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Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world. www.longmem.com

© Pearson Education Limited 2003 The right of Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner to be identified as authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Authorised adaptation from the American English language edition, entitled Grammar Express, First Edition by Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner published by Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., Copyright © Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 2001. This edition published by Pearson Education Limited © Pearson Education Limited 2003.

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers.

ISBN 0 582 77645 7

Printed in Malaysia, PJB Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Frangoise Leffler, Senior Development Editor, and Christine Lauricella, Senior Production Editor, for their commitment and support.

The publishers and authors would like to thank the following people and institutions for their feedback and comments on the material: Andrea McMahon - St Giles College. London; Pippa Sutcliffe - 1LA Cambridge; Diane Naughton - Centro de Lenguas Modernas, Universidad de Granada; Sinforoso Fernandez-Camunas - Opening English School, Madrid.

Parts of Grammar Express are adapted from the intermediate and high intermediate levels of Focus on Grammar, Seco/id Edition © 2000.

Photographs Ace Photo Agency pages 132, 176; AP/Wide World page 268; Courtesy of Beth Boyd page 175; CORBIS pages 26 top (© Asian Art & Archeology, Inc), 26 bottom, 28 (© Bettmann), 48 (© S Carmona), 88 (© Jenny Woodcock/Reflections Photo Library); 166 (© Peter Guttman), 169 (© Kevin Schafer), 195 (© Kevin R Morris), 210 (©Tom Steward), 218 (Steven Chenn), 290 (© John Springer Collection), 304 (© Hulton-Deutsch Collection); Greg Evans International page 306 bottom; Mary Evans Picture Library page 238; Exposure New York/Stephen Danelian page 18; Katz/FSP pages 62, 235; © The New Yorker Collection, 1988 Charles Adams page 124; © The New Yorker Collection, 1989 Tom Cheney from cartoonbank.com.All Rights Reserved page 214; ©The New Yorker Collection 1964 Frank Modell from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved page 258; Courtesy of the New York State Governor’s Traffic Safety Committee page 142; PA Photos/EPA page 192; PEANUTS© UFS page 286; PhotoDisc page 66(Jack Hollingsworth), 206(Bronwyn Kidd), 226(PhotoLink), 244(PhotoLink); Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit page 324; Powerstock/Superstock pages 162, 202; Reprinted with permission from Reader’s Digest. Copyright © The Reader’s Digest Assn.Inc pages 264, 266; Rex Features pages 70, 76; Bob Sacha page 110; © Michael Dwyer /Stock Boston Inc page 256; Neil Turner/Times Educational Supplements page 306 top. Illustrations Ronald Chironna pages 27, 34, 35, 65, 160, 191; Brian Hughes pages 20, 188; Jock MacRae pages 53, 180; Paul McCusker pages 38, 98, 294; Andy Myer pages 10, 32, 46, 54, 80, 82, 88, 102, 112, 116. 158. 192, 222, 232, 246, 254, 272, 282, 314, 322, 326; Dusan Petricic pages 2, 6, 8, 14. 16. 17, 18, 21, 36, 40, 50, 58, 60, 66, 74, 84, 92, 96. 106. 120, 128. 150, 184, 198. 236, 250, 278, 308, 318. 330; Steve Pleydoll-Pearce pages 106, 142, 146, 172, 190. 300.

Text Information on page 136 is based on the Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global Consumer Study

Cover by Raven Design

I

A

m

m Jfe:-? m

is

Contents About the Book

PART i:

s_tj

2

(7 am studying.)

|ÿIT| Present Simple

m m

fin m

6

(I study.)

Stative Verbs

10

(I understand.)

Present Continuous and Present Simple (I am studying. / I study.)

14

Imperative

18

(Study! / Don’t study!)

£|

SeifTest I

-r

m

Present and Imperative IIUHTI Present Continuous

1

m

i>

PART II:

mti/

Past pj T| Past Simple: Affirmative Statements (I studied.)

24

uTTTTl Past Simple:

28

(I didn 't study.

m

m m.

Tfj IE•Jfcj

i

Mfcl

’

yjg i

Negative Statements and Questions / Did you study?)

Used to

32

(I used to study.)

T| Past Continuous

H

mi!

22

36

(I was studying.)

Past Continuous and Past Simple (I was studying. / I studied.)

40

SeifTest II

5

IS

li

Ssi m

mi

PP

PART OS:

44

Present Perfect and Past Perfect

a El a m a NI

46

Present Perfect: Since and For (I have studied since May. / I have studied for

a

month.)

50

Present Perfect: Already, Just and Yet (I

have already studied. / ! have just finished

! haven

sh.iriied yet

Present Perfect: Indefinite Past (I

Present Perfect and Past Simple a have sti a ?d. / studied.

58

Present Perfect Continuous

62

,

(/ have been studying.)

T| Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous (I have studied. / / have been studying.)

El

54

have studied.}

66

m

J£NTT] *L».

Past Perfect

~

Past Perfect Continuous

%Tr

_jl

70

(I had studied.)

74

(I had been studying.)

78

SelfTest ill

PART IV:

Future and Future Perfect

S3 HD

Future: Be going to and Will (I am going to study. / I will study.)

*

80 84

Future: Contrast Be going to, Will, Present Simple, Present Continuous

|y_N i T| Future Time Clauses

88

ITT] Future Continuous

92

(I will study hard before I take the test.) (I will be studying.)

S3 PART V:

96

Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous (I will have studied. / 1 will have been studying.)

SelfTest IV

100

Wh- Questions, Tag Questions, Additions yjy i T| Wh- Questions: Subject and Predicate j •] (Who studied? / Who did you study?)

102

m

106

Prj Question Tags (You studied, didn't you? / You didn’t study, did you?)

R

I T!

Additions with So, Too, Neither and Not either (I studied, and so did she. / I didn 't study, and neither did she. )

114

SelfTest V

PART VJ:

110

Modals (I)

T IT

*J! jU-N I

'

j CLM

ij

|_jy i

LS.J

Ability: Can, Could, Be able to (I can study for hours.)

116

Permission: May, Can, Could, Do you mind if ... ? (May I study on my own?)

120

Requests: Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind i Will you study with me?)

. . ?

i %.>.'!

S3

Preferences: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather (I would prefer to study Spanish.)

SelfTest VI

124

128

Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better 1 Tot/ should study English.)

Suggestions: Could, Why don't . . . 7, Why not . . Let’s, Shall we ... ?, How about . . . ? (Why not study English ?)

'

.

.

?,

132

136

140

iv

«SJ

PART VSS: Modals (II)

a a a

Necessity: Have (got) to and Must to study harder. / I must study harder.)

142

Choice: Don't have to; No Choice: Must not and Can’t (I don't have to leave. / I must not leave.)

146

Expectations: Be supposed to (I’m supposed to study.)

150

Future Possibility: May, Might, Could (I may study there next year.)

154

(I’ve got

ijmi T| Deduction: May, Might, Could, Must,

1

1

a a

158

Have (got) to, Can’t (She must be a good student.) Expressing Regret about the Past: Should have, Ought to have, Could have, Might have (I should have studied harder when I was young.) Deduction in the Past: May have, Might have, Can’t have, Could have, Must have, Had to have (He may have been a good student in his youth.)

SelfTest VII

162

166

170

PART VIII: Adjectives and Adverbs

a a a a a

77]

Adjectives and Adverbs I quick / quickly )

172

Participles used as Adjectives (interesting / interested)

176

Adjectives and Adverbs: As ... as . (as quick as / as quickly as)

.

Adjectives: Comparatives

184

(quicker than)

Adjectives: Superlatives

188

(the quickest)

Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives (more quickly than / the most quickly)

SelfTest VIII

PART IX;

180

192

196

Gerunds and Infinitives I y..N i r j Gerunds: Subject and Object

198

(Studying is important. , I enjoy studying, i

|q_N i T| Gerunds after Prepositions

ijy y_r,j i '

( interested

T| Infinitives after Certain Verbs

!•._ (I want to study.)

a

202

in studying / tired of studying!

Tl Infinitives after Certain Adjectives and Nouns (easy to study / time to study)

206 210

v

wmm

WKBBBm

m a

S3

Infinitives with Too and Enough (too late to study / early enough to study)

214

Infinitives of Purpose (go home to study)

218

Gerunds and Infinitives (stop studying / stop to study)

222

Make, Let, Help and Get (make him study / get him to study)

226

230

SelfTest IX

PART X:

Phrasal Verbs

a a

Phrasal Verbs: Inseparable (run into a classmate)

232

Phrasal Verbs: Separable (look a word up)

236

240

SelfTest X

PART XI:

Nouns, Quantifiers, Articles, Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns

_

a a a a a

242

Nouns (college, Boston College, chalk, students)

246

Quantifiers (some,

any, a lot of, a

few,

a

little)

Articles: Indefinite and Definite

250

(a / the)

254

0 (No Article) and The (students / the students)

Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns

258

(ourselves / each other)

262

SelfTest XI

PART XI S: The Passive U[NIT| | "lib,, I

The Passive: Overview (is dene / was clone / has been

FpTf]

The Passive with Models

!

a

272

: (have something done;

SelfTest XII

vi

268

(must be clone )

jTTFfTj The Causative

I

264 done}

276

1 PART Xfill: The Conditional

1 TMJ

m s m

I

Zero Conditionals (If I study, I get good grades.)

278

First Conditionals (If I study, I will get good grades.)

282

Second Conditionals (If I studied, I would get good grades.)

286

Third Conditionals (If I had studied, I would have got good grades.)

290

Wish: Present and Past

294

(I wish I studied here. / I wish I had studied here.)

SelfTest XIII

298

PART XIV: Relative Clauses UNI

T| Relative Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns

300

(someone who studies)

Relative Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns

304

or When and Where (something that I study / the school where I study) imi

T|

''mil

Relative Clauses: Defining and Non-Defining (I have a friend who studies here. / My best friend, who knows you. studies here. )

SelfTest XIV

308

312

PART XV: Indirect Speech tun i T| Direct and Indirect Speech: Imperatives 7 ('Study!' / She told me to study.) i T Indirect Speech: Statements (1) fL. (She said that she was going to study.)

yjsiTl Indirect Speech: Statements (2)

"4li|

314 mu

318 322

(She said she had studied.)

SAJSIITI Indirect Questions 4?ÿ (She asked me if I was studying.)

326

Iim.i T| Embedded

330

'

I

(She wanted

SelfTest XV

Questions

mw.i

to know what I studied. ) 334

ttl:

vii

A

i

Appendices Irregular Verbs Common Stative Verbs Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund (Base Form of Verb + -ing) APPENDIX 4 Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive {To + Base Form of Verb) APPENDIX 5 Verbs Followed by Objects and the Infinitive APPENDIX 6 Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive APPENDIX 7 Common Verb + Preposition Combinations APPENDIX 8 Common Adjective + Preposition Combinations APPENDIX 9 Common Adjectives that Can Be Followed by the Infinitive APPENDIX 10 Irregular Comparisons of Adjectives, Adverbs and Quantifiers APPENDIX 11 Common Participles used as Adjectives APPENDIX 12 Some Adjectives that Form the Comparative and Superlative in Two Ways APPENDIX 13 Common Reporting Verbs APPENDIX 14 Common Time Word Changes in Indirect Speech APPENDIX 15 Common Phrases Introducing Embedded Questions APPENDIX 16 Verbs and Expressions Commonly Used Reflexively APPENDIX 17 Some Common Phrasal Verbs APPENDIX 18 Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns APPENDIX 19 Spelling Rules for the Present Continuous APPENDIX 20 Spelling Rules for the Present Simple: Third Person Singular {he, she, it) APPENDIX 21 Spelling Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs APPENDIX 22 Spelling Rules for the Comparative {-er) and Superlative {-est) of Adjectives APPENDIX 23 Spelling Rules for Adverbs Ending in -ly APPENDIX 24 Contractions with Verb Forms APPENDIX 25 Punctuation Rules for Direct Speech APPENDIX 26 Pronunciation Table APPENDIX 27 Pronunciation Rules for the Present Simple: Third Person Singular {he, she, it) APPENDIX 28 Pronunciation Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs APPENDIX 29 Used to or would? APPENDIX 30 Have or have got? APS3ENDS)C 31 Compound Nouns APPENDIX 32 British and American English

APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3

Appendix Quiz Answer Key index viii

336 337

337

338 338 338 338 338 338

5

339

1

339 339 340

340 340 340 341

343 343 343 344 344 344 345 347 347

348 348 349

349 349

350 351

352 413

?

1

About the Book 36 ;

37 37

Vl/elcome to Grammar Express

38

Grammar Express features

38

®

Short, easy-to-use four-page units

38

E

Grammar points presented and contextualised through cartoons, photos

38

and other illustrations

38

Clear Grammar Charts showing the forms of the grammar point

38 39

a Chart Checks to help you use the grammar charts

39

a Clear Grammar Explanations and Examples

39

a Usage Notes telling you how English speakers use the grammar point

40

s Be careful! Notes showing typical mistakes students make

40

H

Pronunciation Notes to help you pronounce words correctly

B

A variety of exercise types to practise the grammar points

E

SelfTests to check your progress

40 40 41

43 43

a Appendices with helpful lists and information B

An Answer Key so you can check your answers

H

An Index to help you find grammar points quickly

43 44 44 44 45 47 47

48

UNITS Grammar Express has 76 units. Each unit has four pages - two pages of grammar

presentation and two pages of practice. This is how a typical unit works:

Presentation The grammar point is presented in three steps. 1. Illustration

48 49 49 49

50

51

52

Each unit begins with an illustration - a cartoon, comic strip, photo with speech bubbles or a newspaper headline - which introduces the grammar point in context. It also introduces the topic of the unit. (For example, in Unit 8 the cartoon introduces the grammar point used to, and the unit topic, fashion.)

A Check Point helps you think about the meaning of the grammar point in the illustration.

13

ix

5

2. Charts Grammar Charts show the forms of the grammar point. (In Unit 8 you can see used to in statements, questions, and short answers.)

Chart Checks ask questions about the grammar charts. They help you notice important information about the forms and uses of the grammar point you are studying.

An Express Check follows the Grammar Charts. This is a quick and easy way for you to try out the forms in the charts. 3. Notes Grammar Notes present Grammar Explanations on the left and Examples on the right. Timelines show the meaning of verb forms. (For example, in Unit 8

the timeline for used to shows that you can use it only for the past.) Usage Notes tell you how English speakers use the grammar point. (In Unit 8 the Usage Note for used to explains that this form is more common in affirmative statements than in negative statements or questions.) Be careful! Notes point out typical mistakes that students make. (One of the Be careful! Notes in Unit 8 warns you not to confuse used to with be used to or get used to. ) Pronunciation Notes tell you how to pronounce the grammar point correctly in everyday speech. These notes use easy pronunciation spellings. Check it out! tells you where to look in the book (appendices or other units) to find more information about the grammar point.

Practice Two pages of exercises give you practice in understanding and using the grammar point. A typical unit has four exercises. Exercise 1

The first exercise is always a ‘for recognition only1 exercise. This means that you will have to find or understand the grammar point but you will not have to use it yet. (For example, in Unit 8 you will read a short magazine article about fashion, and find and underline all the examples of used to which refer to past habits.) Exercises 2 and 3 In these exercises, you actively practise the grammar point. There are a variety of exercise types, including multiple choice, fill-in-the-blanks, describing pictures, sentence combining, and asking and answering questions. The exercises always show the grammar point in a context that is related to the unit topic. (In Unit 8, Exercise 2, you will complete sentences about fashion in the past while you describe pictures

x

i

Exercise 4 This is always an editing exercise. In this exercise, you will have to find and correct typical mistakes that students make when they use the grammar point.

TESTS The 76 units of Grammar Express are divided into 15 parts. After each part you will find a SelfTest. These tests will help you review and see how well you have learnt the material in the part. The SelfTests have multiple-choice questions similar to questions found in a variety of international

examinations.

APPENDICES At the back of the book, you will find 32 Appendices with useful information, such as lists of common irregular verbs, verbs followed by the gerund, verbs followed by the infinitive, spelling and pronunciation rules and differences between British and American English.

An Appendix Quiz practises elements from the Appendices.

ANSWER KEY The Answer Key provides answers to the Check Points, Charts Checks, Express Checks, all the practice exercises and the SelfTests.

Grammar Express can be used for self study or in the classroom. You can

either start with Unit 1 and work through the entire book, or choose the units you want to focus on. We hope you enjoy learning grammar with Grammar Express.

Good luck!

xi

.

in

•

7 1

Present Continuous

'ÿm

1

/

/ Hundreds \ of fans are waiting for the Airheads V to arrive. z'

/ !

\\

I, \\

V

4 l;

.Jfi

V7'

J; 1 /.-[

fjj Vi

K

/

Emi

°©o

;

/

\

4 >/

J

B !Jr/

'ÿv

Y'

y1

t

7 ftlflfaf&JgJ ,h?

po/wr

? i

news programme

O Cl

It’s happening now!

It happens every day!

CHART CHECK J

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

Tick the correct answer.

BE

SUBJECT

The present continuous is made up of two parts: He/She/It

of verb be + base form of verb + -ing

\ Which part changes

with different subjects?

C3 O

2

be

base form of verb + -ing

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

BASE FORM OF VERB + -IN C

SUBJECT

I

i

We/You*/They

is

BE

BASE FORM OF NOT VERB + -IN C

am not m

am 'm

be + base form

IO

Wow!

The Airheads are dropping from the sky!

lick the best advertisement for this TV

&i Mm

waiting.

are

*You is both singular ancl plural.

-

He/She/It We/You/They ;

is

n't waiting. not

are n't not ;

:

'

a 3 SHORT ANSWERS

YES/NO QUESTIONS

CHART CHECK 2 Circle T (True) or F (False). T F In questions, be comes after the subject.

r

BASE FORM

BE

SUBJECT

Am

"7

Is

she

Are

you

NEGATIVE

AFFIRMATIVE

+ -INC

standing?

Yes,

you

are.

she

is.

you aren't. No,

she

am.

isn't. 'm not.

7

/

L

WH- QUESTIONS WH- WORD

BE

SUBJECT BASE FORM +

am

I

is

she

are

you

-INC

f

Why standing?

Where

f*

-

EXPRESS Complete these sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

f’

;

you

Why

(leave)

.? They

still

(perform)

L L 1. Use the present continuous to describe something that is happening now.

•: t'm ston

Now Past

•i

ding Future

I'm standing outside the Theatre Royal right now. As I'm talking to you, the fans are gathering in front of the theatre.

0

l i

. F

2. Use the present continuous to describe something that is happening these days, even if it's not happening right now.

The Airheads are playing at the Theatre Royal this week.

I'm studying literature this term.

Now Past

J

X

%Sfodying liter0

Future

3. USAGE NOTE: The contracted form is usually used in speech and in informal writing.

A: Bye, Jack, we're leaving now. B: Wait! I 'm corning with you.

Check if out! For different forms of negative contractions with he, see Appendix 24 on page 345. For spelling rules for the present continuous, see Appendix 19 on page 343.

* '

4 a

Cnft •>

IDENTIFY •Read this letter. Underline the present continuous verbs that describe something happening now. Circle the present continuous verbs that describe things that are happening these days.

v-

S Dear Steve,

ihn working)very hard these days, but I have some good news. Right now, S

I’m sitting at a desk in the Entertainment Section of the Tribune! Of course I’m still taking journalism classes at night as well. The job is temporary - Joe Sims, the regular reporter, is taking this month off to write a book. This week we’re preparing to interview your favourite

group, the Airheads. In fact, at this very

S

moment they’re flying into town by helicopter. They’re performing at the Theatre Royal all week. How are you getting on? Are you still writing music? Oops! The

£

crew are calling me. We’re leaving for the theatre now. Write soonl Steph

£

COMPLETE •Read this conversation. Complete it with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Use contractions whenever possible. ’m leaving

BEV: Bye, Joe, I

BEV: I

now.

_ you __

JOE: Where _

1. (leave)

2. (go)

running. Ann

3. (go)

4. (wail)

downstairs.

JOE: Great! Why don’t you take the dog out with you?

BEV: Why don’t you take him? It’s your turn. JOE: I can’t. I

BEV: But you

JOE: That’s not true. I

just

anything right now. You

(not do)

7. : si!

V fihinlO

on my book.

5. (work) 6.

•

there. 8. (Ml;

here but I

also

about my work. Can’t the dog go with you?

BEV: NO, because afterwards we want to go to the Plaza. The Airheads 10. (slay)

there this week and Ann wants to get their autographs.

You know she’s a big fan of theirs.

i-

.

I

SlKyi

5:

•M

»•

m

BI

m

BI

.. L B*

ten

fc

r c*

ft.

s

•S

SI ?? 1

ASK & ANSWER •Steph is interviewing Paul, the lead singer of the Airheads. Write questions using the words in brackets. Give short answers.

STEPH: Paul, PAUL:

are you introducing any new songs on this tour? 1. (introduce / any new songs on this tour?)

Yes, we are

. We’re introducing some songs from our

2. (Yes / we)

new album, In the Air.

3

STEPH: Your fans are so excited to see you after such a long time. 3. (Why / tour / again?)

PAUL: We want to play for live audiences. We enjoy that.

STEPH:

_ _ __

__

4. (What / work on / these days?)

PAUL: Some exciting new material. But we aren’t talking about it yet.

STEPH:

_ 5. (Who / sing / now?)

PAUL: Sylvia is singing some of the songs from the album.

STEPH:

6. (she / replace / Tina?)

PAUL:

7. (No

•

she)

_.. Tina has just had a new baby but she’ll

be back in a few months.

EDIT •Read this letter. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.

’m writing

l-wfe-to you from my hotel room. Everyone else is sleep but I sitting here, looking at the sea. We’re staying at the PIam in Atlantic Beach and the view is beautiful. The tour is

goes well. The audience is crazy about the new songs but the fans is always asking for you.

How’s the baby7 Has she got a good voice? Do you teaching her to sing yet? /Maybe both of you will come along for the next tour! Sylvia

I 5'S

%

tv

Present Simple

M

te»

A m '9r


./»

@0ÿ ssg

m

§g

John is always in a hurry and he does

L

-

He works all the time - he never relaxes.

everything at once.

POINT Tick the best caption for the cartoons.

John At Work This Week

C5

John’s Typical Working Week

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

CHART CHECK Circle T (True) or F (False). T F The form for

he/she/it ends in -s. I T

F

Negative

statements have do not or does not before the base form. T F Questions have do or does after the subject.

SUBJECT

VERB

l/We/You*/They

work.

He/She/It

works.

*You is both singular and plural.

YES/NO

i

SUBJECT

Do

you

j

Do

I/We/You/They

do not don't

" BASE FORM

NOT

work.

L

does not

He/She/It

BASE FORM

doesn't

; a

SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

:

do.

work? he

SUBJECT

QUESTIONS

Do

Does

6

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Yes,

don't.

No,

he

does.

he I doesn't.

t [

1 fc

WH- QUESTIONS WH- WORD

Do

Where When

do

| SUBJECT I— you

BASE FORM work?

he

does

EXPRESS Unscramble these words to complete the question.

work

•Why •he •does

all the time?

1. Use the present simple to talk about what happens regularly.

........ ........ ....... Now

Past

•••X

i

x

X’

X*

Future

X*"

Some people rush through life. They don't relax. Other people are calm. They don't feel tense.

rush

2. Use adverb; of T-sr-wfincy with the present

simple to express how often something happens.

£

s?

i

$ $ h

$

$

s5

s° r

/

100%

*

4 0%

BE CAREFUL! Adverbs of frequency usually come before the main verb but they go after the verb be.

3. Use the present simple to talk about scientific facts. »

She v v :r::. life easier. You We sometimes sieep late. They rarely go on holiday.

We usually rush around too much. We're often stressed out.

Stress onuses high blood pressure. Water >e a-es at 0°C.

Check if out! For spelling rules for the third person singular (he /she/ it) of the present simple, see Appendix 20 on page 343. For pronunciation rules for the third person singular (he /she /it) of the present simple, see Appendix 27 on page 348.

-

i)

7

8 a

&Juit &

H

IDENTIFY •Read this extract from a book review. Underline the present simple verbs. Circle the adverbs of frequency.

I

Books Section 10

medication for stress-related illnesses. Medicine usually lowers a patient’s blood n today’s fast-paced world, we (never) pressure. But, Dr Roads claims, ‘You don’t always need pills. Relaxation exercises . escape stress. Stress always affects us are sometimes as effective as pills. psychologically but according to m For example, breathing exercises Dr Roads, author of the new relax you and lower your blood bestseller, Calm Down!, it also affects pressure at the same us physically. For example, stress time - and it only causes high blood pressure. takes a few minutes!’ Doctors often prescribe

CALM DOWN!

