/

[adjective]

l m

0

p q r

Easy to notice:

The woman we met had a noticeable French accent.

noticeboard US: /'nou.trs.b:>:rd/ UK: /'nau.trs.b:>:d/ ["��;•,b1'] See bulletin boa�d. • This word is British English.

J k

s

t u v w x

y z

noun

256

a +noun

b c

d

['0���nbt]e

A word by which you name

are numbered, in the future there will only be elec-

somebody or something: "Pamela" and "ship" are

tronic typewriters.• Be careful with the pronuncia-

/naun/

nouns.

+novel

[co���anbl]e

US: /'nu:.v"l/ UK: /'nov."1/

lion of the end of this word. The last "e" is not proA book that

tells a story about people or things: What's your

favorite novel?

ny novelists now write on the computer, but not all. US: /nou'vem.br-ga,mz.gm/

A single living

being: All plants and animals are individual or­

ganisms.

organization I

l'°:��nble]

or

for a purpose: "Greenpeace" is an organization for

the defense of the environment. I

course.

Orchard

US:

/':>:r.tJ;yci/ UK: /':>:.tJgd/

['0:��nb1'] A

place

n [ u c��:�b1'] 2 A way

of planning or arranging things: The organization

of the painting exhibition was a disaster.

organized

or

organised /':>r-ga,nmzd/ [adjecti,.] 1

Clean and tidy: Her closet is always well orga­

with a lot of fruit trees: They've planted some ap­

nized. 2 Efficient and able to do things well: My

ple trees in their orchard.

sister won't forget my message because she's very

people who play musical instruments: The or­

the end of this word. The "e" is not pronounced.

orchestra /':>r-b·strg/, /-kes·trg/ ['0:��'�1'] A group of chestra's going to play music by Beethoven this

organized. • Be careful with the pronunciation of

organize

or

organise

/'�:gana1z/

[verb]

something a structure or put into good order: We

word! The "ch" is pronounced as a "k".

need to organize ourselves so that we can start to

/'�r·k1d/

[co:��nb1']

A flower with beautiful,

bright colors: There are some rare orchids in the

lower areas of Ecuador. ® See page 433.

+order1

f'�:dgr/

[noun]

1 The way in which things are

arranged: All the words in this dictionary are in al­

phabetical order. 2 A command: The officer gave the soldiers the order to attack the enemy lines. 3 A request: When will the waiter come to take our or­

save money.

Oriental

US:

/,:>:r.i'en.rt/ UK: /,:>:.ri'en.t"l/

[acijecti"]

Re­

ferring to the eastern countries like India, China and so on: I like oriental food.

+origin

[noun]

/':>r-g-d3m/, /'ur-/

The beginning of

/g'ml3.1.nal/

[adjective] 1

Created for the first

time, not a copy: The original text of the play was

written in Latin. 2 New and different: The plot of

cause the elevators are out of order.

order2

/':>:dgr/

[verb]

1 To give instructions to some­

body: She ordered Nigel to be quiet. 2 To tell some­ body to make or bring you something: I'm going

to order lamb chops with vegetables. +ordinary f'�r-c\g.n,er-i/ [adjective] Common; normal: We've had an ordinary day at school.

+organ

f'�r·ggn/

['0:��anble]

1 A part of the body with a

special purpose: The heart is an organ that makes

the blood flow around the body. 2 A musical in-

f g h J k l m n

p q r s

life on earth.

+original

der? 4 in order to With the intention of, to make cousin. 5 out of order Not working, not in opera­

e

something: We know very little about the origin of

possible: She went to Chile in order to visit her tion: We'll have to walk up to the seventh floor be­

d

To give

evening. • Be careful with the pronunciation of this

Orchid

c

organisation /,:>:ganar'zerJan/

moving through space: The earth's orbit around

An orbiting spacecraft travels on a closed, curved

b

1 A group of people who work together

the sun takes 365 days.

orbiting [acijecti,.] Revolving around a larger object:

a

that movie is very original.

originally

/g'nd3.1.ng.li/

[adverb]

At first: The Bingo

Hall was originally a movie theater.

originate

/g'm\3gnc1t/

[verb]

1 To come from a par­

ticular place or time: Where did that idea origi-

nate? 2 To start something new: He originated that phrase on a TV program.

ornament

/'�r-na·mgnt/

['0:��a�ie]

Something that is

beautiful but not useful: I have lots of little orna­

ments on my desk.

ornate

hr'nc1t/

[adjective] Highly adorned:

The ornate

ceilings in the Royal Palace are very impressive.

t u v W x

y z

orphan

a

b c

d e

f g h J k l

orphan

264

/'3r·fan/

['0:��nble] A child whose parents are outdo /,aut'du:/ [verb] To do better than: Keith's proj-

Pat became an orphan when she was only three years old.

dead:

OStrich

US: /'u:.stntJ/ UK: /'ns.tntJ/

[co:��nblej

bird with long legs and a long neck:

A large

Ostriches can

run very fast but they cannot fly.

+other

l anaJ�e.�t:��,]

ect was good, but Dee outdid him, hers was bri/liant.

OUtdOOr

/'uot,lbr/, /-,dour/

[adjective] Done, happening

Kate doesn't like to be indoors, she prefers outdoor activities.

or kept outside:

1 Different: There will be +outdoors /,uut'lbrz/. /-'dourz/ [adverb] In the open other programs on television apart from the footair: If the weather's fine we'll have dinner outdoors. ball game. 2 Remaining: I've just found one sock +outer /'aut·tgr/ [adjective] On the outside, further out: under the bed, but... where's the other?• Be careThe outer part of an orange is called the peel. /'Ao·gr/

ful! We say "another", (not "an other"): "I need another piece of paper". Compare with "another1" (one

propriate outfit for the occasion.

more person or thing or an extra amount).

+otherwise

/'AO·gr,wurz/

[adverb]

1 If not: Ca// your

mother now, otherwise she'll be worried. 2 In other ways: The car was a bit old, but it was otherwise in good condition. 3 In a different way: No one can make my sister act otherwise.

Otter

US: /'aq,,,./ UK: /'ot.cr/

[co:��nble]

A small swim-

ming animal with short legs and a long tail:

Ot-

ters are playful animals.

OUCh

/aotJ/

[ in terjecti on] A word you say when you feel

sudden pain:

n outer space [u c��:�bte] See space. bt e a co outfit [ :�� n ] A person's clothing: Please wear ap-

Ouch! You hurt me!

outgrew Past tense of outgrow. outgrow, outgrew, outgrown

/aut'grou/

[verb]

Jackie needs a new coat now that she's outgrown her old one. To become too big for something:

out�rown Past participle of outgrow. OUtmg /'mqro/ [co:��nble] A short trip for

pleasure:

We went on an outing to the beach.

outlaw

/'autb:/

[co:��a�1']

A person in hiding be-

cause he has broken the law:

They announced a $

5,000 reward for the outlaws.

ought to [verb] 1 Words that you use to show what

outline

/'autlam/

['0:��a,ble]

1 A line that shows the

shape of something: We saw the outline of a ship on You ought to take a taxi if you the horizon. 2 The most important points of somewant to get to the concert on time. 2 Words that m you use to show what you think is probable: Pathing: He gave the press an outline of his speech. me/a ought to be home by now, let's call her. +out of /aut gv/ [prep osi tion] 1 From: He made a fire out n of bits of wood. 2 Among: Ten out of the class ounce /aunts/ [co:��anbte] A small unit of weight equal stayed at home today with flu. 3 Without: They're to 28.35 grams: There are 16 ounces in one pound. •The abbreviation "oz" is only used in written Ianout of breath from climbing so many stairs. 4 Away guage. See box at abbreviations. from: Thanks to the doctors the child is now out of +our US: /mr'1'-/ UK: /aug'/ [adjective] Of us; belonging to danger. 5 From: He did it out of spite. us: My brother and I study in our bedroom. out-of-date /,autgv'de1t/ [adjective] No more in use, +ours US: /mr,,,.z/ UK: /augz/ [pron oun] Of us; belonging to unfashionable: Uncle John! Those pants are really us: Their apartment is newer than ours. out-of-date! you think is right:

P

q

r +ourselves

/uugr'sclvz/. fur-/

[pron oun]

1 A word that

refers to "us" when we are the subject of a sen-

S

t U V w x

y z

tence:

If we fall off this wall we'll hurt ourselves. 2

A word that underlines that we are the people the

outrageous

/,aut'rcr.d3gs/

[adjective]

Shocking, mak-

She tried to charge me $7.00 for an ice cream. It's outrageous. ing you very angry:

+outside1

/,aut'smd/

lco:��a�le]

The exterior or outer

We're going to repair the bike ourpart of something: The outside of the school's surrounded by huge yards. se/ves. 3 by ourselves 1 Alone: We stayed at home by ourselves when our parents went away for the outside2 /,aot'satd/ [adjective] Out of a building or on weekend. 2 Without help: We'll paint the gate by its exterior: The outside walls need painting. ourselves. outside3 /,aot'sa1d/ [adverb] Out of a building: Let's +out1 /aut/ [adverb] 1 Outside: Is there anybody out go outside for a bit of fresh air. there? 2 Away from home or from the place where +outside4 /,aut'smd/ [prep osition] Out of a building: If you work: You can't see my mother now because you're bored wait for us outside the museum. '0 a bt she's out. 3 Aloud: Read the names out slowly, outsider /,aut'saidgr/ [ :�� n e] 1 Somebody who does not live in a particular place: It is difficult for please. outsiders to understand how people here feel. 2 OUt2 /aut/ [adjective] 1 Not lit: The lights are still out in Somebody who does not want to be part of a her bedroom. 2 In sight: The sun will be out in a group, or is not accepted by the group: Mark is few minutes. 3 Finished: We'll travel to Canada before the summer's out. very independent: a real outsider. verb refers to:

over

265

outskirts

/'aut,sbrts/ [pturatnoun] The areas on the

There's a large shopping center on the outskirts of Sheffield.

borders of a town:

outstanding

/,aut'st>en.d1D/ [adjeclive] Excellent, bet-

ter than the rest:

Neil's mother is an outstanding

pianist.

outstretched

/,aut'strctJt/ [adjectv i e] Extended: I

took his outstretched hand and shook it.

outward /'out-ward/ la��i:���;bJ Towards the outside:

organ: The ovary is the part of the female body which produces eggs. • The plural is "ovaries".

® See page 425. bl /'Av.0n/ [co���an e ] 1 A heated box for cooking

+oven

food or making pottery:

The fish is baking in the

oven. 2 microwave oven

See microwave. ® See

picture at kitchen.

over1 /'auvar/ [adver b] 1 Above and across: Don't jump

over until I tell you. 2 Above the top of something Look! The milk's boiling over. 3 More oval /'auval/ [adjeclive] Shaped like an egg: There's an than: The book has over two hundred pages. +over2 /'auvar/ [preposition] 1 Above and across: There's oval mirror in their hall. ovary /'ou-var·i/ [co���anb1'] The female reproductive a new bridge over the river. 2 On top of: She put on You can't open this door outward.

and down:

a

b c

d e

f g h

OVER AND ABOVE Sometimes "above" and "over" have the same meaning: When one thing is not directly over another, we use "above":

J k l m n

��r

p q

111 11111 111/f The lamp is hanging over/above your head.

r s

When there is movement, we normally use "over":

t u

� //

v ---:. -=. --- .,; � -..:.-�-

-- .r

-- ·..::: .:: ..._--:':: -= --- -------- �

w x The village is above the lake. The airplane flew over the houses.

y z

over-

266

b

dare you to jump over that fence. 4 During: We

overtake, overtook, overtaken /,guvg'tc1k/ [verb] To pass somebody or something that is slow-

painted the kitchen over the weekend. 5 More than:

er than you: My mom looks in the mirror before she

c

dio, indicating that you have finished speaking:

d

to be over Be finished: The lessons are over for to-

a

a sweater over her shirt. 3 To the other side of: I

This sack weighs over 20 kilos. 6 When using ra"I'm losing fuel rapidly. Where can I land? Over". 7 day. 8 all over Everywhere: I've got pimples all

overtakes the car in front.

overtaken Past participle of overtake. n overtime /'oo-var,tmm/ [uc��:�abte] Extra hours

that

you do at work: My mother is working overtime to

pay for the new apartment.

na did the exercise over and over again until she

overtook /,ou-vgr'tuk/ Past tense of overtake. overweight /'ou-vgr'we1t/ [adjective] Too fat: Gary

f

did it correctly. 10 over there On the other side,

overweight because he eats too many chocolates.

g

®See picture at preposition.

e

h

over my body. 9 over and over Many times: Joan-

that place: I think I've put your purse over there.

over·

/guvar/

[pren,] An addition to the beginning of

[adjective] Total,

everything includ-

ed: The overall price of the furniture is too high.

J k l m n

., p q r

Overboard

US: /'ou.vac.h�:rd/ UK: /'gu.vg.h�:d/

[adverb]

nearly fell overboard when the storm began. US: /'oo.vac.koot/ UK: /'ao.va.bot/

['0:��abn le]

A heavy coat that you wear when it is cold: Don't

go out without an overcoat because it's freezing to-

OVerhead1

/,guvg'hed/

[adjective]

Above your head:

t

overhead2

/,auvg'hed/

[adverb]

Above your head:

There are some black clouds flying overhead.

overheard,

Overhear,

/,ou.vac'hlr/ UK: /,au.va'im'/

u v w x

y z

1

self ill. 2 To make somebody or something work work tomorrow as well.

oviparous [adjective]

Born from an egg outside the

mother: All birds are oviparous. • Compare with "viviparous" (developing inside the mother's body before being born).® See page 427.

ovule

/'ov-jul/, /'ouv-/

['0:��bn te] A mature female

re-

overheard

[verb]

US:

To hear other per-

ovum

/'ou-vam/

['°:��anbte] A mature female reproduc-

plural is "ova". •The same meaning: "ovule" .

towe

US: /ou/ UK: /au/

[verb]

1 To have to give back

sometime money that you have borrowed: My

parents still owe the bank a lot of money. 2 To be

heard us talking about her boyfriend.

overheard

where the seed is formed. • The same meaning:

tive cell: The ovum is produced by the ovary. •The

sons talking when they do not see you: She overPast tense and past participle forms

of overhear.

grateful to somebody for something they have done to help you: I owe you everything.

OVerland1

/'oo-var,hnd/, /-land/

[adjective]

By land:

We're making an overland trip to the West Coast

/,auvg'Juk/

Owing to

/arnQ

tu:/

[preposiHon]

Because

of:

We

couldn't play tennis owing to the rain.• We usually say "because of".

/'ou-vgr,laend/, /-land/

[adverb]

By land: My

cousin traveled overland to Greece last summer.

overlook

[verb]

"ovum".® See page 433.

Look at that bird on the telegraph line overhead.

OVerland2

US: /,oU.ViJ''w:s:k/ UK: /,au.va'w3:k/

productive cell: The ovule is the part of the plant

day.

this summer.

s

Bears overwhelmed Patriots in the Super Bowl.

overwork

too hard: Don't overwork your muscles; we can

Over the side of a boat and into the water: She

OVercoat

[verb] To defeat

To work too hard: If you overwork you'll make your-

sleep is to sleep too much or too long. /'auvgD:l/

/,Oll·Var'hwelm/, /-'welm/

somebody in a crushing way, to be too much for:

a word that usually means "too much": To over-

overall

overwhelm

is

[verb]

1 To have a view of

OWl

/au!/

['0:��a:1•]

A big bird with large eyes that

hunts at night: Owls can see very well in the dark.

town1

faun/

la�ddjore �t:��nJ

1 Belonging to a particular

something from above: The balcony overlooks a

person or a thing: Sean has his own computer in

very large yard. 2 Not to notice something: The

his room. 2 on your own 1 Alone: I like going

teacher overlooked a mistake in the dictation.

overnight /'oo-var'nmt/ [adjective] Lasting one night: We had an overnight stay in Vienna on our way to /,au.vg'si:z/

[adjective]

Across the sea: This

university receives a lot of students from overseas.

oversleep, overslept, overslept /,oo-var'slip/ [verb] To sleep more than you had planned: I overslept and missed the morning train.

overslept

OWn2

faun/

[verb] To possess something:

little cottage in Canada.

Istanbul.

Overseas

shopping on my own. 2 Without help: Can you lift that armchair on your own?

