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COMPLEMENTATION OF VERBS AND ADJECTIVES - exercises1. Indicate the syntactic function and the semantic role of the highlighted clause elements below: 1 It feels cold today. 2 The cold affects me badly. 3 The cold killed the trees. 4 It is turning quite cold. 5 The bell rang loudly. 6 I heard it ring, too. 7 You’ve got brains. 8 Use your brains. 9 She lay in his arm. 10 We found the house empty. 11 They left the house empty. 12 I don’t like toast burnt. 13 I had those books burnt. 14 Who owns this hat? 15 The table is shaking. 16 Who is shaking it? 17 We laid him on the sofa. 18 We made him some tea. 19 These shoes cut my feet. 20 I’ll give you the answer.

2. Identify the semantic role of clause elements (S, O, C) in the sentences below: 1 The Prime Minister was criticized by many MPs. 2 This box contains matches. 3 Brenda is her roommate. 4 How much did you pay him? 5 The dinner is cooking. 6 My axe has felled the tree. 7 Tomorrow will be sunny and warm. 8 His wife made him a cake. 9 Martha was a good student. 10 It's two o’clock. 11 The hammer smashed the window. 12 John cut the bread with a knife. 13 My roof is leaking water. 14 The book is on the table. 15 Hurricanes devastated the region.

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16 The bag holds seven pounds. 17 The meeting is at six o’clock. 18 I’m tasting the soup. 19 I liked the movie. 20 The driver turned the corner too quickly. 21 It’s freezing outside. 22 There is some beer in the refrigerator. 23 The tunnel was seeping water from its roof. 24 My guitar broke a string. 25 Will you call me a taxi? 26 John jumped from the table. 27 John fell down. 28 The heat suffocated him. 29 He teaches them linguistics. 30 The new manager has made many workers redundant. 31 The apple fell from the tree. 32 The President has sent the White House a message. 33 The wind blew the papers from the table. 34 The enemy surrounded the city. 35 John is easy to please. 36 This pan fries three steaks. 37 Mary was scared by the dog. 38 He died a miserable death. 39 Give the car a push! 40 He is lying on the floor. 41 When is the wedding? 42 Zagreb is the capital of Croatia. 43 The play appealed to me. 44 I have a headache. 45 Let’s pay them a visit. 46 I thought you were mistaken. 47 Who invented the telephone? 48 I can taste salt in this soup. 49 He received a letter from his wife. 50 Give me a kiss. 51 Which song did you sing? 52 The path is swarming with ants. 53 I’m cold. 54 The helicopter crash killed five people. 55 This knife cuts everything. 56 Aren’t you tired? 57 Shall we buy them an expensive present? 58 This soup tasted good. 59 The police held him against his will. 60 She holds a British passport. 61 The bridge blew up. 62 I disliked this sort of exercise.

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3.

Active-passive correspondence. Give the passive transformation of the following sentences if possible, supplying the by-phrase only if it contains relevant and essential information. If the passive is impossible specify the constraint.

1 The management has almost completely changed the arrangement of food at the supermarket. 2 People still speak Gaelic in some parts of Scotland. 3 Motorists have not yet used the new section of the motorway. 4 The rules of the League promoted the club to the First Division at the end of the season. 5 Workmen have expertly laid our new carpet. 6 Anyone may justly criticize teachers if they do not listen to their students. 7 Mechanics should be servicing my car this week. 8 Someone must have stolen your fur coat. 9 Someone ought to have reported it to the police. 10 Decorators will have painted the walls white by the time you come here again. 11 Something or other thoroughly disorientates many long-distance jet travelers by the time they reach their destination. 12 That boy’s calculating ability would dumbfound the average person. 13 Bored-looking dancing-girls were titillating the tired businessmen. 14 Something or someone has grossly distorted my views on this subject. 15 The fact that he had forgotten to change his shoes vitiated the effect of his disguise as a woman. 16 New regulations will soon supersede the old ones. 17 An odour of incense does not pervade most Anglican churches. 18 The lowering of import duties abroad may boost overseas sales. 19 Ill-health has been greatly hampering me for the last two months. 20 Their enemies annihilated the Roman legions in the forests of Germany. 21 The incoherent manner in which you are endeavouring to refute me exemplifies my argument about modern education. 22 He wanted to tell the story, but the sense that it might cause embarrassment temporarily inhibited him. 23 People believe that somebody has sighted a flying saucer over Hendon. 24 I’m sorry we left you out when we sent the invitations. 25 What’s causing that odd noise, do you think? 26 Has anyone done anything about that large box someone left on our doorstep? 27 I have often heard people assert that the British are the most unsociable people in the world; but can one prove such a statement? 28 Don't worry; they’ll look after you well in hospital. 29 Who wrote that? 30 Have they made any allowance for inflation? 31 This college is already full. We are turning away students all the time. 32 The Great Pyramid contains over two million blocks of stone. 33 Each block weighs over two tons. 34 Has anyone weighed them recently? 35 People usually oppose new opinions. 36 He hid himself behind one of the pillars. 37 Someone had admitted him by accident. 38 He must have dyed his hair. 39 His coat did not fit him properly. 40 This picture resembles the one in your drawing room.