By Dr Sara Roads

f-v*

f

’fev

COMPLETE •Megan and Greg have completely different types of personality. Read about

'~ÿm one and write about the other.

i

Megan

Greg

1.

Megan doesn’t relax easily.

*

2.

doesn’t take She herself.

•He takes time to enjoy himself.

3.

Megan and her boyfriend never go on holiday.

•Greg and his girlfriend often

4.

She

•He doesn’t rush through the day.

5.

She is nervous.

6.

She is always in a hurry.

7.

She finishes other people’s sentences for them.

__

8. She 9.

10.

time to enjoy

through the day.

_

She to finish things.

Greg

relaxes

_

easily.

on holiday.

•He

nervous.

•He a hurry.

never in

_ •He _

m

other people’s

sentences for them.

a lot.

3

He doesn’t worry much.

enough time

»

He’.s got enough time to finish things.

Megan’s got high blood pressure due to stress.




S

eC

Friends from different cultures often have different ideas about time.

Sometimes they don't agree about social distance, either.

ii

1

I

po/wr

P

Circle T (True) or F (False).

T

F

T F

I

Karl is arriving late tonight.

In Sam’s culture, people rarely stand close to each other.

-

I CHART CHECK

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Tick the correct

answers. The present | continuous has: | 0 one part 0 two parts

SUBJECT

:

The present simple has:

O 0

one form

BASE FORM BE + -INC t

He/She/It

,-rs day

i.S

VERB

SUBJECT

am We/You*/They I are j

1

PRESENT SIMPLE

now.

I/We/You/They j never always

I on time.

He/She/It

*You is both singular and plural. i; i

two forms

I

$

i

14

I

Present-. Continuous and Present Simple

a 15

EXPRESS Complete the following charts with the verb buy. PRESENT SIMPLE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

SUBJECT

BE

BASE FORM +

flowers now.

You

You

usually

chocolates.

He

He

Examples

Grammar Explanations 1. Use the present continuous for things that are happening now.

10'°'

Now

Sam is talking to Taro. At the moment, Taro is speaking English.

Future

Past

i

Use the present simple to describe what happens regularly.

-

VERB

SUBJECT

-INC

Sam talks to Taro every day. Taro speaks Japanese at home.

Now Past

X

-•

X

;

i

!

X-

X-

Future

He talks to him every day.

2. Use the present continuous for things happening these days.

We're studying in the US this month. Laura's studying in France this year. m Are you studying hard these days ?

Now

Past

!

Future

1

.. :

3. REMEMBER! Most stative verbs* are not usually used in the present continuous even when they describe a situation that exists at the moment of speaking.

jane wants to go home right now. NOT Jane is wanting -to go home right-now:

4. Use the present simple to talk about scientific facts and physical laws.

Stress causes high blood pressure. Water boils at 100°C.

;

Check it out! *For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337.

f

:

16 a

Unit

___ __ __ __ _.._._._..__.._..

__ __ __ .....

«

fl

im-

IDENTIFY •Read these diary entries written by Brian, a student studying in Argentina. Circle all the verbs that describe what is happening now. Underline the verbs that describe what usually happens.

..... .... . ...... .... . .. . ... ... ...

...

4 July: The weather is colei now. ; 1 usually spend the first weekend of July at..the beach, but today. I’m walking cirounJ in a heavy sweater. .

a seat

25 June:

'5.,GOO. metres above the' earth

en route to Argentina! I usually have dinner at this time .but right now iVe got a headache, from the excitement. The person next to me is..eatjng..iÿfoj2di.ÿhi?.iaQka.hat2py...-..--

-

.

,

_

3.

i'- verycr e e:se feels great in the evening, because they have long naps in the afternoon.

SQJ.une:_.!t:s7:30,

parents are still working. Carlos, the

.

—-

4.

son, Ricardo, is sweet. He. looks (and behaves) a. lot. like I3obby. Right . now, he’s looking over my shoulder . and trying to read. my diary.

]

:

COMPLETE •Some students are talking outside a classroom. Complete their conversations with the present continuous or the present simple form of the verbs in brackets. 1.

are

Ll-wu: Hi, Paulo. What

PAULO: Oh, I

you _

a. (do)

for the class to start.

b. (wait)

Li-wu: How are you? You

L

doing

.

PAULO: I am a little tired. I

L L

tired.

c. (look)

:

a lot in the evenings this term.

d. (work)

Hey, is that your teacher over there? Li-wu: Yes. She

e. (talk)

to one of my

classmates. PAULO: I wonder what’s wrong. He her. He

_

Li-wu: Oh. That

g. (look) h. (not

moan)

f. (not look)

at

fi #

" '•

Li •i

embarrassed. anything. In Taiwan

it’s not respectful to look directly at your teacher. 2.

MORIKO: Look, there's Miguel. He NINA: Yes. They

b. (do)

a. (talk)

to Luisa.

;

: >

a class together this term. «r

rL •*

r

.

:

Present Continuous and Present Simple a 17

MORIKO: They

they

d. (think)

3

NINA: NO. I

f. (not think)

_ it

g. (mean)

from Costa Rica,

h. (come)

and people there normally

A

together?

e. (go out)

_

anything special. I

i

— you

very close to each other.

c. (stand)

that

i. (stand)

close to each other. 3.

RASHA: There’s Hans. Why

he so fast? The lesson

a. (walk)

until 9:00. He

CLAUDE: He always

still

_

4.

I

c. (have got)

e. (seem)

YOKO: Isn’t that Sergio and Luis? Why

they b. (know)

JlNG: In Brazil, men time they

H

#

r#"

to be in a hurry.

hands? They _

I

lit

ten minutes!

fast. People from

d. (walk)

Switzerland often

b. (not start)

c. (shake)

_

a. (shake)

each other.

hands every

d. (meet)

EDIT •Read this student's diary. Find and correct eleven mistakes in the use of the present continuous or present simple. The first mistake has already been corrected.

I’m sitting It's 12:30 andt-skHn the library. My classmates are eating lunch together but I’m not k

hungry yet. At home, we

eat never this early. Today our homework topic is ‘culture

shock’. It's a good topic for me right now because I’m being pretty homesick.

I miss my old routine. At home we always are having a big meal at 2:00 in the afternoon. Then we rest. But here in Toronto I’m having a conversation class at 3:00. Every day, I almost fail asleep in class, and my teacher ask me, 'Are you bored?’ Of

course I'm not bored. I just need my afternoon rest! This class always is fun. This term, l|

we work on a project with video cameras. My team is filming groups of people from

11

different cultures. We are analyse 'social distance'. That means how close to each other people stand. According

to my new watch, it’s 12:55, so I leave now for my one o'clock

class. Teachers here really aren't liking it when you are latel

L, ""ÿpSJSSmÿ

mm-

;

JL&! 11a

\l

lT

s

Imperative

u>i V--

s

T

To do this exercise, bend your knees and place your right foot in

front, like this. Punch with / your right fist. vl

Tv

s,

V/

cWW-i.-1

Tick the correct answer. How many forms has the past tense of be got? O one O two What do you add to the base form of regular verbs to form the past tense? O -d or -ed O -t

1989

'ifA'lp'f'j , .

V..

CHART CHECK

Tick the year these sentences appeared in the newspaper. 1999

‘Poet Albert Rimes lived in Belgium most of his life.’ 1989

1999

THE PAST SIMPLE: BE

SUBJECT

BE

I/He/She/It

was

We/You*/They

were

I ‘

young in 1930.

.

*You is both singular and plural.

THE PAST SIMPLE: REGULAR VERBS

SUBJECT l/He/She/lt/We/You/They

VERB moved

fifty years ago.

*5

worked

:

THE PAST SIMPLE: IRREGULAR VERBS

SUBJECT

VERB '

l/He/She/lt/We/You/They

wrote

poetry.

became

famous.

built

a monument.

:

'

-

24

c u

: Past Simple; Affirmative Statements ®

I I I I I I1 J

J

I

s

EXPRESS Complete the chart. BASE FORM

OF

VERB

PAST SIMPLE and

be

come save

Grammar Explanations

Examples

1. Use the past simple to talk about things that are now finished.

Albert Rimes lived in the twentieth century. He was a poet. He wrote poetry.

Now Past

•X"

I

He was a poet.

Future

2. You can use the past simple with time expressions that refer to the past (last week, by 1 980, in the twentieth century, fifty years ago).

"1

I

3. The past simple of regular verbs is formed

By 1930, he was famous. He died over ten years ago.

BASE FORM live join play

PAST SIMPLE lived joined played

I

by adding -d or -ed.

I i

BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes when you add -ed to the verb.

study hop

studied hopped

Many common verbs are irregular. Their past tense is not formed by adding -d or -ed.

be have

was/were

I

1j

I1 I I

I l C3

get

had got

go

went

Check it out! For spelling rules for the past simple of regular verbs, see Appendix 21 on page 344.

For pronunciation rules for the past simple of regular verbs, see Appendix 28 on page 348. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1 on pages 336-337.

i

25

26

H

Una -3

I

Rfe

IDENTIFY •Read about japanese poet Matsuo Basho. Underline all the regular past :ufjl tense verbs. Circle all the irregular past tense verbs. Matsuo Basho (wrotejmore than 1,000 three-line

O' §Krÿ\

1:

III

poems or “haiku’. He chose topics from nature, daily

life and human emotions. He became one of Japan’s

most famous poets and his work established haiku as

m

i

;

!ÿ

an important art form.

Matsuo Basho was born near Kyoto in 1644. His father wanted him to become a samurai (warrior).

W

Instead, Matsuo moved to Edo (present-day Tokyo)

mm

and studied poetry. By 1681, he had many students ''

1

and admirers.

T

ggg

Basho’s home burnt down in 1682. Then, in 1683, his mother died. After these events, Basho felt

restless. In 1684, he travelled on foot and on horseback all over Japan. Sometimes his friends joined him and they wrote poetry together. Travel was difficult in the seventeenth century and Basho was often ill. He died in 1694 during a journey to Osaka. At that time he had 2,000 students.

CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read this biography of another poet, Emily Dickinson. Complete it using the past simple form of the verbs in the box. be

:

become

lead

l&C

leave

see

wear

write

Emily Dickinson, one of the most popular American poets, lived i.

from 1830 to 1886. She

favourite themes. Dickinson

_ 6.

family, and she only _

an unusual life.

4.

a recluse 5.

her house in Amherst,

_

Massachusetts. At home, she

W

3.

_

After just one year of college, she _

she almost never

2.

her

about love, nature and time. These

8.

white.

no one except her

it

r

!.1

3 •

>

n

;

EPBV Past Simple: /-.“ rniarive Statements

address

appear

happen

In addition to her poetry, Dickinson

e

people always

a 27

write many letters. Other

9.

the envelopes for her. During her lifetime only

_ in print - and this

10.

seven of her 1,700 poems

12.

11.

without her knowledge or permission. 3

Now complete these lines from a poem by Emily Dickinson. bite

cijrefe

eat

drink

hop

see

r).

came

A bird

down the walk:

13.

He did not know I

S

He

*. H

an angle-worm in halves _the

fellow raw.

17.

From a convenient grass, And then

(T

_ a dew

16.

And then he

it

&

14.

is.

And

n

|

r

18.

sidewise to the wall

1

m

X3

To let a beetle pass.

ed

EDIT •Read part of a student's diary. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the Tgli past simple.. The first mistake has already been corrected.

-o

enjoyed Today in olass we read a poem by Robert Frost. I really erysy it. It was about a

person who cboosed between two roads in a forest. Before be made his decision, he

r

spents a lot of time trying to decide which road to follow. /Many people thought the

person were Frost. In the end, he take the road that was less travelled on. He decided

to be a poet. That decision change his life a lot.

B h

.

;

Sometimes I feel a little like Frost. Two years ago I decide to come to this

country. That were the biggest decision of my life.

§3

f

%&

I??

Past Simple; Negative Statements and Questions

a

THE DAILY NEWS

L\

DID SHE CRASH?

1937. Amelia Earhart’s small —plane leftNEWthe island of JULY exactly midnight. Sh LAE,

GUINEA, 2, Lae at

12:00

:

e was

%

not alone on the

flight but she and Fred Noonan, her navigator, were very tired. She reported her last position at 8: 1 4 p.m. After that, she did not make radio contact again. Why did they disappear? Were they exhausted? Did they run out of fuel? The US Coast Guard started its search for the answer at 10:15 p.m.

f

'5

ft

ft

? ;

Mm -y:.yyy 'L

4- v..'T "

---

POINT Circle T (True), F (False), or ? (the article doesn't say). T F

? The plane crashed.

T F

? Earhart made radio contact after 8:14 p.m.

T F

? Earhart had a navigator with her.

PAST SIMPLE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

CHART CHECK I Tick the correct

BE

SUBJECT

BE

CONTRACTIONS

NOT

answers. was I/He/She/It not What word do you here last year. n't be to form a add to We/You*/They were negative statement? *You is both singular and plural. O did not LI not REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS What do you add to j other verbs to form a ! BASE FORM negative statement? I DID NOT OF VERB SUBJECT O not O did not \ I/He/She/It did not caii last We/You/They

28

J|

didn't

fy

was not = wasn't

were not = weren't

night.

CONTRACTIONS did not

= didn't

Li

f

'•-ass

Simple. •'iegative Statements

ana Questions a 29

PAST SIMPLE: QUESTIONS 1

YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE

CHART CHECK 2

'

Tick the correct

answer.

1

Which word(s)

.

can begin yes!no questions with he? [H tVOi

31

d O

3 |

Cl O

3

Was

she

she here last year?

was.

she

Yes,

SUBJECT she

Why

here last year? were they

YES/NO QUESTIONS: OTHER VERBS DID SUBJECT BASE FORM Did she

AFFIRMATIVE to Mexico?

fly

SHORT ANSWERS

WH- WORD DID

SUBJECT BASE FORM

Why

it

did

disappear?

;

EXPRESS Unscramble these words to form a question and an answer.

J

•she •have •Did •a she •didn’t •No navigator

T

i

___ _ _

»ÿ

,

Grammar Explanations

Examples

1. Use the past simple to make negative statements about actions or situations that are now finished.

e She wasn't alone. They weren't on an island. They didn't find the plane. He didn't call that night.

j

!

T

Now Past

•>- Future wasn't alone

!

1

2. Use the past simple to ask questions about actions or situations that are now finished.

-

B B

Was she alone in the plane? Where did she leave from?

Check it out! For questions about the subject, see Unit 24 on pages 102-103. ir

'

NEGATIVE

Yes, she did. No, she didn't.

WH- QUESTIONS: OTHER VERBS

1

I

they weren't.

WH- QUESTIONS: BE

did

r'

wasn't.

No,

they were.

Were they

was

were

NEGATIVE

AFFIRMATIVE

WH- WORD BE

questions with other verbs? d was

M

SUBJECT

did

Which word(s) can begin yes/no

ify, j

r

were

BE

SHORT ANSWERS

:

30 a Unit

7

[V

READ •Look at some facts about Amelia Earhart.

•She was born in the United States.

•She didn’t get a degree.

•She didn’t keep her first plane. •She flew across the Atlantic Ocean.

•She received many awards. •She married George Palmer Putnam. •She didn’t have any children. •She wrote three books.

ANSWER •Tick the correct box. Yes 1. Did 2. 3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

she get many awards? Was she a university graduate? Was she an American citizen? Did she keep her first plane? Was she an author? Did she have a husband? Was she a parent?

No

0

,

ASK & ANSWER •Use the cues to ask questions about Amelia Earhart. Then answer the questions with the information in the box.

in 1937 American at Columbia University for two years New Guinea three 1.

When / she / cross the Atlantic Ocean? When did she cross the Atlantic Ocean?

in 1923.

2.

Where / she / study?

3.

How long / be / she / a social worker?

4.

Where / her last flight / leave from?

l;

5.

How many books / she / write?

!

r

!

!

6. What /

7.

be / her nationality?

When / she / disappear?

rii iii

ki

Pasi Simple: Negative Statements and Questions

® COMPLETE •The magazine Flying

High (FH) interviewed a young pilot. Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and with short answers.

.

FH:

Did

SUE:

Yes

want

you always

to be a pilot?

1. (want)

did

. I saw a documentary about Amelia

2.

Earhart when I was six. She became my role model.

FH:

.

3. (be)

.

your parents happy with your decision? 4.

FH: Why not?

you ever

SUE: Of course. But I FH: '

11. (be)

SUE:

i

.. But I was very determined, and

7.

me from pursuing my dream.

8. (not stop)

FH:

. it

10. (not think)

would happen so soon.

you alone on the flight?

,1 13. (be)

SUE:

:

-

pfe]

.of flying around the world?

9. (dream)

12.

FH:

. I had a co-pilot.

it difficult to find a co-pilot for this flight? it

14.

. She’s my flatmate.

EDIT •Read this postcard. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the past simple. The first mistake has already been corrected. receive Hi! Didyou received my fast fetter? / didn't knew

lour

’

new address so / sent it to your old one. When yon

-

moved? Didyourflatmate move with you ? Riyht now

-

V ,

I'm on board a plane flyiny to El Paso to visit Ana.

t

to visit her in June but / no had the time. At first / was

T ,

Didyou met her at the conference lastyear? / wanted yoiny to drive from Los Anyc/es but / decided to fly / didnt know flying could be so much

1

-

:

-

fun! Hope to

—

To:

SueJacobs

16 Beckleg Avenue

Moreton

Clot icestorsIlire

instead. This is only nnj thirdflight but / love flying!

hearfl-om you.

: :

me to fly.

it was too dangerous?

6. (feel)

, they they

.

S. (not want)

they

SUE: '

.. They

, they

SUE:

GL565BQ

M.

a 31

Jppÿÿ h

N1T

IT"#I|

i

Used is

'

•V-

\:.ÿasgd8BMBm

Look at that! I used to wear baggy jeans!

ra m m sr Kxfjsianati©11$

Examples

1. Use the past continuous to describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past. The action' began before the specific time and may or may not have continued after the specific time.

A: What were you doing at 3:00?

B: We were skiing. C: I was eating lunch at 3:00.

Now ./

Past

3:00 X-

Future

skiing

BE CAREFUL! Stative verbs are not usually used in the continuous. (For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337.)

2. Use the past continuous with while to talk about two actions in progress at the same time in the past. Use the past continuous in both clauses.

Now Past •


Use not as + adverb + as to talk about two actions that are not the same or equal.

a Kleen doesn't clean as well as Brite.

.1

II

1

3. You do not always have to mention both parts of a comparison. Sometimes the meaning is clear from the context.

Trax and Gordo are both great bikes but Trax isn't as light: (as Gordo).

a Jake and Christopher both ride fast but Christopher doesn't ride as skilfully (as Jake).

;

IS :

¥

f;

182 a

untt 4S

-ms

IDENTIFY •Read this article on washing powders. Underline all the comparisons with adjectives. Circle the comparisons with adverbs.

I

i

i

I

Wusmm Pwvr&s&s.

PRODUCT REVIEWS

o you were riding the trails this weekend and you hit the dirt. Now your clothes look as bad as your bike. Never mind. They’ll look as good as new next weekend. We checked out three major brands of powder and we can tell you which ones clean best and

i

i \;

i

which ones don’t remove trail stains (as effectively!ÿ others. Overall, Brite and Kleen aren’t as expensive as Trend but they didn’t perform as well,

either. However, they were almost as good in particular categories. Trend removed both

I i

mud and grass stains effectively. Brite removed mud just as effectively as Trend but it didn’t remove grass stains as well. Kleen was effective on grass stains but not on mud.

Brite cleaned clothes as thoroughly as Kleen but again, Brite and Kleen weren’t as good

if

;I

as Trend in this category. On the other hand, Brite came out on top in brightening. Colours washed in Kleen and Trend just didn’t look as bright as the ones washed in Brite.

:

:

i

::

m

i;

-ÿ

i. i :

COMPLETE •Read these conversations. Complete them with (not) as of :!:c words in brackets. Uie. correct /. Does

THOMAS:

handle as comfortably as

your new bike

DIANA: It’s great. The handlebars

;

and

.

_

the old one?

a. (handle i comloi Lillies

and the brakes

b. (noi lie / wide)

to reach. This bike was made for a small

c. (nol be / hard)

person like me. 2.

CHARLIE: We need a name for this product. It should show that this washing powder

1

the others but

a. (clean / offer live)

-

b. (nol bo / unfriendly)

to the environment.

H

EVA: I like ‘GreenKleen’. It and it

1

c. f vund

'

>

the message

theirs, too.

SAM: The last group I cycled with

_

other product names

itincj)

_

:T

:

i:

,

_— a herd of

_

elephants. I prefer to cycle alone but I know it’s dangerous. ;i

JACK: Come cycling with me next weekend. I i

r

_

W' i

i

E

mouse, I promise.

d.il

a

I

tjUis'l )

1 1

i

H

COMPARE & COMPLETE •Read the chart comparing several models of bicycle. Complete the sentences with (not) m . . . as and the correct form of the words in brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative.

PRODUCT RATINGS

1

MODEL

PRICE

COMFORT

Trax

£999

© © ©

Huff £550 Gordo £225

..

WET GROUND

EASE

HANDLING

HANDLING

© ©

© © ©

©

© ©

o © o

2.

On wet ground, the Huff

6.

7. 8.

9.

Gordo

The Trax

j

-1

the Trax and the Huff. the Huff.

(feel / comfortable)

either.

/ cheap)

Even the Gordo

(ride / comfortable)

On the road, the Gordo

the Trax. the Trax.

(handle 1 poods

Off the road, the Gordo and the Huff

The Gordo’s gears

o

the Trax.

(stop / slow)

(be / expensive)

(be

o o

the Trax and the Huff.

(slop / quick)

_

10. (be i easy to change)

Ik

o

doesn’t stop as quickly as

5. The Trax

'

BRAKING SPEED,

DRY GROUND

The Gordo

3. The

KEY: BETTER © -> O -» O WORSE GEAR CHANGING ON-RGAD OFF-ROAD

BRAKING SPEED,

1.

4.

183

'

'•

-

;

CjOOd)

the Trax.

the Huff’s but

the Trax’s.

EDIT •Read these forum postings. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of comparisons. The first mistake has already been corrected. Mountain Bike Forum i

iss

RE: Not as many bruises! .

Inexperienced cyclists should try the South Trail at Deerstalker Park. The scenery is just as

beautiful -beautifully but its cycle track isn’t as unfriendly than the North Trail’s. The slopes aren’t as

IS

steep and you won’t fall as frequent because there aren’t as many rocks. It isn’t as short like

the North so you’ll still get a good ride and you won’t feel as discouraged at the end of the day. RE: The (expensive) new Trax

Does anyone have any experience of this bike? I tested it in the shop car park and I’m not impressed. My old Trax changes gear as just easily and it handles as smoothly, too.

Of course, it’s not as lightly but then it doesn't cost £999, either.

L

*

Ill t ' :

TH \'M

.M.M i 7 Sr'" a.

'

7

7-

Adjectives; Comparatives

'

Ij

'.ft

.

7-

5H8

©pmmi>

4.

The fettuccini Alfredo is

S. The spaghetti primavera is :

I

y)

the spaghetti primavera. (I.illoninii)

(h•< y, ‘-7-;

i.

S

mage

:

m

ro

17

ffl

:/•]

y'TTk

Rui)

C*

.

;

Who just happens to be my wife!

T” po/wr

:

The sender of this card thinks his wife is very:

I

O

HI

.

:

!

typical

a special

;h

i

i

.

Tick the correct answer.

HAPPY VALENTINE’S DAY!

$ i

:

l:

jj

NOTE: On Valentine’s Day (14 February), many people send cards to special people in their lives to tell them how much they love them.

i

f

i ::

/ ick the correct answers. Which word always goes before the superlative form of the adjective?

;!

§

:

! ! ! | !

i

I

j

11:!

Which letters do you add to the end of a short adjective to form the superlative? | -est v Which words do you jl add before a long adjective to form the superlative? more or /ess most or least

a

Mk,..

a

I

That's

the the the 1 the : the

nicest loveliest worst most arousing least original

person in the world.

.

I. ;

:

card I've ever received.

!

!:

:Ji

You are

the sweetest the funniest the best the most wonderful the least selfish

a ia

| :

SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE FORM

a a or an a the a most

h

i

SUPERLATIVES

CHART CHECK

188

1

sr |f§

'

m ii B

1:

EXPRESS

ADJECTIVE

Complete the chart.

nice

I*

189

*V'

SUPERLATIVE '

beautiful

W

warm happy

R M'p’tesU'- :lk*;r?s

Cis

1. Use the stsperlative form of adjectives to single out people, places and things from other people, places and things.

k

2. There is more than one way to form the superlative of adjectives.

bright friendly

SUPERLATIVE the brightest the friendliest

>

BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes when you add -est.

nice big pretty

the nicest the biggest The pretties

BE CAREFUL! Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms.

good bad

the best the worst

comfortable

the most comfortable the least comfortable

b. For most other adjectives of two or more syllables, use the rnost/the least + adjective. -r

.