Past tense and past participle forms

of oversleep.

towner

US: /'ou.niY/ UK: /'gu.na'/

They own a

['°:��nbte]

A person

who possesses something: Does anybody know

who is the owner of this dog?

OX

US: /a:ks/ UK: /nks/

['°:��a:ie] A

male animal of the

cattle family kept for its meat and for doing heavy work on a farm: That animal pulling the

cart is an ox.• The plural is "oxen".

ozone layer

267

oxidation

[""'��:�ble]

OZ

• See box at

a

Ozone US: /'ou.zmm/ UK: /'au.zaun/ ["nc��:�able] A type Metal changes color with oxidation. [""'��:�able] A chemical compound of of oxygen: Ozone is in the atmosphere above the oxygen and another element: The oxide stains on surface of the earth. the iron staircase are due to the rain. •The same ozone layer [unc��:�able] A layer of gas in the atmo­ meaning: "rust1". sphere: The ozone layer protects us from the sun's oxygen /'ok·SI·d3an/ [unc��:�able] A gas in the air: Ani­ harmful rays. ®See page 449. mals and plants need oxygen in order to live. oyster /'�1-star/ [co���':1'] A shellfish that you can eat: Pearls are sometimes found in oysters.

b

/,ok·SI'dcr-Jan/

The process of

combining with oxygen to form another sub­

stance:

Oxide

/'uk-smd/

A written abbreviation for

abbreviations.

ounce.

c

d e

f g h J k l m n

p q r s

t u v w x

y z

p

/pi:/

The sixteenth letter of the alphabet: The

name "Penelope" begins with a "P".

p. 1 A written abbreviation for page. 2 A written or spoken abbreviation for penny or pence. •See box at abbreviations.

+pace1

/peis/

lco:��anb1'] A step: Go forward two paces. •

We usually say "step".

pace2

p

/pc1s/

[verb] To walk backwards and forwards:

Mr. Powell paced the floor, wondering what to do.

pacifier ['0:��·:1•] A rubber or plastic device for ba­ bies to suck or bite: The baby goes to sleep suck­ ing its pacifier.

•In British English they say "dum­

my".

+pack1 /pa;;k/ lco:��·:1'] 1 A group of things that go to­ gether: I'm going to buy a pack of colored pencils at the store. 2 A bundle or bag that you carry on your back: Don't forget to take your pack with you. 3 A group of animals that hunt together: The pack of wolves attacked the sheep. ® See picture at groups. pack2 /pa;;k/ [verb] 1 To put your clothes in a bag, suitcase or other container for traveling: Have you packed for the trip yet? 2 To put things into a container: The store assistant packed the glasses carefully into the box.

+package /'prek.rd3/ lco:��nb1'] 1 A number of things packed together firmly, a parcel: He was very hap­ py when the large package of books arrived.

• Be

careful with the pronunciation of this word. The last "a" is pronounced like the "i" in "did". 2 package

tour or vacation package A vacation with every­ thing included in the price: We went on a vacation

package to Mexico and had a great time!

+packaging /'prek.ul31D/ ["nc��:�b1'] The paper, string, plastic and so on that is used for wrap­ ping: Products in supermarkets often have too much packaging.

+packet /'pa:k.1t/ ['0:��nb1•] A small container with things in it: Get me a packet of fruit candies at the store, please.

pad

/pred/

lco:��nb1•]

1 A

thick piece of soft material:

In cricket, you wear pads to protect your legs be­ cause the ball is very hard. 2 Sheets of paper stuck together at one end: Where's the pad for telephone messages? It should be here by the phone.

paddle1 f'pa;;dl/ lco:��a,ble] A wooden object with a large wide end that moves a boat through water: You use a paddle to move a canoe through the wa­ ter.

paddle2 /'pa:dl/ [ve,b] 1 To move a boat through wa­ ter using a paddle: The children really enjoyed paddling up the canal. 2 To walk in shallow wa­ ter: We took our shoes and socks off and paddled in the river.

pan

269

['0���abn le] A typical Span­

that has two identical parts: Can you lend me a

ish dish: Paella is usually made with rice, saffron

pair of scissors? I want to cut something out of the

paella

/par'cl.g/

US:

/po:'jcl-/

newspaper. 3 Two people or animals that are

and seafood or chicken.

+page

/pe1d3/

['°���abn le]

A sheet of paper in a book:

Turn page 109. •The abbreviation "p." is only used in written language. See box at abbreviations.

® See picture at book.

paid

/pcrd/ Past tense and past participle forms of

pay'.

+pain

/pem/

[noun ] 1 A feeling of hurt:

hurt: Mrs. MacDonald's death caused her husband

a lot of pain. /'pcm.Ml

[adiecti,,]

Cincinnati won the dancing competition. 4 in pairs In groups of two: Do this exercise in pairs. 5 pair up with (somebody) To form into a pair to

do something together: He was paired up with my

sister in the tennis tournament.

I've got an aw­

ful pain in my stomach. 2 Sadness, emotional

+painful

closely connected with each other: The pair from

Giving pain: This bruise

pajamas [p1uca1noun]

Pants and a jacket that you

wear in bed: Put your pajamas on and get into bed.

•The British English spelling is "pyjamas".

pal /p,,,J/ l'°:�;anble] Friend:

My dad's going to meet his

old pals from school tonight. • This word is infor­

on my arm is rather painful. painkiller /'pem,krJ.gr/ ['0���abn 1'] A drug that takes

+palace /'pad.rs/ l'°:��'0b1'] A big and luxurious house,

away pain: When I have a headache, my dad gives

especially where a king or a queen lives: The Pal­

/'pem.Jgs/

[adjective] Without

pain: The den­

tist gave me an injection so that it would be pain­ less.

+paint1

/pemt/

b c

d e

f g h

ace of Fine Arts in San Francisco is one of the most

me a painkiller.

painless

mal.

a

[""'����able] A

beautiful buildings in California.

+pale

/peII/

[aciiecti"] 1

Light in color: Pale blue is my

favorite color. 2 Without color in your face: You thick liquid that is used

to color things: We need a can of blue paint.

look pale. Are you ill, or just tired?

palm

/po:m/

l'°:��a0b1•]

The flat part of your hand:

Some people think you can tell somebody's future by studying the lines on their palms. ® See pictu­ re at hand.

palm

Or

palm tree

/po:m/

['°:��nble] A

tall, tropi­

cal tree: Dates and coconuts come from palm trees.

See page 435. pamphlet f'p,,,m.flgt/ l'°:�;anble] ®

A small thin book

with a paper cover that contains information:

J k l m n 0

Have you got a pamphlet about vacations in Mexi­

paint2

co?

/pemt/

["'b] 1

To put paint on something:

+pan /p,,,n/ ['°:��':1e] A container for cooking in:

Don't

We've painted the old chair blue and it looks great.

forget to take the pan off the heat when the pota­

2 To make a picture with paint: Hugh painted a

toes are ready.

r

beautiful portrait of my mother.

paintbox

/'pcmt.boks/

US:

/-bo:ks/

['0:��0b1']

A small

PAN

s

container with blocks of paint: Aunt Jane gave me

a big paintbox on my birthday.

paintbrush

/'pemt.brAJ/

l'°:��'0b1e]

A

brush

t

for

painting: You can buy paintbrushes in different

sizes. ® See picture at brush.

+painter

/'pcm-tgr/

['°:��anble] 1

u

A painter of pictures:

Joe Coleman is one of the greatest painters in Amer­

v

ica. 2 A person who paints buildings: We'll have to call the painter when the wet patch on the ceiling

w

dries.

+painting

/'pem-t1u/

['0:��'0b1'] 1

q

A picture done with

paint: My favorite painting is Guernica, by Picasso.

oil painting See "oil painting" in the word oil'. +pair US: /per/ UK: /peg'/ ['0:�;':1'] 1 Two things that 2

are almost the same and are used together: Kit·

ty's got four pairs of shoes in her closet. 2 An object

pressure cooker

saucepan

frying pan

x

y z

Panamanian a

b c

d e

270

Panamanian1 [adiecti,,] Referring to Panama: Pan­ pantyhose [,1ura1noun] A piece of clothing that girls ama City is the Panamanian Capital. •

Be carefu[I

"Panamanian" has a capital "P".

Panamanian2 1co:��':1]'

A person from Panama:

The storekeeper of this grocery store is Panamani­ an.• Be careful! "Panamanian" has a capital "P".

pancake

/'ptcn.kc1k/

1co:��':1']

A thin cake made

My mom makes deli­ cious pancakes, that we eat with maple syrup.• Be with eggs, flour and milk:

and women wear on their legs: Do you like these new shiny pantyhose that I've bought for the Christ­ mas Party? • When we talk about two or more "pantyhose", we use the word "pairs": "l bought

three pairs of pantyhose".

+paper

/'pc1-pgr/

[noun] 1

A material that you can

We should try not to waste paper so that we don't have to cut down so many trees. • I n this

write on:

careful with the pronunciation of this word! "cake"

use "paper" is an uncountable noun. We say "some

f

rhymes with "make".

pancreas /'preo.kri.gs/ lco:��anb1'] A gland close to the

paper", "a piece of paper" or "a sheet of paper". (We

g

The pancreas provides substances which help in digestion. ® See page 424.

don't say: "a paper"). 2 A newspaper: Have you bought the paper today? 3 A piece of written schoolwork: What was the chemistry paper like? 4

A large black and white

toilet paper See toilet paper. 5 wrapping paper

h

stomach:

panda

/'ptcn.dg/

['0:��nb1]'

paperback

A long flat piece on a

paper cover:

+panel

['0���anb1]' 1

/'pren.01/

Let's paint the outside of the door brown and the panel yellow. 2 The part of a machine where the controls are: What a lot of buttons there are on this control panel! panic1 /'ptcmk/ ["nc��:�abt]e A feeling of great fear: In a fire, panic can be more dangerous than the flames. panic2 /'premk/ [ve rb] To suffer from panic: Don't panic! Stay calm!• Be careful with the spelling of door:

J k l m

these forms: "panicked", "panicking".

n

pant

0

panther

/prent/

[verb]

To breathe quickly:

The dog came

in panting after his run on the hills. /'ptcn·ffar/

lco:�;':1]'

A large wild animal of

the cat family, black in color:

Panthers can run

very fast. ® See page 428.

q r

panties

/'pren-tiz/

[,1uratnoun]

An article of woman's

clothing that is worn under other clothes be­ tween the waist and the top of the leg:

that she only likes white panties. •

Annie says

When we talk

about two or more "panties", we use the word

s

t u v

"pairs": "I bought three pairs of panties".• In British English they say "knickers".

pantomime

/'pren-tg,mmm/

!'°:��':1]'

A particular

kind of funny, musical play produced at Christ­ mas: It's quite traditional to go to see a pantomime at Christmas.

pantry

is kept:

/'pa:n.tri/

1co:�;·:1]e A

small room where food

Go and get the bread out of the pantry. •

The plural is "pantries".

w +pants x

y z

See wrapping paper.

Pandas mainly eat bamboo but they sometimes eat other plants too. animal like a bear:

/prents/

[ptmatnoun] 1

See underpants. 2 A piece

of clothing that you wear on the lower part of your body:

I've bought a new pair of pants. •

In

this use, in British English we say "trousers".• When we talk about two or more "pants", we use the word

/'pc1-pgr,btck/

1co:��·:1•]

A book with a

Paperbacks are much cheaper. ® See

picture at book.

paperclip l '°:��anbt]e A small wire object that holds papers together: Where are those colored paper­ clips that were on my desk yesterday?

papers

/'pc1-pgrz/

[pturatnoun]

Pieces of paper that

have information written on them, often impor­ tant or official:

paperwork

May I see your papers, please?

/'pe1-pgr,w3rk/

[unc��:�abt]e

The work of

reading and writing letters, filling in forms, pre­ paring reports and so on: I've lots of paperwork to do, but I don't want to do it!

parachute f'pa:rgJu:t/ ['°���anb1]' A thing that is used She thought that her parachute was never going to open when she jumped out of the plane. when you jump out of a plane:

parade

/pg're1d/

!'°:��·:1]'

A procession that people

There are lots of musical bands in the Saint Patrick's parade in New York.

watch:

paradise

/'ptcr·g,dms/, /-,dmz/

[no un] 1

An ideal or

Lying on a beautiful beach is my idea of paradise. 2 Heaven: According to the Bible, Adam and Eve lived in paradise. beautiful place:

paraffin

/'prer.g.fm/ us: /'per-/

[unc��:�bl]e An

oil used

Open the window, please; the gas from that paraffin stove is giving me a headache. for cooking and heating:

paragraph !'°:��·:1]•

us:

f'per.g.gra:f/

/'pa:r.g.gru:f/

UK:

I had to write a paragraph describing somebody I admired. A few lines of writing without a break:

Paraguayan1 [adjectiv]e

Referring

Trinidad is a Paraguayan city. •

to

Paraguay:

Be careful! "Para­

guayan" has a capital "P".

Paraguayan2 ['°���·:1]•

A person from Paraguay:

"pairs": "I bought three pairs of pants". ® See pic­

There are three Paraguayan staying at our hotel. •

ture at clothes.

Be careful! "Paraguayan" has a capital "P".

particularly

271

parakeet ['0:��nble] A

bird like a small parrot: My aunt's kept a parakeet for years. ® See page

429.

parallel1

/'pa:r-g,Jel/, /- JgJ/

[adjective]

That run side by

parking lot ['0:��nble] An area or building for park­

a

The hospital staff usually park their vehi­ cles at the parking lot. • Compare with "parking" (leaving a vehicle somewhere). • In British English

b

ing cars:

they say "car park".® See picture at street. A rectangle has two sets of parallel lines. ®See page 457. +parliament /'pur-fa-mant/ [noun] The group of people

side in exactly the same direction:

+parallel2 /'paor-g,Jcl/, /-JgJ/ lco:��a:le] 1 Any of the imag­

inary lines on a map which are parallel to the equator: Parallels help to establish latitude on the Earth's surface.® See page 449. 2 A similar case: I can't see any parallel between the two situations.

paralysis

/pg'nelgsrn/

[""'�::�able]

The state of being

unable to move your body or part of it: Paralysis is a result of damage to the motor nerves.• The plu­ ral is "paralyses".

parasite

/'pacmait/

lco:��anble]

An organism which

lives on another one and feeds from it:

Some

who are responsible for making the laws in some

The equivalent of the British and Canadi­ an parliaments in the United States is the Congress.

countries:

parliamentary

/,pa:Jg'mentgri/

[adjee11ve]

Referring

Par­ liamentary debate is an essential part of democrat­ ic government. parrot /'paor·at/ lco:��anb1'] A large, colorful bird: Par­ rots live in tropical forests and eat seeds and fruit. ® See page 429. to the group of people who govern a country:

parrot-fashion

/'paor.gt,fao.f.an/ us: /'per-/

[ad,,rb]

climbing plants are parasites.

Repeating something without understanding it:

in paper and tied to be sent or carried to some­

Think about things; don't just learn everything par­ rot-fashion.

+parcel /'par-sgJ/ ['0:��nble] A thing or things wrapped She took the parcel and began to tear off the wrapping paper.

body:

pardon1

/'pu::'/ ·

to pore over To study in de-

s

t u V

pork

/p":rk/

US:

UK:

[""'��:�ble]

/p":k/

The meat of a

pig: Followers of the Muslim religion never eat

pork. •Compare with "pig" ( a farm animal with short

legs which is kept for meat) .

porridge

/'p:>r·rd3/, /'pur-/

[""'��:�able]

A food made

z

come to the party with me?" "I'm positive!". 2 Making you feel hopeful: My teacher was very positive

about my possibilities of passing the test.