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41 I have a picture like it in my house, too. 42 Six times nine equals fifty-five. 43 No one has ever equalled your record. 44 I would like you to measure me for a suit. 45 Would this material suit you? 46 This piece of cloth measures just two metres. 47 We admitted that a mistake has been made. 48 Everyone considered the mistake to be very serious. 49 We consider you to be one of our most loyal supporters. 50 We fully recognized that you have had great difficulties. 51 We find you innocent of all the charges. 52 We know your companion to be a trouble maker. 53 We have proved your story completely accurate. 54 We expect you to show a little more tact. 55 We regret that we must make this criticism. 56 Poor old Smith kicked the bucket last night. 57 The car holds five adults. 58 Mary makes a good teacher. 59 The children walked over the flowerbed. 60 The ants walked over the flowerbed. 61 The children jumped over the flowerbed 62 The children jumped all over the flowerbed 63 John left the city. 64 Half of its inhabitants left the city. 65 Several investigators arrived independently at that conclusion. 66 Several competitors arrived simultaneously at the stadium. 67 His students look up to John. 68 The sunbathers looked up to the sky. 69 It’s raining cats and dogs. 70 John took advantage of Mary. 71 Everyone made fun of John. 72 His friends say that he has no chance. 73 The soldiers killed five people. 74 The accident killed five people. 75 My guitar broke a string. 76 John walked up this hill. 77 Generations of schoolchildren have walked up this hill. 4. Passive transforms using the infinitive. Rewrite the sentences in an alternative passive form, beginning your sentence with the words in italics. 1 It is said that he is an honest, hard-working man. 2 It is considered that this surgeon is a brilliant practitioner. 3 It is now thought that some redundancies in the Company are inevitable. 4 It was proved that the statements he had made were false. 5 It was understood that the delegation was keen to meet the British Prime Minister. 6 It is believed that the Chancellor is thinking of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. 7 It is expected that the electricity supply industry will be running into surplus capacity by next year.

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8 It is reported that several Japanese manufacturers are planning to set up plants overseas. 9 It is expected that brewers will raise the price of beer in the near future. 10 It was claimed that the drug produced no undesirable side-effects. 12 It was alleged that the Prime Minister had misled the House. 13 It is believed that the Government has had second thoughts on this problem. 14 It was believed that the explosion had been caused by a mine. 15 It is presumed that the ship’s radio equipment was put out of action during the fire. 16 It is thought that the driver had both legs broken in the crash.

5.

Have/get + noun + past participle. Rewrite the sentences using a form of have or get with the past participle of a suitable verb, making any other necessary changes.

1 You should arrange to install central heating before winter comes. (have) 2 He is arranging for an artist to paint his wife’s portrait. (have) 3 They were man and wife in 1980. (get) 4 Five years later, they were no longer man and wife. (get) 5 Drive carefully if you don’t want to risk the police endorsing your license again. (have) 6 The tree was so diseased that we had to ask someone to cut it down. (have) 7 The authorities are encouraging mothers to arrange for the vaccination of their children. (get) 8 Someone has written all the answers in this book. (have) 9 She made an appointment with the optician for an examination of her eyes. (have) 10 Nobody would ever have beaten the champion if he had retired after his last fight. (get) 6. Rewrite in the passive the sentences or clauses containing a verb in italics. 1 The fact that the new scheme raised such a storm of disapproval means that no one can have explained it properly to the public. 2 His father warned him not to let others lead him astray. 3 The chairman of the committee complained that they were taking up too much time in discussing trivialities. 4 People put down the boy’s rudeness to his parents’ having spoiled him. 5 Not until later did they discover that someone had stolen the picture. 6 Never before had they sent anyone to prison for that particular crime. 7 They could make the law effective only in this way. 8 People said that no one could reach any agreement in this question. 9 The army put down the rebellion and declared martial law. 10 He wanted them to treat the information as confidential. 11 Had they told me that someone was to bring up the subject of finance at the next meeting, I wouldn’t have mentioned it. 12 He dislikes his fellow-workers thinking him a fool. 13 The public having ignored him for many years, the writer suddenly became famous. (‘After...’) 14 Should someone prove beyond doubt that an accident caused the fire, the police will, naturally, release the man they are at present holding on suspicion of arson. 15 On their informing him that the police wanted him, the man realized that his accomplice had betrayed him.