ADIECTIVE

a. For one-syllable adjectives, or two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, use the + adjective + -est.

>

J

You are the best parents in the world. You are the most wonderful friend I've ever had.

c. - For some adjectives use either the . . . -est or the most/the least.

The third hotel was the quietest. The third hotel was the most quiet.

!ii

i:l

I \k

i :

-

3. The superlative is often used with expressions beginning with in or of, such as in the world and of all.

B

4. The superlative is sometimes folio wed h\ clause. Often the clause uses the present perfect with ever.

m That's the You have ?he loveliest smile ? vr

:

You're the best mother in the world. m He's the cleverest one of us all.

j

Check it out! For spelling rules for the superlative form of adjectives, see Appendix 22 on page 344. For a list of irregular superlative adjectives, see Appendix 10 on page 339. For a list of some adjectives that form the superlative in two ways, see Appendix 12 on page 339.

l! ;; :i‘!

Hr! !

r

.lit: *

|

iii

4

!

i

190

| V , j IDENTIFY •Read this Mother's buy card written

1 ~Vi

by

a young child. Underline all the

superlative adjective'.

:: ! :

e- cWfeÿr , ttvt bajKÿJr c\rtA IV foiYiiedrÿall fwrtS I've ever &oWh . too are We Aice&V mom \'ve ever KaA. Yoo afe W MC6Y WMvkrfdl (fefiViWy •W. leasV" i(V7poWeAt. No (VH)M in tte whole, wide world is

y v'

1

I

6

:

j

I

I

better Wm yoo . (AclWr c{o.U . Yod

i

Steve, try harder,

man!

Watch Jordan. The more he plays, the better he gets.

/

6 Q

0 0 0o

»'

o; 'A

A) 0 r Vft

;

>

i

D

y;V'V *0° V *

A

•

•;

POINT Circle T (True) or F (False).

T F

Jordan improves every time he plays.

CHART CHECK

COMPARATIVES

Tick the correct

COMPARATIVE ADVERB FORM

answer. What do you add to long adverbs to form the comparative? [~J more or less

CJ

THAN

harder better

Jordan played

than

more less

Steve.

aggressively consistently

-er or -est

SUPERLATIVES

Which word do you always add to form the superlative?

SUPERLATIVE ADVERB FORM

O

the fastest the best

most He threw

the

the most the least

;

j accurately j frequently

of anyone in the game, i.

.

.

j

-J

EXPRESS Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.

Sims threw faster than / of Jones. He played better / the best of all. 192

1, j£

m

\

a 193

;.;Lv

•"i

j

1. Use the comparative form of adverbs to focus on differences between actions.

Use the comparative without than when it is clear which things you are comparing.

2. Use the superlative form of adverbs to single out something about an action.

'

We often use the superlative with expressions beginning with of, such as of any player.

3. There is more than one way to form the comparative and superlative of adverbs.

% :

The Bulls played better than the Lakers. Jordan played more skilfully than O'Neal. He played less aggressively, though.

Steve tried the hardest.

a He scored the most frequently of any player on the team.

a. For one-syllable adverbs, use adverb + -er or the + adverb + -est.

fast hard

COMPARATIVE faster harder

SUPERLATIVE the fastest the hardest

>

well badly

better worse

the best the worst

b. For most adverbs of two or more syllables, use more/less + adverb or he mo its the least -> adverb.

skilfully

more/iess skilfully

the most/the least skilfully

c. Some adverbs use either more/less or -er and the most/the least or the . . . -est.

quickly

more quickly the most quickly the quickest quicker

BE CAREFUL! Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

ADVERB

4. Repeat the same comparative to talk about change - an increase or a decrease:

comparative comparative + and + adverb adverb OR

more/less

+ and +

more/less + adverb

Steve is playing better and better as the season continues. (His performance keeps improving.) He is shooting more and more accurately. (His shooting keeps getting more accurate.)

5. Use a double comparative to show cause

!

and effect: l iu

:

eosssparai ivc

tb

;

he

,

comparative adverb

''he Harder he played, the better he performed. (When he played harder, his performance improved.) a you practise, she b«4l*.*r you become.

Check it out! For a list of irregular comparisons of adverbs, see Appendix 10 on page 339.

!;!

194 a

->ÿ:

v,

'%lia

IDENTIFY •Read this feature story from the sports section of the newspaper. Underline cill the comparative forms once. Underline all the superlative forms twice.

Section 3 Sports

Norwich Beat Stowe! In the first football game of the season, Norwich beat Stowe, 6 goals to 3-The Stowe team played a truly fantastic game but its defence is still weak. Norwich defended the ball much more aggressively than the Stowe team did.Of course, Joe Jackson helped win the game for Norwich. Norwich’s star player was back on the field today, to the delight of his many fans. He was badly hurt at the end of last season but he has recovered quickly. Although he didn’t play as well as people expected, he still handled the ball like the old Joe. He certainly handled it the most

'urn

anyone on the team. He controlled the ball the best, kicked the ball the furthest and ran the fastest of any of the players on either team. He played hard and helped the Norwich team look good. In fact, the harder he played, the better Norwich performed. Watch Joe this season.

skilfully of

!

And watch Stowe, too. They’ve got a new coach and they’re training more seriously this year. I think we’ll see them play better and better as the season progresses.

v COMPLETE* R od this 'fends. Comp-ielc ii wUR U,c comparative or superlative forms of the words in brackets. Add the and than where necessary.

__

BILLY: Did you hear about that new speed-reading course? It helps you read faster

and

1. (feist)

MICHAEL: I don’t believe it! The

2. (well)

you read, the

3. (fast)

you understand.

4. (little)

BILLY: The advert says that after the course, you’ll read ten times 5. (rapidly)

and understand five times more. And the best thing is

that you won’t have to work any

6. (!uir

that and still remember

details. That way, you’d have more time to go to the gym. MICHAEL: Did you read the course description properly?

•>.

d;

••

J

Ipf-J

:'pai jtivt;s .ji'ui

StiperlaiiVst

CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Look at the chart. Then complete the sentences i j with the comparative or superlative form of the words in the box. | You will use some words more than once.

'

j j

a 195

good

far

fast

bad

slow

as?

high X5S

CLARKE SMITH ROGERS

LONG JUMP 4.3 m 4.2 m 4.6 m

DAVIES

4.7 m

ATHLETE

I

28 minutes 30 minutes 22 minutes

Smith.

2. Davies vaulted

the highest

of all.

_

_

4.

Smith ran

S.

Davies jumped

6.

Clarke ran

7.

Davies vaulted

mmm m KM m WM 81ÿ73

ip

1

Si

1H m a*

.

further than

3. Rogers ran

1

5-MILE RUN 24 minutes

Clarke jumped

1.

3

POLE VAULTING 2.2 m 2.1 m 2.3 m 2.5 m

Pffri.0f

mmM:

Davies.

_

Smith. Smith.

8. All in all, Davies did 9. All in all, Smith

fT.

1

did

EDIT 9 Read this student's report about a basketball game. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of adverbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.

‘i

•i

X

Last night, I watched the Lakers and the Bulls. Both teams played more than aggressivelyÿ’ve ever seen them. In fact, they played the better of any game I’ve watched this season. In the first half, Michael Jordan sprained his left ankle

and Shaquille O’Neal was out of the game because of fouls. But they still didn’t

start the second half any slower that the first. With Jordan out, Kukoc scored the most frequenter of any player. He’s been playing more and more better as the

season goes on. In fact, more he plays, the better he gets. The Bulls won by 97 to 88. The Lakers seemed to get tired at the end. They played little and less consistently

«

as the game went on.

SelfTest isiEgrFaogdl ONE Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

EXAMPLE:

1.

2.

A(B)C

coffee.

Jennifer never (A) drink (B) drinks

_

I’ve got (A) a good (B) best

(C) the

This apple pie smells (A) wonderful (B) wonderfully

A B C D (C) more wonderfully

(D) the

4.

I passed my driving test. It seemed much

I expected. I was disappointed. (C) as badly as (D) better this time.

A B C D

A B C D

(D) easily

The faster Daniel walks, (A) more tired (B) he gets tired

7.

most wonderfully

jC) easiest

(A) easy (B) easier

!

best

(D) the better

Our team didn’t play (A) as well as (B) well

6.

A B C D

job in the world.

3.

5.

D

(C) is drinking (D) was drinking

A B C D (C) the more tired he gets (D) he gets more tired

____ .? I’m trying to work.

Could you talk (A) more quietly (B) quieter than

A B C D

(C) more quiet (D) quiet

Lisa is staying at home. Her cold is a lot (C) worst bad (D) the worst worse

today.

A B C D

(A) (B) 8.

\

0.

than we thought. Sorry we’re late. Your house is much (C) further (A) far (D) the further (B) the furthest The film was so (A) excitingly (B) excited

Chris is working very (A) hardly

(B) hard

196

_

that we couldn’t sleep last night.

A B C D

A B C D

(C) excite (D) exciting

these days. (C) harder (D) hardest

A B C D

i: 1

.=

'&&c Min

11. Write the report first. It’s (A) than (B) as

more important

your other work.

a 197

A B C D

(C) from (D) then

_

12.

than the dinner menu. The lunch menu is very short. It’s (C) less varied (A) varied (D) the least varied (B) more varied

A B C D

13.

Thank you! That’s (A) the nicer gift (B) a nice gift

A B C D

14.

It’s getting more

_ I’ve ever received.

_

(C) nicest gift (D) the nicest gift

_

to find a cheap flat.

(A) hardly (B) and more difficult

A B C D

(C) the most difficult (D) and very difficult

igEc?ioggi TWO

*

Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

EXAMPLE: A B

The harder Sylvia tries, less she succeeds.

A B C D

E

A

15.

D

C

B

A

C

D

This has been the best day than my whole life! D c A B 17. We’re always amazing by John’s incredible travel stories.

A B C D

16.

-

A

18.

3

C

A B C D

Our new car is hard to drive than our old one.

A B C D

B

A

A

20.

B

C

C

Patrick doesn’t run quickly as Lee but he can run further.

A B C D

You did much more better in the last test than in this one.

A B C D

tfie more popular of all the new TV shows?

A B C D

22. What’s

D

D

ABC

23.

D

D

ABC

21.

A B C D

D

We took a lot of photos because she was such a sweetly little baby.

'

19.

C(D)

Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.

The more I practise the piano, the most skilled I get. •/

24. The

A B C D

rubbish in the street is more disgusted than the potholes.

A B C D

seems as hotter as yesterday but the humidity is lower.

A B C D

25. Today

in I:

V

:

ULN; I T

r

T

:

Gerundsi Subject and Object t'

S’

>

I’m all N X out of breath again. I really need to give up jogging!

—

.. .

'~i POINT

\vr

4>

Tick the correct answer.

nk

What does the woman want to give up? a.

;

>

O O

a,

1

;

’ ;

i

cigarettes

exercise :

|

GERUND AS

CHART CHECK

SUBJECT

GERUND (SUBJECT) ' VERB I answer.

j What does the gerund I end with? :

i|!

O CJ ii

198

T

OBJECT

Smoking

harms

your health.

Not smoking

makes

you healthier.

-ed

GERUND AS

-ing

What goes before the gerund to make it negative?

O O

“1

not

OBJECT

SUBJECT

VERB

GERUND (OBJECT)

You

should give up

smoking.

My doctor

suggests

not smoking.

-

i

;

«-

don 't or doesn 't

i

J

a 199

EXPRESS Complete this conversation with the correct form of the verb drink. Use the affirmative or negative.

much coffee isn’t good for you.

A:

B: I know. I gave up i

too __ _coffee

A: My doctor suggested

last year.

fizzy drinks, either.

1 1. A gerund (base form of verb + -sag) is a verb that functions like a noun. A gerund can be the subject of a sentence.

>

BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes when you add -ing to the base form of the verb, Notice that a gerund is always singular and is followed by the third person singular form of

Drinking too much coffee is bad for your health.

Smoking is also unhealthy. smoking jogging

smoke jog

Eating sweets is bad for your teeth. inhaling smoke gives me bronchitis.

the verb. cjcrnnd

BE CAREFUL! Don't confuse a gerund with the continuous form of the verb.

Drinking coffee isn't healthy. .moils

k:::P

He is drinking coffee at the moment.

2. A gerund can also be the object of certain verbs.

To the right is a short list of verbs that can be followed by a gerund.

I enjoy exercising. I've considered Joining a gym.

admit avoid consider

deny enjoy finish

3. There are many common expressions with go gurtrnd. These expressions usually 1

describe activities, such as shopping, fishing, skiing, swimming and camping.

l i

V

8 J i

I

(dis)iike

u We often go swimming in the lake. Yesterday I ww.i shopping for a new pair of running shoes.

Check it out! T.

miss practise stop resent suggest

For more complete lists of common verbs that can be followed by the gerund, see Appendix 3 on page 337 and Appendix 6 on page 338.

;

200

1;

p1“

•

!

IDENTIFY 9 Read part of an article from a magazine. Underline the words ending in -lug that are gerunds.

YOUR

11

-ti- JSL M

JLJL JL,

I

SWIMMING is great exercise. It’s

I

healthy, fun and relaxing. Because swimming is a ‘low-impact’ sport, most people enjoy participating in this activity without fear of injury to their bones or muscles. Jogging, which is a ‘high-impact’ activity, can at times be harmful. I know

i if I

.j.

this from personal experience. Last year while I was jogging, I injured my right knee. I don’t go jogging any more. After a painful month of recovery, I stopped running and switched to water sports. I’m now considering joining a swimming team and competing in races.

..

CHOOSE & COMPLETE 9 Read these statements about health issues. Complete them with | the gerund form of the verbs in the box. Choose between affirmative and negative. increase

V

ip

1.

eat

Smoking

do

walk

drink

smoke

run

swim

is bad for your heart and lungs.

2.

too much fat and sugar is also unhealthy.

3.

water _

4.

5.

enough

Doctors suggest

Avoid _ jumping.

6.

Instead, consider

go

is bad for your general health.

the amount of fruit and vegetables in your diet.

_ too many high-impact sports such as jogging and _

in a pool every day. It’s an excellent

low-impact activity.

Many health experts think that

because there is less stress on your body when your feet come

.

I:

into contact with the ground.

Some people are afraid of the doctor but

IP iiri j!

tUin... .

is better than

is a mistake.

for regular checkups

J

u

a 201

:

|gq SUMMARISE •Read each numbered statement. Complete the following summary using

'ÿ

1S|

the appropriate verb from the box and the gerund form of the verb in brackets.

admit

.

i.

deny

consider

avoid

can't stand

go

£njoy

stop

_ _ __

TOM: Ann jogs but I don’t really like that kind of exercise.

SUMMARY: Tom doesn’t

enjoy jogging

(jog)

2. MARTINA: Oh, no thanks. I don’t smoke any more.

SUMMARY: Martina

]

3.

(smoke)

CARL: I’m going to that new swimming pool. Would you like to come with me?

SUMMARY: Carl is going to 4.

JIM: I can smell smoke, too. But don’t look at me! I didn’t have a cigarette! SUMMARY: Jim

5.

(swim)

(smoke)

IZZY: I know I should exercise but I don’t want to. I guess you’re right. I am lazy. lazy.

SUMMARY: Izzy 6.

(be)

PHIL: No, thanks. The cake looks great but I’m trying to stay away from sweet things.

sweet things.

SUMMARY: Phil 7.

VICKY: I’m not sure but I may go on holiday.

SUMMARY: Vicky 8.

(lake)

MYLES: Traffic jams are what I hate most about commuting.

SUMMARY: Myles

f

a holiday.

(be)

in traffic jams.

EDIT •Read Jim's notes. Find and correct nine mistakes in the use of the gerund. The first mistake has already been corrected.

|

SMOKING WAVS X CAN &IVEUP SMOKE CI6ARETTES Choose an exact date to give up smoke. Stop smoking completely. (Cut down is harder than stopping all at once.)

Avoid to be around other smokers (at least at the beginning). Start exercising daily. To exercise

can reduce stress.

No drinking coffee may help, too.

Imagine been a non-smoker. Positive mental images can help. Consider to join a support group.

Don’t delay to ask for help. Call Dr Burns right away! keep trying and don’t give up!

i

Sc:. - ;j§icfe afi6;' Prepositions

y;? C -

•

s23Ldj

-

:

«

SET 1NV0L¥£D!

w

.

Interested in improving life on campus?

wm

Tired of hearing complaints and not finding solutions?

join tits Student Council!

a

r-J

Next Meeting: Mon. 25 March, 8:00 p.m., Main Auditorium

L

We look forward to seeing you there.

ss

;,W ® V i PP m wsV pp m

(

Jr-., J ‘jiJis a difference!

*j

m

Smm

R(

vj

po/wr

I

The Student Council is looking for students who :

T F

want to make new friends.

T

F

want to improve life on campus.

T

F

like to complain. GERUNDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS

CHART CHECK lick the correct

:

PREPOSITION GERUND

answers,

What part of speech is the word to in k : k forward ? Ijl part of the

I”!

!

improving

life on campus?

We're good

at

planning

ahead.

You can help

by

taking

notes.

infinitive

She believes

a preposition

Are you tired

What form of the verb follows a preposition?

D O O

Do you have ideas for

the base form the gerund

the infinitive

i ;;

I complaints?

: Let's work

j I They

to the meeting.

insist

I look forward ; | She's inteiested

summer.

to

having to

; study next

tv.

working with

i other students.

202

|l

;

'

203 V !.•

EXPRESS Complete this conversation with the correct form of the verb Join. A: Are you happy about

_

the Student Council?

a group for a while.

B: Yes, I am. I’d been looking forward to

noun

1. A preposition is a word such as about, against, at, by, far, in, instead of, of, on, to, with and without. A preposition can be followed by a noun or a pronoun.

The council insists on elections. pronoun

The council insists on them. gerund

. ?:ÿ

:

The council insists on voting.

Because a gwurwi (base form of verb + -hig) acts as a noun, it can follow a preposition, too.

2. Many common expressions are made up of a verb or an adjective followed by a preposition.

1

VERB + PREPOSITION advise against believe In count on

These expressions can be followed by a gerund.

3. BE CAREFUL!

a. In the expressions on the right, to is a preposition, not part of an infinitive form. For this reason it can be followed by the gerund.

b. Do not confuse used to + base form of verb (for habits in the past) with •: rue CT- -A (meaning he/a used 'be/get accustomed to').

ADJECTIVE

+ PREPOSITION

afraid of bored with excited A- ut

-

She's counting on going to university. id;-,;: in a shop. He is kcrod with

VERB

-I-

PREPOSITION

look forward to object to resort to

ADJECTIVE I PREPOSITION accustomed to opposed to used to

a I'm looking forward to seeing you. NOT I'm looking forward to see you. a She's used to coming top in her class. NOT She's used to come top in her class.

I used to take the train. (It was my habit to take the train but I no longer take the train.)

a I

iv A > taking the train. (I'm accustomed to taking the train.)

a

r the train. (I'm becoming accustomed to taking the train.)

Check it out! For a list of common verb plus preposition combinations, see Appendix 7 on page 33S. For a list, of common adjective plus preposition combinations, see Appendix 8 on page 338.

.3

if!

ft

204 a

IDENTIFY •The Student Launch wrote a letter to the Dean of the university, dead it and underline all the preposition + gerund combinations.

We, the members of the Student Council, would like to share with you

the thoughts and

concerns of

the general student body. As you probably know,

many students are complaining about life on campus. We are interested in meeting with you to discuss our ideas for dealing with these complaints. We know that you are tired of hearing students complain and that you

are not used to working with the Student Council. However, if you really believe in giving new ideas a try, we hope you will think about speaking to :

i

our representatives. We look forward to hearing from you soon.

p

CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read these comments from the university newspaper. Complete the students' statements with the appropriate preposition from the box (you will use one of them several times) and the gerund form of the verb in brackets.

on

at

in

to

for

about

I don’t have any plans for the holidays but I’m not concerned bored. I can always go for a walk or something. 2.

What are my plans for the holidays? I’m very interested

at night.

(listen)

Lisa Smith (go)

but

Emily Latham

_ at home and just

(drive)

I’m really looking forward (i t'id.Xj

5.

_

My friends and I are driving to Scotland. I’m excited

I’m nervous 4.

_ about getting

Jim Clark

to jazz. I’m going to go to the Spring Jazz Festival. 3.

t

_

(slay)

Don Peters

I’m driving to Wales. It’s famous

great scenery.

! I I.1VI

Ed Davies

I love languages but I’m not good ..... .....them so I’m studying for my Japanese class over the break.

Claire Kaplan

My friends and I are going camping but my little brother insists with us. A lot of fun that’ll be! 8.

Oscar Stephens

My girlfriend is keen

to the

and IV

id)

cinema so I guess I’ll read a lot and see a lot of films.

(q)

Tim Riley

T

a 205

COMBINE •Read these pairs of sentences about student life. Combine them with the

|] prepositions in brackets. 1.

You can’t walk on campus late at night. You have to worry about your safety. You can’t walk on campus late at night without worrying about your safety.

_

(without)

2.

We can make changes. We can tell the Dean about our concerns.

3.

The Dean can help. He can listen to our concerns.

(>>y)

(by)

In some cases, students just complain. They don’t make suggestions for improvements. (instead of)

5.

Students get annoyed with some lecturers. Some lecturers come late to class.

6.

You can improve your work. Study regularly.

(for)

(by)

EDIT •Read this student's letter. Find after prep osi do n

/•ÿ ;/K

or aerunds

Dear Brian, l have been attending studying

Bedford Collegefor agear. I'm verg happg

about studg here. Atfrst, it was quite hardgetting used to speak English alt the time but now /feel verg comfortable about communicate in mg

second language. I've just joined an internationalstudent group and Em excited with

meeting new people. The summer break is coming and a few of us arc-

planning on do some travelling together. Before toJoin this group, / used to

spend ho/idags alone. Please write. / look forward to hearfrom gou! K.

[

p'

i

Jj M I ? ! Hr% \ /

infinitives

fv c

after Certain Verbs

2fei

I j'.

-

Lifestyles Section 4

1

ASK ANNIE Dear Annie,

k

1:4

fH

T/c/c the correct answer.

m Cÿf

The dog thinks that George is dreaming.

O

Burr 3

III

;

o°°

\\\

Ip

i

I

Glove sticks to burr. 3urr sticks to fur. V\ Why? Work this out!/ j VK,

?ÿ! ill

i

Phrasal Verbs* Separable

..

George is getting an idea for an invention.

SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS

I

rtlf

i

•:

a .

II

NOT SEPARATED

CHART CHECK

|jl|

Tick the correct answer. O Direct objects that are nouns can go before or after the particle.

D

it! 3

Direct objects that are pronouns always go after the particle.

PARTICLE

DIRECT OBJECT

dreamt

up

the idea.

worked

out

the details.

SUBJECT VERB He

SEPARATED

SUBJECT VERB dreamt

DIRECT

OBJECT

the idea it

PARTICLE up.

He

worked

the details them

out.

ii;H

EXPRESS Complete these sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

iii

Who

If «.N::

236

(tln\im up / llul iduti)

? Did you

__ (ilrtMin up / il)

msr-f

l

Pvirasa' Verbs; Sepambfe

a 237 '.I,

•;

verb + particle

1. A phrasal verb consists of a verb + particle.

Z Particles look the same as prepositions but they are part of the verb phrase. They often change the meaning of the verb. i

:

verb + preposition

He looked up at the sky. (He looked in the direction of the sky.) verb

4

particle

He looked up the information on the internet. (He found the information on the internet.) The separate meanings of the verb and particle may be very different from the meaning of the phrasal verb.

2. Most phrasal verbs are transitive (they take direct objects). Most transitive phrasal verbs are separable. This means the direct object can go:

1

She set up an experiment.

a. after the particle (verb and particle are not separated) OR

b. between the verb and the particle (verb and particle are separated)

i

They turned down my application. (They rejected my application.)

verb + particle + direct object I just dreamt up a new idea. OR

!

;

verb + direct object + particle I just dreamt a new idea up. direct object

Notice that when the direct object is in a long phrase, it comes after the particle.

BE CAREFUL! When the direct object is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and

She dreamt up an unusually complicated new device. NOT She dreamt-an inusually complicated new device up.

i

She dreamt it up. NOT she dfeamt-up itr

i

the particle.

.

3. With a small group of phrasal verbs, the verb and particle must be separated.

keep something on

m Keep your hat on.