+possess

[verb]

/pa'zes/

To have something: Does

your father possess a telescope?• This word is lor-

mal. •Be careful with the spelling of the 3rd person

+possession

/pa'zc.f.'n/

['0:��bn 1e]

Something that a

person owns: Poor auntie Sheila lost all her pos-

possessive

/pa'zesrv/

[adjective]

1 Referring to a

word which indicates possession: "Mine" is a pos-

sessive pronoun. 2 Referring to a person who desires and demands somebody's complete attention and love: His mother is very possessive and

won't let her children out of her sight. 3 Referring

porridge for breakfast on cold mornings.

to a person who doesn't like sharing things with

US:

[co:��bn le]

/p":rt/ UK: /p":t/

1 Safe place where

going back to sea: Let's go to the port and look at

the ships.• The same meaning: "harbor".® See pa-

ge 444. 2 A town by the sea with a harbor: Boston is a large port on the northeast coast of the United /'P""!a·hal/, /'pour-/

[adjective] Which

carried: We have a portable TV.

porter

US:

/'p":r.!�/

UK:

/'p":.ta'/

lco:�;anb1']

can be

who carries people's luggage: When we arrive in

London, we'll have to get a porter to help us with all our suitcases. portion /'p:>r.,fan/, /'pour-/

['0:�;a;1e] A share of some-

thing: How many portions of pizza shall we ask

for?

portrait

US:

/'p":r.trrt/

UK:

/'p":.trat/

['0:�;anble]

A pie-

hanging in the hall of our school. US:

/pooz/

UK:

/paoz/

[verb]

To take a particular

physical attitude, as for a photo: Stop posing, Si-

/pa'z1J."n/

[noun]

your toys.

+possibility lco:�;·;1e]

/,pa:.sa'b11.a.9;

US:

UK:

/,pou'b11.1.ti/

Something that may happen: Is there any

possibility of us going to America for the summer this year, mom?• The plural is "possibilities".

+possible

/'pas·a·bal/

[adjective]

That may happen:

Some people believe that life is possible on other

+post1

/paust/

[noun]

1 A tall, strong object put in the

ground: The wind was so fierce that the telephone

posts were blown down. 2 A job: I'm hoping to get a post as a foreign correspondent when I finish studying.

post2

/paust/

[verb]

To send something by post:

Didn't you get the birthday card I posted you?

ture of a person: There's a portrait of Henry VIII

+pose

other people: You mustn't be so possessive about

planets.

A person

man, no one is impressed.

y

1

from oats cooked in milk or water: I always eat

w +position x

[adjerti"]

sessions in a fire. • Be careful with the spelling of

portable

r

/'pnz.a.t1v/

UK:

this word!

States.

q

/'pu:.za.pv/

to discover what their secrets were.

ships can tie up to load, unload and wait before

0

US:

Sure of something: '11.re you sure that you want to

tail: The only solution was to pore over the papers

m +port

n

+positive

singular present tense form: "possesses".

skin allow us to sweat.

t PHRASAL VERBS

This use is forma 1. 5 in position In the correct place: Are you all in position? Ready, steady, go!

1 The place where some-

body or something is, its arrangement: Our new

house is in a marvelous position; it's practically on the beach. 2 The way that a person sits or stands: In my first skiing lessons I learned how to hold the skis in the right position. 3 Situation, the way things are for a person: I'm in a very difficult posi-

post· [prenx] An addition to the beginning of a word

that usually means "after": My older sister is a

postgraduate student.

postage

f'poo·st1d3/

[""'��:�able]

Money that you pay

when you post something: How much is the post-

age for a letter to Australia?• Be careful with the pronunciation of this word. The "a" is pronounced like the "i" in "did".

postal

f'paostal/

[adjective]

Referring to the mail ser-

vice: The postal service covers every corner of the

country.

postbox

US:

/'poust.bu:ks/

UK:

f'paust.boks/

See ma ilbox .• This word is British English.

[co:�;anble]

pound

289

postcard

US:

/'poust.ka:rd/

UK:

/'paust.ko:d/

['0���bn le] +potato

A card that you send when you are on vacation: I

must send Joanne a postcard from Disneyland. • "Card" is short for "postcard".

postcode

US:

/'poust.koud/

UK:

/'paust.bud/

[co��;abn '•]

See zip code.• This word is British English.

poster US: /'pou.stac/ UK: /'pau.sta'/ [co��;anble] A big pic­ Matt's bedroom walls are covered with football posters. ®See picture at classroom.

ture or notice:

postgraduate

/,poust'graed3-u-rt/

[co��;abn '•]

A stu­

dent who has finished his or her first degree:

Brendan is a postgraduate at Exeter University where he's studying management.

postman

/'paust .man/ US: /'poust-/

[co��;a:ie] See mail­

man. • This word is British English. • The plural is "postmen".•A woman is a "postwoman".

+post office lco:�;,:1•] A

place where you can send

letters from by stamps and so on: I'm going to take this parcel to the post office.•"PO" is a written abbreviation for "post office", usually in maps.

postpone

US:

/poust'poun/

UK:

/paust'paun/

[verb]

To

arrange for something to happen later than origi­

It's pouring with rain so we'll have to postpone the game till tomorrow.

nally planned:

postscript /'poust,sknpt/, /'pous-/ lco:��bn 1'] See PS. posture1 /'pnstfar/ ['0:��nble] 1 The position of the

It is difficult to have good posture when you are working on a computer. 2 The opinion or atti­

body:

tude somebody takes about a particular subject:

When they argue, I always try to adopt a neutral posture.

posture2

US:

f'pa:s.t.f/

UK:

/'pos.t.fa'/

[verb]

To be­

have in an exaggerated or misleading way:

postures like that for effect.

postwoman

/'paost,wum.an/

US:

/'poust-/

He

lco:�;abn '']

See mailwoman. • This word is British English. • The plural is "postwomen".•A man is a "postman".

+pot

/pot/

[co��;abn le]

1 A round container used for

cooking: My grandfather made a big pot of soup for lunch yesterday. 2 A container for something: You should warm the pot before you make the choc­ olate milk in it.

/pa'tcqou/, f-!a/

['0���bn le] A brown root

vege­

People in the United States eat a lot of pota­ toes.• The plural is "potatoes".® See page 437.

table:

potato Chip ['0:�;abn le] A

thin slice of fried potato

sold in a packet: We had sandwiches and potato chips after the game. •This word is more common in the plural. • Compare with "french fry" (a thick piece of potato cooked in oil). • In British English they say "crisp".

potion

/'pou-Jan/

lco:�;anble] A drink

that is supposed

Ju­ liet drank a potion that made her appear to be dead, but she was just asleep.

to have healing, poisonous or magical effects:

a

b c

d e

f

A person

g

The potter has used clay to produce these beautiful painted ceramics.

h

potter1

US:

/'puqac/

UK:

/'pot.a'/

lco:�;a:ie]

who makes pottery:

potter2

US:

/'pa:.!/ UK: /'pot.a'/

[verb] To be occupied

He likes to potter about in the backyard now that he's re­ tired.

doing unimportant but pleasant things:

pottery

/'po!-a-ri/

[""'��:�able]

1 Objects made out of

I'm go­ ing to take some of this lovely pottery back for my mom. 2 The art of making plates, cups and so on from baked clay: We do pottery in art classes at school now, you know.• The plural is "potteries". pouch /pautJ/ 1co:��:1e] 1 A little bag: He carried all his money in a little pouch that he attached to his belt. 2 A special pocket that some animals have: Kangaroos carry their babies in pouches. baked clay, usually used for holding food:

pounce

/paunts/

[verb]

To jump on somebody or

J k l m

n 0

The lion waited until the deer came nearer and then pounced on it. • Be something suddenly:

careful! We say: "pounce on (somebody or some­ thing)".

+pound

/paond/

lco:�;a:ie]

1 Money used in Britain:

q

This jersey cost £25.50, that is, twenty five pounds and fifty pence.• With figures we normally write the

r

sign "£" instead of writing "pound". The "£" sign goes

s

before the figure: "£150". 2 A unit of weight used in Britain and other countries: A

pound equals

0.454 kilos.• In this use, "pound" has an abbrevia-

t u

POT

pot

~ tea pot

v w x

y flowerpot

z

pound sign a

b c

d e

f g h

290

tion "lb", used only in written language.• See box at

pianist but she's a bit out of practice.

networks, pound signs are usually added before

try to be good: If you want to be a good musician

keywords.• The same meaning: "hash mark". us: /p�:r/ UK: /p�:·/ [verb] 1 To pass liquid from

lish spelling is "practise".

pound sign [co���anble] The symbol#: In some social practice2 [verb] +pour

one container to another: Shall I pour the orange

juice into the glasses? 2 To rain very heavily: Oh no! it's pouring again. When is it ever going to stop?

poverty

US: /'pa:.v.

+risk1

ly say "right" or "correctly".

right-wing

/,rart'wru/

[adjee1ive]

Having conservative

Benjamin's uncle is a right-wing politician. [adjective] 1 Difficult to bend: We need some rigid card to make the models. • The same meaning: "stiff". 2 Strict: There were rigid rules in Mrs. Cameron's private school. ideas:

rigid

/'nd3.rd/

/nsk/

[c0:��nb le] 1

A dangerous chance, possible

My brother takes too many risks when he drives. 2 at risk In danger: The baby's at risk playing so near the water. harm:

risk2

/rnk/

ble danger:

weather?

[verb]

To take a chance involving possi-

Can we risk taking the boat out in this

roll

317

risky

[adiec""]

Dangerous: It's risky to swim

robes. 2 An article of clothing that you wear over

out to those rocks.• The comparative form is "riski-

pajamas: My sister gave me a lovely robe for my

/'ns.ki/

er" and the superlative form is "riskiest".

+rival

/'ra1.v>l/

[co:�;0:1e] A person who tries to do bet-

ter than you in something: You can still be friends

with him even if you're both rivals for the same job.

rivalry

/'rm.v01.ri/

[""����b1']

Competition: There's

great rivalry between Mac Donald and Burger King. /'riv.gr/

[co:�;anbte] A

robin

[co:�;a,,bte]

US: /'ra:.hm/ UK: /'roh.m/

A small

brown bird with a red breast: A little robin comes

into our backyard every morning.

robot

US: /'rou.ba:t/ UK: /'mu.bot/

['0:�;a,,ble] A machine

that can do the work of a person: Robots do much

•The plural is "rivalries".

+river

birthday. • In this use, in British English we say "dressing gown".

large stream of water: The

river that runs through New York is called the River

of the work in car factories.

+rock1

/rok/

[co:�;anbte]

1 A large mass of stone: The

Hudson.• When a particular river is mentioned, we

railway tunnel goes through solid rock. 2 A large

use a capital "R". ®See page 445.

piece of stone: We spent the evening sitting on a

+road

[co:�;a"bte]

1 A hard path for

rock and watching the ships go into the harbor. 3 A

vehicles in or outside a city: I like traveling by

type of modern music: Bruce Springsteen is my fa-

US: /roud/ UK: /mud/

train more than by road.• Compare with "street" (a road with houses on either side). 2 on the road Traveling by road: We were very tired after being

on the road for so many hours.• When a particular road is mentioned, we use a capital "R": "The post office is in the High Road".• The abbreviation "Rd" is

vorite rock singer.

rocle!·gs,fmd/

[adjective]

Pleased and con-

summer: I've just bought some lovely white sun-

tented: I am quite satisfied with this drawing. I

dais.

think it's OK.

Sandcastle

/'saencl,kaeMl/

['°:�;a:le]

A small build-

ing made of sand: My little brother loves making

sandcastles on the beach.

+sandwich

/'srend-wrtJ/

['°:��bn le] Two slices of bread

with something between them: Let's make the

sandwiches for the picnic before everyone comes.• The plural is "sandwiches".

sandy /'sa:n.di/ [adjective] With a lot of sand: I'm really looking forward to my vacation in Morocco; sandy beaches and blue seas.

sane

/sern/

[adjective] With

a healthy mind, not mad:

No sane person would try to ski down Mount Everest.

sang /sreu/ Past tense of sing. sank /s>euk/ Past tense of sink2• sap /sa:p/ [""��:�able] The liquid inside /'srefargr/

['°:z�a�le]

1 A precious stone

which is transparent and usually bright blue:

day

of the week: Saturday is between Friday and Sun-

day. • Be careful! "Saturday" has a capital "S". ®See picture at calendar.

Saturn

/'saetgn/

['0:��0b1e]

A planet of the solar sys-

tern that is sixth in order from the Sun: Saturn is

surrounded by large rings. ®See page 447.

+sauce

us: /sa:s/ UK: /s;,:s/

[""��:�ble]

A thick liquid

saucepan /'s:>s,pa:n/ ['°:�;a:1e] A deep metal container to cook food in: When you finish drying up, put all

the saucepans in the cabinet.® See picture at pan.

Saucer

US: /'so:.s?f/ UK: /'s;,:.sg'/

['°:�;anble]

A small

That woman is wearing a ring with a sapphire on it.

plate that goes under a cup: My aunt's got some

lovely cups and saucers with the days of the week

blue today.

written on them.

[adjective]

/sor'ka:s-t1k/

Sharp, often in a

cruel way: Ron has a very sarcastic sense of humor.

sardine

l'°:�;abn 1']

Sausage

US: /'so:.sid3/ UK: /'sos.1d3/

['0:��nble]

cut up finely, and made into a long, thin shape:

One of my favorite meals is sausages and mashed

going to buy a tin of sardines for the picnic.® See

potatoes.• Be careful with the pronunciation of this

page 430. 2 like sardines Very closely packed to-

word!• In British English they say "banger".

gether: On the subway this morning we were like

sardines.

sat /saet/ Past tense and past participle forms of sit. satchel /'sa:tJ.>l/ l'°:�;a�le] A small bag with a shoul­ der strap: That satchel is really heavy. Can't you

take something out of it?

satellite

/'sret-g.J,art/

l'°:Z�bn 1e]

1 Something that

moves around a planet: The Earth only has one

satellite, the moon, but Jupiter has 16 and Saturn has 17! 2 An object that is sent into space to send signals: If you have satellite television you can get

programs from all over the world.

e

f g h

SAUSAGE

J k l m n 0

p q r

Meat

1 A small fish: I'm just

/sor'din/

d

fies", "satisfied".

satnav [""'��:�able] See satellite navigation. +Saturday /'sa:1-gr-dc1/, /-,di/ [noun] The seventh

2 sapphire blue Bright blue: The sea is sapphire

Sarcastic

c

• Be careful with the spelling of these forms: "satis-

on everything!

a plant: The

b

My dad says that his job doesn't really satisfy him.

that you put on food: My cousin puts tomato sauce

sap in a plant or tree contains its food.

sapphire

+satisfy /'saeps,for/ [verb] To make somebody happy:

a

t

u v w x

y z

savage a

b c

d

324

savage

/'sa:v.rd3/

[adjective] Wild

and aggressive: The

as an example: Let's look at a composer, say

say no To reject an offer or request: If say yes To accept

people in that house have a very savage dog. • Be

Mahler... 4

careful with the pronunciation of this word. The last

you don't want to do it, say no. 5

"a" is pronounced like the "i" in "did".

or agree to an offer or request: If they offer you to be the main character in the play, say yes. 6 say no

savannah

savanna

Or

/sg'v3'n.g/

[""'��:�a ble]

A

large flat area of land covered with grass, found in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in

Africa: The savannah usually has few trees.

e +save /serv/ [verb] 1 To make somebody or something safe from danger: The coast guard arrived immedi­

more Words you use to indicate that you have un­

derstood or agree with a plan: Say no more, I know

my sister and imagine how your conversation was. •This use is informal. 7

that is to say Words

you

use to indicate that you are going to explain

f

ately and saved the children from drowning. 2 To

something more:

keep something instead of spending or using it:

house, that is to say if you finish your chores and

g

I've saved enough money to buy myself a new book. 3 To use less of something: At school we're trying

h

to save paper by making sure that we don't waste it.

/'scI.VIJJZ/

[pluralnoun]

Money that somebody

has saved: Billy has given all his savings to the lo­

cal children's hospital.

J k l m n

0

p q r

., t

U v

your homework first.

saying

/'SCI.lJJ/

1co:��a�le1

Something

significant

that people often say: "Do as you would be done

by" is a saying that means you should treat peo­

savings SaVOr1

You can go to your friends's

[oou n]

/'se1.vgr/ US: /-vzr,/

A taste of flavor:

ple in the same way as you would like them to treat you.

scaffolding

/'sk3'f.'1.d1u/

lco:��nb1']

A structure on

the outside of a building for workers to stand on:

They are enjoying the sweet savor of success.•The

Have you seen the scaffolding outside the town

British English spelling is "savour".

hall? They're going to clean the walls.

savor2

/'sc1-vgr/

[verb]

To enjoy the taste of a meal

or of an experience: We savored the latest Viet­ namese cuisine.• The British English spelling is "sa­ vour".

SaVOUr1

/'ser.vgr/ US: /-vzr,/

SaVOUr2

/'ser.vgr/ US: /-vzr,/

[noun]

See savor'. •This is

a British English spelling.