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7. Passive to active transforms. Rewrite in the active the sentences or clauses containing a verb in italics. Where the agent is not stated, a suitable subject for the sentence or clause should be inferred from the context. 1 The fire was finally got under control, but not before extensive damage had been caused. 2 Don’t let yourself be depressed by your failure. 3 In view of the widespread concern that is felt by the community, at the plan for a main road to be built through the village, it has been decided by the local Council that a special inquiry should be held. 4 The house had been broken into, and two thousand pounds’s worth of jewellery had been stolen. 5 Only after it had been subjected to searching laboratory tests by the scientists was the new vaccine put on the market by the Company. 6 The plan hadn’t been at all well thought out by the leader. 7 It ought to have been made quite clear to the shareholders before the annual meeting was held that they would not be allowed to vote for new Board by proxy. 8 Your lawyer’s advice should have been obtained before any decision was made by you for the matter to be taken further. 9 He needn’t have been caused so much distress by being told by the army authorities that his brother had died in action, as it was later discovered that a mistake had been made as to the missing man’s identity. 10 Information about the source from which the startling news had been obtained was withheld by the reporter.

8.

Rephrase the sentences below so that OAffected becomes SAffected.

1 Terrorists blew up the dam. 2 I’ve broken my glasses. 3 The frost killed my roses. 4 Someone has moved that picture. 5 A visitor rang the bell. 6 We rolled the car down the hill. 7 The doctor set my broken arm easily. 8 The guard shut the gate quickly. 9 The driver stopped the train. 10 I can’t turn this screw. 11 The sun melted the ice in ten minutes. 12 I can’t iron this material. 13 The enemy sank the ship. 14 The man opened the door quickly. 9. In the following sets of sentences, comment on the changes of transitive and intransitive use and corresponding changes in meaning. 1 They’re growing. They’re growing bigger. They’re growing bigger cabbages. 2 I’m writing. I’m writing a letter. I’m writing him a letter. 3 Save me. Save me some. Save me, somebody!

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4 They called me. They called me a doctor. They called me a good doctor. 5 She teaches. She teaches me. She teaches me the violin. 10. Omit the direct object if this is possible without seriously changing the meaning. 1 I’m afraid we’ve just eaten our meal. But I think Andrew is still cooking something in the kitchen. Will you have something to drink? - Oh thanks, I’d love something. - Well, there’s whisky, red or white wine... - I don’t really drink alcohol. There isn’t any coffee, is there? I’m afraid I drink coffee all day long. - Of course you can have some coffee. 2 Please answer my question. - Why can't you help me? – I’m asking whether you are still borrowing money from the bank. You really should stop spending money the way you do. At your age I saved money regularly. You seem to spend a fortune on rubbish. - That’s not true. I don’t accept that. I need a lot of things, a car for a start. - Oh, come! You don’t need a car. You mean you want a car. I think you should write a letter to your bank manager and... - If I don’t get a new car, you won't be able to borrow it, will you? 3 I arrived hot and tired. I'd been driving the car all day and then I had a job trying to park it. After I'd unpacked my suitcase, washed myself and changed my clothes, I lay on the bed reading a book until it was time for dinner. Next morning I went out looking for a bank, because I needed to change money. But I couldn’t find a bank anywhere. 11. Determine which of the following copulas could fill the gap in each of the sentences below: appear seem

be become feel get smell sound taste turn

go

grow

look

make remain

1 Marie Curie _______________ a famous scientist. 2 She ________________ devoted to her work. 3 The work _________________ more and more interesting. 4 This chair _________________ comfortable. 5 The milk ________________ sour. 6 My coffee ____________________ rather sweet. 7 John ____________________ a very good husband. 8 The weather __________________ much warmer. 9 The poor old woman ___________________ mad. 10 She _________________ thin and wizened. 11 These four books _________________ for you. 12 The concert ____________________ at six o'clock. 13 He ____________________ rather a fool. 14 Everyone ____________________ in the garden. 15 That he crossed the desert alone ______________ unbelievable.

12. Complete the following with verbs from the list:

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go

get

turn

grow

fall

1 Poor Peter is in hospital; he ___________ ill last month. 2 Oh! How is he? - Well, he _____________ better now, but it’s a slow business. 3 Watch out! That dog looks as if he may ___________ nasty. 4 Every one would like to ___________ old gracefully. 5 I’m afraid the meat ____________ bad; you should have put it in the refrigerator last night. 6 Dr Brandenburg _____________ sick and died. 7 After Hamlet rejected her, Ophelia ______________ mad. 8 Look at Mary; she _____________ terribly fat these days. 9 The leaves of decidious trees ______________ brown in autumn. 10 As it ___________ dark, lights began to twinkle in the valley below us.

13.

Complete the following verbs from the list, and like if necessary. get

grow

feel

smell

look

go

taste

turn

sound

1 John ____________________ pleased with life; he's got a broad smile on his face. 2 I really like this pie; it ____________________ the pies my mother used to make. 3 The weather ______________ worse all the time, I’m afraid; we shan’t be able to go out. 4 I can hear someone calling; it ______________ Brian. 5 This milk _______________ sour; let’s make some cottage cheese with it. 6 Hold your nose! This room _______________ a stable. 7 Litmus paper _____________ red when it is put in acid. 8 This material is very soft to the touch; it ____________ velvet. 9 Mrs Finch, who died last week, was born in the village and _______________ old here. 10 Many of the Borgia family's guests ____________ sick and died. 14. Rewrite the following sentences, changing the form of the complement from nominal to adjectival, or vice versa, as the case may be. Identify each linking verb as either current or resulting. 1 She seems lonely. 2 He became athletic. 3 He wound up immensely rich. 4 His hair turned grey. 5 The party turned out a success. 6 She makes him feel an idiot. 7 When I become middle-aged, I’ll grow a beard. 8 The day seems fine. 9 The arrangement proved a money-spinner. 10 They remained enemies all their lives.