1

NoT-Keeptalk someone into

She talked her boss into (giving her) a pay rise. NOT She talked into her boss a pay rise:

Check it out! For a list of common separable phrasal verbs, see Appendix 17 on pages 341-342. For a list of common phrasal verbs that must be separated, see Appendix 17 on pages 341—342. For information about inseparable phrasal verbs, see Unit 54, pages 232-233.

ec[t set up carry out pay back pick up tried out

As a child, Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)

i.

almost everything he heard about - he even tried to hatch goose

$1;

eggs by sitting on them! Before he was twelve, he

_ his first laboratory using money he had 2.

earnt himself. He had hundreds of bottles and he

IP

_

j

them __ with chemicals for 3.

his experiments. He labelled the bottles ‘poison’ to

his family 5.

4.

. When he was fifteen, Edison

a new skill. He had saved a child’s life and the grateful father, a

telegraph operator,

Edison 6.

telegraphy. After that, Edison was able to work at night and

j

i

i:

•

:

experiments during the day.

by teaching him 7.

his

Phrasal Verbs: Separable a

I

In 1869, Edison made a piece of equipment for a company that supplied prices his first useful invention - the stock ticker to gold brokers. This

_ B

W&'Z.,

n I§1§:

8.

for which he received $40,000. He was then able to spend all his time working on his new inventions. During his lifetime, Edison was issued with 1,093 patents! tr.

4 l.

COMPLETE •Read these conversations that take place in a school laboratory. Complete them with phrasal verbs and pronouns.

A: Please put on your lab coats. B: Do we really have to

2. A:

_

I

4.

6.

at home or do we have to do it now?

A: Are you going to hand out the next assignment today?

a few minutes ago. Weren’t you here?

A: I can’t get this to work. We’d better point the problem out to the teacher.

B: OK, I’ll

i

either.

_

B: I 5.

_

A: Remember to fill in these forms. B: Can we

~

.? It’s hot in here.

I can’t figure out this problem.

B: I know what you mean. I can’t 3.

put them on

to her.

A: Are we supposed to hand in our lab reports today?

B: No. Please

next week.

EDIT •Read an inventor's notes. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of phrasal verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected. up

3 May I dreamt wee-a, really goodidca,- a,jar

ofpaint with,an,applicator like, the, kind usedfor shoe,

polish/. It can be/ used to touch, on/ spots on a, wall token/people/ don’t want to paint a/ svkote/

manufacturer. I’ll call up- him, and order several types so I aw, try them, In,. Ifilled, down, application/for a,ptatent and,posted, ityesterday. I'll be, able, to set a, strong and convincing demonstration, of the-product upsoon. I demonstrated the,product at an, exhibitionfor decorators. I wanted to point out that it's very clean to use, so I put white,glovesfor the, demonstration. It went very well. room,. I know so

3 luly

30 August

art,

239

y;

;

1

=r:,

&

;

K!i:

jSEcrfiolÿi ONE Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

!

i

EXAMPLE:

1

Jennifer never (A) drink (B) drinks

if; 1.

Come in.

3.

|

A B C D (C) it down (D) up

4.

II

il

Your mother called. She wants you to call her (A) in (C) back (B) off (D) over

put _

Please (A) off (B) away

I

_

I A B C D

!

Kevin is going to (A) call back (B) give back

7.

A lamp will (A) turn on (B) blow up

8.

Instead of arguing about the problem, let’s (C) take it away (A) look it over (D) talk it over (B) charge it up

9.

That’s very original. How did you dream (C) of (A) about

A B C D

A B C D

from holiday tomorrow. (C) get back (D) get along

A B C D

this corner nicely. (C) put up (D) light up

That kettle is hot. Don’t pick (A) it up (B) up it

A B C D

in

6.

down

i

1

your lab coats before you leave the laboratory. (C) up

Mark works so hard that he’s sure to (C) turn over (A) give up (D) get ahead (B) work off

10.

A B C D

(C) over (D) up

5.

(B)

tonight.

_ the music so we can sleep?

(D)

_


)

,

n. (Hi!

MEGAN: No, fresh

I 2. ' ' TM

and

7.

8. Oil

Reciprocal Pronouns

rfr%,; COMPLETE •George Prudeau is a French teacher. Complete his talk to a group of new teachers. Use reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. itself

I teach French but the subject

isn’t that important. I think my

i.

experience applies to all subjects. Your first year may be hard so teach

i

I

_

2.

to think positively and keep things simple. Remember that a

good teacher helps students learn by _

.. Recently, John, one of my

3.

students, was having trouble teaching

_ how to bake French bread.

4.

I encouraged him to keep trying and in the end he succeeded. As far as discipline

goes, I have a few rules. I tell my students, ‘Keep the lessons but don’t interfere with

_ 6.

materials simple, too. I pride

busy. Discuss s. _ ’s work.’ Keep teaching

on being able to teach anywhere,

even on a street corner. Finally, the salary for teachers is not great but :

you have a lot of freedom. I run my class by

_ travel much but I satisfy _ to. You will all have to decide for

JO.

:

pfjk

8. 9.

_ - just the way I want if it’s worth it. I can’t afford to

with trips to Calais!

EDIT •Read this woman's diary. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. The first mistake has already been corrected. myself

I jbrgot to call Sam, on, his birthday. I reminded, m& ail day and I stillforgot!

felt terrible,. My sister, Anna,, said, ‘Vonlt be, so hard on,yourselves,’ but

I

1didnit beliewe, her. She,prides her on, remembering everything. Then,

1read, an, article, on, self-talk,. It said that people, can, change, the, may they

explain,problems to theirselves. I realised that the, way I talk, to me- is

insulting - like, the, way our matlvs teacher used to talk, to us. I thought, Sam, and I treat

each, other well.

forgave, myselffor my mistake,

He,

straightaway and Iforgone, himforforgetting our dinner date, two weeks

ago. Sam, and, I couldforgive, themselves so I suppose, I can,forgive, me,.

..

a 261

ji

I H iSECiraoKij ONE

!!

Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence. Choose 0 when no article is needed.

EXAMPLE:

ti iff

Iftr ::

Jennifer never (A) drink (B) drinks

i

i §j lj

1.

li;

2.

i

I introduced (A) himself (B) me

The job

_

_ to Bill as soon as I saw him. (C) himself (D) it

___

to

during the holidays. (C) each other’s (D) one another

4.

What a beautiful bracelet! Is it made of (A) the (C) 0 (B) some (D) a

5.

I bought (A) a lot of

6.

How

_

i 9.

! ;

10.

eggs do you need for the cake?

•j

262

l|

A B C D

A B C D

A B C D

(C) 0 (D) more

friends at first.

had

A B C D

(C) few (D) a few

best film I’ve ever seen. (C) the ID)

A B C D

0

Sue’s in (A) a (B) an

Germany on holiday.

Frank’s

astronaut. There are six of them on this mission. (C) an (D) the

(A) 0 (B) a

h

_

A B C D

(C) twelve (D) many

7. She was lonely because she (A) little (B) a little

That’s (A) a (B) an

gold?

_ bottled water before the trip.

(A) many (B) much

8.

A B C D

isn’t a problem. It’s my boss.

(B) a few

:

A B C D

(C) myself (D) each other

3. The students write cards (A) themselves (B) ourselves

_

D

(C) is drinking (D) was drinking

(A) myself (B) itself

Ii!

A(B)C

coffee.

A B C D

(C) 0 (D) the

A B C D

iF Serfs'eat XI

I’ve just rented

11.-

_

a 263

A B C D

video.

- Great! Which one? (A) the (B) some 12.

We haven’t got (A) much (B) some

(C) a (D) any

_

fruit left. Could you buy some apples? (C) little

A B C D

(D) many

[iicTBoavil TWO Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

EXAMPLE: A B

There are a lot of food in the fridge so help yourself.

A B C D

Do your families come for Christmas or do you celebrate

A B C D

c

B

A

13.

D

D

ABC

14.

C®

Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.

c

B

A

by yourselves? D

The news are starting so let’s watch TV in the living room.

A B C D

16.

Lee wants to open his business in may and start working c A B for himself.

A B C D

17.

I

IS.

AS

CD

o

18.

myself A

don’t eat chilli but it’s the most popular spice in a world.

A money isn’t everything - the job itself has to be interesting.

A B C D

Mathematics isn’t Jeff’s best subject but he succeeds with the

A B C D

B

A

19.

A B C D

BCD CD

D

ABC

hard work. 20.

How many times do we have before the film starts?

A B C D

Smith was an unpopular MP so he had a few friends in politics.

A B C D

ABC

21.

A

D

CD

3

some up for us?

22.

We have only a few milk left so could

23.

We didn’t know one another names before Maria introduced us.

you pick

D c 24. Ben has to save a few money so that he can go to school in the autumn.

A B C D

B

A

B

A

25.

A B C D

I met an accountant and a lawyer at your party and an accountant A

A B C D

CD

B

C

D

A B C D

said he’d help me.

;

I

I -m

m

The Passive: Overview The World Keeps

M;

3Y,->

I

gf|

if

:

!;|

r*

/ ick the information you can get from the advert.

il b

0 0

if; 0

1

a i

the price of the magazine

Circle T (True) or F (False). T F The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of the passive

ACTIVE

it

F

PASSIVE V

SUBJECT

OBJECT

tt is bought by millions of people.

Millions of people buy it.

OBJECT

j

sentence. T F Passive statements

T

Reader's Digest was founded in 1922. Today it is read by people in every country in the world. Shouldn’t you be one of them? Subscribe today.

the number of years the magazine has existed

SUBJECT

Someone published it in 1922.

it was published in 1922.

PASSIVE STATEMENTS

always have a form of the verb be. Y

Deader’s iVDigest

the name of the founder

CHART CHECK

Passive

SUBJECT

BE (NOT)

PAST PARTICIPLE

(BY + OBJECT)

It

is not/isn't

bought

by millions of people.

It

was not/wasn't

published

in 1922.

statements

YES/NO QUESTIONS

always have an object. BE

SUBJECT

PAST PARTICIPLE

it

sold

SHORT ANSWERS

r

if! 111

WH- QUESTIONS

Where

264

Yes, it

was.

WH- WORD

if ii.ii

in China?

Was

;

j BE j SUBJECT is

it

NEGATIVE

AFFIRMATIVE

is

:

I

PAST PARTICIPLE

sold?

J

No, it j

J

1

I wasn't.

i i

she Passive: Overview a

EXPRESS

_

265

Complete this sentence with the passive form of the verb print. :

How many copies of Reader’s Digest

last year?

Crasssmar Motes 1. Active and passive sentences usually have the same meaning but the focus is different.

'

ACTIVE

Millions of people read the magazine. (The focus is on the people.) PASSIVE The magazine is read by millions of people. (The focus is on the magazine.)

It is written in nineteen languages. It was published in 1922. These copies have just been printed.

2. Form the passive with the correct form of be + past participle.

3. Use the passive when:

a. the agent (the person or thing doing the action) is unknown or not important. b. the identity of the agent is clear from the context.

The magazine was founded in 1 922. (I don't know who founded it.)

* The magazine is sold in newsagents.

(We can assume that the people who work in the newsagent's sell it. We don't need to mention them.)

Some mistakes were made in that article. (I know who made the mistakes but I don't want to blame the person who made them.)

c. you want to avoid mentioning the agent.

r 1

4. Use the passive with by if you mention the agent. Mention the agent when:

The article was written by a psychologist.

John Dent is a famous sports writer.

a. you introduce necessary new information

He has just been hired by Sports Weekly to write a monthly column. (The name of John's employer is necessary new information.)

about the agent.

1

b. you want to give credit to someone who created something.

H

c. the agent is surprising or interesting.

BE CAREFUL! In most cases, you do not need to mention an agent in passive sentences. Do not include an agent unnecessarily.

The article was written by John Dent.

Our windows are washed by a robot. N

The magazine is published once a week. NOT The magazine is published by the publisher once a week.

266 a

ill

f!

Us-iii 6 s

H P

!!:

HIr

i!

I

CHOOSE •Read these sentences and decide if they are Active (A) or Passive (P). 1.

Reader’s Digest was founded in 1922.

2.

Millions of people read it.

3.

A large-type edition is also printed.

4.

They also record it.

5.

Reader’s Digest is published once a month.

6.

It has been translated into many languages.

7.

Many readers subscribe to the magazine.

8.

It is sold in newsagents throughout the country.

9.

I read an interesting article in it.

10.

!ÿ

m.

m' Scfei

m I#

ipppSÿm

The article was written by a famous scientist.

READ & COMPLETE •Look at the chart. Then complete the sentences. Use the verb speak in the active or the passive form.

I Arabic Cantonese (China)

246 71

English

508

Ho (Bihar and Orissa States, India)

Japanese Spanish Swahili (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo) Tagalog (Philippines)

15

sP°ÿen

1

Japanese

2.

One million people

I— j

1

i

126 417 49

57

126 million people

speak Ho _ by 57 million people

A 7

4.

5.

Cantonese

6.

246 million people

7. 8.

i

SL

Spanish

More than 500 million people in Uganda

r

'i he Cassava: Overview

LL!

a 267

‘Vti }i

COMPLETE •Use the passive form of the verbs in the first set of brackets to complete this report. Include the agent (from the second set of brackets) only if absolutely necessary.

Modem Reader Newsletter

TENTH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE

DID YOU KNOW. . . ? % Modem Reader

was founded by A. J. Thompson 1. (found) (A. ). Thompson)

was printed

£ At first it Today it .

It

_

in three foreign-language editions.

3. (publish) (the publisher)

:

in more than ten countries.

4. (redd) (renders)

Since 2000, twenty new employees

5. (hire) (our international offices)

Back at home, ten new computers

They

_

7. (use) (our writers)

} Modem Reader | Our editorial staff

The interview

i

§i

only in English.

2. (print) £!±n5=priatE0

.

6. (purchase) (the company)

(interview'} (Uvuof

last month.

to write our award-winning articles.

all over the world.

8. (ddveriiscr) (advertisers)

9.

ten years ago.

Tun TV)

last month.

10. (see) (millions ol viewers)

1

EDIT •Read an editor's notes for a story for Modern Reader. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the passive. The first mistake has already been corrected.

are located Two-thirds of Bolivia's five million people locate in the cool western highlands known as the Altiplano.

For centuries, the grain quinoa has been grew in the mountains. Llamas bred for fur; meat and transportation. And tin, Bolivia's richest natural resource, is mining by miners in the high Andes.

The Oriente, another name for the eastern lowlands, is mostly tropical. Rice is the major food

crop and cows are raised for milk. Oil is also find there. Although Spanish is the official language, Native American languages are still spoken by people. Traditional textiles are

woven

by hand and music played on reed pipes whose tone resembles

the sound of the wind blowing over high plains in the Andes.

J

;; I!

1

iHili

II

ggpPÿ m

!;i

I#?/.]

W'

!

The Passive with Modals I

Bill, something x. should be done about Ed. He snores so loudly he’s going v to knock us out of orbit! A

tiiBig zZzZzZ

alii

:

n

;

L

:

POINT Tick the correct answer.

I know, Carla. He can be heard back on Earth!

!'•

According to Carla,

{!ÿ

0

Ed needs to do something about his snoring.

0

somebody should do something about Ed’s snoring.

!. :3ST-.

I!

\ *-

•S

IF I

|

STATEMENTS

CHART CHECK1 f (raise).

| T F Passives with modals always use be. T F You cannot use modals with the passive to

SUBJECT

MODAL*

BE

PAST PARTICIPLE

The crew

will not/won't should not/ shouldn't must not/mustn't

be

replaced

HAVE (COT) TO/ BE come TO

PAST PARTICIPLE

SUBJECT

talk about the future.

have (got) to don't have to be are (not) going to

The crew

i :

BE

. ........ . . . .. . .

replaced

next month.

next month.

*Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third person singular.

m If lit Ii

Ip

m (i

I

Tick the correct answer.

What comes before the subject in questions?

0 0

'

llII Li :

i

u

YES/NO QUESTIONS

CHART CHECK 2

268

he

a modal or an auxiliary verb

I

j

| PAST

MODAL .

I will

.

SUBJECT j BE PARTICIPLE

r -

,I

- they Should* i

L

!:

i~-

SHORT ANSWERS ! !

AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

:

i

theY j

should.

won't .

shouldn't.

f

H

f SHORT ANSWERS

YES/NO QUESTIONS AUXILIARY VERB

SUBJECT

HAVE TO/ GOING TO

BE

PAST PARTICIPLE

be

replaced?

have to

Do

they Are

going to

NEGATIVE

AFFIRMATIVE Yes, they

do.

are.

don't.

No,

theY

aren't.

EXPRESS Complete this conversation with the passive form of wi!J prepare.

on board?

food

A:

B: No, it

. It

on Earth.

1. To form the passive with a modal, use modal + be + past participle.

The Space Shuttle will be launched soon. The launch won't be postponed. The crew must be given time off. Decisions shouldn 't be made too quickly.

2. Use will or be going to with the passive to talk

It will be launched very soon.

about the future.

OR

It's going to be iaunched very soon.

3. Use can with the passive to express present ability.

Use could with the passive to express past ability.

4. Use could, may and might with the passive to express future possibility.

The blastoff can be seen for miles. It can't be done. It could be seen very clearly last year. The reports couldn't be filed in time.

It could be launched very soon. French scientists may be invited to participate. Plants might be grown on board.

5. Use should, ought to, had better, have (got) to and must with the passive to express:

a. advisability

b. necessity

The crew should be prepared to work hard. Crew members had better be given a day off. Privacy ought to be respected.

a Reports have to be filed. Everyone must be consulted.

269

w Pi

::

IDENTIFY •Read this article about the international Space Station, Unity. Underline all the passives with modals.

I

I

Living in Outer Space pace Station Unity will be completed within the next decade and international 'teams of astronauts will then be sharing close quarters for long periods of time. What can be done to improve living conditions in space? Here's what former astronauts suggest: FOOD It doesn't taste as good in zero gravity. Food should be made spicier to overcome those effects. International tastes must also be considered. 4 CLOTHING Layered clothing could help astronauts stay comfortable. The top layer could be removed or added as temperatures vary.

; .

if SLEEPING Because of weightlessness, sleep is often interrupted in space. Comfortable restraints must be provided to give a sense of stability. if EMOTIONAL NEEDS People need rest time in space just as they do on Earth. Time ought to be provided for relaxation and privacy.

:

COMPLETE •Comet Magazine (CM) is interviewing aerospace engineer Dr Bernard Kay (BK). Complete the interview with the passive form of the verbs in brackets.

: !

ill

food

__ .

1 (will / handle)

2. (Be going to

/ prepare)

_ in the Space Station. on board or

from tubes?

3. (squeeze)

0

will be handled

CM: Dr Kay, I’d like to ask how meals

BK: Neither. Gourmet meals

on Earth and then they

4. (will / prepackage)

on board.

5. (can / warm up)

CM: The Space Station will have an international crew. How food

i

_

6. (should / c hr Hist'}

BK: An international menu

to suit everyone’s taste? Food

7. (h.ive to / offer)

8. (could / scler-n

from food preference forms that the crew members complete. CM: •I

1

1

dishes

BK: Probably. But utensils around! Meals

9. (Will : use)

10. (had hollor / .lU.H'h)

11. (ought lo / moko)

on board?

to the plates so they won’t fly

as pleasant as possible.

Ill :

i

5-i-asslve with

m

ivied;..

a 271

CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Some scientists have just completed a simulation of life on the

Station. Complete their conversations with the modals in brackets and the correct verbs from the box.

design

r I

remove

keep

improve

SjstesT

BRUCE: These simulations showed that there are still some problems. I hope they can be solved

before the real thing. For example, the temperature

1. (can)

at 68°F but I was uncomfortably warm most of the time.

2. (should)

JOHN: The material for our clothing

in layers. A layer

4. (could)

.. Maybe clothing

3. (ought to)

__ 5. (can)

it’s too warm. do

deliver

give

DAVID: I didn’t like the food very much. We

STEPHEN: Well, fresh fruits and vegetables

'

STEPHEN: I’m sure it

more fresh food.

6. (ought to)

by the shuttle regularly. 7. (he going to)

with the rubbish? Litter is already a problem.

DAVID: What f

store

9. (will)

on board and carried to Earth by the shuttle.

EDIT •Read an astronaut's diary notes, rind and correct seven mistakes in the use of the passive with modals. The first mistake has already been corrected.

be made

I used the sleeping restraints last nigbt and slept a lot better. They ought to msks- more comfortable, though. I felt trapped. I’ve just looked in the mirror. My face is puffy and my eyes are red. I’d better

be got on the exercise bike right away. I can be misunderstanding when I look like this. Last night, Max thought I was angry with him for turning on ‘Star Irek'. Actually, I love that programme. I might

be given early lunch shift today. I hope they have more chilli. It’s nice and spicy and the sauce can .1

Ci

IIi

actually been tasted, even at 2ero gravity. Some of it had better be fly in

there might be some unhappy astronauts! Speaking of unhappy, last night, Katy called and told me

she was planning to leave school. I think she could be talk out of it but I'm afraid I'll get angry and shout if

?:

1

on the shuttle pretty soon or

we discuss it. I might overheard

by others. We need some privacy here!

*1

IS'

f,

III

iff

!!l:

The Causative

a

aS:

:

!

Hi, Emily! . . .

Hi One week later . . .

)0}\\ Jf CO P

i

lA

P

&P 7

%

5

«

had your hair cut?ÿ

Sye, Emily, see you next week.

:

X

Hmm . . . Something’s different. Have you

96

t,

*4

l

r

h

1L

71 POINT Tick the correct answer.

The man wants to know if his girlfriend

i

D

I!

O

cut her own hair. went to a hairdresser’s.

I !;

.1 :

ill

! i: ii ;

CHART CHECK

STATEMENTS

Circle T (True) or F (False). T F The causative always has a form of the verb be. T

F

!j T

F

You can form the causative with have or get. The causative always needs an agent.

SUBJECT HAVE/CET

OBJECT

She

has

her hair

cut

He

has had

his beard trimmed.

I

got

my car

She

is going to get her lawn

by Colin.

!

repaired.

!

cut.

?

YES/NO QUESTIONS AUXILIARY j ' j VERB SUBJECT j HAVE/GET

!

1

:

|j

1

PAST PARTICIPLE (BY + AGENT)

!

OBJECT

PAST PARTICIPLE j (BY + AGENT)

Does

she

have

her hair

cut

Has

he

had

his beard

trimmed?

Did

you

get

your car

repaired?

is

she

going to get her lawn

i by Colin?

cut?

1 272

The Causative

FXPfffSS Complete this conversation with the correct form of the verb do. •

~ •

I

|

A: Where do you have your hair B: I don’t have it

Grammar

_

it myself.

,1

&«.

I used to colour my own hair but now I have it coloured at the hairdresser's.

1. Use the causative to talk about services that you arrange for someone to do for you.

I get my groceries delivered by Derek.

BE CAREFUL! DO not confuse the past simple causative (had something done) with the past perfect in active sentences (had done something).

SIMPLE PAST CAUSATIVE I had it done last week. (Someone did it for me.) PAST PERFECT I had done it before. (I did it myself.)

2. Form the causative with the appropriate form of have or get + object + past participle.

I always have my hair cut by Colin.

a I haven't had it done since June. Last year I got my jacket cleaned once.

The causative can be used in all tenses and with modals.

Next week I'm going to have my windows cleaned.

a I'm getting them done by Spotless. B

I had them cleaned a long time ago.

B

You should get the car serviced.

B

You ought to have it done soon.

B

Lynne has her hair done by Colin.

B

Where does Lynne gel her hair done? NOT Where-does Lynne got her hair done o- baifdres5ef?

L L

3. Use by when it is necessary to mention the person doing the service (the agent).

Do not mention the agent unnecessarily.

Check it out! For more information about when to use an agent, see Unit 61, page 265.

a 273

•ÿÿV/v

I l

liiv--

ii!

274 a unit •v .

TffUF Off F4IS£ •Read each person's statement. Write T (True) or F (False) for the sentence that follows.

I

1.

JACK: I’m going to get my hair cut tomorrow after work.

\

_F

i

2.

3.

II•M 1M ;ÿ

-S3

4.

Jack cuts his own hair.

DEBRA: I’m colouring my hair this afternoon.

_

Debra colours her own hair.

AMY: I didn’t pack any nail polish because I had done my nails before the trip.

_ Amy did her own nails.

JACK: I’m thinking of getting the floors polished before the party.

_ Jack might hire someone to polish the floors.

5. MARIE:

ii |:

_ i

6.

I

1

I had my flat painted two months ago. Marie painted her own flat.

TONY: I’ll wash the car this weekend.

_

Tony is going to wash the car himself.

FIND OUT & REPORT •It's 15 February. Look at the Davies's calendar and write sentences about things they had done and things they are going to have done.

it l;

SUNDAY

FEBRUARY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY

TUESDAY

MONDAY 1

2

8

9

FRIDAY 5

4

3

2.