[verb] See savor'.• This is

a British English spelling.

SaW1

/s8:/

[co:��'�1e] A

metal thing for cutting wood:

We used the saw to cut up some wood for the fire.

SaW2 /s�:/ Past tense of see. sawdust /'s�,dAst/ [""'��:�ble]

Very small particles

of wood which are produced when a saw is used:

Sawdust is often used as fuel.

sax

/sacks/

[co:��a"ble] See saxophone.• This word is in­

formal.

Saxophone

/'s3'k-sg,foun/

[co:��anble]

-

A musical in­

SCAFFOLDING

strument made of metal with keys and a turned up end: The saxophone is a very popular instru­

ment in jazz music. • "Sax" is informal for "saxophone".® See page 459.

+say, said, said

/sci/

[verb] 1

To speak a word or

some words: Jackie said that she was going to

Greece for her vacation; What did you say to him?• Be careful! We say: "She said

to

me he would be

scald

[verb] To burn

/sb:ld/

something with boiling

water: I scalded my hand while I was making coffee

the other day.

+scale

/skeil/

[ nouo] 1

A set of marks on something

for measurement: My dad's got a tape measure

with a metric scale on one side and feet and inches on the other. 2 A way of showing dis­

w

late". (We don't say: "She said me he would be late").

x

• Compare with "tell" (to say something to some­ body).•See box on the following page. 2 Referring

tance on a map: The scale on the map of this ar­

y

to an instrument or meter, to show a particular

chine for weighing things or people: My dad

level or state: The thermometer says thirty degrees.

has just bought some speaking weighing scale

z

Words you use to indicate

that actually say how heavy you are! 4 Small,

that you are going to use somebody or something

flat piece of hard material covering some fish

3

say (for example)

ea is of two centimeters to the kilometer. 3 A ma­

scenery

325

or animals: Remove the fish scales carefully be-

+scared

US:

/skcrd/

UK:

/skcgd/

[adie ct1,,]

Frightened:

fore you put it in the oven to cook. 5 A series of

Ever since Frances got bitten by that dog, she's

a

b

musical notes up or down from one particular

been scared of dogs. • Be careful with the pro­

note: Opera singers need to practice scales ev­

nunciation of this

ery day.

nounced.

c

been fried in a mixture of flour and milk: Scampi

you wear round your neck or on your head: I'm

and trench fries is one of my favorite meals.

knitting my dad a basketball scarf in his team's col­

d

word!

The "e" is not pro­

scampi /'skacm.pi/ [p1ura1 noun] Large prawns that have SCarf US: /sku:rf/ UK: /sku:f/ [co���'�1'] Something that scan

[,erb]

/skcen/

1 To look carefully from a dis­

tance: The police used a helicopter to scan the

ors. • The plural is "scarves". ® See picture at clothes.

mountain in search of the lost child. 2 To read

scarlet [;:j,n,�:�J A bright red color:

something quickly looking for something in par­

a scarlet silk scarf for Christmas.

ticular: We scanned the tests results very nervously

Scatter

US:

/'skce!.gr/ UK: /'skacU'/

I gave my mom

[,erb]

1 To run in

for our names. 3 To use a machine to see an image

different directions: All the people scattered when

or text in a computer: The cashier scans the prod­

they saw the lion escape from the cage. 2 To throw

ucts, except the fruits and vegetables. • Be careful

things in all directions: The farmer is scattering

with the spelling of these forms: "scanned", "scan­

seed in the field.

ning".

scandal

[unc��:�'b1']

/'skcen.d'l/

+scene

/si:n/

[co����1']

ticular place: What a lovely scene! The river, the

shocks people: Have you heard the scandal about

mountains and the swans flying past! 2 The place

the Duke running away with the actress?

scanner /'skacn-gr/ ['0���anb1'] A machine that is used

where something happens: The firemen arrived on

the scene very promptly and luckily no one was

to look at the inside of something or to see some­

hurt. 3 A small part of a play or a movie: I really

thing in a computer: Scanners are used in medi­

like the scene where the dog saves the baby from drowning.

cine to detect certain types of illnesses.

scapula

/'skcep.jo.Jg/

[co���bn 1']

A flat, triangular

bone at the back of each shoulder: The scapula

scenery /'si-ng.ri/ [unc��:�able]

1 What you can see in

the country: The scenery in some parts of Arizona

connects the humerus with the clavicle.• The plural is "scapulas" or "scapulae".

scar1

/sku:r/

['0���'0b1 ']

A mark that is left by a cut:

The pirate had a scar on his cheek and wore a gold earring.

SCar2 [,erb] To leave a scar: Pamela's face was badly scarred by the riding accident she had last year. • Be careful with the spelling of these forms: "scarred", "searring".

Scarce

/skcrs/

US:

UK:

/skcgs/

[adiect1,,]

Not found in

great quantities: Animals sometimes change their

/'skcgrs·li/

[ad,erb]

Hardly: I don't know

what's the matter with Jane; she scarcely speaks to me any more. • "Scarcely" goes before ordinary verbs and after auxiliary verbs: "He can scarcely

scare1

/skegr/

frightened:

[co���'0b1•]

Making a person or people

When the monster appeared in the

movie it gave him a terrible scare.

+scare2

/skegr/

[,.rb]

To frighten somebody: What a

frightening movie that was. It really scared me.

SCareCrOW

US:

/'sker.krou/

UK:

/'skeg.krgu/

['°���anble]

A figure put in a field to frighten the birds away:

The farmer was very worried about the

seed he had just planted and put five scarecrows in the field.

To say and to tell have almost the same meaning. but we use them in different ways: ·

We normally use the verb to say before direct speech:

- He soid, "Come here." We use the verb to say without a personal object:

- She said that she didn't like fish. We normally use to tell with a personal object:

- She told me that she didn't like fish.

h J k l m

0

p q r

t

- I told them that I was sorry. Here are some expressions:

speak two words of German".

g

n to say and to tell

- I said that I was sorry.

habitat when food starts to get scarce.

scarcely

f

1 What you can see in a par­

that

Something

e

to say to soy a word

to tell to tell o story

to say a sentence

to tell the time

to say your prayers

to tell the truth

to say you are sorry

to tell o secret

to say goodbye

to tell o lie to tell o joke to tell me

u v w x

y z

scent

326

a

is very wild.• In this use. "scenery" is usually a posi-

b

live word, describing something beautiful or impres-

pronunciation of this word! The first syllable rhymes

sive. 2 The things that are on stage during a per-

with "my".

(

amazing.• The plural is "sceneries".

box at abbreviations.

one perfume: The scent of those flowers is very

ting paper and so on: Can you give me some scis-

d e

The scenery in "Cirque du Soleil" is

formance:

for the Department of Defense.• Be careful with the

sci-fi

/'sa1.fa1/

scent /sent/ [unc��:�abte] 1 A smell, usually a pleasant +scissors strong. 2 A liquid that makes you smell nice: Whenever I smell that scent I think of my grandmother.

scented /'sentrd/ [adjective] Having a pleasant smell:

n ["c��:�abte]

/'s1z.grz/

See science fiction. • See

[otorat on un] An

instrument for cut-

sors to cut this paper with?® See page 456.

SCOld US: /skoulcl/ UK: /sbuld/ [verb] To tell somebody off: The teacher scolded the children for being dis-

obedient. f room.• Compare with "odorless" (without a smell). SCOOter [co ::;anb1'] 1 A small motorcycle: "n ��:� e ab [ ' l] 1 A g +schedule My older brother has just bought himself a scootThere was a rose scented ambience at the meeting

/'sku:tgr/

US: /'sked3u:l/ UK: /'Jedju:l/

h

plan that says when somebody is going to do cer-

er with his savings. 2 A board with wheels and a

tain things: I've got my vacation schedule orga-

thing to hold onto: When my mom was little she

nized so that I know what I'm doing every day. 2 A

had a scooter that she shared with her two sis-

timetable: Have you got the new train schedule

from Dallas to Houston? 3 behind schedule Late: I'm a bit behind schedule in my studying, but I'll

ters.

+score1

/sb:r/

['0::�:1'] 1

The number of points or

goals in a game: At half-time the score was 3-2. 2 A

up at the weekend. 4 on schedule At the written representation of a piece of music which J catch shows all its notes, parts and instruments: The correct time, according to plan: The building of the new sports center is on schedule, so it should be piano player had the score of the symphony he was k open by the summer. playing in front of him. [verb] To get a point or a goal: In the l +scheme l'°:�;anble] A plan: We're trying to score2 /sb:r/

/ski:m/

ITT n

Q

think of a scheme to make money for our school

trip.

scholar

US: /'ska:.lac/ UK: /'skob'/

l'°::;anb1']

A person

who has studied a lot: Professor Frampton is one

of the most important scholars in this field.

scholarship

/'skubr,J1p/

l'°:�;anble]

Money given to

a student: Megan has a scholarship to study music

at Harvard University.

P +school q r

lco::;a:1'] 1

last minute Frank scored and we won the game.

SCOrn1

[unc��:�abte]

/sb:n/

treats our ideas with scorn. He's very negative.

SCOrn2

[verb]

To show no respect for somebody or

something: Colonizers often scorned the language

and culture of the people they conquered.

Scorpio US: /'sb:r.pi.ou/ UK: /'sb:.pi.au/ [unc��:�able] A

A place where children

sign of the zodiac: If your birthday is between Oc-

learn: We go to school in the town next to ours.

tober 23rd and November 21st, you're a Scorpio. •

/sku:l/

® See picture at street. 2 boarding school See

Be careful. "Scorpio" has a capital "S".

boarding school. 3 elementary school See ele·

scorpion /'sbr-pi-gn/ ['°::;a:1'] A small animal with

mentary school. 4 secondary school See second-

a sting in its tail: The sting of some kinds of scorpi-

ary school.

ans can cause death to humans.

the world: Science is one of my favorite subjects at

used for sticking things together: Pass me the

school. • Be careful with the pronunciation of this

scotch tape and we'll stick this poster on the wall.•

� +science /saiants/ ["nc��:�abte] The study of nature and SCOtch® tape �

t LJ v W x

Y Z

Not having respect for

somebody or something: My uncle Colin always

word! The first syllable rhymes with "my" and the second "e" is not pronounced.

science fiction

[""'��:�able]

Stories about the fu-

['°:��nb1'] A

transparent tape that is

In British English they say "Sello® tape".

Scottish

US: /'skuq1J/ UK: /'sknt.1J/

ring to Scotland:

[adiecH,,]

Refer-

The Scottish countryside is

ture: I like science fiction movies a lot.• "Sci-Ii" is

very beautiful.• Be careful. "Scottish" has a capi-

an abbreviation for "science fiction". See box at ab-

tal "S". For people the singular is "a Scot", "a

breviations.

Scotsman" or "a Scotswoman" and the plural is

+scientific

/,saian'trf.rk/

[adjective]

Referring to sci-

ence: My cousin Nancy is doing scientific research

at Durham University.• Be careful with the pronun-

"the Scots".

Scout

/skaot/

['0::�nb1']

A boy who belongs to a

youth group: It rained every time I went camping

ciation of this word! The first syllable rhymes with

with the Scouts.• Be careful! "Scout" has a capital

"my".

"S". •We also say "Boy Scout". •Girls belong to a

+scientist

/'sman.t1st/

l'°:�;a:ie] A

person who works

in science: Mr. Quentin is a scientist and he works

similar youth group called the "Girls Scout" in the United States or "Guides" in Great Britain.

seagull

327

scramble

/'skncmbl/

[verb]

To move quickly but

They scrambled up a tree when they saw the bull. with difficulty:

scrambled eggs [""'��:�able]

Eggs mixed together

Let's have some scrambled eggs on toast for breakfast.

and stirred as they are cooked in butter:

[co:�;anble ]

/skncp/

1 A small piece of some­

I wrote Gerry's address on a scrap of pa­ per and now I've lost it. 2 A fight: He got into a scrap. thing:

scrapbook

/'skrrep.huk/

[co:��nb1'] A book where you

stick papers and pictures: I made a scrapbook about my visit to San Francisco.

scrape

/skrc1p/

[verb]

1 To pass an object across

I scraped the paint stain on the table with a knife. 2 To hurt yourself against a rough surface: I fell off my bike and scraped my knee bad­ ly. n scraps /skraeps/ [u'��:�able] Something left over: We feed our cat on the scraps that we leave after meals. something:

+scratch1 /sknetJ/ 1co:�;a:1e] A cut made thing like a cat's claw:

with a sharp

How did you get that

scratch2

/skraetJ/

[verb]

1 To cut or to mark some­

thing with a sharp thing:

or she'll scratch you. 2

Don't pull the cat's tail

To move your fingernails

The old man thought for a while and scratched his head.

over part of your skin:

scream1

/skri:m/

[co:�;':1'] A

shout in a high voice:

My mom gave a scream when she saw my brother's haircut.

SCream2

/skri:m/

[verb]

To shout in a high voice:

Tessie screamed when she found a spider in the bathtub.

screech /skri:tJ/ [verb] To make a loud,

high sound:

When he uses the brakes, the car makes a terrible screeching sound.

+screen

/skri:n/

see images on:

lco::;abn 1']

1 A flat thing that you can

The screen in this movie theater is

To write marks carelessly

Don't scribble on the whiteboard

while I'm out.

script [co:�;':1'] The

plot of a film or any other sto­

The writers took three months to develop the script of the film.

ry:

move the text or images on a com­

Scroll down the text so that I can see the end of the page, please. You can use the wheel on the mouse to scroll up the photos. puter screen in a particular direction:

SCrOtUm

US: /'skrou.Jgm/ UK: /'skrgu.tgm/

bag of skin containing the testicles:

[co:��abn 1']

A

The scrotum

/skrAb/

[verb]

/skru:/

the wall? 2

[verb]

1 To fix two things together

Can you help me screw this mirror to

To turn something round so that it fits

another thing:

Make sure you screw the top of that

jar on properly.

screwdriver

/'skru,drm-vgr/

[co:�;anb1']

A tool used

e

f h

When we moved into the new house the floors were so dirty that we had to scrub them.• Be careful with the spelling of these forms: "scrubbed", "scrubbing".

scruffy

[adjective] Untidy,

Sam is very scruffy. He looks like he's been through a bush backwards. /'skrAf.i/

/'sku:.bg,daI.VID/

dirty looking:

[""'��:�able] Underwa­

My dad takes me scuba diving when we go on vacation. ter swimming with an oxygen tank:

sculpt

/skAlpt/

[verb]

To create or represent some­

thing by carving or molding materials such as wood, stone or clay:

of wood.

sculptor

/'skAlp-tgr/

0

/'skAlp·tJgr/

An artist who makes

[co:��':1'] 1

A shape or figure

Have you seen the new sculpture they've put in the town cen­ ter? 2 The art of making shapes or figures from wood, clay or other material: Today's art class was about Roman sculpture. made from wood, clay or other material:

1 The water that surrounds

When we say the name of the sea, for example "the Mediterranean Sea", "sea" is written with a capital "s".

seafood

/'si:.fu:d/

n ["c��:�'b1'] Sea creatures that you

Whenever we go on vacation to the beach, we eat a lot of seafood.

seagull

/'si:.gAl/

near the sea:

m

[co:��anb1e]

Michelangelo, one of the greatest art­ ists of all time, was a painter, poet, architect and sculptor.

[""'��:�b1' ]

l n

sculptures:

sculpture

J k

Lynda is sculpting a figure out

eat:

We gave my uncle an electric screwdriver for his birthday.

for screwing things:

d

To rub something hard with a

very big. ® See page 442- 2 A thin wall that you +sea /si:/ When I was taken into hospital the nurs­ the land on earth: The sea covers three-quarters of the earth's surface. 2 A large, salty area of es put me in a bed with a screen round it. +screw1 /skru:/ lco:�;anb1'] A piece of metal in the form water: The Baltic Sea is sometimes frozen over. of a spiral used to hold two things together: Just 3 at sea Traveling on the sea: My cousin's a sailor and he spends much of his life at sea. • give the screw another turn and it'll be fine! with a screw:

c

brush and water to clean it:

can move:

screw2

b

g

or 11scrota 11•

scrub

a

plural is "scrotums"

hangs behind the penis. • T he

scuba diving

scratch?