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15. In the following quotations, identify the linking verb. Confirm that the subject and complement refer to the same person or thing. Identify the complement as nominal, adjectival or adverbial, and decide whether the linking verb is current or resulting. 1 Painting is a blind man’s profession. (Pablo Picasso) 2 The wheel is come full circle. (William Shakespeare, King Lear) 3 Lie heavy on him, Earth, for he/Laid many heavy loads on thee. (Abel Evans, epitaph on Sir John Vanbrugh, architect) 4 I’ve grown accustomed to her face. (Alan J. Lerner, My Fair Lady) 5 Perhaps it may turn out a song,/Perhaps turn out a sermon. (Robert Burns, epistle to a Young Friend) 6 We will grieve jot, rather find/Strength in what remains behind. (William Wordsworth, Ode, Intimations of Immortality) 7 He preferred to be rather than seem good. (Sallust, Catiline) 8 A critic is a man who knows the way but can't drive the car. (Kenneth Tynan, New York Times magazine) Identify the various types of that-clauses in the following quotations from Voss by Patrick White. Note where that has been omitted.

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1 ‘Oh, I know I am ignorant,’ Laura Trevelyan laughed. 2 But make sure, Rose, that you do not wait too long. 3 That strange, foreign men should come on a Sunday was quite exasperating. 4 It was private, like her recent decision that she could not remain a convinced believer. 5 She noticed thoughtfully that his heels had frayed the ends of his trousers. 6 I was so young that I cannot remember. 7 Then it was learnt he would become a great botanist instead. 8 It was obvious that pity did not exceed concern at her niece’s indiscretion. 9 I am of every assurance that I can lead an expedition across this continent. 10 it did appear momentarily that permanence can be achieved. That-clauses. True or false?

17.

1 That-clauses are finite clauses, starting with a subordinating conjunction. 2 These include relative clauses. 3 We often use that-clauses after mental state verbs like believe. 4 That-clauses complement some adjectives, sometimes after introductory it. 5 That-clauses are common in indirect declaratives and imperatives. 6 They are sometimes used in indirect interrogatives. 7 They are commonly found after reporting and thinking verbs. 8 We often omit that from the beginning of its clause. 9 That-clause can be one kind of nominal clause. 10 A that-clause in front-position may start with zero conjunction. Identify the type of the verb in the following examples of monotransitive complementation by that-clauses.

18.

1 You will soon find out that you are in good company.

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2 The judge decreed that he should spend five years in prison. 3 I wish he were here. 4 The doctor assured him that one day he would recover. 5 I regret that we were so rude. 6 Over the years I'd learned that flying saucers, abominable snowmen, poltergeists, Loch Ness monsters, and other mysterious phenomena rarely appear in front of reporters. 7 We wondered that plankton - so beautiful, so essential to all life in the sea, so abundant, and so fascinating in their behaviour - should be so poorly known! 8 We found that particles of dye will stick to delicate animals. 19. Complete the following sentences by using the appropriate form(s) of the verbs in brackets: 1 He conceded that his organisation _______________ (make) a certain number of errors. 2 ‘Are you insinuating that I ______________ (make) huge profits out of my charity work?’ he asked angrily. 3 The solicitor advised us that we _______________ (sell) the house. 4 I recommend that you ____________ (consult) Dr Brown. 5 I suggest that we _____________ (move) this table to the other side of the room. 6 When I pointed out that she ______________ (do) it all wrong, Mildred retorted that I ______________ (not know) what I was talking about. 7 Martin didn’t say it in so many words, but he implied that Humphrey’s activities ____________ (be) illegal. 8 At the news conference the President declared that this country _____________ (be) ready for any emergency. 9 Simon estimated that they _____________ (need) four tins of paint. 10 Mr Beamish arranged that the bank _______________ (pay) the money to his daughter. 11 The general commanded that the flag _______________ (be lowered). 12 He insisted that nobody else ____________ (be) present. 13 I wish I _____________ (tell) her when she was here yesterday. 14 Many residents would rather that the bus service _____________ (be subsidized). 15 The prisoners demanded that their conditions _________________ (be improved). 16 I propose that the best student in the class ___________ (get) a special prize. 17 I would prefer that someone sober ____________ (put) my car in the garage. 18 I wish the children in the street ___________ (not scream) at the top of their voices. 19 I noticed that Simon _______________ (frown) whenever Charlotte’s brother was mentioned, and I surmised that they ______________ (not get) on well. 20 The committee intended that the play ___________ (be produced) at the festival. 21 The mayor requested that the headmaster ______________ (give) the children a holiday. 22 I infer from your letter that you ____________ (not wish) to see us. 23 The students advocated that they ___________ (be given) an extra holiday to celebrate the anniversary. 24 The teacher urged that the students ______________ (not miss) any opportunity of improving their English. 25 Suppose a lion ___________ (come) out of the forest? What would you do then? 26 The customer’s instructions specified that the delivery of all letters to himself ______________ (be done) by hand. 27 The regulations stipulated that a pause of one minute __________________ (be given) by the oral examiner.