11

10

Today’s 15 date

windows 16

17

22

23

24

/ have / photos / take

.

|\ :=!

i

7

Jack-

12

carpets

18

19

13 20

food and drinks Amy-

ears pierced

25

26

27

14 Amydog groomer

party!

21 28

family photos

_ They are going to have photos taken. Pebra got her hair permed.

Debra / get / her hair / perm Amy / have / the dog / groom

h :

Debra -

hairdresser barber

1. They

SATURDAY 6

_

4.

They / get / the windows / clean

•T.

They / have / the carpets / shampoo

6.

Amy / have / her ears / pierce

7.

Jack / get / his hair / cut

8.

They / have / food and drinks / deliver

_—

__

I

Yh© Causativa a 275

•\~7

CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Debra and jack are going to have a party. Complete the

conversations with the passive causative of the appropriate verbs in the box.

i

dry clean 1.

colour

cut

paint

iSnorten

DEBRA: Your new dress is a bit long. Why don’t you

clean

get it shortened

AMY: OK. They do alterations at the cleaners. I’ll take it in tomorrow. 2.

DEBRA: My blue dress has a small stain on it. I have to -

AMY: I can drop it off at the cleaners with my dress.

•i

3.

JACK: The house is ready, except for the windows. They look pretty dirty.

tomorrow.

DEBRA: Don’t worry. We 4. DEBRA:

Your hair is getting really long. I thought you were going to cut it.

AMY: I decided not to do it myself this time. I

_

by Colin. 5.

DEBRA: My hair’s getting a lot of grey in it. Should I

JACK: It looks fine to me but it’s up to you. 6.

GUEST: The house looks beautiful.

you

JACK: NO, actually we did it ourselves last summer.

PjfL

EDIT •Read Amy's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the passive causative. The first mistake has already been corrected.

21 February The party was last night. It went really well! The house looked great. Mum and Dad had the floors cleaned

polished and all the windows clean professionally so everything sparkled. And of course we had the

whole house painted ourselves last summer. (I’ll never forget that. It took us two weeks!) I wore my

new black dress that I have shortened by Jill and I got cut my hair by Colin, lie did a great job. There

were a lot of guests at the party. We had almost fifty people invited and they almost all turned up! The food was great too. Mum made most of the main dishes herself but she had the

rest of the

food prepare by a caterer. Mum and Dad hired a professional photographer so at the end of the

party we all took our photos. Dad’s getting them back next week. I can’t wait to see them!

'v

m 1

•:

III!!!!

r- fi

a.

L

••ÿsw

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m

[IIlllSiONE

r % m

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H.

EXAMPLE: Jennifer never (A) drink

! I

coffee. (C) is drinking (D) was drinking

(B) drinks l.

ii

2.

This book (A) is (B) has

Coffee is (A) grow

_

i

4.

The meeting won’t (A) cancel (B) be cancelled

7.

8.

I ii.;

9.

] 0.

;

276

A B C D

A B C D

at the hairdresser’s.

(A) at (B) by

__

Maya Angelou. (C) (D)

I need to get my photo

for my website.

(A) take (B) taken

(C) taking (D) took

_

The report (A) publishes (B) is published

A B C D

soon.

J

A B C D

from of

1

(C) will be published (D) will publish

be completed? ——ItWhen will thebework by June, but I’m not really sure.

_

A B C D

(C) has it cut (D) gets it

That book was written

How often (A) do you get (B) did you get

A B C D

(C) been cancelled (D) cancelled

doesn’t cut her own hair. She

(A) has (B) might

'! :s

the film. (C) will be seen (D) must be seen

(A) cuts it (B) has cut it

i

(C) was (D) were

i

I'

(C) been growing (D) grown

Millions of people . (A) saw (B) were seen

6.

I

D

A B C D

written in 2002.

_ in Colombia.

3.

5. Sally

A®C

:

(B) grew

•!!

I!

i

Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

A B C D

(C) will (D) won’t

your car serviced since you bought it? (C) had you got (D) have you got

A B C D

A B C D 1

SeSfTest XH

a 277

1 fsiciToSgl TWO Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

M

EXAMPLE:

.

c

B

A

1

ABC®

Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.

n.

A B C D

c

B

A

D

Jake uses. D

12.

The reports were arrived late so I had them sent to you this morning.

A B C D

13.

Some mistakes were made in the brochure but they might corrected c A before you get back.

A B C D

You’ll see a copy before theyYe printed by the printer.

A B C D

A funny thing was happened when your office was painted yesterday.

A B C D

Will your stay be extended or will you be returned next week?

A B C D

CD

B

A

D

14.

BCD

A

15.

BCD

A

16.

B

A

c

D

17.1 used to do my own taxes but now I have done them by an accountant. 18.

A B C D

BCD

A

A B C D

Before a final decision is reached, the various possibilities should B

A

probably discussed by the whole team. c D more than three years ago but I’m not going to 19.

A B C D

B

A

have it done again for a while. c

f

20.

D

We didn’t know about the problem so it shouldn’t be handled in time.

A B C D

A lot of crops can’t be grew in the mountains because it gets too cold.

A B C D

That bit of pottery was found by an archaeologist while she was worked in

A B C D

A

21.

B

CD

A

22.

CD

B

D

ABC

this area. 23.

Does the lightbulb have to replaced or is it still

24.

working?

A B C D

BCD

A

Have you had your teeth clean yet by the new hygienist?

A B C D

The last payment shouldn’t make until all the work has been

A B C D

D

25.

A

completed

c

and carefully checked. D

.ÿ

i lifej

.*•

UN i T

Hi

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w: m Men/

f III!! jl I i, .I

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>•3

llli III

1

If you don’t fit, you can’t board.

077

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POINT

n

Circle T (true) or t- (raise

T F The man may not be able to board the plane.

II CHART CHECK Circle T (True) or F (False). T F The verbs in both clauses are in the present.

: i|l

I

T F The if clause always comes

;b

it

ti

I:

I; 1

if

STATEMENTS

: :

first. T F There is always a comma between the two clauses.

If

IF CLAUSE it snows,

STATEMENTS

RESULT CLAUSE

RESULT CLAUSE

the airport closes.

The airport closes

if

j

IF CLAUSE it snows. if

it's foggy,

planes can't leave.

Planes can't leave

it's foggy. i

YES/NO QUESTIONS j

RESULT CLAUSE

IF CLAUSE

SHORT ANSWERS NEGATIVE

AFFIRMATIVE

.i

Does the airport close

Can planes leave

i it snows?

a i

Yes, it's foggy?

i it doesn't.

it does.

No,

they can.

they can't.

1

WH QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE

IF CLAUSE

Why does air get lighter

if it expands?

1

:

It 278

ill! hi.

1

J

Zero Conditionals

a 279

•n;\

EXPRESS Match the if clauses with the result clauses.

get jet lag.

1.

If you hate aeroplane food,

a. they often

1

2.

You might not be able to board

b.

you can order a special meal.

t

3.

If people travel a long distance,

c.

if you don’t check in at the gate.

-

n

1. Use zero conditionals to talk about general truths and scientific facts.

The if clause talks about the condition and the result clause talks about what happens if

the condition occurs.

if

Use the present simple in both clauses.

’I

2. You can also use zero conditionals to talk about habits and recurring events (things that happen again and again).

U

: !

Csi-smmar Explanations

•Hi

\

Use the present simple or present continuous in the //clause. Use the present simple in the result clause.

3. You can also use modals in the result clause.

Examples result clause //clause if it's noon in Lima, it's 6:00 p.m. in Rome.

result clause if clause If air expands, it becomes lighter.

Note: If means when in these contexts.

result clause If Bill flies, he orders a special meal.

if clause

result clause

it clause

If I'm travelling a long way, I always fly.

If you practise your Chinese every day, you can improve quickly.

You might learn more if you listen to Chinese CDs.

4. Use the imperative in the result clause to give instructions, commands and invitations that depend on a certain condition.

If you want the seat to recline, press the button. If the seat belt light is on, don't leave your seat.

If you come to Tokyo, stay with us.

S. You can begin conditional sentences with

the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same.

s if the light goes on, fasten your seat belt. OR

n Fasten your seat belt if the light goes on.

Use a comma between the two clauses only when the //clause comes first.

JiiM

280 a

i...

1

64

31-

I

IDENTIFY •Read this article. In each zero conditional sentence, underline the result clause once. Underline the clause that expresses the condition twice.

'j

: *

!

PASSENGERS’ RIGHTS you run into problems on your journey, remember your rights as a passenger. Often the airline

illii

'

company is required to compensate you for delays or damages. For example, the airline provides

f

meals and hotel rooms if a flight is unduly delayed. However, the airline owes you a lot more if it caused the delay by overbooking. This can occur especially during holidays if airlines sell more

tickets than there are seats. If all the passengers actually turn up, then the flight is overbooked.

;;

Airlines usually award upgrades or additional free travel to passengers who volunteer to take a later

li

flight. However, if no one volunteers, your flight may be delayed. In that case, the airline must repay

you 100 per cent of the cost of your ticket for a delay of up to four hours on an international flight.

If the delay is more than four hours, you receive 200 per cent of the cost of your ticket.

1 SUMMARISE •Read these conversations about Hong Kong. Summarise the advice with zero conditional sentences.

u!!

1.

|

A: I hate hot weather. B: The best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December.

*

If you hate hot weather, the best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December.

:i:

2.

A: I’m travelling with my children. B: Take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in Kowloon.

i1

3.

A: We need a moderately priced hotel. B: I suggest the Harbour View International House.

i:

4.

A: We like seafood. B: There are wonderful seafood restaurants on Lamma Island.

S.

A: I’m fascinated by Chinese opera. B: You might like the street opera in the Shanghai Street Night Market.

6.

A: I’d like to get a good view of Hong Kong. B: You should take the funicular to the Peak.

!

—

I I 1

.

Zero Ck»KEtion&is m 281

||Y~ fgj|

if $

COMBINE •Complete this interview between Careers Magazine (CM) and flight attendant Mary Soames (MS). Combine the sentences in brackets to make a zero conditional sentence. Use the same order. Make necessary changes in capitalisation and punctuation.

.

‘

CM: How long are you usually away? MS: If 1 no to the Bahamas, I have a two-day stopover. 1. (I cjo to the Bahamas. I have

_

a Iwo-day stopover.)

CM: What do you do for two days? MS:

2. (I spend a lot of time at the pool. I stay at

a hotel.)

3. (I stay with friends. I spend time with them.)

I

CM: Sounds nice. MS:

*

i

1 s

4. (It's not so nice. I gel a 'Dracula' Slight.)

That’s when you fly somewhere at midnight, spend four hours, and then fly back.

CM: Sounds like a tough job. Is it worth it? MS:

5. (It's very rewarding. You don't mind hard work.)

CM: Who walks the dog and waters the plants when you’re away? MS:

6. (You hove three flatmates. You don't hove trouble finding dog walkers.)

CM: What’s the best thing about this job? '

I *

... J

r

MS: Free trips.

jlpPi.

7. (A flight has an empty seat. I travel free!)

EDIT •Read Mary's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of zero conditionals. The first mistake has already been corrected. Don't forget to check punctuation! don’t

What agreat weekend! ifLon and Tony aren't the best hosts in the world, / toomt knour who is. I’ve invited them to London bat you live in the Bahamas, you rarely want to leave. Tomorrow at

if

midnight, / am doing a round trip fom London to Singapore. There's always a price to pay. if Iyet a fee weekend, I alwaysyet a 'Dracula 'fight aforwards. Oh, well, if I won’t fall asleep, / can usuallyyet a lot of reading done. Pat and Ken both flew to London yesterday. / hope someone can aIk Frisky for me.

Usually, if I'll be working, one of them is off. If Frisky is alonefor a tony time, he barked a lot. That disturbs the neighbours. Maybe / should just leave the TV on for him. He’s always very calm, if the TV is on. Or maybe !'d better call Pat and ask her about her timetable. If it was 6:00 p.m. here in Singapore, it's 11:00 a.m. in London.

..

A\

'1 m

If

- U .N I T m***

•

I.; •j

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•

mm

§

Mm

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Circle T (True) or F (False).

\W

T F

l

\

Baker is definitely going to raise taxes.

m

T F Small businesses are definitely going to leave. If Baker raises taxes, small businesses will leave.

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

CHART CHECK

;;

Tick the correct answer. Use the present simple in

d O

i>

RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE

If Baker wins,

he'll raise taxes. he's going to fight crime.

the if clause. the result clause.

Use a comma between the two clauses (3 when the if clause comes first.

O

IF CLAUSE: PRESENT

when the result clause comes first.

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

IF CLAUSE: PRESENT

RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE

If he doesn't lower taxes,

businesses won't survive.

YES/NO QUESTIONS IF CLAUSE: PRESENT

RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE Will he lower taxes | Is he going to fight crime

,

-

! I V'

if he wins the election?

SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

will.

Yes, he is.

282

won't.

•ft

isn't.

%

No, he

I M

First Conditionals

a 283

WH QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE What

EXPRESS

vviii he do is he going to do

IF CLAUSE: PRESENT if he wins the ejection?

:

Unscramble these words to form a sentence. Add a comma if necessary.

fight

•she •crime •she’ll •If •wins

•V

1. Use first conditional sentences to talk about what will happen under certain conditions in the future. The if clause states the condition. The result clause states the result.

if clause

result clause

if Baker wins, he'll raise taxes. (It's a real possibility that Baker will win.)

Use the present simple in the if clause. Use the future with will or be going to in the result clause.

if Dent wins, she'll improve housing. If Dent wins, she's going to improve housing.

You can also use a modal in the result clause.

If you want to vote, you must register. If you don't vote, you might regret it.

BE CAREFUL! Even though the if clause refers to the future, use the present simple.

If she wins, she'll fight crime. NOT If she-wiil win

v

2. You can begin conditional sentences with the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same.

—

If you vote for Dent, you won't regret it. OR

You won't regret it if you vote for Dent.

Use a comma between the two clauses only when the if clause comes first

3. if and .mless can both be used in conditional sentences but their meanings are very different.

if you vote, you'll have a say in the future of our country.

Use unless to state a negative condition.

Unless you vote, you won't have a say in the future of our country.

Unless often has the same meaning as if . . . not.

if you don't vote, you won't have a say in the future of our country.

OR

II

284 a

ami

m Hi

w

MATCH •Each condition will have a result. Match the condition with the appropriate result.

1_

Condition

Result

__

1.

If Dent wins, she

a. won’t stay out of trouble.

2.

If she lowers taxes, business people

b.

___

3.

If the education system improves, we

won’t have a say in the government.

4.

c.

_

Unless young people have hope for the future, they

will have an educated work force.

5.

If crime decreases, this

d.

won’t be able to vote.

6.

Unless you register, you

7.

If you don’t vote, you

_

_ _

e. will move their companies

back to the city. f.

will lower taxes.

g. will be

•ÿ8

COMPLETE •Read this interview between Politics Today (PT) and MP Daniel Baker (D8). Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and if or unless.

PT: What’s the first thing you

_ 3. (c|Pt)

L

_

’ll do

if

1. (do;

you

2. (if / unless)

elected?

DB: Well, it’s been a long, hard campaign.

V

;

a safer place to live.

4. (If / Unless)

5. (win)

a short break before I begin my new job.

6. (lake)

PT: Sounds good. Where?

DB: Sorry, but I’d rather not say.

I

9. (iry)

7. (If / Unless)

elected,

8. (be)

to keep my personal life private. Even politicians need

privacy. :

PT: I can understand that. Now, every election has a winner and a loser. What

you

you

IT |ij]

1m

DB:

13. (I! / l Inlev, I

active in politics. i

ilil

fflII

_

52. c l* no I

in- •! i )»';

20. (not elec I)

to try again!

14. ilnv l

this election, I

all parties

_ as great as it can be. Finally, 16. ill

1 1; ,1:

11. (if / unless)

TO. (do)

me to office this time, I

_ 17.

15.

., this country unpn.ile)

19. 01

21. (he)

to be I* oiilinu!-;

/

unless)

_ the people

back next time

.

:%gj|

COMBINE •Amy Chatsworth is trying to decide whether to go to law school. She made a decision tree to help her decide. In the tree, arrows connect the conditions and the results. Write sentences about her decisions. Use first conditional sentences.

take out a student loanÿ~

go to law school?

J

be in debt for years

not have to depend \ on my family J

go into politics

be able to \ pay for my sister ) Jo go to universityJ

l0|Bf

earn more money

>T

;

sit in the House of Commons

get elected

as an MP

1.

If I go to law school, I’ll take out a student loan.

2.

If I take out a student loan, I’ll be in debt for years.

3. 4.

|

5. 6.

r L.

7.

8. 9.

;

10.

L

|P% WIT •Read this diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of first conditionals. The first mistake has already been corrected. Don't forget to check punctuation!

want

Should I campaign for student union president? I'll have to decide soon if I wanted to run. If I'll be busy campaigning, I won't have much time to study. That's a problem, because I'm not going to get a

good job if I get good marks this year. On the other hand, there's so much to do in this university and nothing is getting done if John Healy becomes president again. A lot of people know that. But will I know what to do if I'll get the job? Never mind. I'll deal with that problem, if I win.

«!!! jr

11

1 i!j

Hji

Second Conditionals

•I •

Mi

•.SMU

'!!ÿ

WlWtl s

H ! ’

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Y

I WOULDN’T N 'MRfiYTOU UNLESS 10U WERE THE LAST, .6IRLON EARTH!/

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c

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i

iJi

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I!

!!

!

'

i!

“

_ 1 (0? V „

:ii

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I POINT

Circle T (True) or F (False).

s

T F Schroeder, the piano player, wants to marry Lucy.

3j

i

in! |

;

ii!

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

CHART CHECK Circle T (True) or F (False). T F Use the present simple in the if clause. T

F

Use were for all subjects.

T

F

Use a comma between the two clauses when the result clause comes first.

;! i!i I li

I!1 i :

IF CLAUSE: SIMPLE PAST if

OF

VERB

1

VERB

1

he would get married.

he'd get married.

*Note that were is used for all subjects with be.

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS IF CLAUSE: SIMPLE PAST if

RESULT CLAUSE: WOULD + BASE FORM

he didn't love her, he weren't in love,

OF

he would not get married. he wouldn't get married.

YES/NO QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE

I'

RESULT CLAUSE: WOULD + BASE FORM

he loved her, he were* in love,

IF CLAUSE

Would I get married

'j

v

\(HOPEI) $9 4feY es J

I loved her? I were in love?

if

i

SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE

1

NEGATIVE

Yes, I would. No, I wouldn't.

J

it

IVH- QUESTIONS

!

.

&

RESULT CLAUSE

IF CLAUSE

What would you do

.

•

you ioved her? you were in love?

k IS

ti

m

i

!

1

286

A

Seconct Conditionals a

EXPRESS Circle the correct words to complete this question.

What will / would he do if / when he was / were a millionaire?

Q ra ms&a r

Ex g>I a r*a t ions

Example* result clause // 1 loved him, I would marry him. (But I don't love him so I won't marry him.)

it clause

:

1. Use second conditional sentences to talk about unreal, untrue, imagined or impossible conditions and their results in the present.

result clause

if clause

If I had more time, I would travel. (But I haven't got time, so I don't travel.)

The if clause presents the unreal condition. The result clause presents the unreal result of that condition. .

result clause

If clause

2. Use the past simple in the if clause. Use would + base form of the verb in the result clause.

a If they had money, they wouldn't live there.

BE CAREFUL! a. The if clause uses the past simple form but the meaning is not past.

a If I had more money now, I would go on a trip round the world.

b. Don't use would in the if clause in present unreal conditional sentences.

If she knew the answer, she would tell you. NOT If she would know the answer . . ;

c. Use were for all subjects when the verb in the if clause is a form of be.

If I were rich, I would travel round the world. NOT If I was rich :

.....—-

USAGE NOTE: You will sometimes hear native tvos in the if clause. However,

speakers use

many people think that this is not correct.

L3. You can also use a modal in the result clause.

If I had time, I could read more.

4. You can begin conditional sentences with the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same.

If I had more money, 1 would move. OR

I would move if I had more money.

Use a comma between the two clauses only when the //clause comes first.

5. Statements beginning with If i were you, . . . are often used to give advice.

*

If I were you, I'd read Peanuts. It's really funny.

287

288 a Unix

1

6©

!

TRUE OR FALSE •Read each quotation from these Peanuts characters. Write T (True) or F (False) for the statement that follows.

;" i

1.

!!;

SNOOPY: If I were a human being, I wouldn’t even own a dog!

E 2.

•:

LUCY to SNOOPY: YOU wouldn’t be so happy if you knew what was going to happen.

_ Snoopy

LUCY to LINUS: If I were you, I’d sleep underneath that tree.

4.

SNOOPY to WOODSTOCK: What would you do if you had forty dollars?

_ Lucy is giving Linus advice.

_ Woodstock

SNOOPY: If I ate one more snowflake, I’d turn into a blizzard.

6.

LUCY: If we were married, Schroeder, I’d come in every morning and dust your piano.

_ Snoopy plans to eat another snowflake.

:

_ Lucy dusts Schroeder’s piano every morning.

Ip-i. LjjfjjJ

!ÿ

has forty dollars.

5.

i

i

is happy.

3.

[

li!

Snoopy is a human being.

;

COMPLETE •Read part of an article about the comic strip Peanuts. Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

....... ........

[

wliat makes Peanuls so popular? Of course, if it

.

funny, people

weren’t 1. (not be)

it so much. But Peanuts provides

2. (not like)

more than just laughs. It addresses such universal themes as love, jealousy, loneliness and

'

hope. If the

characters

3. (not be)

so real, we

with them.

4. (couldn't / identify)

Take Lucy, for example. In love with the piano-playing Schroeder, Lucy complains, ‘If

: i

your golf clubs! If you car! If you

lb;

,

married, and you

5. (be)

8. (drive)

10. (be)

a

bowler, I

golf, I

6. (love)

a sports car, I 11 .

Ml, ilt:)

we

7. (hole)

9. (h.rle)

your sports

your bowling ball.’ Without

looking up from his piano or missing a beat, Schroeder asks, 'So?' ‘I hate your piano!’ shouts Lucy

as she kicks it out from

under him. Recognisable behaviour? In Peanuts

we see ourselves along

with our weaknesses and hopes. But we don’t have to analyse Peanuts to enjoy it. If it

:

12. (not be)

for comic strips tike Peanuts,

our lives

1

1 3. (nikjht / hi-)

a little less fun.

::

li :

ii&L.. ’il

i

Second ConaltlonaSe a

';ÿr

COMBINE •Read about these Peanuts characters. What would happen if their situations were different? Combine the two sentences into one, using second conditional sentences.

1.

Schroeder ignores Lucy. She gets angry with him. If Schroeder didn’t ignore Lucy, she wouldn’t get angry with him.

2.

Schroeder loves Beethoven. He plays his sonatas all the time.

3.

Charlie Brown doesn’t have enough friends. He feels lonely.

4.

Sally doesn’t know her teacher’s name. She can’t send her a card.

5. Linus is

clever. He finds intelligent solutions to life’s problems.

6.

Woodstock and Snoopy have a close relationship. Woodstock confides in Snoopy.

7.

Rerun’s parents refuse to let him have a dog. He tries to borrow Charlie’s dog.

8.

Pigpen doesn’t have enough baths. He’s filthy.

EDIT •Read this boy's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the second

1”%§a conditional.

The first mistake has already been corrected.

would

J’-vagot.to .stop staying.upJate.reading.‘Peanu.ts_’{JfJ_weren’t.alwaya.so..tired, T wiH-hp. nhlft

.

..tQÿtay.awakejndass...WheneYerthe.teachen.asksme.son!ething,Idon’t.know_what.tQ_say.

_

Then I get really embarrassed because .of .that nice red-haired girl that I like.. I would talk to.

.. .

her if I.wouldn’t be so shy. My friend, Jason, says, ‘If. I was you, I’d ask her to a party.’ but

j Ire.too afraid that if I asked her, she would have said no. After school, I played football. .

.Wobody wanted.ree in their teanLBLI.play.bet.ter, I.wQuld.get.chosen.soreetjmes..Ufe.is.hardl_I ..caareally. understand ihat.Charlie..BrQ.wn-characfec ia‘Peanuts’In.fact,.if.Ididn’tJaugh.so

. . hacd-while.reading.‘Peanuts.’,.I..w.Qu!dncied! . ... ..... ........... ......... . ..... ...... ...

289

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JP* 1 VI

Third Conditionals

: •'••Si;.

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i Section 5/ENTERTAINMENT

It's a Wonderful Life

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5

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fi Best Bets for Holidaij Viewing

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out of

Rating:

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hat would have happened if you had never been bom? George Bailey's guardian angel, Clarence, shows George that life in Bedford Falls would have been very different if George hadn't been there. In the process, Clarence teaches us all how our lives touch those of others. Highly recommended for the whole family.