[verb]

/'sknbl/

on something:

scroll [verb] To

® See picture at egg.

Sera p

scribble

1 co:�;a:1']

A large bird that lives

Seagulls live off fish that they get

p q r

t

u v w x

y z

sea horse a

b (

d

e

f g h

328

from the sea. • "Gull" is short for "seagul". ® See page 429.

sea horse

/'si,h"rs/

US:

[co:��anble] A small

l m n

0

P q r

t LJ V W X

y z

[adjective]

/'sck·an,dcr·i/

1 Second in im-

portance or position, or happening after some-

fish which

thing else: We should forget about secondary is-

has a head and a neck that look like those of a

sues and solve the main problem first. 2 Referring

horse: The sea horse swims in a vertical position.

to the part of children's education after elemen-

+seal1

[co:��anb le]

/si:l/

A sea animal that lives near

cold seas: All seals are superb swimmers but they

are clumsy on land. ®See page 428.

sea(2

[verb]

/si:l/

To close something firmly: Letters

tary

school:

Children usually start secondary

school at the age of eleven.

secondary school ['0:��bn le]

A school for stu-

dents between eleven and eighteen years old:

used to be sealed by putting some hot wax on the

Irene's going to secondary school next September.

back of the envelope.

•Compare with "institute" (an organization where

seaman

[co:��anb1e] A

/'si:mgn/

sailor: There are many

seamen in port at the moment.• The plural is "seamen".

+search1 /s3:t.f/ [co:��anble] Looking carefully for some-

body or something: After a two day search, the climbers were found sheltering in a cave. •The plural is "searches".

J k

secondary

search2

/s3:tJ/

[verb]

To look carefully for some-

body or something: We searched everywhere but couldn't find my mom's ring.

seashell

/'si:.Jel/

['0:��nble] The

shell of a small sea

animal: Let's go and look for sea shells and take

them home with us.

seashore

/'si,J;,r/, /-,Jour/

n [u':�:�able]

The land next

to the edge of the sea: I love walking along the

seashore early in the morning.

seasick /'si:.s1k/ [adjective] Feeling ill because you are

people do a particular activity or the buildings used for such activity).

second claSS1

/,scbnd'klo:s/

[adjecti"]

Not of the

best or fastest type: His previous school was sec-

and class and he's much happier in his current one.

second claSS2 ["�ci�,��d] The less comfortable

and

cheaper part of a train, plane or other vehicle: We

traveled second class from Orlando to Chicago.

Secondhand

US:

/'scbnd'ha:nd/

[ a��i:ci���b]

Previ-

ously owned by somebody else, used: My car is

secondhand.

secondly

/'sck.'nd.li/

[adverb]

In second place: First-

ly, they've given me the job, and secondly, we're going to have a party to celebrate!

+secret

['°:��nb1e]

/'si:.krgt/

1 Something that you

don't tell other people: We're having a party for

on a boat: I felt very seasick on the boat from Baha-

Teresa's birthday but it's a secret so don't tell any-

mas to Miami.

body. 2 to keep a secret Not to tell anybody a secret: Don't tell Betty because she can't keep a se-

n

seaside /'si:.said/ [u':�:�able] The beach: My little sister loves the seaside.

+season

/'si:.z'n/

lco:��a:1e]

1 One of the four parts of

the year: There are four seasons in the year: spring,

cret.

+secretary

/'sek-n,ter-i/

[co:��anble]

1 A person who

makes appointments, answers the phone, types

summer, fall and winter. 2 A particular period of

letters and so on: Alison works as a secretary in a

the year for something: The soccer season starts

big company.• The plural is "secretaries". 2 Secretary of State An important member of the gov-

in August and finishes in May.

+seat

/si:t/

['0:��nb1']

1 A place to sit: I offered my seat

ernment: The Secretary of State for Agriculture re-

to an old lady on the bus this morning. 2 take a

signed yesterday after a meeting with the Prime

seat To sit down: Please come in and take a seat.

Minister.

seat belt l'°:��nb1'] A

belt that you wear in a car:

All new cars are fitted with seat belts.

seawater [""':�:�able] Water from

the sea: Every Id-

logram of seawater has approximately 35 grams of salt.

seaweed

/'si:.wi:d/

[""'��:�able]

caught in the seaweed and we couldn't move it. Referring to two: February is the

second month of the year. • "Second" can also be

written "2nd".

second2

/'sebnd/

[co:��a:1e]

1 A short measure of

time: There are sixty seconds in a minute. 2 A moment: Just wait a second.

/'sek..f>n/

lco:��a:1'] A part of something: The

school library has a good reference section.

sector

/'sek-tgr/

[co:��anb 1e]

A distinct part of a soci-

ety, economy or activity: Unemployment in the

construction sector has grown in the last few A dark green plant

that grows in the sea: The propeller of our boat got

+second1 1::1;;1;:�

+section

years.

+secure

/s1'kjuar/

[adjective]

1 Firmly fixed: We'll have

to get that bicycle seat repaired; it's not very se-

cure. 2 Protected and safe: Where is a secure place to hide the presents?

+security

b /s1'kjugr.qi/ ["":�:� 1'] Being safe: The palice are in charge of the security of the population.

sediment [""'��:�able]

The material that settles at

the bottom of a liquid.

Sello® tape

329

sedimentary

/,scd·g'mcn·tni/, /-'mcn·tri/

[adjective] +seem

Referring to a rock which is made from the sedi­ ment that is left by the action of water, ice or wind:

Limestone and sandstone are sedimentary

rocks.

sedimentation

/,seci.1.men'te1.Jgn/

n [uc��:�abte]

Sandstone is a rock formed by sedimentation. /si:/

seen /si:n/ Past participle of see. seesaw /'si,s�/ [co:��anbte] A long

piece of wood

or metal with seats at each end that children The

natural process by which sediment is formed:

+see, saw, seen

/si:m/ [verb] To appear to be: Paul seems nice but he can sometimes be in a very bad mood.

[verb] 1 To recognize with your

I can't see the words on the whiteboard from the back of the classroom. 2 To watch something: What film shall we go and see?• Be careful! We say: eyes:

"I watch television". (We don't say: "I see televi­ sion"). Compare also with "look1" (to turn your eyes

• See box at watch. 3 To under­ stand: Yes, OK, I see. 4 To go to somebody or somewhere: You should see a doctor. 5 I'll see An to something).

You get on one end of the seesaw and I'll get on the other. Come on! Up, down; up, down!

play on:

segment /'seg.mgnt/ ['°::�bte n ]

One of the parts that

All of the segments

something can be divided into:

combined make up the whole.

seismic

/'sarzmrk/

[adjective]

1 Referring to or caused

Seismic activity is monitored by earthquake prediction centers. 2 Having great, revolutionary or negative effects: The invention of the wheel was a seismic shift in human develop­ ment. by earthquakes:

expression that you say when you want to think

seize /si:z/ [verb] To take hold of somebody or some­

''Ann, can I bor­ row your jacket?" "Hmmm, I'll see". 6 Let's see

thing strongly: The policeman seized the thief when he came round the corner.

about something before deciding:

Something that you say when you are thinking:

seldom

Now, what candies shall I buy? Let's see. 7 Long

quently:

/'scJ.dgm/

[adverb]

Not

often,

not

fre­

time no see Something that you say when you

I have an uncle in Australia, but we seldom hear from him. • "Seldom" goes before

meet somebody that you haven't seen for a long

ordinary verbs and after auxiliary verbs: "I can

Long time no see, I didn't know you came seldom go out at weekends".• The same mean­ back from your year abroad!• This use is informal. ing: "rarely". 8 See you Goodbye: Well, I have to go now. See +select /sr'lekt/ [verb] To choose somebody or some­ you!• This use is informal. 9 to see that To ensure thing: If you could go to any country in the world, that something happens: See that the windows are which one would you select? +selection /s1'lek.J'n/ ['0:��a:1'] A number of things closed when you go. t PHRASAL VERBS to see (something) in To that have been selected: What a fantastic selection celebrate the start of something the moment of comics they've got in the new store! co ��ab e when it happens: I will see the New Year in with +self /self/ l : n l ] Being or character: I'm feeling a my family. to see (somebody) off 1 To go to a bit miserable today and I'm not my usual self at all. • The plural is "selves". train station, airport or harbor to say goodbye to somebody: I saw him off at the airport. 2 To get rid self-confident /,self'kun-fo-dgnt/ [adjecttve] Sure of yourself: It's a good thing to be self-confident when of somebody who is an irritant or a threat, or to beat a rival: She soon saw off the tax inspector. you're learning to speak a language. time:

·

·

·

to see to (somebody or something)

To take the

responsibility to do something or to attend to

Can you see to the person who is at the door?; I will see to buying the cake. to see

somebody:

·

(something) through

To do something even if it

Organizing this trip is more complicated than I thought, but I am going to see it through. to see through (some­ is difficult or takes a long time:

·

body)

To perceive what somebody is really like,

not what they try to appear:

I saw through him

from the start.

+seed

/si:d/

grows from:

[co:��·:1e]

A small thing that a plant

We planted the seeds in the garden.

+seek, sought, sought somebody or something: ally say "look for".

/si:k/

[verb]

To look for

Seek the truth!• We

usu­

self-evaluation ['°:��anbte]

The act of evaluating

Employees were asked to do a self-evalua­ tion of their work.

oneself:

selfish

/'sel.frJ/

[adjective]

Thinking only of yourself:

a

b c

d e

f g h J k l m n 0

p q r

t

What a selfish person Thomas is! He never consid­ ers anybody else's feelings.

u

A place where you take

v

self-service ['0:��·:1e]

They've changed the system of lunches at school. Now it's a self-service and you just help yourself. things yourself:

+sell, sold, sold

/sel/

exchange for money:

bike for $50.

[verb]

To give something in

She sold me her mountain

n

Sello® tape UK: /'sefaute1p/ [uc��:�able] See scotch® tape. • This word is British English. • Be careful. "Sella® tape" has a capital "S".

w x

y z

semi· a

b c

d e

f g h

semi·

330

/semi-/

[prefix] An addition to the beginning of +senior2 ['0:��nble]

a word that usually means "half": A semicircle is

a half of a circle.

semibreve

/'sem.i.hri:v/

[co:�;anbte]

ships for college when he was a senior in high A musical note

which has the time value of two minims: Semi-

breves are represented by an oval ring. ®See page 460.

semicircle /'scm·i,S3f·bl/ ['0:�;anble] Half a circle: US:

1 ['":��anb '] A mark [ ; ]

/'sem.i,kou.Jgn/

UK:

/,sem.i'bu.lnn/

used in writing: You use a semicolon to separate two phrases that are closely con-

nected to each other.

semi-final

/,scm.i'fm.n'l/

['0:��nble]

we win this semi-final we will be in the final!

J k l m

n 0

P q r

., t

[adjective]

/scn'sc1..f'n/

[ noun]

1 A feeling: I always

get a strange sensation when I go into that old house. 2 Interest and excitement: Molly's new dress caused a sensation at the school party.

sensational

/sen'se1.J'n.'I/

[adjective]

Very exciting:

Have you heard the sensational news about the

+sense1

/sens/

[ nou]n 1

The ability to see, hear, smell,

taste or touch: We have five senses: hearing, sight,

taste, smell and feeling. 2 The ability to think sen-

ence on later ideas, developments or creative

that for? 3 The ability to understand something:

work: Frank wrote a seminal article on social net-

Colin has a great sense of justice and always stands

works. 2 Referring to sperm: Seminal fluids are produced by the male sexual glands.

up for the younger students. 4 common sense See

b1 semiquaver lco:��an ']

A musical note which has

the time value of a sixteenth of a semibreve:

Semiquavers have two tails on the stem. ®See page 460.

+Senate

/'sen.gt/

[""'��:�able]

One of the houses that

forms a government in the United States and other countries: The Senate House is in a beautiful

part of the city.• Be careful. "Senate" has a capital "S".

+senator

l'°:��anble]

"common sense" in the word common. 5 to make

sense To mean something: This sentence you wrote

doesn't make sense. What do you mean?

sense2

/sens/

[verb]

To feel something: We could

sense that the teacher was upset.

+sensible

/'sent.s1.h]/

[adjective]

Having

common

sense: Mary's a very sensible girl. She would never

do anything silly.

+sensitive

/'sen·sg·!1v/

[adjective]

1 Easily affected by

things: Don't let Alison see that movie. She's very A member of the Sen-

sensitive and would be upset by it. 2 Concerned

ate: The visit of the American senators was not a

about other people's feelings: Why did Ray say

success. • Be careful! "Senator" has a capital "S"

that about Jane being fat? That wasn't very sensi-

/'scngtgr/

when it is followed by a name: "Senator Johnson".

+send,

sent, sent /send/

[verb] 1 To make a thing go

tive of him, was it?

sensitivity

/,sen·sg'!IV·I·!i/

1un c��:�able ]

1 The quality

somewhere: I always send a birthday card to my

of being sensitive: Tom showed great sensitivity

grandma on her birthday. 2 To make a person go

towards his brother in that situation. 2 The tendency to be offended: Such sensitivity to people's

somewhere: My mom was sent to an all girls

boarding school when she was a child.

comments is a problem for him. •We say: "sensitiv-

• PHRASAL VERBS· to send off 1 To put some-

ity to (something)".•The plural is "sensitivities".

thing in the post: We'll have to send the letter off

v

swearing at the referee.

player go off the field: Geoffrey was sent off for

sender

/'scndgr.f

['":�;anble]

A person who sends

something: I wonder who is writing to Harry; let's

look and see if the sender's name is on the enve1 Older: Sometimes the senior stu-

dents help the teachers with the younger students in the dining room. 2 More important: Mike's father is a senior officer in the Navy.• See box at ab-

breviations.

sensory

/'sen·sg.ri/

[adjective]

Referring to the physi-

cal senses: It is very important to stimulate the ba-

by's sensory perceptions.

sent

/sent/ Past tense and past participle forms of

send.

+sentence1

/'scntgns/

lco:��ble n ]

1 A group of words

ending with a period, a question mark or an exclamation mark: This example is a sentence. 2 A

/ope.

X +senior1 [adjective]

z

sensation

sibly: Polly has got no sense at all. What did she do

u

y

ty-five years old: My grandparents have a special

1 Having great influ-

/'sem.1.ngJ/

today or it won't get there on time. 2 To make a

w

1

senior citizen l'":�;anb '] A person who is over six-

concert?

One of the two

games played to decide who will be in the final: If

seminal

school.

bus pass for senior citizens.

We

all stood on stage in a semicircle and sang the song.

Semicolon

A student in the fourth year of

high school or college: My dad got some scholar-

punishment given in a court of law: The man was

given a three month prison sentence for robbery.

sentence2 /'sentgns/ [verb] To give somebody a punishment in a court of law: The thief was sentenced

to five years imprisonment.

set

331

Sepal

US: /'si:.pgl/ UK: /'scp.gl/

[co���anble]

One of the

small green leaves that surround and protect the

petals of a flower: The sepals form the calyx of the flower. ® See page 433.

separate1

/'sepgrgt/

[adjective] Apart

or not together:

taking is a very serious problem in some areas of the country.

sermon gives:

/'s3r-mgn/

[co:��nbte]

A talk that a priest

Father Murphy gave a sermon about the pov-

� ����

When we were at camp, the boys and girls slept in +servant /'s3r-vgnt/ lco:��an le] A person who works separate dormitories. in somebody's house: Old Mrs. Smith used to be +separate2 /'scpgrc1t/ [verb] 1 To move one thing or a servant in the Duke's house when she was young. one person away from another: The teacher sepa­ rated Sophie and me for talking in class. 2 To stop +serve US: /s�:v/ UK: /s3:v/ [verb] 1 To attend customers in a store: Are you being served, Madam? 2 To being together: Miriam's parents have just sepagive prepared food to somebody: Can I serve you rated. 3 To be between one thing and another: The Baltic Sea separates Scandinavia and Russia. some more pudding? 3 To work actively for a separately /'scp-gr-gt-li/ [adjective] Not together: Miss country, the army voluntary organization and so Thomas, shall we do this problem together or sepaon: Frank and Anne served as volunteers in the rately? Red Cross last summer. 4 it serves you right

separation

b

[co���anble] The act of mov-

Words you say when you think the person de-

ing things or persons apart, or the situation of

serves something negative that has happened to

For friends, separation can be pain-

I told you to listen in class and now you've failed the test. It serves you right for not paying attention.

being apart:

/,scp-g'rc!-fgn/

ful.