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28 The law requires that every motorist _____________ (blow) into a big bag when asked to do so by the police. 29 The judge ordered that the prisoner ______________ (be released) immediately. 30 Wilfred asked that his sister ____________ (come) and see him in hospital. 20. Finite clauses as direct objects. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences so as to produce one single sentence with a finite clause as object, omitting what is in brackets. 1 I have made a mistake. I admit (it). 2 Have I made a mistake? I wonder. 3 Have I given you the right figures? I doubt (it). 4 You have checked the figures carefully. I don’t doubt (it). 5 You wrote me a cheque. I agree. 6 You pay me next week. I agree (to that). 7 You were going to pay me half the money today. We agreed (on that). 8 We decided (on one thing). We had gone far enough. 9 Should we continue next day or not? We could not decide. 10 How could we find the way? We had to decide (that) quickly. 11 You go ahead to get help. We have all decided (on that course of action). 12 Help will arrive at any moment. (At least), I expect (so). 13 What do you intend to do next? May I ask (that)? 14 Are we to stay here all night? May I ask (that)? 15 Please tell us the truth. All I ask is that. 16 Why not divide ourselves into two groups? (That is what) I suggest. 17 This is where we were two day ago. I remember. 18 Did we take the upper path or the lower one? Do you remember? 19 Where did we go wrong? Ah, I now know. 20 You no longer trust your leader. I sincerely regret that. 21. Replace the words in italics by an infinitive construction. 1 The police hope that they will solve the crime soon. 2 The defeated champion swore that he would have his revenge. 3 He claimed that he was an expert in such matters. 4 The accused pretended that he didn’t understand the lawyer’s question. 5 The chairman threatened that he would resign if his policies were not adopted. 6 The student resolved that he would do better next time. 7 I vowed that I would never follow his advice again. 8 No teacher would profess that he knows all the answers. 9 The management promised that they would look into the worker’s grievances. 10 They couldn’t, however, guarantee that they would meet all the men’s demands.

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22. Complete the sentences, using an infinitive clause. 1 The question is whether anyone will volunteer... 2 Surely you would never consent ... 3 Our reporter has just telephoned to say that rescue teams will tomorrow endeavour... 4 As soon as the volcano first showed signs of activity, the entire population of the village prepared... 5 You needn’t bother ... I’ve already arranged... 6 It’s many years since I went to my home town. I’m longing... 7 I hesitated ..., since I didn’t know him very well. 8 It tends ... in winter in the north of England. 9 A rather officious policeman demanded... 23. Complete the following with verbs from the list: form, remain, win, enter, govern, know, reduce, hold, find, begin 1 The Government has decided ______________ elections on September 5th. 2 The Democratic party hopes ______________ a bigger majority this time. 3 The Prime Minister expects ______________ for another four years. 4 The party has promised ______________ the inflation and unemployment. 5 If the party wins by only a small majority, it will offer _________________ a coalition with the smaller Liberal Socialist Party. 6 The last time this happened, the Liberals refused ____________ into integrations with them 7 The ruling party managed _____________ the country for three years despite the problems. 8 The Government wants ___________ a quick solution to the country’s economic problems. 9 The Opposition has demanded _____________ the exact size of the foreign debt. 10 The trade unions are threatening ________ a national strike at midnight on September 3rd. 24. Complete the following with verbs from the list: meet, go, grant, negotiate, move, pay, close, increase, invite, win ‘Good evening. This is the 9 o’clock news. This afternoon the National Union of Carmakers decided _______________ on strike if their employers do not agree ______________ their wages by 20%. The Birmingham local union headquarters has threatened _______________ all the factories in the Birmingham area unless the employers’ representatives promise ___________ a 37-hour week and a number of fringe benefits in addition. The Union confidently expects ____________ this battle, according to the general secretary, Mr Wally Harmer. It is understood that industry representatives want __________________ with union leaders before next Monday's deadline, but they will probably only offer _______________ car workers 10% more. Unofficial sources say they hope ________________ a Government representative to the meeting as well. This afternoon Mr Harmer said: ‘We will demand ____________________ The Prime Minister if necessary. Management must learn _______________ with the times...’