I

:

(

1 i f f

N

i

George (seated) with his guardian angel

I ;

:::::: POINT

f j

Circle T (True) or F (False). T

F

George Bailey was never in Bedford Falls.

if CHART CHECK TicK the correct answers. Use the past perfect in

III ;

::

0 0

IF CLAUSE: PAST PERFECT

RESULT CLAUSE: WOULD (NOT) HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

If I had (not) had money,

I would (not) have moved away.

the if clause. the result clause.

i Use a comma between | the two clauses when |

STATEMENTS

0

the if clause comes first.

0

the result clause comes first.

YES/NO QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE

| IF CLAUSE

Would you have left

i

i

I

if you had had money?

SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE Yes, 1 wouid (have),

: i !jj;

i

NEGATIVE

j

No, I wouldn't (have). 1 j?

I! II

290

s

7 :ÿ

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294

Wish: Present and Past a

m WISHES ABOUT THE PAST

"-3

CHART CHECK 2

1 t

Tick the correct answer.

MAIN CLAUSE

WISH CLAUSE

In wishes about the past, what tense follows wish? 0 the past simple the past perfect

He wishes

he

3 f

f :

had had

some food last night.

had been

rich as a child.

EXPRESS Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verb know.

•I wish I •I wish I

\

J

a good story to tell my next class. more stories as a child.

Grammar gxfsiarsatioiis

Examples

1. Use wish followed by a verb in the past simple to talk about things that you want to be true now but that are not true.

n He wishes he had a yacht.

USAGE NOTE: After wish, you can use were instead of was.

(He doesn't have a yacht but he wants one.)

m Sometimes I wish I were a child again. OR

Sometimes I wish I was a child again. ;

They wish they had moved to the country. (They didn't move to the country and now they think that was a mistake.)

2. Use wish followed by the past perfect to

express regrets about events in the past.

I wish you would cook breakfast. You've got more time than I have.

3. Use would after wish to express a desire for someone or something to act in a different way. This often communicates a complaint or a regret.

I wish she would visit more often. I really miss her.

Nor I wish she will visit more- often.

Do not use will after wish.

4. Use could or could have after wish to

express ability.

Do not use can after wish.

H

He wishes he couid earn more money. He wishes he could have found a better job when he was younger.

NOT He wishes he can earn more money.

295

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ill

'

%5

296 a a

u

-

i

TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write

i ( true)

or F (False) for the

statement that follows.

'i'i'

I wish I were a princess.

1.

T

_ _ 4. They

_

He wishes she wouldn’t play computer games.

__ He

-

hasn’t got a lot of money.

COMPLETE •Read this article from a psychology magazine. Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

PSYCHOLOGY

FOR

YOU

1!

WISHES Am SOLUTIONIS

f

T

he old saying goes, 'If wishes were horses, then beggars would ride.' 'I wish it were that easy,' says therapist Joel Grimes. 'But we can't just wish 1. (be)

problems

2. (will

/ go away)

______

. We have

complainers are really saying, '1 wish I

!1 ;

i

s.

!

i !!'

to find our own solutions.' According to him, 3. (have)

a magical solution. I wish

with this myself.' One client, for example, kept complaining,

4. fnol have to / do, ill

‘I wish I

T

kiln;

people but my flat is too small.' Grimes urged her to solve

the problem. This year, she gave an open-house party, with people coming at different times.

She still wishes she

/;

6. -ft .Hi

invil*

her whole family last year but she learnt she

could solve her own problems. 'At first clients get angry with me for not handing them solutions,' says Grimes. 'But when they experience their own power, they wish they

H

ii

i

He wishes he had a lot of money.

Pi§~~] ;

They wish they could do computer classes.

Jim’s wife plays computer games a lot. He wants her to stop.

5.

i f ;

He likes his job.

couldn’t do computer classes at school so they are doing them now.

_

6.

|P

I wish I had lived in a small house.

He wishes he could find a better job.

3.

.

1

I’m not a princess.

I hated living in a big house as a child.

2.

1:

i

7. (know)

about it sooner.’

Wish:

a H'sf.-i a

REWRITE •Joel Grimes's clients complain about things in the past and in the present. Rewrite their complaints as wishes. 1.

I didn’t have time to read bedtime stories to my children. I wish I had had time to read bedtime stories to my children.

2.

My husband won’t ask for a pay rise.

3.

We didn’t save any money last month.

4.

My boyfriend is unfit.

5.

I’m too old to go back to school.

6.

I can’t stop smoking.

7. My son

doesn’t phone me.

a. My parents didn’t understand me.

EDIT •Read this diary entry. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of wish. The first mistake has already been corrected.

were Today, X said to Pr &rimes, 'I wisH there was a way to spend more time with my boyfriend but

we’re both too busy.’ He just said, 'If wishes were horses, beggars would ride.’ That’s an

easy thing to say

but I wish I understand its meaning. Maybe it

means that wishing won’t

solve problems. WelL, that’s why I went to see him!!! I wish he will tell me what to do

right then and there but he refused. Speaking of wishful thinking, I wish Mark and I couLd have spent the weekend together next week. My

exams are over but he’s got to fly to Paris

for his job. If wishes were horses, I’d ride one to Paris. Hey! Mark is always saying, 'I wish

you would come with me sometimes.' I suppose I can go with him to Paris. Pr Gtrimes must have meant that I

can solve my own problems. Now I wish I haven’t been so rude to him.

297

V.'

m

:

\mv 1 !l

A

!i!l !

fsamoil] ONE Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

I

EXAMPLE: Jennifer never (A) drink (B) drinks

i||!

-

coffee. (C) is drinking

A®C

D

&

was drinking

(D)

.'

•

l.

If you (A) ’ll have got (B) had got

2.

I wish we

.

|!

a headache, you should take an aspirin. (C) have got (D) are having

.

_ _

(A) have (B) had

A B C D

3.

it rains very hard, the streets flood. (A) If (C) During (B) Always (D) Unless

A B C D

4.

We’ll be late unless we (A) leave (B) don’t leave

A B C D

:

!

5. What would Tom (A) would know (B) has known

i;

a bigger house. This one is too small. (C) would have (D) had had

6.

If I

do if he

8.

r 9.

_ the truth?

A B C D

A B C D

(C) were (D)

was

you were ill, I would have called sooner. If I (A) have known (C) would have known (B) had known (D) know

If you want to go skiing, (A) you go (B) you’ll go

.

(C) knows (D) knew

you, I’d call and apologise.

(A) am (B) would be 7.

now. (C) had left (D) have left

;

A B C D

_ to

Les Arcs.

A B C D *

A B C D

I

(C) go (D) went

Jennifer has trouble with maths. She wishes she more at school. (A) studies (C) had studied (B) has studied (D) studied

A B C D

I

:

:: :

298

J

Self-fast XSsi a

__

10. - If we invited - Of course I (A) do (B) am

11.

(C) would have (D) would

_

A B C D

told us about the bad service, we would have

A B C D

Thomas will win the election if he

If you

A B C D

you, would you come?

(A) campaigns (B) would campaign 12.

299

_

eaten there. (A) didn’t (B) wouldn’t have

harder. (C) will campaign (D) campaigned

(C)

haven’t

(D) hadn’t

[sECTaow] TWO Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

EXAMPLE: A B

If you had been here yesterday, you would have see Jean.

A B C D

I wish our family could of taken holidays when we were younger.

A B C D

Unless we work harder, we will finish on time.

A B C D

CD

B

A

14.

B

A

15.

D

C

B

A

16.

0

C

B

A

1 3.

C®

Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.

D

C

If I will have to make a difficult decision*. I always discuss it with

A B C D

CD

B

A

my friends. 1 7.

If Lara is older, she would try to get a job in Edinburgh.

18. 19. 20.

We ate outside tomorrow unless it rains. D c B A I would take the job if I am you.

A B C D

What would you do if you will won the lottery?

A B C D

C

A

22.

CD

B

A B C D

If I did set my alarm clock, I would have got up on time.

A B C D

If I have to flv, I would get very nervous, so I usually drive.

A B C D

Lynn wishes she had a bigger house and can buy a car.

A B C D

BCD

A

24.

A B C D

D

It’s hot, so you will feel better* if you drink more water. A

23.

D

C

B

A

21.

c

B

D

D

ABC

25.

A B C D

We could had done more if we had had more time. A

A B C D

D

C

B

A

B

c

D

1

p' I: I ril

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__— J

Relative Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns

’

Bill, come and meet the woman who has changed my life.

_

dr]

i

-m-

fgr

l

u,

I:

LA EZMm POINT

!

Circle T (True) or F (False). T

1ii

F

!i If

The man is talking about the woman holding a report.

RELATIVE CLAUSE AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE

CHART CHECK

i:i

Tick the correct answers. Relative clauses describe:

O 01

r !

I

a>. is II

MAIN CLAUSE

RELATIVE CLAUSE

SUBJECT

t

That's my friend

RELATIVE PRONOUN

VERB

who

lives

in Rome.

nouns

verbs Relative clauses can go: CJ before the main clause O in the middle of the main clause OJ after the main clause

RELATIVE CLAUSE INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

SUBJECT

:

My friend

RELATIVE PRONOUN

VERB

who

fives

in Rome

I; i:

1

!5i

EXPRESS Unscramble these words to form a sentence.

i

if

the man •works •who •in the cafeteria

I 300 •I

fL

•That’s

MAIN CLAUSE (CONT.)

is a dancer.

T

X -tin

..

a. who or that for people USAGE NOTE: That is less formal than who.

I have a friend who lives in Mexico. I have a friend that lives in Mexico.

b. which or that for places or things USAGE NOTE: That is less formal than which.

New York is the city which never sleeps. New York is the city that never sleeps.

c. whose + noun for people's possessions

He's the man whose dog barks all day.

BE CAREFUL! DO not use both a subject relative pronoun and a subject pronoun (/, you, he, she, it, we, they) in the same relative clause.

Scott is someone who loves sports. NOT Scott is someone who he-loves-spofte.

l 4. Subject relative pronouns have the same form whether they refer to singular or plural nouns or to masculine or feminine nouns.

That's the man who lives next door. That's the woman who lives next door. Those are the people who live next door.

5. The verb in the relative clause is singular if the subject relative pronoun refers to a singular noun. It is plural if it refers to a plural noun.

Ben is my friend who lives in Leeds. Al and Ed are my friends who live in

BE CAREFUL! When whose + noun is the subject of a relative clause, the verb agrees in number with the subject of the relative clause.

Nottingham. Meg is a person whose friends depend on her.

on her.

*

!! 302 a

fpf |

1

:

i

Unit ©s

ry

.1

IDENTIFY * Read this paragraph about friendship. First circle the relative pronouns and underline the relative clauses. Then draw an arrow from the relative pronoun to the noun or pronoun it describes.

Almost eVeryovie persoK.. For

others,

ha.

I wt

l

A lo;

,i.

Som
Past perfect

'I did it.'

He said that he had done it.

Present perfect

-> Past perfect

He said to her, 'I've never lied.'

He told her that he had never lied.

-» Past simple

3. In indirect speech the change of verb tense is optional when reporting:

a. something someone has just said

A: What did you just say? B: I said I'm tired, OR I said I was tired.

Rick said the bank wants a cheque. Rick said the bank wanted a cheque.

b. something that is still true

c. a general truth or scientific law

H H

4. When the reporting verb is in the present simple, do not change the verb tense in

indirect speech.

5. REMEMBER! Change pronouns, time expressions, this and here in indirect speech to keep the

speaker's original meaning.

She said that everyone lies sometime. She said that everyone lied sometime.

'I run a mile every day.' She says that she runs a mile every day.

a Ann told Rick, '! bought this dress here.' Ann told Rick that she had bought that dress there.

Check it out! For a list of common reporting verbs, see Appendix 13 on page 340. For a list of common time word changes in indirect speech, see Appendix 14 on page 340.

v

320 a

i.

%

TUI 1:

:

IDENTIFY •Read this article about lying. Circle all the reporting verbs. Underline all the direct statements once. Underline all the indirect statements twice.

$

PI BY

JENNIFER MORGAN

!

:

Mt 9:00, Rick Thompson’s bank phoned and(sai3)that his credit card payment was late. 'The cheque is in the post,’ Rick{replied)quickly. At 1 1:45, Rick left for a 12:00 meeting. Arriving late, Rick told his client that traffic had been bad. That evening, Rick’s fiancee wore a new dress. Rick hated it. ‘It looks great on you,’ he said. Three lies in one day! Yet Rick is just an ordinary guy. Each time, he told himself that sometimes the truth causes too many problems. He told himself that his fiancee was happy with her purchase. Why should he hurt her feelings? Is telling lies a new trend? The majority of people in a recent survey said that people were more honest ten years ago. Nevertheless, lying wasn’t really born yesterday. In the eighteenth century, the French philosopher Vauvenargues was right about lying when he wrote, ‘All men are born truthful and die liars.'

COMPLETE •Read this magazine article. Complete it with the correct words in brackets.

!

'Lying during a job interview is risky business,’

said

Nikki Mason,

1. (said / told)

director of a management consulting firm. 'The truth always

_

a funny

2. (has / had)

way of coming out.' Nikki tells the story of one woman applying for a job as an office

manager. The woman 5. (has / had)

3. (said / told)

she

4. (that / what)

a B.A. degree. Actually, she hadn't. She also said 7. (earnt / had earntj

6. (I / she)

the interviewer

£30,000 in her last job. The truth

was £5,000

less. When the interviewer rang to check the information, the applicant’s former boss told her that the applicant 9. (i\ ItMvinfi /

it M visit j)

8. (It

T:

lief!

Kid !lvt!)

. Another applicant, Gwen, reported that she

her current job to advance her career. She got the new job.

All went well until the company employed Pete, who had worked at Gwen’s old company.

Pete eventually told his boss that his old company

10. d!M‘i

j

| hit

I

Gwen. jilt'd)

The new company fired her too, proving, once again, that it doesn’t pay to lie.

.

srscsirscs Speech; Statements J

2.

are . . . going

3.

’m going

is waiting OR ’s waiting ’m working 6. aren’t doing OR ’re not doing 7. ’re . . . sitting 8. ’m sitting 9. ’m . . . thinking to. are staying 4.

5.

-

both of you will come along for the next tour!

W L

Present Simple

ZD POINT John’s Typical Working Week

CHART CHECK T, T, F

EXPRESS Why does he work

| In today’s fast-paced world, we (never) escape stress. Stress (always affects us psychologically but according to Dr Roads, author of the new bestseller, Calm Down!, it also affects us physically. For example, stress causes high blood pressure. Doctors (often: prescribe medication for stress-related illnesses. Medicine (usually) lowers a patient’s blood

352

J.

Answer Key a

pressure. But, Dr Roads claims, “You don’t (always)need pills. Relaxation exercises are Sometimes) as effective as pills. For example, breathing exercises relax you and lower your blood pressure at the same time - and it only takes a few minutes!’

4.

5. 6. 7.

’m weighing, weighs

ly|

7. 8. 9.

rushes 5. isn’t 6. is 4.

Y| 3.

EXPRESS

doesn’t finish worries hasn’t got to. hasn’t got

|3. go

Does he work on reports in the afternoon? No, he doesn’t. When does he see clients? He sees clients from 9:00 to 12:00. Does he have a lunch break? Yes, he does. What does he do from 12:30 to 5:00? He returns phone calls. Where does he go at 5:30? He goes to evening classes. never have

§g rm so

353

ANNA: This steak tastes delicious. Your salmon looks good, too. Ben: Here, I’m putting some on your plate. I think you’ll like it. ANNA: Mmm. I do like it! Funny, I usually (Son’t likÿ fish. BEN: Red(ha§) that effect on people. ANNA: I have no idea what you’re talking about. What do you mean? BEN: Well, colours can change the way we (feel). For example, people often(feel) hungrier in a red room. I notice that you’re looking at the red wallpaper. ANNA: And I certainly feel hungry. I’m eating half your salmon. BEN: That’s OK. I’m tasting your steak. It’s delicious!

study

I work all day and studies all night. My boss tells

teR me that I need a holiday. I agree but think

I’m

f afraid to take one. Does my boss thinks

that the office can function without me? don’t

2.

is looking

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

cost wants hates seems likes

8. 9. 10. 11. 1 2.

doesn’t suspect know is thinking hasn’t got is listening

11. 12. 13. 14. is. 16. 17. 18. 19.

don’t know

1 dent want them to think I’m not necessary. complains

fey

But my wife is unhappy, too. She complain that she never sees me any more. My is

schedule are crazy. I don’t think I can keep want

this up much longer. I don’t wants to give up often think

evening classes, though. I thiafe-efben that

there has got to be a better way. I

|

M1T

\

’m tasting needs Do . . . want 5. tastes 6. think 7. ’m thinking 8. isn’t 9. sounds 10. ’m looking 2. 3. 4.

is

’m smelling ’m not love smells know mean feel

Not a good day! I feel depressed and need

I’ve got a headache. I’m -needing to do

Stative Verbs

something to change my mood and get rid ru-id

J POINT has the flavour of chicken

CHART CHECK T, T

of this pain. Last week, I’-m-readmg an

article about how smells can affect mood 'm smelling

and even health, so at the moment I smell

an orange (for the depression) and a green (continued on next page)

:•

If!i!

354 a

,-%r:s

wee Key

apple (for the headache). They smell nice but don’t.think

.

I

.

4

«-» 4-

28 June: l(m sitting)in a seat 3,000 metres above the earth en route to Argentina! I usually have dinner at this time but right now l(ve got) a headache from the excitement. The person next to me (is eating my food. She(look§) happy. 30 June: It’s 7:30. My host’s parents (arg) still forking). Carlos, the father, works at home. The youngest son, Ricardo, is sweet. He looks (and behaves) a lot like Bobby. Right now, he(s~Iooking) over my shoulder and (trying to read my diary. 4 July: The weather(is)cold now. I usually spend the first weekend of July at the beach but today I(m walking around in a heavy sweater. 6 August: Iffeel) so tired tonight. Everyone else feels great in the evening because they have long naps in the afternoon.

I notice a difference in

prefer how I feel! I think I’s-p? sg to eat

something when I feel down. But I worry weigh

J

i,

at the

’m having moment I have a cup of peppermint tea with

lemon. The article says that the peppermint

smell helps you eat less. Well, I don’t know about that! A chocolate ice cream sounds seems

pretty good right now! It’s-sooming that there are no easy solutions.

: i

Present Continuous and Present Simple

•

POINT F,F

1

CHART CHECK

K

’m waiting look 'I ’m working e. ’s talking f. isn’t looking OR ’s not looking

i. b.

two parts two forms

EXPRESS

g. looks PRESENT CONTINUOUS

SUBJECT BE

:

i

:

if1

BASE FORM +

i

am

buying

You

are

buying

He

is

buying

r

-INC

flowers now.

g.

PRESENT SIMPLE !

VERB

SUBJECT |

T You He

i--ay

usually

'

buy

!

buy.-

doesn’t mean ’s talking ’re doing c. ’re standing d. Do . . . think e. ’re going out f. don’t think

h. 2. a. b.

chocolates.

h. i. 3. a. b. r. d. e.

4.

it.

c. d.

%;

H u J.

means come stand is . . . walking doesn’t start ’s ... got walks seem are . . . shaking know shake meet

T

Answer Hey

ggsn

'm sitting

IÿJj It’s 12:30 and I -sit- in the library. My not hungry yet. At home, we eat

e?

this

early. Today our homework topic is ‘culture

shock’. It’s a good topic for me right now

because I’m BliiSg. pretty homesick. I miss my have

old routine. At home we always are having a big meal at 2:00 in the afternoon. Then we

m

rest. But here in Toronto I’m having a conversation class at 3:00. Every day, I almost asks

fall asleep in class, and my teacher -ask me,

‘Are you bored?’ Of course I’m not bored. I

H

just need my afternoon rest! This class »•CAJ

're working

groups of people from different cultures. We analysing

!-

BASE FORM

Don’t

listen

to the music.

Don’t

touch

your toes.

Don’t

stan d up

straight.

e

OF

VERB

2. 3.

c b

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Wash six strawberries. Cut the strawberries in half. Pour orange juice into the blender. Add the fruit to the orange juice. Blend the ingredients until smooth.

2. 3. 4.

Learn Reduce Improve Get Don’t miss

5.

is- fun. This term, we work- on a project

with video cameras. My team is filming

DON'T

4. 5.

d

6. 7.

a f

pi

I have

is always

355

NEGATIVE

classmates are eating lunch together but I’m never eat

3

6.

El

7. 8. 9. 10.

Take Choose Don’t delay Register

For the Black Belt essay, Master Gibbons Write

are analyse-‘social distance’. That means how

gave us

close to each other people stand. According

something important to you. My topic is The

'm leaving

to my new watch, it’s 12:55, so I leave now for my one o’clock class. Teachers here really

Right Way, the rules of life for the martial respect arts. First, respeets other people - treat them

don’t like

the way you want them to treat you. Second, help helped people in need. In other words, use

are late!

don’t your strength for others, not to use it just for don’t your own good. Third, no he or steal. These

Imperative

are the most important rules to me.

ZZZZE POINT giving instructions on how to do an exercise

CHART CHECK

HH

SelfTest 1 '• fe; l L—sai

don’t include a subject

EXPRESS

(Total

AFFIRMATIVE BASE FORM OF VERB Listen

Touch Stand up

to the music.

| your toes. j

straight.

= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.) ONE

:

1. 2. 3. 4.

B D A A

5. D 6. A 7. B 8. B

9. C 10. B 11. A

12. A

13. D 14. D IS. B

If!: 356 a

M

Answer Key

'

E !

|SggfTiog>l| TWO i

!

19. C (don’t) 20. B (seems)

-:i

J

..... "nr"

i

it il v

24. 25.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

D (’m always losing) B (delete you)

Past Simple: Affirmative Statements

**

\l i: 1

-

*•

1

:

:

1

II

wrote

is.

addressed appeared happened

saw bit ate drank hopped

Today in class we read a poem by Robert enjoyed

chose

. ,:;i POINT 1989

spent Before he made his decision, he spente a lot

1999

of time trying to decide which road to follow. was Many people thought the person were Frost.

CHART CHECK

took

two -d or -ed

EXPRESS

In the end, he take the road that was less

travelled on. He decided to be a poet. That

yv-

changed

decision change his life a lot. Sometimes I feel a little like Frost. decided

Two years ago I doeide to come to this

pTjjJ Matsuo Basho (wrote)more than 1,000 three!|rr

led became left saw wore

10. 11. 12. 14. is. 16. 17.

Frost. I really enjoy it. It was about a person

was, were came saved

1

wrote

J

'”7

i l :

2.

s. were

(Correct answers are in brackets.) 16. A (swims) 21. C (hate) 17. C (is raining) 22. A (usually arrives) 23. B (aren’t OR are not) 18. B (are you)

line poems or ‘haiku.’ He(chose)topics from nature, daily life and human emotions. He (became)one of Japan’s most famous poets and his work established haiku as an important art form. Matsuo Basho (was)born near Kyoto in 1644. His father wanted him to become a samurai (warrior). Instead, Matsuo moved to Edo (present-day Tokyo) and studied poetry. By 1681, he(had)many students and admirers. Basho’s home burnt down in 1682. Then, in 1683, his mother died. After these events, Basho felt restless. In 1684, he travelled on foot and on horseback all over Japan. Sometimes his friends joined him, and they wrote.' poetry together. Travel wasidifficult in the seventeenth century and Basho was ) often ill. He died in 1694, during a journey to Osaka. At that time he(had)2,000 students.

was

country. That were the biggest decision of my life.

1

Past Simple: Negative Statements and Questions

IT

] POINT ?,F,T

CHART CHECK 1 not did not

CHART CHECK 2 was, were did

i EXPRESS Did she have a navigator? No, she didn’t. 2.

3.

No Yes

4.

5.

No Yes

6. 7.

Yes No

j

Answer Key

a 357 "V

2.

4.

University. How long was she a social worker? For two years. Where did her last flight leave from?

5. 6. 7.

From New Guinea. How many books did she write? Three. "What was her nationality? American. When did she disappear? In 1937.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Were No . . . weren’t didn’t want Did . . . feel Yes . . . did didn’t stop

3.

m

EXPRESS CIOS

Where did she study? At Columbia

9. 10.

used to use to say

In many ways, fashion used to be much simpler. Women didn’t use to wear trousers

to the office and men’s clothes never used to come in bright colours. People also used to

Did . . . dream didn’t think

dress in special ways for different situations.

n. Were 12. 13. 14.