+September /scp'tcm-bgr/ [noun] The ninth month of the year:

My sister's birthday is in September.•

Be

sequence

/'si:.kwgnts/

Let's

The or-

der in which a series of related events occur, or

When you do an experiment, you must follow a particular sequence. are done:

[co���':10]

which grows on the west coast of America:

quoia is one of the tallest trees on earth.

sergeant

/'sar-ci3gnt/

[co���':10] An

officer in the ar-

my or in the police: Sergeant Robinson is in charge of the drug department in this police sta­ tion.

serial

/'mr·i-glf

[co���anbte]

1 Treatment that you re-

5 civil service See civil service. 6 the armed ser-

1 A series of relat-

ed events that occur in a particular order:

/s1'kw�1g/

/'rn-v1s/

The se-

[co���nble]

move on to the next sequence of exercises. 2

sequoia

+service

[n oun]

A large evergreen tree

re at calendar.

A story that is told in

My dad always listens to a serial on the ra­ dio about life in an American town.• Compare with

parts:

ceive in a store, restaurant and so on:

vices or the services The army, navy and air

There used to be a special radio program for the people in the armed services working in other countries. • In this use, the same meaning: "the

force:

armed forces".

'0 service station [ :��nbte] A place

where you can

buy gasoline and other things for your car:

drove into a service station to fill up. •The

We

same

"series" (a number of programs on the radio or tele­

meaning: "gas station".•Compare with "garage" (al­

vision of the same type).

so par repairs).

+series

us: /'s1r.i:z/ UK: f'm.ri:z/

['0:��':10]

1 A number

serviette /,rn-vi'et/ [co���anbte] A piece of cloth or pa­

I'm collecting a series per to clean your hands or lips when you are eat­ of articles about Hollywood that is being published ing: Don't forget to buy some paper serviettes when in the Sunday papers. 2 A number of programs on you go to the store.• The same meaning: "napkin". ['0���nb1'] A time when people meet the radio or television of the same type: Are you +session /'scf.'n/ to do something: Why don't you bring your guitar watching the new Nature series on television?• Be careful with the pronunciation of this word! •The along to the music session we're having at my plural is also "series".•Compare with "serial" (a sto­ house tonight? of things of the same type:

ry that is told in parts).

+serious

f's1r-i-gs/

[adjective]

1 Not funny or joking,

Jack's a very serious person; he never smiles, does he? 2 Bad, important, worrying: Drug

solemn:

b c

d e

f g h

them:

The service is not very good in this store, is it? 2 The work that somebody does in a company: My grandfather got a gold watch from his company when he retired a{ter fifty years' service. 3 A religious ceremony: We went to the early morning service on Christmas Day. 4 The organization that provides buses, hospitals, schools and so on: The new Town Council say that they are going to improve the bus service.

careful! "September" has a capital "S". ®See pictu-

a

+set1 /set/ [co:��anbte] 1 A number of things which go to­

We gave my mom a set of earrings and a necklace for her birthday. 2 Apparatus for receiv­ ing television or radio: Our television set is broken.

gether:

J k l m

n 0

p q r

� �

t u v W x

y z

set a

b c

d e

f

332

3 Part of a tennis match, won by gaining a certain +seven /'scv.'n/ ['::;·;,��;:;�']The number 7: Seven is a lucky number. number of games: Sarah won the first set 6-3. Set2, set, set /set/ [verb] 1 To put something down: seventeen /,sev.'n'ti:n/ ['::;·;,��;;;�']The number 17:

He set the bowl of soup down carefully on the table. 2 To fix or establish something: Have they set the date for the meeting? 3 To give somebody some work: The teacher set us some very difficult exercises to do for homework. 4 To go down, when talking about the sun: The sun rises in the East and sets in the West. 5 To go solid: Wait for the jelly to set and then put it into the fridge. 6 to set fire to

g

(something) See "to set fire to (something)" in the word fire'. 7 to set free See "to set free" in the word free'. 8 to set the table To place on the ta-

h

ble the plates, knives, forks and so on before you eat: You set the table and I'll do the dishes afterwards.• The same

meaning: "to lay the table".

• PHRASAL VERBS · to set (something) up To start or to establish something: This company has

J k l m

n 0

P q r

., t

u v w x

y z

set up a new store in San Francisco. •

Be careful

with the spelling of this form: "setting".

set3

/set/

[adjec1;.e] Which cannot be changed: In my

school the meals are at certain set times.

My sister Pat is seventeen years old.

seventeenth

/,sev.'n'ti:ntfl/ [ ;cij; : ::J Referring to ; seventeen: St Patrick's day is on the seventeenth of ,

March.• "Seventeenth" can also be written "17th". /'scv.'nt8/ [;cij.::C�::J Referring to seven: July is the seventh month of the year.• "Seventh" can al-

seventh

so be written "7th".

seventieth

/'sev.g.n-ti-gB/ [;cij;,�::J Referring to seventy: It's the seventieth anniversary of the death of

our local poet, Henry Harris.• "Seventieth"

can also

be written "70th".

seventy /'scn·n·ti/ ['::;·;,��;�;�']The number 70: My grandfather will be seventy tomorrow.

+several /'scv·rnl/, /-gr-gJ/ [,n'Jip',�':�',,] More than a few, but not very many: Isn't Anna lucky? She's been to Europe several times.

+severe

/sg'vir/

[aciiect;v,]

1

Not soft and gentle, hard:

Our teacher is quite severe sometimes but we all like her. 2 Serious or quite bad: Maria spent two months ill in bed with a severe lung infection.

Set-square ['°���nb1'] Instrument to help you draw +sew, sewed, sewn lines at particular angles: I need a set-square and a compass for my technical drawing class. ® See

US: /sou/ UK: /sau/ [verb] To fix material together with needle and thread: I'm

sewing some buttons on my shirt.• The same mean-

ing: "stitch'". page 456. l setting /'se(·ID/ ['°���·� e] The place where some- sewed Past tense of sew. n thing happens: They decided that the church in the +sewing /'sou-1u/ [u '��:�able] Something that some-

mountains would be the perfect setting for their wedding.

+settle

/'sc(-g-J/

[verb]

1

To go and live permanently

body sews: Aunt Meg put her sewing down and went to answer the door.

sewing machine ['0���a,bte] A machine that you

somewhere: My dad's friend went to settle in Aussew with: My grandmother's just bought a new tralia when he was young. 2 To come to an agreesewing machine. ment after a dispute: Mary and I settled our argu- sewn /sgun/ Past participle of sew. un ��:�•ble] 1 One of two groups, male or ment after talking about it. 3 To come to rest on +sex /seks/ [ ' female, into which humans, animals and plants something: That robin often settles on the tree outside our window. can be divided: What sex are the kittens? Two are male and one is female. • In this use the plural is •PHRASAL VERBS· to settle down 1 To become calm and quiet: Come on. Settle down now, chi/"sexes". 2 Making love: It is much easier to get indren' said the teacher. 2 To make oneself comfortformation about sex now than it was some years able: The cat settled down in front of the fire for the ago. 3 sex appeal See "sex appeal" in the word appeal'. evening. 3 To lead a quiet life in one place: Julia finally settled down in Italy after living in five differ- sexual /'sck.sjuglf [adjective] Referring to sex or to reent countries. production: The uterus is one of the female sexual settlement /'sc!-g.J-mgnt/ ['°���nb1'] 1 An agree- organs. ment: After very long discussions, the workers and +shade1 /Jcrd/ [unc��:�b1'] 1 A place where direct sunlight does not reach: Let's get in the shade under the management reached a settlement. 2 A place this tree. It's very hot in the sun. • Compare with where a group of people have settled: The towns "shadow" (a dark shape that is made by something and cities in the west of the United States started as blocking the light). 2 A variety of a particular color: small settlements. settler ['°���anb1'] A person who settles in a country I love that shade of blue. ®See picture at shadow. that is being newly populated: They were among shade2 /Jc1d/ [verb] To protect from sunlight: John shaded his eyes from the sun with his hand. the early settlers on the east coast of America.

sharpen

333

+shadow

/'.fa;d·ou/

[co���abn le]

A dark shape that is

made by something blocking the light: We made

shadows on the wall that looked like different ani­ mals. • Compare with "shade1" (a place sunlight

shampoo

[""'��:�ble]

/Ja;m'pu:/

A thick liquid used

for washing your hair: That shampoo smells of

lemon.

shamrock

/'J:r.m·ruk/

[co���':1']

A type of small

plant with three round leaves on each stem: The

does not reach).

four leaves shamrock is the symbol of good luck.

shandy

SHADOW

/'Ja;n.di/

[co���·:1'] A

drink made by mixing

beer and lemonade: I'll have a shandy, please. • The plural is "shandies".

shank

['°���nb1']

/Jaeuk/

1 The lower part of the leg,

from the knee to the ankle: Jeff has skinny shanks.

2 The straight, long and narrow part of a tool: the

shank of the anchor.

shan't

us:

/Ja;nt/

UK:

[""'��:�able]

/Jerp/

b c

d e

f

/Ju:nt/ The contraction of

g

1 The appearance form of

h

"shall not".

+shape1

a

something: What a beautiful shape that sculpture

is.• In this sense, "shape" is much more common in English than "form". ® See page 457. 2 in shape Physically fit: I haven't been in good shape since I

stopped swimming. 3 out of shape Not in the cor­ rect condition: My new sweater's all out of shape. I

shade

shadow +shake, shook, shaken

must have put it in the hot wash by mistake.

shape2

/.fcrp/

To give something a form: I

[verb]

shaped the plasticine into an elephant and gave it /Je1d/

[verb]

1 To move

something about quickly from side to side: Shake

the can of paint before you open it. 2 To move from

to the little boy.

+share1

/Jegr/

[co���nble]

A part of something: I took

my share of the money and went home.

J k l m

1 To give out something to dif­

n

hands To move somebody's hand up and down in

ferent people: We shared the candies between the children. 2 To have something with some­

0

greeting or in peace: Sid shook hands with every­

body else: My teacher told me to share a desk

side to side or up and down, to tremble: Hannah

was so afraid that she shook with fear. 3 to shake

one at the party. 4 to shake your head To move your head from side to side: She shook her head

when she heard the question, and said "no''.

shaken Past participle of shake. +shall /Ja;l, J"l/ [verb] 1 A word that

share2

/Jegr/

[verb]

with Robert.

Shark

US:

/Jo:rk/

UK:

/Jo:k/

['0���anble]

A large and

frightening fish: Sharks have very powerful jaws

and teeth but many of them are not dangerous. you can use in­

stead of "will", with "I" and "we" only, in the fu­ ture form: I shall tell you all about my vacation

/.fa:p/

[adjective]

1 With the ability to cut: Be

careful with that knife because it's very sharp. 2

when I get back. • We usually say "will". 2 A word

Sudden and strong: I felt a sharp pain in my side

that you can use instead of "will", with "I" and

as I ran up the hill. 3 With an acid taste: That lem­ onade's a bit sharp for my taste. I'll have to put

"we" only, to make suggestions or to ask for sug­ gestions: Shall we go?• The verb after "shall" is in

some sugar in it. 4 Quick and clever: My grandma

the infinitive without "to".

is quite old but she's still extremely sharp. 5 Refer­

+shallow

[adjecti,,] Not deep: Stay in the shal­

ring to a musical sound which is higher than the

low part of the pool because you can't swim very

true or normal pitch: The opera singer was sing­

f'J:r.l·ou/

well yet.

+shame

/Jerm/

n [u'��:�able]

ing too sharp.

1 A feeling of having done

something silly or wrong: When her mother dis­

covered what she had done, Linda was filled with shame. 2 A pity: It's such a shame that you can't come to my party.

shameful

f'Jc1m.M/

sharp2

/.fa:p/

[adverb]

Exactly, when talking about a

time: The concert will start at 8 o'clock sharp.

sharp3

/Ju:p/

[co���':1e]

A musical note which is

raised a semitone higher than the specified pitch:

This piece must be played in C sharp.

[adiecti,,] Very wrong: I think it's sharpen

shameful the way some people treat animals.

q r

® See page 430.

+sharp1

p

f'Jur·pgn/

[verb] To make something sharp:

He used a stone to sharpen the knife.

t u v w x

y z

sharply a

b c

d e

f

g h

sharply [ adverb]

1 Suddenly or in a radical way:

Temperatures are expected to drop sharply in the next few days. 2 Acutely: She has a sharply developed sense of humor. 3 Referring to speaking, severely: My father spoke sharply to us. 4 Referring to how somebody dresses, well, elegantly: Terry was sharply dressed at the dinner.

Shatter

/'J:tgr/ la��j;��;;bJ Under the wa-

ter: We had an underwater swimming race from

[adjective]

/An'ftcJ.'n.g.b\/

Not fash-

clothes. They're so unfashionable.

unfasten

/An'faes.gn/

[verb]

To undo, to make loose

f +underwear /'An-dgr,wegr/ [unc��:�ble] Clothes that this knot for me? It is very tight. you wear next to your skin under your other unfit /An'ftt/ [adjecti"] 1 Not healthy or strong: The g clothes: Here are the clean clothes: jeans and doctor told my dad that he was unfit and that he one end of the pool to the other.

h

something that was fastened: Can you unfasten

shirts in this basket and underwear in the other. •

should do more exercise. 2 Not good enough for

The same meaning: "underclothes".

something: The inspectors said that the old bui/d-

unfasten something: Help me to undo my shoelac-

mom has been very unfortunate recently. First she

ing was unfit to be used as a school. undid /An'drd/ Past tense of undo. +undo, undid, undone /An'clu:/ [verb] To untie or +unfortunate /An'br-t.fg.ngt/ [adjective] es, please. J undone /An'dAn/ Past participle of undo. undoubtedly /An'dmJ-!td-li/ [adjective] Without k

l m

n 0

P

lost her job and then she had a car accident.

+unfriendly a

doubt: Michelle is undoubtedly the best tennis

player we have ever had in this school.• Be careful with the pronunciation of this word. The "b" is silent and the "e" is pronounced like the "i" in "did".

undress

[verb]

/An'dres/

To take your clothes off: I

undressed and got in the bathtub. • The same meaning: "strip'". • Be careful with the spelling of the 3rd person singular present tense form: "undresses".

uneasily

/An'i:.zr.li/

[adverb]

Showing that you are

worried: We waited uneasily while the teacher went

to fetch the principal.

q Uneasy r s

t

[adjective]

/An'frcnd.li/

W X

y z

[adjective]

Not friendly: Mark

is a very unfriendly person. He hardly ever smiles.

ungrateful

/An'grcrt.f'l/

[adjective]

Not grateful: It

was very ungrateful of you not to say "Thank you" for the present.

+unhappiness /An'haep.r.ngs/ 1unc��:�able] The state of

being unhappy: Can you explain the reason for

your unhappiness?

+unhappy /An'haep.i/ [adjective] Sad, not satisfied: Stu-

art says that he was very unhappy at his last school. •The comparative form is "unhappier" and the superlative form is "unhappiest".

unhealthy /An'hel.fli/ [adjective] 1 Not healthy: Elaine looks very unhealthy these days. She's very pale

Worried; a little afraid:

and thin. 2 Not good for you: Too many potato

Mom and dad always get uneasy when we come

chips and candies are unhealthy for you. • The

/An'i:.zi/

home late.

+unemployed /,An.rm'pbrcl/ [adjective] Without a paid job: James lost his job last March and has been un-

employed ever since.• Be careful with the pronunciation of the end of this word. The last "e" is not pro-

comparative form is "unhealthier" and the superlative form is "unhealthiest".

Unhelpful

/An'help.M/

[adjective]

Not helpful: The in-

structions for this computer are very unhelpful.

unicellular

/,ju-ng'seJ-jg.[gr/

[adjecti,.]

Referring to

nouneed.

an organism, that only has one cell: An amoeba is

of unemployed: The unemployment figures have

clothing that members of a group institution

gone up a lot in this town over the past year.

wear: Our school uniform is a gray skirt or pants

_,.+unemployment /,An.1m'pb1.mgnt/ [unc��:�able] The unicellular. � state of not having a paid job, the totally number +uniform /'.iu-ng,brm/ v

Unlucky: My

uneven

/An'i:.v'n/

[adjective]

Not level, not regular:

The ground is very uneven in this part of the back-

Specially

designed

and a blue sweater.