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25. Complete the following letter with verbs from the list: attend, think, play, write, stay, read, travel, speak, cover, give Dear Mr and Mrs. Williams, It was very kind of you to invite me to Scotland for Easter week, and I gratefully accept the invitation. I really enjoy ___________ in your beautiful cottage, and I’m already practising __________ with a Scottish accent so that I can talk to the local people! James has gone on another of his business trips. He dislikes ___________ round the country, but this time he just couldn’t avoid ______________ a meeting of company representatives in Manchester. (By the way, about your kitchen floor; James suggests _______________ it with thick linoleum). I’ve just finished ____________ John Fowles’ latest book. Have you read it? I can really recommend it. I finished last night and I haven’t stopped ____________ about it ever since. It really made an impression on me. Since I’m to be your guest again, you’ll be happy to know that I’ve given up __________ the violin. It is really difficult an instrument for me, and anyway the neighbours were complaining! I must go now or I’ll be late for work. Thank you again for the invitation. See you soon. Yours Stephanie P.S. Would you mind ____________ me Helen’s address? I’ve put off _____________ a letter to her for much too long. Complete the sentences, using -ing clauses with suitable verbs. Note that the perfective construction is required in some sentences.

26.

1 The Prime Minister said he was looking forward to _____________ the US President. 2 The policeman couldn’t swear to _____________ the accused man at the scene of the crime. 3 Do you think your father would object to __________________? 4 Having almost run out of money, we were reduced to _________________ in a cheap hotel. 5 He tried to limit himself to ____________ ten cigarettes a day. 6 We shan’t be going. My wife doesn’t feel up to _______________ so far. 7 The newspaper’s financial editor advised his readers not to buy speculative shares unless they were prepared to risk _________________ their money. 8 This room will look very cheerful once you’ve finished _______________ it. 9 I wish you wouldn’t keep ______________ me what I already know all too well. 10 It is difficult to see how the company can avoid ____________ another loss this year. 27. Complete the following using the correct nonfinite form of the verb given. 1 Do you want (win) ___________ friends and (influence) ____________ people? 2 Avoid (criticize) __________________ people. 3 Don’t hesitate (pay) _________________ compliments. 4 Aim (do) ________________ some kind action every day. 5 Don’t postpone (do) _______________ something just because it’s difficult.

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6 Practise (listen) _________________ to what others say. 7 Resolve (be) _______________ a good listener. 8 Don’t spend time (worry) __________________ about things that may never happen. 9 Carry on (try) _______________. You’ll succeed sooner than you think. 10 Never fail (speak up) ________________ in a good cause. 11 Never threaten (do) _________________ something unless you’re prepared to carry out your threat. 12 Never agree (do) _______________ something you know to be wrong. 13 Never stop (try) __________________. 14 Be prepared to admit (make) _____________ mistakes. 15 Don’t deny (be) ________________ in the wrong - if you are. 16 Learn (understand) __________________ other people's points of view. 17 Don’t offer (do) _________________ more than is reasonable. 18 Try (realize) ________________ how the other person feels. 19 Don’t even consider (stop) __________________. 20 Just keep on (try) ___________________. 21 You will deserve (succeed) ___________________. 28. Expand the following sentences so as to clarify the difference in meaning between the two members of each pair: 1 2 3 4 5 6

a I remembered to fill up the form. b I remembered filling up the form. a I forgot to wake you this morning. b I forgot about waking you this morning. a I regret to tell you this story. b I regret telling you that story. a I tried to turn the key another way. b I tried turning the key another way. a You deserve to shot first. b You deserve shooting first. a That boy wants to watch. b That boy wants watching.

Replace the italicized finite clauses by -ing clauses. The subject (NP, the objective form of a personal pronoun, or a possessive pronoun) will be required before the -ing form in some cases.

29.

1 He didn’t even acknowledge that the had received the invitation. 2 The witness reported that he had seen a dark saloon car parked outside the bank at the time of the robbery. 3 The accused admitted that he had received the stolen goods. 4 The headmaster suggested that I should try the examination again the following year. 5 I don’t recollect that I actually promised to help you. 6 A group of MPs has advocated that the Government should set up a special commission of inquiry. 7 Do you anticipate that there will be any real problem in getting support?

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8 Surely he won’t deny that he was there on that occasion. 9 No one doubted that he was sincere in his belief. 10 I can’t imagine that he would ever agree to such a proposition.

30. Rephrase each of the following sentences using the pattern: (subject) + verb + direct object + prepositional phrase, but only when such rephrasing is admissible: Try omitting the indirect object whenever such omission can be made without detriment to the sense. In which of these sentences could the direct object be omitted? 1 The townsfolk accorded us a warm welcome. 2 I have asked you a great favour. 3 We booked you a double room with bath. 4 Bring me your essay this afternoon. 5 Someone has brought us some grapes. 6 Call me a taxi right away. 7 Can anyone cash me a cheque? 8 We have caused you so much trouble. 9 This suit only cost me forty dollars. 10 These pills haven’t done me much good. 11 I will give you all the necessary information. 12 Someone has just handed me this message. 13 I’ll leave you your dinner in the oven. 14 An uncle left her a small fortune. 15 Do we owe the milkman anything? 16 I have paid George the whole sum. 17 You must show me your ticket. 18 I have told you the truth. 19 Throw me that towel, will you? 20 I wish you good luck. A. Supply the missing prepositions. B. Read the sentence, ellipting the prepositional phrase where possible. C. Give the passive transformation of the whole original sentence.