No . . . wasn’t Was No . . . wasn’t

They didn’t use blue jeans as business

clothes or wear tracksuits when they

travelled. Today you can go to the opera and

receive

find some women in evening gowns while

know

knew your new address so I sent it to your

others are in blue jeans. Even buying jeans

did you move

old one. When you moved? Did your flatmate

used to be easier - they only came in blue

move with you? Right now I’m on board a

denim. I’m still not used to buying green

plane flying to El Paso to visit Ana. Did you

jeans and wearing them to work!

meet

met her at the conference last year? I didn't Have

2.

3.

time. At first I was going to drive from Los

4.

Angeles but I decided to fly instead. This is only my third flight but I love flying! I d!4nt-

2.

They didn’t use to cost as much as they do these days. OR They used to cost less than they do these days. 4. Did people use to wear jeans fifty years ago? 5. Jeans and trainers didn’t use to cost very much thirty years ago. 6. Did women use to wear jeans?

IT

Used to POINT

CHART CHECK 1 T

CHART CHECK 2 did . . . use to

Trainers used to come in only two colours

3.

hear from you.

a habit he had in the past

used to wear used to carry

- black and white.

know flying could be so much fun! Hope to

©

5. 6.

(Answers may vary slightly.)

didn’t

i

used to have used to dress used to dance

!B

[ J

Wÿien

use

I was younger, clothes didn’t used to

be a problem. All the girls at my school used wear

to wore the same uniform. I used to think that it took away from my freedom of choice.

Now I can wear what I want but clothes cost

(continued on next page)

J

H '

H- -

358

S

Afiauvcsr

.w;

so much! Even blue jeans, today’s ‘uniform’,

were

jpT]

This evening, Sheila and Iwa&-looking at

used

used to be cheaper. My mum uses to pay less

some photographs from my skiing trip with

use

than £30 for hers. I suppose they didn’t used

Fritz’s family last year. By the end of the were

to sell designer jeans back then. You know, I

evening, we

was used to be against school uniforms but

like crazy. That was my

first experience on skis so the pictures were coming

now I’m not so sure!

really embarrassing. In one shot, I was easaedown the slope on my back. In another one,

%Jt

were

my skis was- falling out of the ski lift while I took was riding up the slope. Fritz was-t-aklng that

Past Continuous

[sHligil POINT

picture from the lift entrance. Good thing he

wasn’t

what she was doing at the time of her accident

net- standing right under me! Where was I

when Fritz was falling down the slope? Well,

CHART CHECK! F

carrying

unfortunately I wasn’t carry my camera.

That would have been a great picture! It

CHART CHECK 2

was amazing how fast Fritz’s girlfriend,

before the subject

Karyn, learned that weekend. She was doing

EXPRESS A: were . . . staying B: was staying 2. 3. 4.

IS

H

F T ?

jumps by the second day. By that time, I was spending spent- a lot of time at the ski cafe. 5. 6.

T F

were sitting outside. wasn’t snowing. s. were wearing sunglasses. 6. weren’t wearing their gloves. 7. was serving drinks. 8. wasn’t serving lunch. 9. wasn’t smiling. 10. was using a mobile phone. 3. 4.

was recovering wasn’t performing s. were . . . thinking 6. were waiting 7. wasn’t thinking s. were watching 9. Were . . . competing 10. was 11. was training 12. were . . . taking 3. 4.

Past Continuous and Past Simple

LZ77~ ~

POINT

2,1

CHART CHECK F, T

EXPRESS When was he driving

m py

2.

F

.

3.

T

3-

4. were waiting s. noticed 6. Was . . . speeding 7.

8.

got was

F T

9. io.

was going reached

11. 12. 13.

wasn’t were crossing hit

'W1 Answer Key a

359

"V

'ÿ

14.

Did . . . stop

21.

15. 16. 17.

saw

22. Was . . . snowing 23. happened

didn’t was talking 18. was driving 19. didn’t stop 20. weren’t paying

24. 25. 26. 27.

were crossing was wasn’t started arrived

5ÿ1 2. she was driving home, she listened to her 3. 4.

5. 6.

car radio. She pulled over to the side of the road . . . the visibility got very bad. She heard about the accident . . . she was listening to the news. She drove to the police station ... it stopped snowing. she was talking to the police, she was thinking about her article for the morning paper.

iSEcrBOFil TWO (Correct answers are in parentheses.) 20. A (did) 13. C (call) 14. C (was) 21. D (got) 22. C (got) 15. A (were) 16. D (were sleeping) 23. B (was driving) (not) 24. B (delete comma) 1 7. B 25. D (saw) 18. D (dropped) 1 9. A (was)

4£|T M

Present Perfects Since and For

(HHsU POINT T

CHART CHECK 1 J

Yesterday, a man was talking on his mobile driving

phone while he was drive his car. Maybe was

heÿchecking his diary while he was making his next appointment. He was certainly not concentrating on the road when the lights turned

suddenly was turning red. The two men in tried

the street were trying to jump out of the way when they saw him but it was too late. No

one was badly hurt but that was just luck. didn’t pass the ‘talking and driving’ law. We need that

law!

SeifTest

0

= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.) IsEcrrioM1 ONE

(Total

i.

A

2. D 3. D

4. B 5. A 6.

B

7. A

8. B 9. D

10. C 11. C 12. B

have + past participle base form of verb + -d or -ed

CHART CHECK 2 a length of time

EXPRESS

r

driven: irregular competed: regular

won: irregular tried: regular

jÿy|j Martina Hingis picked up her first tennis racket at the age of two. (Since then), she has become one of the greatest tennis players in the world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in Switzerland (for many year$). She became the outdoor Swiss champion at the age of nine. (Since theq) she has won many international competitions including Wimbledon, the US Open and the Australian Open. For young stars like Martina, life has its difficulties. They are under constant pressure to win and they don’t have time to just relax with friends. In fact, Martina hasn’t been to school (since 1994) and she has been in the public spotlight (for year§). But she seems to be handling her success well. (Since she turned professional, she has played (continued on next page)

MU

If!:

1 360 a

Answer Key

.

tennis all over the world and has earned millions of dollars. She sees her life as normal because tennis has been the most important thing to her (since she was a little girl).

if-

H j

-

ii

y

3. 4.

’ve been for

5.

For

6. 7. 3. 9.

has attended hasn’t done Since has taken

2.

L

3.

5.

ij 6.

1: i

hasn’t thought ’s known since

How long has she lived in Switzerland? Has she won any competitions since the outdoor Swiss championship? Yes, she has. Has she been to school since 1994? No, she hasn’t. How much money has she earned since her career began? (She has earned) millions of dollars. How long has tennis been important to her? (Tennis has been important to her) since she was a little girl.

KgT~| have been

IÿD I -am in Ms Clark’s physical education class for

rt:

CHART CHECK 2 EXPRESS Have you had lunch yet? Yes, I/we have. OR No, I/we haven’t.

I

the term. I especially like tennis but since haven’t played September we

PH H

9

Has . . . disappeared already OR yet Yes . . . has have already developed haven’t been able . . . yet Has . . . made . . . yet No . . . haven’t

3. 4. 5.

Helmut has already baked the cake. Gisela has already bought flowers. Helmut hasn’t put the turkey in the oven yet. Gisela has already washed the windows. Helmut has already mopped the floor. Gisela has already hung the balloons. Helmut hasn’t washed the dishes yet. Gisela hasn’t wrapped the present yet.

6.

7. 8. 9. 10.

has

won

mm

HK~ |

L—

b d

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

missed

volleyball and my team has win two

4. 5.

2. C 3. a

only miss- two classes since the beginning of

weather -have been too cold. I also like

Oi

JSS

use already or just use not . . . yet

T

since two months. I enjoy it a lot and have

,

CHART CHECK 1

many years.

4.

Hi

hasn’t got

n. Since 12. has met 13. 14. 15.

POINT F

(She has lived in Switzerland) for

f!

;

io.

Present Perfects Already, Just and Yet

been

I’m in a hurry. I haven’t went shopping yet

matches since we fiav£ started to compete

already but I’ll do it on the way home. Rita

with Lincoln School. I’m looking forward to

have just had dinner and she’s already had

the next match.

her bath. Have you call Mr Jacobson yet?

has

already called

He’s called already three times today. hasn’t-

His daughter has had her flu shot yet.

;,j|

1

'!

Is it too late? See you later.

! :

Answer Key a

361

L

% ’

started to fancy her. Last night, Alison Jtas'

Present Perfect: Indefinite Past

moved next door to Gary but he doesn’t know yet! I can’t wait to see what happens

I7__L_ 1 POINT

in the next episode. Does anyone know when

now

Gary’s book is coming out?

CHART CHECK1 T

Present Perfect and Past Simple

CHART CHECK 2 before the past participle

CHART CHECK 3

n POINT

F

T

EXPRESS

CHART CHECK 1

Have you ever watched ‘The Simpsons’? Yes, I/we have. OR No, I/we haven’t.

the present perfect

CHART CHECK 2 2. 3.

SI

;

m

2. 3. 4. 5.

F T

4. 5.

F F

’ve had ’ve . . . eaten ’ve . . . been have . . . wanted

6. 7. 6. 7. 8. 9.

F T

have + past participle

EXPRESS

’ve . . . wanted have . . . wanted ’ve travelled have . . . tried

I’ve never even been in a chat room. How have you changed as an actor? I’ve become more tolerant. who has been your role model? Charlie Chaplin has had great influence on me. 7. What has been your best moment on this show? 8. I’ve won the award. 9. what have you found most rewarding about the experience? 10. I’ve met some fantastic people. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

laughed

I’ve never laugh- so much in my life! Did you see the blind date episode on ‘Family’? Have

ever you never seen anything so funny? I LOVE seen

the show! It’s the best show I have ever saw ’ve

in my life. IAreally enjoyed it lately. By the noticed

way, have you nefeiee that Gary and Alison has

are beginning to get on? I think Gary have

—

met, have been

j%Jfe| Many modern marriages are finding interesting solutions to difficult problems. Joe and Maria, for example,(have been) married since 1995. After their wedding, the couple settled down in Ipswich, where Maria opened an accounting business. Then, in 1997, Joe lost his job. By that time, Maria’s new business was booming, so they didn’t consider moving. Joe never found a new job in Ipswich but in 1998, he got an exciting offer on the other side of the country - in Bristol. The couple (jiave lived) apart ever since. How

The story Story was an immediate success and

j®—|

p4|y

0 n. 0 12. 0

2. 3. 4.

0 0 0

10.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

the

13. 14. is. 16. 17.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Nintendo, Inc. Matsimoto loved the video

interesting. He liked fairy tales so he a inventedAstory similar to a famous fairy tale.

395

0 0 0 0 the the

7. 8. 9. 10.

0 the

the

the

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

the the

0 0 0 0

11. 12. 13. 14.

The the the the

the the the

0

0 the

0 0 0

0 the

Hi! Blare Gardens is excellent! This isjbest holiday we’ve ever been on! I love the rides

Nintendo followed it with The Mario Brothers.

here. I’ve been on thb roller coasters before

The rest is video game history.

but nothing is like the one they’ve got here! the

|4hN

AndAfood is great, too. I usually don’t eat 'the

IT

sL %

the

0 (§Mo Article) and The

hot dogs but jiot dogs here are great. So is

one

Do you like th'e theme parks? If so,

you’ve got to get your family to come. The

POINT

the

the little girl

only problem

CHART CHECK

isAcrowds here. People have to

queue to get into everything - even the

indefinite plural

toilets! See you soon.

EXPRESS A: the

B: 0

A: the

B: 0

Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns

ptj|] Do you enjoy theme parks? Tomorrow, Blare Gardens will open to (the public,‘for the first time.(The park (features a wide variety of rides and games that will appeal to both adults and children. And, of course, a theme park would not be complete without candy floss and hot dogs. .The food i at Blare Gardens promises to be very good. Come early, bring(the whole family) and be sure to stay for (the firework display)that takes

I

POINT F

CHART CHECK F, T

EXPRESS A: yourself

B: myself

!'!i 396 a

| W-.,j

1

i I

m

Are:

.

Self-talk is the way we explain a problem to ourselves. It can affect the way we feel and the way we behave. Tom and Sara, for example, both lost their jobs when their company laid off a lot of people. Sarakept herself fit and spent time with friends. Torngained ten pounds and spent all his time by himself. They were both unemployed so the situation itself can’t explain why they acted so differently from each other The main difference was the way Tom and Sara explained the problem to themselves. Sara believed that she herself could change her situation. Tom saw himself as helpless. Later, everyone got their jobs back. When they all talked to one another back at the office, Tom grumbled, ‘They must have been desperate.’ Sara replied, ‘They finally realised they need us!’ i.

yourselves

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

herself, ourselves myself, yourself each other, yourself itself, ourselves yourselves, one another

2.

yourselves

3. 4. 5. 6.

themselves himself

7.

:

I reminded me all day and I still forgot! I yourself

so hard on yourselves,’ but I didn’t believe herself

self-talk. It said that people can change the themselves

way they explain problems to theirsefves.

llifi :

myself

suppose I can forgive -me-.

SelfTest (Total

Si

= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)

jsEcrrioiij ONE 1. 2. 3.

c

4.

B D

5. A 6. A

C

7. C 8. C 9. C

10. 11.

C

c

12. A

isECTSOÿsj TWO

IT

The Passive: Overview

POINT

everything. Then I read an article on

ilS'.'

each other ago. Sam and 1 could forgive themselves so I

one another

her. She prides her on remembering

If

for forgetting our dinner date two weeks

myself

felt terrible. My sister, Anna, said, ‘Don’t, be >ÿ

my mistake straightaway and I forgave him

(Correct answers are in brackets.) 19. D (delete the) 13. A (is) 14. C (Christmas) 20. B (much time) 21 . C (few) 1 5. B (is starting) 22. B (a little) 1 6. B (May) 23. B (one another’s) 17. D (the) 24. B (a little) 18. A (delete A and 25. D (the accountant) capitalise Money)

call Sam on his birthday. p4_y I forgot tomyself

—

used to talk to us. I thought, Sam and I me treat each other well. He forgave myself for

8. myself 9. yourselves 10. myself

yourselves each other OR

insulting - like the way our maths teacher

myself

I realised that the way I talk to me is

the number of years the magazine has existed

CHART CHECK T, T, F

EXPRESS were printed

s

2.

A

7.

A

3. 4. 5. 6.

P

8.

A

9.

P P

10.

P A P

Answer Key

s 397

pfÿ|j 3. Tagalog is spoken 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

is spoken by 417 million people Seventy-one million people speak Arabic is spoken by speak English Swahili is spoken OR People speak Swahili

jj 3. is published ( tTT& pabnsSer) 4. is read (fSadSrs) 5. have been hired by our international offices 6. were purchased (ffie:eornpaSy) 7. are used (QuSÿwrFfcgfs) 8. is advertised (advertisers) 9. were (or was) interviewed by Live at Ten TV i 0. was seen by millions of viewers

m

Two-thirds of Bolivia’s five million people

The Passive with Modals

lc:tf5SCa€ j POINT somebody should do something about Ed’s snoring

CHART CHECK 1 T, F

CHART CHECK 2 a modal or an auxiliary verb

EXPRESS A: Will ... be prepared B: won’t, will be prepared

m

are located

locate in the cool western highlands known as the Altiplano. For centuries, the grain grown quinoa has been grew- in the mountains. are LlamasAbred for fur, meat and

transportation. And tin, Bolivia’s richest mined

natural resource, is mining EjOainSrs in the high Andes.

The Oriente, another name for the eastern lowlands, is mostly tropical. Rice is

the major food crop and cows are raised for found

milk. Oil is also find there.

Although Spanish is the official language,

Native American languages are still spoken by people. Traditional textiles are woven by is

hand and musicAplayed on reed pipes whose tone resembles the sound of the wind blowing over high plains in the Andes.

15

Space Station Unity will be completed within the next decade and international teams of astronauts will then be sharing close quarters for long periods of time. What can be done to improve living conditions in space? Here’s what former astronauts suggest: •FOOD It doesn’t taste as good in zero gravity. Food should be made spicier to overcome those effects. International tastes must also be considered. •CLOTHING Layered clothing could help astronauts stay comfortable. The top layer could be removed or added as temperatures vary. •SLEEPING Because of weightlessness, sleep is often interrupted in space. Comfortable restraints must be provided to give a sense of stability. • EMOTIONAL NEEDS People need rest time in space just as they do on Earth. Time ought to be provided for relaxation and privacy. 2. Is . . . going to be prepared 3. (is it going to be) squeezed 4.

5.

will be prepackaged can be warmed up (continued

i

on next page)

am f

398 n answer v:=y should ... be chosen has to be offered s. could be selected 9. Will ... be used 10. had better be attached 11. ought to be made 6.

4WJ T

7.

51

2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

a

j The Causative

fZSSl POINT went to a hairdresser’s

should be kept ought to be improved could be designed can be removed ought to be given are going to be delivered will be done will be stored

CHART CHECK F, T, F

EXPRESS A: done B: done, do

Ky I used the sleeping restraints last night and be made

slept a lot better. They ought to make more

comfortable, though. I felt trapped. I’ve just

looked in the mirror. My face is puffy and get

my eyes are red. I’d better be got on the exercise bike right away. I can be misunderstood

m |

2. 3.

T T

4.

5.

T F

6.

T

Amy had the dog groomed. They are going to get the windows cleaned. They had the carpets shampooed. Amy is going to have her ears pierced. 7. Jake got his hair cut. 8. They are going to have food and drinks delivered. 3. 4. 5. 6.

have it shortened get (OR have) it dry cleaned 3. ’re getting (OR having) them cleaned OR ’re going to get (OR have) them cleaned 4. ’m getting (OR having) it cut OR ’m going to get (OR have) it cut s. get (OR have) it coloured 6. Did . . . get (OR have) it painted

1. OR

Last night, Max thought I was angry with

him for turning on ‘Star Trek’. Actually, I love that programme. I might be given early lunch shift today. I hope they have more

2.

chilli. It’s nice and spicy and the sauce can be

actually boon tasted, even at zero gravity. flown

Some of it had better be fly in on the shuttle pretty soon or there might be some unhappy

i

astronauts! Speaking of unhappy, last night, Katy called and told me she was planning to talked

leave school. I think she could be talk out of it but I’m afraid I’ll get angry and shout if be

we discuss it. I mightAoverheard by others.

We need some privacy here! 1

i|:

The party was last night. It went really

well! The house looked great. Mum and Dad had the floors polished and all the windows cleaned

elean professionally so everything sparkled. painted the whole house

And of course we had -the v,h,ofe-' h;>usc--painted ourselves last summer. (I’ll never forget that. It took us two weeks!) I wore my new had

black dress that I have shortened by Jill got. my hair out

and I got cut -my- hair by Colin. He did a great job. There were a lot of guests at the had invited OK invited almost fifty people party. We hadmlmosfe-Sfty people-invited

Ans

and they almost all turned up! The food was great too. Mum made most of the main dishes herself but she had the rest of the prepared food prepare by a caterer. Mum and Dad

Key

a 399

EXPRESS 1.

H

hired a professional photographer so at the had our photos taken end of the party we Dad’s getting them back next week. I can’t

wait to see them!

b

2. C

3.

a

If you run into problems on your journey, remember your rights as a passenger. Often the airline company is required to compensate you for delays or damages. For example, the airline provides meals and hotel rooms if a flight is unduly delayed. However, the airline owes you a lot more if it cai during holidays if airlines sell more tickets

than there are seats. If all the passengers actually turn up, then the flight is overbooked. Airlines usually award upgrades or additional free travel to passengers who volunteer to take a later flight. However, if no one volunteers, your flight may be delayed. In that case, the airline must repay you 100 per cent of the cost of your ticket for a delay of up to four hours on an international flight. If the delay is more than four hours, you receive 200 per cent of the cost of your ticket.

SeMTest (Total

= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)

[sgcrioiil ONE 1.

c

2.

D

4. B 5. C 6. B

3. A ‘SECTS ok-Jl

7. C 8. B

9. D 10. B

TWO

answers are in parentheses.) C (by) A (delete were) C (be corrected) D (delete by the printer) A (delete was) D (return) C (them done) C (be discussed) A (was painted) C (couldn’t OR wasn’t able to) B (grown) D (was working) B (have to be replaced) C (cleaned)

(Correct

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 . 22. 23. 24. 25.

A (be made)

NT

Zero Conditionals POINT

T

CHART CHECK

ES

l . OR The

best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December if you hate hot weather. 2. If you’re travelling with your children, take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in Kowloon. OR Take your children to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in Kowloon if you’re travelling with them. 3. If you need a moderately priced hotel, I suggest the Harbour View International House. OR I suggest the Harbour View International House if you need a moderately priced hotel. 4. If you like seafood, there are wonderful seafood restaurants on Lamina Island, OR There are wonderful seafood restaurants on Lamina Island if you like seafood. 5. If you’re fascinated by Chinese opera, you might like the street opera in the Shanghai Street Night Market, OR You might like the street opera in the

T, F, F (continued on

next page)

i

I

li 400

S Amsure

6.

i

I

2.

3.

- Key

Shanghai Street Night Market if you’re fascinated by Chinese opera. If you’d like to get a good view of Hong Kong, you should take the funicular to the Peak. OR You should take the funicular to the Peak if you’d like to get a good view of Hong Kong.

I spend a lot of time at the pool if I stay at a hotel. If I stay with friends, I spend time

with them. It’s not so nice if I get a ‘Dracula’ flight. It’s very rewarding if you don’t mind hard work. 6. If you have three flatmates, you don’t have trouble finding dogwalkers. 7. If a flight has an empty seat, I travel free. 4. 5.

!

p?|j|| What a great weekend! If Lou and Tony aren’t the best hosts in the world, I won’t

know who is. I’ve invited them to London but if you live in the Bahamas, you rarely

want to leave. Tomorrow at midnight, I am doing a round trip from London to Singapore. There’s always a price to pay. If I get a free weekend, I always get a ‘Dracula’ '

don’t

flight afterwards. Oh, well. If I wonÿ fall

asleep, I can usually get a lot of reading done. Pat and Ken both flew to London yesterday. I hope someone can walk Frisky 'm for me. Usually, if I’ll-he working, one of them

is off. If Frisky is alone for a long time, he barks

barked a lot. That disturbs the neighbours. Maybe I should just leave the TV on for him.

He’s always very calm, if the TV is on. Or !

maybe I’d better call Pat and ask her about

her timetable. If it was 6:00 p.m. here in

;ÿ

Singapore, it’s 11:00 a.m. in London.

First Conditionals

i

RAAAXX j POINT F,F

CHART CHECK the if clause when the if clause comes first

..

EXPRESS

If she wins, she’ll fight crime.

H

2. e 3. C 3. 4.

4. 5-

a g

6. 7.

d b

get If

5. 6.

win

12.

lose If

14.

is. 16. 17. 18.

lose ’ll continue OR ’M going to continue Unless cooperate won’t be OR isn’t going to be

19.

if

’ll take OR ’m going to take 7. If 8. am 9. ’ll try OR ’m going to try 10. will ... do OR are . . . going to do 11. if

.A

don’t elect 21 . ’ll be OR ’m going to be

20.

(possible answers) 3. If I take out a student loan, I won’t have to depend on my family, OR I won’t have to depend on my family if I take out a student loan. 4. If I go to law school, I’ll earn more money. OR I’ll earn more money if I go to law school. 5. If I earn more money, I’ll be able to pay back my (student) loan quickly, OR I’ll be able to pay back my (student) loan quickly if 1 earn more money. 6. If I pay back my loan quickly, I’ll be able to pay for my sister to go to university. OR I’ll be able to pay for my sister to go to university if 1 pay back my loan quickly.

X Answer riey s

If I go to law school, I’ll go into politics. OR I’ll go into politics if I go to law school. 8. If I go into politics, I’ll be able to improve life for others. OR I’ll be able to improve life for others if go into politics. 7.

9.

10.

If I go into politics, I’ll get elected as an MP. OR I’ll get elected as an MP if I go into politics. If I get elected as an MP, I’ll sit in the House of Commons. OR I’ll sit in the House of Commons if I get elected as an MP.

4.

couldn’t identify

5.

were

loved ’d hate OR would hate drove ’d hate OR would hate io. were n . ’d hate OR would hate 12. weren’t 13. might be 6. 7. 8. 9.

2.

Should I campaign for student union want

president? I’ll have to decide soon if I wanted

3.

to run. If I’fi-bc busy campaigning, I won’t

4.

have much time to study. That’s a problem,

5.

I’m

unless*

because I’m not going to get a good job if I

6.

get good marks this year. On the other

hand, there’s so much to do in this will get OR is going to get

7.

university and nothing is-getting done if

John Healy becomes president again. A lot of people know that. But will I know what to I

do if Pft get the job? Never mind. I’ll deal with that problemyif I win.

8.