+unimportant

/,An-rm'p:>r-tg.nt/

[adjective]

Not impor-

tant, of little importance: Don't worry about the

yard.

+unexpected

[noun]

/,An.1k'spek.ttd/

[adjective]

Not expected,

surprising: The test results were totally unexpect-

ed. We all thought we would pass.• Be careful with

type of paper you use, that's quite unimportant for the moment.

uninhabited

/,An.m'ha:h.1.ttd/ us: /-\id/

[adject1,.]

the pronunciation of the end of this word. The last

Without people living there: Some of the small

"e" is pronounced like the "i" in "did".

islands off the coast of Alaska are totally unin-

unsteady

395

habited.• Be careful with the pronunciation of the end of this word. The "e" is pronounced like the "i" in "did".

uninteresting

/An'm.tgr.es.t1Q/

us:

/-ta'--/

unlikely

/An'lm.kli/

[adjective]

Not probable: It's un-

likely that our team will beat Chicago Bulls, but you never know.

[adjective] +unload

/An'laud/

To take things out of a car,

[vecb]

Not interesting: That book is really uninteresting,

boat or other vehicle: Can you help me unload the

isn't it?

van, please?

+union

/'ju:.ni.gn/ [noun] 1 An association of workers: My dad is the representative of his department in

the National Union of Teachers. • We also say "trade union". 2 A group of countries or people

unlock

/An'luk/

To open something with a

[verb]

key: I've lost the key of my suitcase and now I can't

unlock it.

unlucky

/An'lAk.i/ [adjective] Not lucky, with bad luck:

that get together: My sister belongs to the Women's

We were very unlucky to lose the game. We were the

Union that meets once a week. 3 Coming together:

better team.

The union of the girls' school with the boys' school

unmarried

/An'ma:r-id/, /-'mear-/

Union Jack ['0���nb le]

The British flag: The Union

unnatural

/An'na:t.f-ar·al/

[adjective]

son never to have any friends.

unnecessary [adjeclive]

Not like anybody or any-

thing: This painting is quite unique in its style.

+unit

/'ju:.mt/

[ co���anble] 1

One thing which is com-

/AB'nes.a.ser.i/

[adjective]

Not neces-

school trip.

unpack

/An'pa:k/

[verb]

To take your things out of

plete in itself, although very often part of a se-

your suitcase or bag after a trip: When you've un-

packed, come down and have something to eat.

divided into 10 units. 2 A measurement: A "dollar" +unpleasant /AB'plcz.':nt/ [adjeclive] Not pleasant, una "pound" is a unit of weight.

+unite

/ju'nait, ju:-/

[verb]

Texas and United States united in 1845.

universal

/,ju-na'v3r-sal/

[adjective]

Unpopular

unreasonable

/'ju-na,v3rs/

[noun]

The earth, the planets

and all the stars: My uncle is an astronomer and

/,ju-na'v3r·sJ-!i/

[noon]

A place of higher

education: I would like to study Biology at univer-

unkind

/An'kamd/ [adjective] Not kind, cruel: I don't like Susan very much. She's very unkind sometimes. /AB'noun/

[adjeclive]

Not known: The paint-

Not containing lead: Our car

[adjective]

Not reason-

/,An.n'la1a.bl/

[adjective]

Not

reliable:

Frank is very unreliable. You can never trust him to do anything. /An'se1f/

[adjective]

Not safe, not dangerous:

That bicycle is unsafe because the brakes don't work very well. /,an·sa:\·as'fa:k·ta·ri/

[adjective]

satisfactory, not acceptable: You work is most un-

unscramble /An'sknern.b// [verb] To return to a legito unscramble the message to find out what it says. /An'scl.f1J/

[adjective]

Not selfish, thinking

If... not; except if: Unless

of others before yourself: My mother is a very un-

you start studying for your test now, you'll never

selfish person and is always doing things for others.

[conjunction]

unskilled

pass it.

+unlike1

[adjective]

Not

like

something,

different

from: This school is unlike my last one.

unliln/

[noun]

1 A period of time to

rest from work or school: Last year, we spent our summer vacation in Asia. • In this use, in British English we say "holiday". • When we speak about a short period we normally say "holidays": "national holidays". 2 on vacation Not at work or at school:

Hurray! We're on vacation next week!• In this use, in British English we say "on holiday".

vaccinate

/'vaek.sr.nert/

[verb] To give

somebody an

injection to protect them against disease: We were vaccinated against yellow fever before we went on safari to Africa.

vaccination

/,va:k.s1'ne1.J'n/

[noon] An injection giv­

en to somebody to protect them against disease: My grandma is going to have her flu vaccination to­ day.

vaccine

[""'��:�able]

/'vaek.si:n/

A substance with a

harmless amount from a virus or bacteria, that is given to people to stop them from getting a cer­ tain disease: Vaccines can be given orally or by in­ jection.

VaCUUm1

/'vaekjn:m/

['0��;anble]

A completely empty

space: Outer space is not a vacuum, it contains a very small amount of material.

vacuum2

/'vaekju:m/

[ver b]

To clean with a vacuum

cleaner: He has vacuumed the whole house. • In British English they say "hoover".

vacuum cleaner ['0��;':1e] A machine that cleans floors by sucking up the dirt: I quite like cleaning with the vacuum cleaner. • In British English they say "hoover".

vacuum flask [co���nb1']

A special kind of bottle

that keeps drinks hot or cold: We'll take the vacu­ um flask with us on the picnic.

vagina

/vg'd3a1.ng/

[co��;anb1']

The canal connecting

the uterus and the vulva: The vagina functions as the birth canal. ® See page 425.

vague a

b c

d e

400

vague

/vc1g/

Not clear: I only have a vague

learn my vocabulary. There were too many words.

valentine card

lco:�;anble] Card sent to

valentine

or

0

p q

u

lco:�;anble]

Low land between two or

more hills: To get to the next town, you have to /'va;l.ju.bl/

[adiecti,,]

1 Worth a lot of man-

y z

/'ver.pgr/ US: /-pO'-/

[""'��:�able]

See vapor. •

This is a British English spelling.

variation /,vegr-i'e1-Jgn/, /,vaer-/ [co:�;';1e] 1 A change that you all know the basic steps, let's introduce

ey: My dad collects stamps and he's got some quite

some variations. 2 Fluctuation: There was a great

valuable ones. 2 Very useful: The police received

variation in the price of gasoline this year. •We say

some very valuable information about the crime

"variation in or of something". 3 Any one of several

+value1

/'vaelju:/

[noun]

melodies based on a principal melody in a piece

1 The money that something

is worth: It is impossible to calculate the value of

the Yosemite National Park. 2 How much some-

of music: Bach's Goldberg variations consists of 30

variations on a theme.

+variety

/vg'rm·J-!i/

[noun]

1 Different things: They

thing is worth or how useful it is: A good tele-

have a great variety in the new clothes store. • In

scope is of great value to anybody. 3 good value

this use "variety" is an uncountable noun. 2 A par-

Good for the price: I got this dress in the sales. It

ticular group of different things: You can get

was really good value.

these jeans in a great variety of colors. 3 A type of

value2

/'vaelju:/

[verb]

1 To think that something is

important: I value your friendship enormously. 2 To say how much something would cost: The

painting has been valued at $2,000,000. •Be careful with the spelling of this form: "valuing".

Valve

/va;lv/

[co:�;a;le] A

device that opens or closes

to control liquid or gas: I can't inflate my bicycle

tire because there's something wrong with the valve.

vampire

/'vaem-pam/

[co:�;anb1e]

A mythical person

who drinks people's blood: Count Dracula is the /va;n/

[co:�;';1e] A

vehicle that is used for trans-

/'va;ncigJ/

lco:�;a;1e]

+various /'vegr-i-gs/, /'vaer-/ [adiecti"] Several different: There are various types of sweet dishes on the menu.

+vary

US:

/'vcr.i/ UK: /'vcg.ri/

[verb]

To change: You

should call the airport the day before your flight because flight times can vary. • Be careful with the spelling of these forms: "varies", "varied".

vas lco:�;abn 1e] An anatomical vessel or duct that conral is "vasa".

vas deferens lco:��bn le]

Either one of two vessels

which links the testicles to the urethra: The vasa

van. ® See picture at transport.

vandal

something: There are a lot of varieties of roses. • The plural is "varieties".

tains a fluid: Blood flows through vasa. •The plu-

most famous vampire ever.

Somebody who deliber-

deferentia take sperm from the testicles to the ure-

ately breaks or damages things in public places:

thra during ejaculation.• The plural is "vasa defer-

The vandals destroyed the bus stop.

entia".

vandalism

/'va:n.d01.1.z0m/

[""'��:�able]

Damage done

to people's property for no particular reason:

There is a lot of vandalism in our area these days.

x

ge 438.

vapour

from the usual condition, process or way: Now

cross the valley.

- Vane w

A gas form of a liquid,

•The British English spelling is "vapour".® See pa-

porting things: My uncle has just bought a new

t

[""'��:�able]

somebody you love on Febru-

next week on February 14th.

r +van s

f've1.pgr/

usually caused by heating: Mist is a kind of vapor.

ary 14th: I hope to get at least one valentine card /'vael.i/

vanity is incredible.• The plural is "vanities".

vapor

/'va;J.gn.tam/

from an anonymous phone call.

n

To disappear suddenly: The

self: Stop looking at yourself in the mirror. Your

[adjective]

class. 2 in vain Without success: I tried in vain to

+valuable

m

[verb]

vanity /'vaen-qi/ [""��:�able] Being too proud of your-

g

l

/'va;11.1J/

food at the children's party vanished in minutes.

1 Very proud of yourself: Kevin

/vem/

+valley

J k

vanish

is so vain. He thinks he's the prettiest boy in the

vain

f h

[aciiecti,,]

memory of my grandmother.

/vcm/

[co:��a;le]

1 An object put on top of a

building which turns to show wind direction: The

vane indicates that the wind is coming from the north today. 2 The blade attached to a rotating

vase

US:

/veis/ UK: /vu:z/

['0:�;anble]

A container that

you put flowers in: There was a lovely vase of flow-

ers on the table.

+vast

US:

/va;st/ UK: /vu:st/

[aciiect1,,] Enormous:

The Sa-

hara is a vast desert in North Africa.

VAT

/,vi:.e1'ti:, vaet/

[un '��:�able]

A kind of tax: Is VAT

included in the bill?• Be careful! "VAT" is always

wheel: Aircraft propellers and electric fans have

written in capital letters. "VAT" is an abbreviation for

vanes.

"Value Added Tax".

vanilla

/vg'mJ.g/

["n c��:�able]

A plant that is used to

VCR

/'vi,si'ur/

1co:��anble]

See video cassette recorder.

give a special taste to sweet food: Can I have a va-

• Be careful! "VCR" is always written in capital let-

nil/a ice cream, please?

ters. •See box at abbreviations.

vertically

401

've /-v, -gv/ The contraction of "have". veal /vi:!/ [""'����able] The meat from a

of the body as a result of the pumping action: young cow:

Shall we have some veal for dinner tonight?• Com­

[co��;a"ble]

right.

Venus

pare with "calf" (a young cow).

+vegetable

The human heart has two ventricles, left and /'vi:ngs/

['0:��'�1e]

A planet of the solar sys­

A plant that peo­

tem that is second in order from the Sun: After

ple eat: We had vegetable soup for lunch yesterday.

the Sun and the Moon, Venus is the brightest object

/'ved3.tg.h]/

•Be careful with the pronunciation of this word! The second "e" is not pronounced.® See page 437.

vegetarian

[co��;anble]

in the night sky.® See page 446.

verandah

/va'ra:n.da/

[co��;anble]

A large, open area

a

b c

d

person

on the side of a house with a roof but no wall: We

who does not eat meat: Paul and Rita are vegetar­

sat on the verandah and talked until three in the

ians so we can't do chicken for dinner.

morning.

A collective

+verb US: /v�:h/ UK: /v3:h/ [co���anble] 1 A word that tells

f

name for plant life: The vegetation of the Amazon

us what somebody or something does: "go", "tell",

g

vegetation

/,veci3-r'tegr-i-gn/

/,ved31'te1Jgn/

n [ u c��:�able]

A

"look" and "run" are all verbs. 2 auxiliary verb

rainforest is very diverse.

+vehicle

/'vi:.r.k!/

['0:��nble]

Something that carries

things or people from one place to another: It is

forbidden for any vehicle to go into the town center.

veil

/verl/

['0���nb1e] A

covering over a woman's face

and head: In some Muslim countries women wear a

veil over their head when they go out.

vein

/vcm/

[co��;anb1e]

One of the tubes in the body

that carries blood, that appear to be blue in color:

Veins carry blood from different parts of the body to

verb.

verbal

/'v3r·bal/

[adjecti"]

dent was given a verbal warning. 2 Referring to a verb: a verbal phrase.

verdict

/'v3r-d1kt/

[co��;anb1e]

A decision taken by a

jury in a court of law: The jury's verdict was that

the prisoner was guilty.

Verse

US:

/n:s/

/v3:s/

UK:

[ noun]

1 Poetry: Shake­

thick materi­

of lines forming a part of a song or a poem: I

al: My grandma has some beautiful dark red velvet

know the first verse of the song. Does anybody know

drapes in her living room.

the second?

vena Cava /,vi:.ng'ker.vg/ [co:�;anb1e] One of two veins +version which carry deoxygenated blood back to the

/'v3r.3an/

[co���anble]

1 A different form of

something made or performed by somebody: My

heart: The heart is supplied by two vena cavae,

brother belongs to a pop group and they sing their

that bring blood from the top and the bottom part

own versions of popular hits. 2 A personal view of

of the body.• The plural is also "vena cavae".

something: Bert and Ernie have had an argument.

Venezuelan1 [adjecti,,] Referring to Venezuela:

Ca­

racas is the Venezuelan capital.• Be careful! "Ven­ ezuelan" has a capital "V".

Venezuelan2 [co��;a"ble]

A person from Venezuela:

Bert has told me his version but I haven't heard Ernie's yet.

versus

/'v3r-sgs/

[pre position]

Against: Did you see the

basketball match last night? White Sox versus Chi­

The chef of this restaurant is a Venezuelan. • Be

cago Cubs. • "v." and "vs." are abbreviations for

careful! "Venezuelan" has a capital "V".

"versus", but "vs." is only used in written language.

vengeance

/'ven.d3'nts/

[unc��:�able]

A punishment

you give to somebody for harm done to you: The

vertebra

/'V3f·!g-brg/

[co��;anble] Any of the segments

of the backbone: The human backbone is usually

film was about a man who took vengeance on a pol-

made up of 33 vertebrae, but only 24 are movable.

itician for the death of his wife.• Be careful! We say:

•The plura 1 is "vertebras" or "vertebrae". ®See pa-

" to take vengeance on (somebody)".

ge 422.

vent /vent/ [co���anb1e] 1 A small opening which gas or vertebrate /'v3r-tg-brnt/ [co:�;anb1'] A creature with a liquid to pass or leave: Keep the vent open so that

backbone: Vertebrates make up only 5% of all spe-

the smoke can go out. 2 air vent Ducts used in

cies found on Earth. •Compare with "invertebrate"

heating, air conditioning or ventilation to deliver

(a creature without a backbone).® See page 427.

and remove air: Cars are usually provided with air

ventilate

/'ven-tg.J,e1t/

[,ecb] To

let fresh air into a

place: Open the window; let's ventilate the class-

room.

ventricle

+vertical

/'v3r·!J·bl/

[adjecti,,]

Going straight up and

down: To get two points in football, you have to

vents.

/'vcn.tn.kl/

[co��;anble]

kick the ball between the two vertical posts.

vertically [admb]

That is done in a vertical posi-

tion or direction: Helicopters can take off vertica1Either one of two

spaces in the heart that move blood to the rest

h

1 That is spoken: The stu­

speare wrote much of his work in verse. 2 A group

the heart.

velvet /'vel.vrt/ [""'��:�able] A very soft,

See auxiliary verb. 3 phrasal verb See phrasal

e

ly. •Compare with "horizontally" (in a parallel position to the horizon).