31.

1 They accused Barlow _______ a certain crime. 2 People admired Asquith ______ certain qualities. 3 We have assigned you ______ a particular task. 4 Everyone blames you ______ a certain mistake. 5 Everyone blames you the mistake ______ somebody. 6 The police charged Manson _________ the murder. 7 We can compare this writer _________ a well-known novelist. 8 I am confining you _________ certain limits. 9 They congratulated Henry _________ his medal. 10 They will consult us ________ the plan. 11 We have credited you ________ a fixed amount 12 The guards deprived the visitors _________ certain weapons.

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13 This card entitle us _________ certain privileges. 14 I shall exempt them _________ certain duties. 15 We have freed you __________ a great anxiety. 16 We have already informed them _________ the decision. 17 The treasurer has invested our money ________ stocks. 18 I have only mentioned this matter _________ one of the professors. 19 They have provided blankets _______ some of the refugees. 20 We have provided some of the refugees ________ blankets. 21 We have supplied food _________ certain families. 22 We have supplied those families ________ food. 23 I am thanking you __________ your kindness. 32. Indicate by a, b, or c, into which of the following three sentences the verbs below could fit: a John said that there would be trouble. b John told me that there would be trouble. c John explained to me that he had been ill. 1 admit 13 remark 2 announce 3 assure report 4 confess 16 say

5 convince 17 state 6 declare 18 suggest 7 explain 19 tell 8 inform 20 warn

9 mention 10 persuade 11 point out

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remind 15

12 promise

33. Rephrase the sentences below, where possible, by using the pattern: V + Oi + toinfinitive. 1 I persuaded John that he should see a doctor. 2 I persuaded him that his wife should take a holiday. 3 I convinced him that he should be more careful. 4 I advised him that he should stay in bed. 5 I warned him that he should not go out. 6 I assured him that he would get pneumonia. 7 I reminded him that he should take his medicine. 8 I reminded him that he had been overworking 9 I requested him that he should keep me informed of his condition. 10 I assured him that he would have proper care. 34. Change the sentences, including the words in brackets. 1 The surveyor recommended buying the house. (the couple) 2 They don’t allow dancing. (people) 3 The lawyer advised pleading guilty. (his client)

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4 They forbid smoking. (their children) 5 The hijacker intends flying to South America. (the pilot) 6 They advised going to a language school. (the au-pair girl) 7 The attendants don’t permit the taking of photographs. (visitors) 8 They intended getting married. (their son) 9 The teacher advised using an English-English dictionary. (the students) 10 They forbid the wearing of make-up. (their daughters) 11 The waiter recommended trying the roast-beef. (the customers) 12 They don’t allow parking there. (motorists) 13 The doctor advised going on diet. (the patient) 14 They don’t permit the feeding of animals. (people) 15 The guide recommended visiting the Tate Gallery. (the tourists) 16 They don’t allow talking during the exam. (candidates) 17 The law forbids stealing. (people) 18 They intend going to University. (their son) 19 The travel agent recommends going to Italy. (the holiday makers) 20 They don’t permit watching television. (their children) Rewrite the sentences, replacing the highlighted words by an infinitive or -ing structure:

35.

1 He preferred that I should say nothing at present. 2 She couldn’t bear that he should think of her in that way. 3 He was surprised to find the door open. He distinctly remembered that he had locked it before going to bed. 4 His doctor recommended that he should try taking sleeping pills for a while. 5 His lawyer advised him that he should drop the case, since it was unlikely to succeed. 6 The publishers withdrew the offending passages in the book, and publicly regretted that they had caused anyone embarrassment. 36. Complete these sentences using the objects from the list below: the club the bar

Janet

the membership everyone her

the present state of the club the job herself it

1 We've appointed _____________ treasurer. 2 We expect her to make __________________ a success. 3 She called ________________ a mess. 4 She declared _________________ honoured to have been chosen. 5 She finds ______________ challenging. 6 She hopes to keep __________________ happy. 7 She plans to make __________________ larger, to raise subscription income. 8 She wants _______________ open at lunch-time. 9 We think _______________ a good idea to improve the bar. 10 I call _______________ a super person.

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37. Indicate by a, b, c, etc., which of the following verbs could fill the gaps in the sentences below: a accept g elect m push b appoint h find n put c call i hold o recognize d consider j intend p regard e declare k make q take f describe l mistake r treat 1 They ________________ John chairman. 2 They ________________ John as their leader. 3 They ________________ him as a true friend. 4 They ________________ him reliable 5 They ________________ him very happy. 6 They ________________ his appointment to be permanent. 7 We __________________ the door open. 8 We __________________ your room for the library. 9 We __________________ the pole straight. 10 We _________________ the incident closed. 11 John was _______________ chairman. 12 John was _______________ (chairman). 13 He was _________________ as reliable 14 Your room was __________________ for the library. 15 The incident was _______________ closed. 38. Say whether each of these sentences is (a) monotransitive or (b) complex transitive. Then put each main clause into the passive: 1 We admitted that a mistake had been made. 2 Everyone considered the mistake to be very serious. 3 We consider you to be one of our most loyal supporters. 4 We fully recognized that you have had great difficulties. 5 We find you innocent of all the charges. 6 We know your companion to be a trouble maker. 7 We have proved your story completely accurate. 8 However, we think you, at times indiscreet. 9 We expect you to show a little more tact. 10 We regret that we must make this criticism. 11 The Air Force has reported two planes missing. 12 The authorities meant you to complete this form, and return it to the Town Hall.