If Schroeder didn’t love Beethoven, he wouldn’t play his sonatas all the time. If Charlie Brown had enough friends, he wouldn’t feel lonely. If Sally knew her teacher’s name, she could send her a card. If Linus weren’t clever, he wouldn’t find intelligent solutions to life’s problems. If Woodstock and Snoopy didn’t have a close relationship, Woodstock wouldn’t confide in Snoopy. If Rerun’s parents didn’t refuse to let him have a dog, he wouldn’t try to borrow Charlie’s dog. If Pigpen had enough baths, he wouldn’t be filthy.

ply I’ve got to stop staying up late reading would ‘Peanuts’! If I weren’t always so tired, I wifi

don’t

*OR

401

if Iÿget

be able to stay awake in class. Whenever the teacher asks me something, I don’t know

«,T

*lis

what to say. Then I get really embarrassed

Second Conditionals

because of that nice red-haired girl that I weren’t

like. I would talk to her if I weuidn%--be so

rr-TTTvl POINT

were

shy. My friend, Jason, says, ‘If I was you, I’d

F

ask her to a party.’ but I’m too afraid that if

CHART CHECK

say

F, T, F

I asked her, she would have-said no. After

EXPRESS

school, I played football. Nobody wanted me played in their team. If I play better, I would get

would, if, were

If: 2. T IM 3. T 2. 3.

4.

F

5.

F

wouldn’t like weren’t

6.

F

chosen sometimes. Life is hard! 1 can really

understand that Charlie Brown character in ‘Peanuts’. In fact, if I didn’t laugh so hard cry

while reading ‘Peanuts’, I would eried!

li !ÿ

402 s

-Ti'S' v

v"

!

6.

iT

HF

Third Conditionals

i

POINT

7.

F

CHART CHECK the if clause the if clause comes first

If George’s friends had known about his troubles, they would have helped him straightaway. OR George’s friends would have helped him straightaway if they had known about his troubles. If George’s friends hadn’t collected money for him, he would have gone to prison, OR George would have gone to prison if his friends hadn’t collected money for him.

[?V; j It’s funny how things work out sometimes. L—m

EXPRESS f Hi

hadn’t

If George feassft wanted to jump off that

would have studied

bridge on Christmas Eve, I might never 2. 3.

1

H

s

6.

got

T

could (OR would) have gone OR would have been able to go, hadn’t lost 3. could have gone, hadn’t become 4. wouldn’t have known, hadn’t shown 5. hadn’t helped, could have gone 6. might not have led, hadn’t married 7. would have been, hadn’t lived (Answers may vary slightly) i . OR Clarence would have had more

! 4.

IT

F F

2.

3.

:

5.

an important job like saving

him. And if he hadn’t been so stubborn,

2.

I

F T

4.

5.

selfconfidence if he had been a first-class angel. If George hadn’t been unhappy about his business, he wouldn’t have shouted at his daughter on Christmas Eve. OR George wouldn’t have shouted at his daughter on Christmas Eve if he hadn’t been unhappy about his business. Poor people couldn’t have bought (OR wouldn’t have been able to buy) houses if George’s business hadn’t lent them money, OR If George’s business hadn’t lent them money, poor people couldn’t have bought (OR wouldn’t have been able to buy) houses. If Mr Potter had been able to trick George, George would have sold Potter the business. OK George would have sold Mr Potter the business if Potter had been able to trick George. If George’s Uncle Billy hadn’t lost £8,000, George wouldn’t have got into trouble with the law. OR George wouldn’t have got into trouble with the law if his Uncle Billy hadn’t lost £8,000.

have

I would never -had thought of the idea of showing him life in Bedford Falls without

him. One of the saddest things was seeing

all those people who didn’t have homes. had given up If George gavs-ap and sold his business to

;

Mr Potter, then Potter would have rented run-down flats to all those people. But

because of George, they now have good homes. By the time we were finished, George

realised he really had a wonderful life. In would

fact, he will have gone to prison happilyÿ if

his friends hadn’t given him the money he needed. Well, luckily they helped him out and he didn’t go to prison. And I got my wings and became a first-class angel!

«iT -’5,

Wish: Present and Past POINT

that day ;

CHART CHECK 1 the past simple

! svev a 403

A, .

If wishes were horses, I’d ride one to Paris.

CHART CHECK 2 the past perfect

Hey! Mark is always saying, ‘I wish you would

EXPRESS mmA

come with me sometimes.’ I suppose I can go

knew, had known 2.

B.

IS

0

F T

6.

meant that I can solve my own problems.

T

hadn’t

Now I wish I haven% been so rude to him.

would go away had didn’t have to deal could entertain could have invited OR had been able to invite 7. had known 2.

SeJfTest (Total

I wish my husband would ask for a pay

6.

I wish we’d saved some money last month. I wish my boyfriend weren’t unfit OR were fit. I wish I weren’t too old to go back to school. I wish I could stop (OR were able to stop)

7. 8.

smoking. I wish my son would phone me. I wish my parents had understood me.

5.

rm

ILL

= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)

jSECTSOWj ONE

rise.

4.

gPT]

4. 5.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

3.

|

T F

with him to Paris. Dr Grimes must have

were

1. C

4. A 5. D 6. C

2. B 3. A

7. B 8. C 9. C

10. D 11. A 12. D

jsiHcriraogval TWO (Correct 13.

14. is. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Today, I said to Dr Grimes, ‘I wish there was

answers are in brackets.)

D (seen) B (could have) B (won’t) B (have) B (were) A (could have) A (’ll eat OR are going to eat)

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

D (were) C (delete will) C ( delete comma) A (had) C (get) C (could)

a way to spend more time with my boyfriend but we’re both too busy.’ He just said, ‘If

«',T

wishes were horses, beggars would ride.’

-S

That’s an easy thing to say but I wish I

Relative Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns

understood

LZZZJ POINT

that wishing won’t solve problems. Well,

CHART CHECK

understand its meaning. Maybe it means

that’s why I went to see him!!! I wish he had told

will -tell me what to do right then and there

but he refused. Speaking of wishful thinking, ;nd

I wish Mark and 1 could have spent the

F nouns in the middle of the main clause, after the main clause

EXPRESS That’s the man who works in the cafeteria.

weekend together next week. My exams are over but he’s got to fly to Paris for his job.

a

'=!

V

404 s Answer

a

;

!

l! ;

Kay

Almost everyone has friends but ideas about friendship vary from person to person. For some, a friend is someone (who) chats with you on the internet. For others, a friend is a person (who; has known you all your life someone (whose) family knows you, too. Others only use the term for someone (who) knows your innermost secrets. Although different people emphasise different aspects of friendship, there is one element (which)is always present and that is the element of choice. We may not be able to select our families, our colleagues or even the people (fhatjtake the bus with us but we can choose our friends. As anthropologist Margaret Mead once said, ‘A friend is someone(ÿyhq) chooses and is chosen.’ It is this freedom of choice (Chat) makes friendship such a

5tj|

A writer once said that friends are born,

not made. This means that we automatically

become friends with people who fheStare compatible with us. I don’t agree with this

writer. Last summer, I made friends with some were OR are

people whoX completely different from me.

In July, I went to Barcelona to study Spanish for a month. In our group, there who OR that

was a teacher which was much older than

I am. We became really good friends. In my first week, I had a problem which was getting me down. Barcelona is a city that OR which y/U.e has a lot of distractions. As a result,

I went out all the time and I stopped going

to my classes. Bob helped me get back into

special relationship.

my studies. After the trip, I kept writing

•M :

I- OR that have 2. who (OR that) have 3. that (OR which) are 4. who (OR that) faces 5. that (OR which) is 6.

7. 8. 9.

whose . . . are whose . . . include that (OR which) appears OR appeared OR has appeared who (OR that) doesn’t read OR hasn’t read

Mexico City is an exciting city that (OR M2- which) attracts a lot of tourists.

Steph has a brother whose name is Eric. 4. He works for a magazine that (OR which) is very popular in Mexico. 5. Eric writes a column that (OR which) deals with relationships. 6. An article that (OR which) discussed friendships won a prize. 7. A person who (OR that) has a lot of friends is lucky. 3.

:

!;

!

$

I.

19! B !

S:

0

are

to Bob. He always writes stories that i&

interesting and encouraging. Next summer, that OR which

he’s leading another trip what sounds

interesting. I hope I can go. UNIT

Adjective Clauses with

Object Relative Pronouns or When and Where

E

] POINT T

CHART CHECK the subject of the relative clause F

EXPRESS I watch all the films that he directs.

405

Answer Key a

iaj| At the age of nine, Eva Hoffman left Poland

4.

with her family. She was old enough to know what she was losing: Krakow, a cityl£hat)she loved as one loves a person, the sun-baked villages (Where) they had spent summer holidays and the conversations and escapades with her friends. Disconnected from a cityijwhere) life was lived intensely, her father was overwhelmed by the transition to Canada. Eva lost the parent (whom) she had watched in lively conversation with friends in Krakow cafes. And nothing could replace her friendship with the boy (whose) home she visited daily, and (whom)she assumed she would marry one day. Worst of all, however, she missed her language. For years, she felt no connection to the English name of anvthing(£hat)she felt was important. Lost in Translation:A Life in a New Language (Penguin, 1989) tells how Eva came to terms with her new identity and language. . s' It’s a story that.- readers will find fascinating and moving.

—

«

1. OR

that

who OR whom OR that stayed OR were staying which

3. 4.

5. 6. had 7. that OR which 8. wanted 9. that OR which

6.

7.

.

Tai Dong is the small city in southeastern

where OR in which OR that ... in

Taiwan which I grew up. My family moved there from Taipei the summer I was bom. The house in which I grew up jstis on a main street in Tai Dong. My father sold tea and my mother had a food stand in our front

courtyard, where she sold omelettes early in

the morning. A customer who I always

chatted with hhfr had a son my age. We were whose

best friends. A cousin w-hs-h-is family I visited every summer lived with us. He was who OR whom OR that

an apprentice which my father was teaching the tea business to. On the first floor of our in which OR where

we

house, we had a

all gathered for dinner. It was a noisy place. were

The bedrooms where the family slept was upstairs. My two brothers slept in one that OR which

bedroom. I slept in one what I shared with

10.

have experienced

11.

where OR in which were who OR whom OR that

bedroom with another cousin which my

take care of

family had adopted.

12. 13. 14.

M

5.

I had a good friend who (OR whom OR that) I went to school with. OR . . . with whom I went to school. I took piano lessons from a woman who (OR whom OR that) I met at my mum’s office. I remember one summer when the whole family went to the seaside. Those were good times that (OR which) I’ll always remember.

... in which 1 grew up . . . The house that (OK which) we lived in was beautiful. OR The house in which we lived . . . Emily and I shared a room where (OR in which) we spent a lot of time

i. OK

2.

3.

playing.

my older sister. My younger sister shared a

who OR whom OR that

"OR the house which (or that) I grew up in

i:;

r

406 a

Aiiswer KS'

WMs

m

Relative Clauses: Defining and Non-Defining

.HD. POINT

devices, not the people who use them. ‘The

best way to cure technophobia is to cure the

reasons that cause it - that is, to design things that, people can use and design things

F

that won’t break,’ claims Norman. Michael

CHART CHECK non-defining

Dyrenfurth, who is a university lecturer,

T

believes we cause our own problems by

EXPRESS

buying technology that we just don’t need.

It was the computer jgrhicft we saw at E-Lectronics.

SI

m

‘Do we really need electric toothbrushes?’ he asks. According to Williams, important

2. 3.

T T

4. 5.

F F

6.

F

technology that we can’t afford to run away

from actually exists. To prosper, we need to i

tech

1

•no • pho •bia (noun) a fear that

overcome our technophobia and learn to use it.

some people have about using technology

If you have it, you’re one of the 85 per cent

2.

of people that this new ‘disease’ has struck. Maybe you’ve bought a phone on which you

I

3.

can programme 99 numbers - but you can’t

4.

turn it on. Or perhaps you have just read

5.

that your new CD player, which you have

6.

finally learnt how to use, will soon be

replaced by DVD, which you had never even

heard of.

7. 8.

My new mobile, which I bought only a month ago, has become a necessary part of life. I remember the day when I was afraid to use my new computer. Now, there are psychologists who (OR that) help technophobes use technology. Dr Michelle Weil, who is a psychologist, wrote a book about ‘technostress’. I work in an office where (OR in which) the software changes frequently. A lot of people who work in my office suffer from technostress. Some people dream of a job they can do without technology.

Some experts say that things have just

Hi

.1'

i!

i

become too complex. William Staples, who

I’ve just read a book called Technostress,

wrote a book on the electronic age, tried to

which was written by Dr Michelle Weil. Her

help a friend who had just bought a new

co-author was Dr Larry Rosen, that is her

stereo. The stereo, which worked before,

husband and also a psychologist. According

wasn’t working any more. ‘On the front of

to the authors, everybody feels stress about

the stereo, there were literally twenty

technology. Our mobiles and pagers, that we

buttons,’ says Staples. Donald Norman, who

buy for emergencies, soon invade our

has written about the effects of technology

privacy. Just because they can, people

on people, blames the designers of these

contact us at placesÿ where we are relaxing.

who

which

!,...

Ariswer Key

Another problem is having to learn too

i

Can’t sleep? You’re not alone. Millions of people are up tossing and turning instead of getting their beauty sleep. Dr Ray Thorpe,

which much, too fast. Technological changes,

to come one at a time, now overwhelm us.

Director of the Sleep Disorders Clinic, (says), ‘Don’t think that loss of sleep is just a minor inconvenience.’ During an interview he (jjold) me to think aboutwhat can happen if people drive when they’re tired. Every year up to 200,000 car accidents are caused by drowsy drivers. Then he(askecj)me to think about a recent industrial disaster. Chances are that it was caused at least in part by sleep deprivation. Being an insomniac myself, I asked Dr Thorpe for some suggestions. He(toId)me to stop drinking coffee. He(saiÿi to have a warm glass of milk instead. ‘A lot of old-

Dr Weil suggests dealing with technostress using tips from her latest book, which can

be purchased via her website. i

SelfTest (Total

"

% IV

= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)

jsEcrg-BOMl ONE 1. B 2. A 3. D

4.

C

5. B 6. B

7. B 8. C 9. B

c

10. 11. B 12. C

jSEE CTi OEV3 1 TWO

fashioned remedies work. Have a high-

(Correct answers are in parentheses.) 13. C (where) 14. A (who) is. C (delete he) 16. B (whose) 17. B (that OR which OR 18. D (delete it)

carbohydrate snack like a banana before you go to bed,’ he (said) But he (advises) patients

not to eat a heavy meal before turning in for the night. What about exercise? ‘Regular wexercise helps but don’t exercise too close to_bedtime,’ lie suggested. Finally, (tie tÿld me not to despair. ‘Don’t worry about not sleeping. It’s the worst thing to do,’ he (said). I don’t know. After thinking about those industrial accidents, I doubt I’ll be able to sleep at all!

delete what)

19. C (discuss) 20. B (which) 21. A (who) 22. C (in which OR where) 23. B (with whom) 24. C (when OR that OR delete which) 25. A (whose)

IT

%

Direct and indirect Speech: Imperatives

POINT ‘Don’t eat a heavy meal before bed.’

CHART CHECK direct speech T

EXPRESS to go, Don’t work

s 407

Hi

2. 3.

that night told

4.

my

s. to watch

m

6.

said

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

there explain not to the next to get

He said to pull over and have a brief nap. OR He told them not to have a long nap. He told them (OR He said) to sing to themselves. He told them (OR He said) to tune their radios to an annoying station. He told them (OR He said) not to eat while driving.

i. OR

2. 3. 4.

5.

(continued

on next pope)

408 a Answer Ke¬

if He told them (OR He said) to open their windows. 7. He told them (OR He said) to let cold air in. 8. He told them (OR He said) to be careful when they stop their cars. 9. He told them (OR He said) not to stop in 6.

;

a deserted place. 10. He told them (OR He said) not to drink and drive.

In class today, John read one of his stories.

It was wonderful. After the lesson, the teacher asked

to

meAread

a story in class next

yUi’l I T

Statements (1) POINT ‘It looks great on you!’

CHART CHECH the punctuation the verb tense in the statement pronouns in the statement

EXPRESS told, was

not

week. However, I begged her ne to ask

At 9:00, Rick Thompson’s bank phoned and (sai(| that his credit card payment was late. The cheque is in the post,’ Rick(replied) quickly. At 11:45, Rick left for a 12:00 meeting. Arriving late, Rick(told)his client that traffic had been bad. That evening, Rick’s fiancee wore a new dress. Rick hated it- ‘It looks great on you,’ he Isaiji Three lies in one day! Yet Rick is just ordinary guy. Each time, he (told himself an that sometimes the truth causes too many problems. He (tojdjhimself that his fiancee was happy with her purchase. Why should he hurt her feelings?

me next week because I’m having trouble told

getting ideas. She said me not to worry and

she said to wait for two weeks. Then I talked

to John and I asked his

to

himAtell me the source

of your ideas. He said that they came from to

his dreams and he told meAkeep a dream diary for ideas. He invited meÿlo read some of his diaryalt was very interesting so 1

asked him to give me some tips on to get

remembering dreams. He said getting a good night’s sleep because the longer

Is telling lies a new trend? The majority of people in a recent survey (gaid) that people were more honest ten years ago. Nevertheless, lying wasn’t really born yesterday. In the eighteenth century, the French philosopher Vauvenargues was right about lying when he (wroth, ‘All men are born truthful and die liars.’

dreams come after a long period of sleep. He told

also teH me to keep my diary by the bed and not to

to write as soon as I wake up. He said te-ne move from the sleeping position. He also not to

told me to-donrt think about the day at first. (If

you think about your day, you might

forget your dreams.) Most important - every night he tells himself that to remember his the next

Indirect Speechÿ

dreams tomorrow morning.

sen

2.

has

3. 4. -S.

told that had

6.

she

7. 8. 9. (0.

had earned had lied was leaving had fired

Answer

m

2. 3.

Lisa said (that) she had just heard about a job at a scientific research company. Ben said (that) he had got a B. Sc. in

Biochemistry from London. Lisa told him (that) they wanted someone with some experience as a programmer. 5. Ben told her (that) he worked as a programmer for Data Systems in Basingstoke. 6. Lisa said (that) they didn't want a recent graduate. 7 Ben told her (that) he had got his degree four years ago OR before. 8. Lisa said (that) it sounded like the right job for him. 4.

m

M3 i T

told

when I got there, she said me that she wanted

CHART CHECK ought to, might, should have

EXPRESS Jim said that he might move soon.

5

3.

she went to answer the door, I picked up the

bowl. It slipped out of my hands and smashed to pieces on the floor. When my that

aunt came back, I screamed and said what her

the cat had just broken your new bowl. My

Ilil23.

that night, and the next morning, I rang my had

aunt and confessed that I have broken her

4.

she

bowl. She saidJ had known that all along. 5.

was

I promised that I am going to buy her a about, it. now.

said

*OR She told she . . .

north of there.

They said (that) it might become a tropical storm when it landed there. 4. They said (that) they had had to close some bridges the day before because of high tides. 5. They said (that) they wouldn’t restore the electricity until today. 6. They said (that) the schools there might be closed for a while. 7. They said (that) they ought to use bottled water for a few days.

had

new one. We still laugh

They said (that) it was going to pass

3.

-has- just bought it. It was beautiful. When

me that it -isn’t important. I couldn’t sleep

The wind may reach 170 miles per hour.’ ‘There will be more rain tomorrow.’ 4. Tou should try to leave the area.’ 5. ‘We can expect a lot of damage.’ 2-

IS2-

wants to show me a new bowl. She toldAshe

wasn’t

Indirect Speech: Statements (2)

‘It will be windy.’

me*

aunt looked at me in a funny way and told

409

pca-a g=esK | POINT

Once, when I was a teenager, I went to my

aunt’s house. She collected pottery and

Key B

E

He said (that) it was true, and (that) they would probably become more frequent. He said (that) the planet might be getting warmer, and (that) that could cause more severe storms. He said (that) the emergency services should have arrived much more quickly. He said (that) the new satellites would help. He said (that) if we (OR they) didn’t have them, we (OK they) wouldn’t be able to warn people.

We had some excitement here because of the hurricane last. week. Jim's mother •V.

;

called just before the storm. She said she is listening to the weather report and that she

was worried about, us. She told Jim that if (n>nlimicil on

next I'aiy1

410 a ArtSVJGr

Key

would

VV(

ye-a-two weren’t so stubborn, we will pack up and leave immediately. Jim’s father told

::

us how to get ready for the storm. He said we should have put tape on our hotel that night

windows tonight and that we ought to fill

the bath with water. He also told Jim that

we should buy a lot of batteries before the struck that day

storm str-ikee-t-eday My friend Sue called. She said that her place was too close to the there

coast and that she couldn’t stay here. She she

told me I wanted to stay with me and Jim. have

She said she shouldAcalled us sooner. I told then

her she should come now. Then we listened

to the weather forecast and the weather was

forecaster said that the storm is going to go wouldn’t

out to sea. He said it won’t strike this area at all!

I

he asked who had written her application for her. Melissa was shocked but she handled herself very well. She asked the interviewer whether he was going to ask her any serious questions. Then she left. Companies sometimes conduct stress interviews to see how candidates handle pressure. Suppose, for example, that there is an accident in a nuclear power plant. The plant’s public relations officer must remain calm when reporters ask how the accident could have happened. Be aware, however, that in some countries, like the United States, certain questions are not allowed unless they are directly related to the job. If your interviewer asks how old you are, you can refuse to answer. The interviewer also should not ask whether you are married or how much money you owe. If you think a question is inappropriate, ask how it relates to the job. If it doesn’t relate to it, you don’t have to answer.

Items ticked: 2, 3, 5

pWT indirect Questions

asked when the interview was. IS]2- He He asked where the company was. 3.

] POINT ‘Why are you still single?’

CHART CHECK! F, T

CHART CHECK 2

4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

F,T 3.

EXPRESS why he had left his job.

i;

J:'

-

pf|jj A few weeks ago, Melissa Morrow had a stress interview, one which featured tough, tricky questions and negative evaluations. First, the interviewer asked why she couldn’t work under pressure. Before she could answer,

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

He asked if (OR whether) she needed directions. He asked how long it took to get there. He asked if (OR whether) she was going to drive. He asked who was going to interview her. He asked when they would let her know. Pete asked if (OR whether) she was going for interviews with other companies. Claire asked what her responsibilities would be. Claire asked how job performance was rewarded. Pete asked what her starting salary at her last job had been OR had been at her last job. Pete asked if (OR whether) she had got on well with her last employer. Claire asked if (OR whether) they (OR he) employed many women.

V

!

Answer Key

ply I did some stress questioning in my interview

you’ve ever left a small tip and then wondered if it should have been bigger. you’ve ever left a large tip and then wondered if you needed to tip at all. you’ve ever been uncertain whether the tip is included in the bill. you’ve ever wondered why you should tip. you’ve new to the United Kingdom and you’re not sure who to tip.

with Miles Denton this morning. I asked he couldn’t

Mr Denton why eou-ld-a-fc-he work under pressure. I also asked him why did his disliked

supervisor dislike him. Finally, I enquired

when he would leave our company?

Mr Denton answered my questions calmly and he had some excellent questions of his

own. He askedÿf we expected changes to the

H

jobÿHe also wanted to know how often M*

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

we evaluate employees. I was impressed I had decided

when he asked why did I decide to join this

company. I think we should employ him. *OR how often we evaluated

H

jTÿ¥E"o:"j POINT Should we leave a tip? Is the service included?

CHART CHECK F, T

how much to tip (OR how much we should tip) the taxi driver?

3.

where the Smithsonian Museum is? where we can buy (OR where to buy) metro tickets. we could rent a car and drive? what they put in the sauce.

58

5. 6.

When you live in a foreign country, even a

small occasion can be an adventure! Before my date with James tonight, I didn’t even I should

OR

to

know what should I wear! Jeans? A dress?

EXPRESS A: ?

how to tell if the tip is included in the bill. why waiters in Iceland refused my tips? how much to tip airport porters. who expects a tip and who doesn’t. I should tip my ski instructor. tipping is still illegal there. to tip anyway.

2.

4.

Embedded Questions

a 411

B: .

Read this if ... you’ve ever wanted to know exactly how to tip. you’ve ever cancelled a restaurant booking

because you didn’t know whether to tip or not. you’ve ever forgotten to tip or not realised that you were supposed to tip.

John’s Grill isn’t a smart restaurant but it was James’s birthday and I wanted to make it a big occasion. Alison was very helpful, as always. I knew how to get to John’s Grill

but I didn’t know how long it was going to

take to get there? I left at 6:00, which should have given me plenty of time, but whether

when 1 got off the bus, 1 wasn’t sure if to (continued on

next page)

\ &

'l

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