J k l m

n 0

p q r s

t u

w x

y z

very

402

a +very1

b c

d e

f

/'vcri/

[adverb] A word that you use to make an- victorious

/v1kbr-i·gs/, /-'tour-/

[adjee1i"]

Winning:

The victorious team wins the Super Bowl. She's taller than my father.• The comparative form +victory /'v1k·tg.ri/, /-tri/ [noun] A win: Her victory in other word stronger: My sister Diane is very tall.

is more and the superlative form is most.• See box

the judo competition was no surprise. •The plural

at fairly.

is "victories".

very2

/'veri/

[adjee1i"]

The same or exact: You are the

very person I wanted to talk to. • We usually say 11exact11•

vesicle ['0:��nbte]

A small sac or cavity, especially

one that is filled with fluid: Vesicles are found in

/'ves.'1/

['°:�;':1e] 1

/'vrd·i,ou/

[noon] 1

A movie on tape: I got a

great video for my birthday. 2 See video cassette

recorder.

videocassette ['0:��nbte]

A tape where programs

and movies can be recorded: I erased the video­

cassette before I recorded the concert. • The same

plants and animals.

vessel

+video

A hollow container for

meaning: "videotape'".

video cassette recorder l'°:�;anbtel A

g

liquid: Coffee is drunk from a vessel such as a cup.

h

and arteries are blood vessels. 3 A ship or boat:

We set the video cassette recorder to record the film

The vessel sets sail at six o'clock.• Be careful with

at seven o'clock.• "VCR" is an abbreviation for "vid­

the pronunciation of this word! "el" is pronounced

eo cassette recorder". • We also say "video" and

2 A tube in the body that contains liquid: Veins

"video recorder".

like "le" in "little".

J k l m

n 0

p q r s

t u

w x

vest

['°:��nbte] 1

/vest/

machine

that records and plays back television programs:

See undershirt. • This use is

video game l'°:�;anbtel A

game you play on a TV,

British English. 2 A piece of clothing without

using a special machine: I've asked my mom to get

sleeves that you can wear under your jacket: My

me the video game that we were talking about the

new suit consists of a jacket, a vest and pants of the same material. • In this use, in British English we say "waistcoat".

other day.

video recorder l'°:��a:1e]

See video cassette re-

corder.

vet /vet/ ['0:��nbte] See veteran.• This word is informal. videotape1 /'v1digute1p/ [noun] A tape veteran /'vetgrgn/ l'°:��nbte] 1 Somebody with a lot grams and movies can be recorded: of experience: The new President is a veteran poli-

where pro-

We need to

get some more videotapes if we're going to record

tician. 2 A former member of the armed forces:

all the movies. • The same meaning: "videocas-

November 11th is the Veterans Day in memory of

sette".

the end of World Wars.• "Vet" is short for "veteran".

veterinary

vet /vet/ ['°:��':1e] A doctor for ani-

0r

mals: We took our cat to the vet because she hadn't

/vaig, 'vi:.g/

[preposition]

Through, by way of: The

train from Boston to Chicago goes via Cleveland.

vibrate

I videotaped yesterday's edition of the series.

+view

/vju:/

['0:��nbte] 1 What you can see from a cer-

tain place: The view from our hotel room is marvel-

eaten for days.

+via

videotape2 [verb] To record a television program:

/va1'hre1t/

[,,rb ]

To shake very quickly: My

ous. 2 An opinion: My grandpa is always giving his views on everything that he sees on television. 3

in view of Considering: In view of the bad weather

grandma's house is so near the railway station that

we have decided to suspend the game. 4 on view

the windows vibrate when a train goes by.

Where everyone can see: A number of old photo-

vibration

/vai'brer..f'n/

[noun]

A continuous, shak-

ing movement: The soldiers could feel the vibra-

tions from the explosion.

vicar /'v1k.gr/ US: /-:Y./ l'°:��anbte] A priest of the Church of England: Have you met the new vicar yet? My

mom says he's very nice.

vice

/vars/

l'°:�;a:ie] A bad habit:

Smoking and drink-

ing too much are vices.

vice- [prefix] A word that goes before a title to show that somebody is second in importance: My dad is

the vicepresident of the town chess club.

vicious

/'v1J.gs/

[adjective]

Cruel and bad tempered:

Be careful with that dog. He is vicious.

graphs of our town are on view at the local art gallery.

viewer

f'vju.gr/

l'°:��anbte]

A television spectator:

Good evening, viewers, and welcome to our program.

vignette

/v1'njct/

['°:��a:ie] A

brief episode of writ-

ing or section of a movie that gives a picture of something: The book is composed of a series of vi-

gnettes about frontier life. /'v1g.gr.gs/ [adjective] Active and strong: My

vigorous

grandpa is seventy-eight but he still does quite vigorous exercise every morning.

Viking

/'va1.k1u/

['°:�;anb1']

A person of a race that

Y

+victim f'v1k.t1m/ lco:�;anb1'] A person who suffers from

z

the action of somebody or something: The victims

turies:

of the bomb attack are being treated in hospital.

boats.• Be careful! "Viking" has a capital "V".

lived in Scandinavia from the 8th to the 11th cen-

The Vikings were famous for their long

vitamin

403

villa

l'°:��nble]

/'vrl.a/

A vacation house: My aunt

play: I play the violin in the school orchestra.

owns a villa in Montreal.

®See page 458.

try where people live: My young cousin goes to a

the violin: Yehudi Menuhin was a world-famous vi-

+village /'vrl.rd3/ ['0:��nble] A small place in the coun- violinist village school. •Be careful with the pronunciation of this word. The last "a" is pronounced like the "i" in "did".@> See page 445.

villager

/'vrl·r·d3ar/

l'°:��nble] A

person who lives in

a village: All the villagers were invited to the brother's wedding.

villain

l'°:�;a: ie]

['0:��nble] A

/,vaig'Jm.rst/

person who plays

olinist.

violoncello ['0:�;anble] See cello. VIP /,vi:.ai'pi:/ l'°:�;anble] An abbreviation

for "very

careful! "VIP" is always written in capital letters. /'varrgl/

[adjective]

1 Relating to, or caused by, a

1 The bad character in a

virus: He is not going to school today because he

play or a movie: I play the part of the villain in the

has a viral infection. 2 Quickly and widely spread

school play. 2 A criminal: The villains who robbed

or popularized in the internet, through video

/'vrbn/

the bank were caught as they tried to get away. •

sharing websites, social media or e-mail: Have

This use is informal.

you seen the viral video of the boy who dances all

vine

/vam/

['0:�;anble] The plant that grapes grow on:

My mom has planted a vine in a warm part of our yard.

vinegar

/'vm-r-ggr/

n 1uc��:�able]

over the world?

virgin

/'v3r-d3an/

[adjecti"]

Virgo

US: /'v3-:.gou/ UK: /'v3:.gau/

[nou]n A

and September 24th, you're a Virgo. • Be careful.

vineyard /'vm-jard/ l'°:�;anble] A place where a

lot of

vines are grown: We saw lots of vineyards when we

"Virgo" has a capital "V".

virtue

l'°:�;anble] A good quality:

/'v3r·tJu/

Patience is

one of my mother's virtues.

went to California. A fine wine that was

+virus

['0:�;anb1']

/'vm-ras/

A very small living thing

made in a particular year: This is a bottle of the

that can give you a disease: My sister had a virus

1973 vintage.

last year and had to stay in bed for three weeks. •

vintage2

/'vmtrd3/

[adjecHve]

1 Of very high quality:

This actress gave a vintage performance as Lady Macbeth. 2 When talking about a car, that was

The plural is "viruses". Be careful with the pronunciation of this word! "vi" rhymes with "my".

visa

/'vi:.za/

l'°:�;anble]

Special permission that you

made between 1919 and 1930: My grandpa still

need to visit certain countries: Do you need a visa

has a vintage car.

to go to America?

similar to a violin but is slightly larger: The viola

clear day the lighthouse is visible from miles away.

viola /vi'gula/ l'°:�;anb1'] A musical instrument that is +visible has a lower pitch than the violin.@> See page 458.

+violence

/'va1a.l'nts/

n [uc��:�able]

Aggressive

and

+vision

/'vrz.r.hl/

/'vr3.'n/

[adjective]

[noun]

That you can see: On a

1 Sight: Kitty had an accident

last year which damaged her vision. 2 A dream: I

harmful behavior: There's a lot of violence in some

have this vision of us all living in the country one

areas of New York.• Be careful with the pronuncia-

day.

tion of this word! "vi" rhymes with "my".

+violent

/'vara.l'nt/

[adjective] Aggressive and harmful:

Some of the soccer fans got violent at the end of the game. • Be careful with the pronunciation of this word! "vi" rhymes with "my".•Compare with "peace-

ful" ( without violence ) .

violently

[adverb]

1

with

violence:

He

slammed the door violently. 2 Extremely, very strongly: She is violently opposed to the idea.

violet1 1::1;,f;::J A pale purple color: new violet top?

violet2

/'va1alat/

l'°:�;anble]

Do you like my

A small purple flower: I

bought my mom a violet on my way home from school.

violin

/,vadlm/

+visit1

/'vrzrt/

['0:�;anble]

Visiting a person or a place:

We went to give Mr. Jones a visit in hospital.

visit2

/'vrzrt/

[verb]

To go and see a person or a

place: Have you ever visited New York?

+visitor /'v1z-qar/ ['°:�;a:ie] A person who is visiting: Visitors are requested not to take photographs in-

Done

l'°:�;anble]

f g h

sign of the

salad.

l":��nb1']

e

used: There's still a lot of virgin land in Australia.

A liquid with a very

zodiac: If your birthday is between August 23rd

/'vmtrcl3/

d

That has not yet been

sour taste: I love a lot of salt and vinegar on my

vintage1

b c

important person": This area is for VIP's only.• Be

viral

a

A musical instrument

made of wood that you put on your shoulder to

side the church.

visual

/'v13.u.al/

[adjective]

Referring to sight: The vi-

sual arts are those that you can look at: painting, sculpture, the movies and so on.

+vital

/'vaqa-1/

[adjective]

Very important: The detec-

tive discovered a vital piece of information that helped him to solve the crime.

vitamin

/'vm-ta-mm/

in food that a

['0:�;anble]

One of the elements

person needs to live: Fruit and veg-

etables contain lots of vitamins.

J k l m n 0

p q r s

t u

w x

y z

viviparous a

b C

d e

f g h

404

viviparous

/v1'v1p.gr.gs/ US: /-CY-/

[adjective]

Giving

to the theater is voluntary. 2 Done for no pay: My

body of the mother: Mammals are all viviparous.•

mom does voluntary work for the Red Cross.

Compare with "oviparous" (born from an egg outside the mother).® See page 427.

+vocabulary

/voo'ka:h-jg,Jer-i/

1 Words: To­

morrow we've got an English vocabulary test. 2 All

m

n 0

volunteer to take these books to the library, please?

Vomit

US: /'vu:.1mt/ UK: /'vom.tt/

[verb]

To bring up

the words that you know: Jeremy has got a marvel­

food through your mouth: After supper I felt ill

ous vocabulary considering that he is only nine. •

and began to vomit. •The same meaning: "to be sick", "to throw up".

The plural is "vocabularies".

vocal

/'vou-bl/

[adjective]

1 Referring to the voice: To

+vote1

lco:�;a�te]

/vgut/

1

Choosing

somebody

or

learn to sing you need a vocal coach. 2 Active in

something by voting: We had a vote to decide

expressing an opinion: Linda is very vocal in her

where to go on the school trip. 2 A choice by vot­

opposition to the planned power station.

+voice

/v31s/

l":��nbte]

ing: There were ten votes in favor of Jack and thir­

The sounds that you make

when you speak or sing: Olga has got a beautiful

volcanic /val'ka:n-1k/, /v�l-/ [adjective] Referring to vol­

l

VOlUnteer US: /,vu:.fan'ttr/ UK: /,voJ.gn't1g'/ [co:��nbte] A person who offers to do something: Can I have a

[noon]

singing voice.

J k

Done because somebody wants to do it: The visit

birth to live young that have developed inside the

teen in favor of Ruth.

vote2

/vgut/

[verb]

To choose somebody or some­

thing by raising your hand or putting a piece of paper in a box: We voted for our class representa­

canoes, or to their action or presence: These rock

tive today at school.• Be careful with the spelling of

formations are the result of volcanic action.

this form: "voting".

VOlcanO

US: /vo:l'kc1.nou/ UK: /vol'kc1.ngu/

[co:�;a�te] A

hole where very hot rock comes out: The volca­

noes of the United States are located along the West Coast. •Be careful with the pronunciation of this word! "ca" rhymes with "day". • The plural is "volcanoes".

VOlleyball

US: /'vo:.li.ho:I/ UK: /'vol.i.h�:I/

n [" c��:�able]

A game in which you hit a ball over a net with your hands: I've been chosen for the school volley­

ball team!® See picture at sport.

VOlt

US: /vault/ UK: /volt/

[co:�;a�te] A measure of

vowel /vauglf [co:�;a"bte] One of the written or spoken

letters, "a", "e", "i", "o", "u": The English alphabet

has twenty-one consonants and five vowels.

voyage

f'v31.1d3/

['0:��nbte] A journey usually by sea

or in space: A voyage from New York to Liverpool

used to take weeks.• Be careful with the pronuncia­ tion of this word. The "a" is pronounced like the "i" in 11did 11•

VS.

A written abbreviation for versus. •See box at

abbreviations.

elec­

tricity: The current here is 220 volts.

vulture

/'vAl·tJgr/

l":�;anble]

A large bird that eats

the flesh of dead animals: Vultures are very grace­

P

+volume /'vaJ-jgm/, /-jum/ [""'��:�able] 1 The amount of

q

ume of this barrel? 2 The amount of sound made

male reproductive system: The vulva is the exter­

by something: Turn the volume up, please. I can't

nal opening of the vagina and has a double set of

r s

t u

w x

y z

space that something occupies: What is the vol­

hear the music. •See box at abbreviations.

Voluntary

US: /'vo:.l'n.tcr.i/ UK: /'vobn.tri/

ful flyers.

vulva

/'vAJ.vg/

1co:��a�le] The external part of

the fe­

lips.• The plural is "vulvas" or "vulvae".® See pa­

[adjective] 1

ge 425.

W /'ciAb.).ju:/ The twenty-third letter of the alpha­ bet: The name "Wendy" begins with a "W".

wade

/werd/

[verb] To

walk through water: This is

the only point where you can wade across the river.

wafer

[co:�;,:1•]

/'we1-for/

Thin sweet cookie eaten

with ice cream: Jenny says the best bit of the ice cream is the wafer.

w

wag

[verb]

/wa:g/

To move something from side to

side: Dogs wag their tails when they're playing. • Be careful with the spelling of these forms: "wagged", "wagging".

wage

or

wages

/we1d3/

[noon]

The money that a

person receives for every week or day he or she works: I'll pay you back on Friday, when I get my wages.• This word is more common in the plural.• Compare with "salary" (the money that a person re­ ceives every month, usually for professional or office work ) . wagon

/'w;x,g.an/

[co:�;anb1']

1 A vehicle pulled by a

horse: Wagons are very useful on farms for carry­ ing heavy loads. 2 See freight car. • This use is British English.

wail

/'vAl.va/

[verb]

To make a long sad noise: The

girl started wailing when she realized that she was lost.

+waist

/werst/

['°:��:1•]

The narrow part of the body

just above the hips: She took my waist measure­ ment so that she could make me a skirt. ® See pa­

ge 421.

waistcoat

['°:��'�1e]

/'wc1st.but/

See vest. • This

word is British English.

wait1

/wert/

[""'����able] The act of being in one place

until somebody arrives or something happens: The class had a long wait until they opened the mu­ seum.

+wait2

/wc1t/

[verb] To

stay in one place until some­

body arrives or something happens: I'm waiting for Louise. We're going to the movies.

+waiter

/'wcqar/

['°:�;anb1']

A man who takes drinks

or food to people in a restaurant or a bar: The waiter brought us two ice creams.•a woman who takes drinks or food to people is a "waitress". • Be careful! We say: "He is

a

waiter". ( We don't say: "He

is waiter") .

waiting-room [co��;anb1']

A place where people

wait for an appointment or for trains, buses and so on: There were only two people in Dr. Norton's waiting-room.

waitress

/'we1.tras/

['0��;anb1e]

A woman who takes

drinks or food to people in a restaurant or a bar: We sat down at a table and asked the waitress for a menu.• The plural is "waitresses". A man who takes drinks or food to people is a "waiter".

wake

406

a +wal