39.

Rewrite the following using a passive verb + a to-infinitive. Omit the agents.

1 Everyone supposes some progress has been made. 2 Everyone considers that the chairman is an expert. 3 The rumour is that some members are unhappy. 4 We understand the findings are fair. 5 People presume the recommendations are radical. 6 We believe that tempers ran high.

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7 People reported that the discussions had been tough. 8 People say the results are far-reaching. 9 People think some proposals have been dropped. 10 We know that some members disagree. 40. Say which of the highlighted items can be replaced by the genitive variant. 1 The police caught Wilson climbing the wall. 2 I don’t approve of you climbing cliffs. 3 Do you mind me opening the window? 4 Don’t let me find you opening this door again. 5 How can I stop you biting your nails? 6 I remember John telling me that story. 7 I often find myself repeating it. 8 Do you ever remember that happening to you? 9 You won’t keep us waiting, will you? 10 We object to them being given preferential treatment. A. Move the object complement, if it is possible. B. Replace the object by the corresponding pronoun, then write out the new sentence.

41.

1 George’s conduct made Mary very angry. 2 He had broken open her wardrobe. 3 Let us set free all the prisoners. 4 Will this agreement make the end of all the fighting possible? 5 Can you have ready for tomorrow the minutes of our last two meetings? 6 I would like you to leave clear those two cupboards over the window? 7 We shall not appoint officers of the society those members who do not attend regularly.

42.

Rephrase these sentences using a form of have or get.

1 Someone stole Rosanna's passport and money in the supermarket. 2 Has a magazine ever accepted an article of yours? 3 Tony is an active person and usually makes sure that things are done. 4 They are doing Laura's hair a different way tomorrow. 5 I didn't recognise her chair because someone had recovered it. 6 I expect they are weighing and checking Victor's luggage about this time. 7 The bank prepared and sent a special statement to Jeff. 43. Identify the type of complementation in the following sentences: 1 Everyone considered the mistake to be very serious. 2 I would like you to measure me for a suit. 3 May I ask what you intend to do next? 4 We fully recognized that you had had great difficulties. 5 The Navy has reported two boats missing. 6 We admitted that a mistake had been made.

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7 We know your companion to be a trouble maker. 8 The police hope that they will solve the crime soon. 9 I wouldn’t like to disturb him if he’s working. 10 I like looking round antique shops. 11 Have you ever tried driving in London? 12 I vaguely remember him saying something like that. 13 The search party spotted the climbers clinging to a rock face. 14 He’d prefer you going to his place, if that’s convenient. 15 Scientists found the theory to be incorrect. 16 The man was seen to board the train at Easton. 17 He left his bicycle propped against the wall. 18 The doctor will soon have you walking again. 19 We have our central heating boiler serviced every year. 20 The woman caught her husband kissing his secretary. 21 Our correspondent reports the situation to be now under control. 22 My neighbour let me borrow his car. 23 You must have been very late last night. I didn’t even hear you come in. 24 I always try to be punctual, but I don’t always succeed. 25 I didn’t recall him saying any such thing. 26 Do you mind me come as well? 27 I doubt whether the landlord will insist on our paying the rent in advance. 28 We object to them being given preferential treatment. 29 We have proved your story completely accurate. 30 We regret that we must make this criticism. 31 The bride’s sister prepared the food for wedding breakfast. 32 Decoraters will have painted the walls white by the time you come here again. 33 One of the best jockeys in the country rode the horse that came second. 34 Ivy is often regarded as the enemy of trees. 35 They tell me the police have closed that club down now. 36 Someone must teach that boy a lesson. 37 We shall send you the goods as soon as they are available. 38 The white snow of the morning had become a sort of unpleasant brown soup. 39 A Roman emperor made his favourite horse a senator. 40 What did they pay you for doing the job? 41 They denied access to the secret documents to all but a few. 42 Someone told the child how to use the telephone. 42 Travelling in a car makes some people quite sick. 44 We shall offer a high salary to a really suitable applicant. 45 They deny the people freedom of speech. 46 The judge ordered the man to pay the fine or to go to prison. 47 They declared the murderer guilty and sentenced him to death. 48 They refused the foreign student a work permit. 49 They proved the suspect innocent. 50 The doctor has recommended the patient to take a long holiday. 51 Our neighbour is managing director of a very important firm. 52 The boss warned the secretary not to be late again. 53 The patient asked the doctor if it would hurt. 54 He heard his name called by the visitor. 55 He found himself chosen for the job. 56 They don’t allow visitors to touch anything.

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