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Louis Rogers Anna Cowper

Student's Book

\r\.*.-

a*#ffi R Richmond

Contents

ffi-l

- -,=.

crammar/Function5 vo.abularY

ETime

p4

Prosentsmple Advedsollreauency

Four

Describng rournes

People's

Takng abolt how oten You

qleslon.ar€

lhngs

Socalmedia

TaLtinqabout wha: vo! a.e do ng al the

Beslnning snd

endinq

Tellnsfie

tme

stress

Sentenc€

How

Two

E

p.ople

Nloeting

The sht

mak€

KeeP ng a

90ns sorl oul hs lim€lable Prob ems?

ollime

A question

Sc.nrio

b

successlulsmal convercalon

con@6ailons

p12

person

D6sc

Present simple and pres€nt connnuous

bino

satfie

fooroI.al.attj . . .. .. .. .' to trahjport

How fair is fairtrade? Thc f.iirlrrdc hbcl is incrcasnrgly connnon. But whilc shoppcls sccn hrpty 10 pay a littlc nuc fttr hir0rdc prcducis. s('nc t.oflc qucsti(m ho$, cfiectivc it rcrlly is in hclpnrg faDncrs in the deleloping world. How can a few extra Fnnics a day hc\,1 Imt()vcd

Liago launches own fairtrade brand

Buy local not fairtrade one green organrsatr0n s!Sgesiec

The coLrntry's argest supermarket

ast week that we should buy oca and seasonal, notfairtrade. Loca and seasonal prodlcts save energy and pollte less and are a better ethical

launched lts own fairtrad€ range last

nonth. lf other big supermarkets do th€ same, s this the end of the smaller tairtrade compafies?

inirstructuc is nccdcd, not chxdtl ftum dchcr shoppcN.

r

I

Work with a partner. Look at the reasons in a or i,il for the poor performance. Choose the two you th ink are the most important and decide what Fair Business shou ld do to

improve. Work in groups of three. Student A (Raouf), read email T. Student B (Tiago), read ernail 2. Student C {Nicole), read email 3. Answer the questions.

Wh.t reason do they glve7 Wh.t do they thlnk sho! d be done?

oaa

oaa

H al, I ooked at some of the other rnarket changes and I'rn sure the reason was ncreased costs. We just have to wait for them to come down agan or look for better Best wishes Raouf

H, about Liago's own iairtrade and m worried other supernrarkets wll folow. Perhaps we need olher ways to se on ine maybe? Fegards I read

range

f, I th nk fairirade was a trend We need to keep it, but folow other trends lke seasonal and Local Best w shes

Ncoe

Tago

In your groups, hold a me€ting to discuss what the company did and what can be done to irnprove next year. StudentA, read your card on the right. Student B, lool ar page 101. Sludenr C,'ool at pdge 104. Each pefson should try to do each ofthe

You fecl

fid

0n 0dvedGing r0mpoign rsminding psopls

0ffie inpo'r0n(s

object.

l0

pod 0l lhs omplign. You lhink iolhlng

0h0d ths prit0e

nlerrLrpt d sagree

of lok lrods is osssnliol. Vou 0l$

lhs r0mpony lo irvssl in prol0ds in

d0l$dnsi uq,s

6

0lffi

lhoir

psopls buy

wl

r0d0 0roor 0s

on

b6 don6

n0t6 dk03supplyonddemond

llke. You don'l wd lo scll ln ofior lhs$ produft 0r port ol thah wakly

*op

in

lis i!por'n*sl.

35

advlce and obligation shauld and shaoldn verbs fof zdvice and target5

t

musi .nd llrlsln :

Look at the advice about people's work and life Which ideas do you agree with? WriteA (agree), D (disagree)or U {unsure)

5tart up

I Dont get a degree; get a lob. 2 Don't have ch Ldrens partes nvourhome 3 Judge success by happ ness, nor money Be ca reflr L what you put on you r Facebook page A fLrture boss might read t' 5 Learn C h inese. t s spoken by rnore peop e than any oth er anguage 6 Work ng less is better for your health and Your iam v.

Reading

o o o o 1

Compare your answers with a partner' Give reasons for your choices

Would you pay someone to give you advice on the topics in

O?

you know You?e going to read a text about life coaches. Discuss wlth a partner what about life coaches and what you think they do

ifthe statements aretrue or false dont he p peopLe with their iob 4 A i{e coach shoLrldn t set

Read the text and decide Life coaches

goa s

z tdoesn'ttakelongtobecomea|]fecoach'5TheWritelthinksfriendsarejlstaSUsefLJ|aSahfecoach 3 A life coach gives lots of advice.

6

There aren't manY fe coaches

is to help people achieve their goals lt could be to lose your work-life balance or simply choose a holiday Many p€ople' impfove lveight, poli.; othL;6 rc bankers and chefs aJe changrng cateer ro becomF a lrle . So how do you become one? Lfe coaching is a growing industry \irith more and more people wanting help planning their lives. Howeve4 anyone can become a life coach with some courses iastlng a! tlttte-as six aays and costing under 12 000 so are these people really

ihe job of a life coach

what they must about what make suggestions even goals They don't rheir or mustnt do to achieve lheir life person to examine a helps coach simply t do. Alife or shouldn should thev them' can achieve to th"i. o*n goals and to think about how they *d "aree., "et Questions are open-ended and don t lead or suggest help So would vou pavsomeone whose background you know so linle about ro well Wilh an as vou? Perhaps; ftrend or nFighbour.ould ptovide advicFjusl istimated IO0,OOOcoacles in theUK alone chargingberween E50 and f50Oan hour, lots of people think they'rc worth the money In the USA. about 20 % of life coaches are estlmated to make ovef S 100,000 a year A life coach doesn t anal!,se, judge, or advise They don r tell a client

36

5 I 2 3

5

6

V

I 2 3 5

Pecp e sf ou d le.rn to Peop e shou dnl expect

to

te

'5* .,4(''

thern wl-rat to do.

Modals for advice and obligation

You

should/shouldn'tta gire adv ce. shoudntwork such long ho!rs.

You

sho! d lake a holday

t-)se

Use

a:

t.

musrlirrsh'tto describe something that is necessary. s! t and tie. tel anyone.

You must wear a You mustn t

REFENENCE PACE

I]O

'GRAMMAR

Compleie the sentences wlth a modal verb.

l_l':r'l

,

1 He . . . take the lob. donl th nk fs a good dea 2 You arr\,eontmeYoucould oseyolrlob lyo!arrve ate. 3 My wlie thlfks do nrore exerc se 4 You. . tale the company aptop irome wlholl ask ng permrssron 5 Yo! work so mlch at home. 6 Yo! can Lrse the compLrtefs for prlvate ema ls blt yoLr spend too ong do ng th s Listen to the sentences from Discuss your answers

. Practise saving them with a partner

to

again. Use moda verbs to give advice or talk about obligation. irl.:i.r!ru ,i li '-i.r fli i r) !/rr:, ri:i,,rr r'11

i,,ril r_ji i .r r.!i'.. il i,ri ir.i .i ih.rr:.r l-r ri

1'.ir 5t

,!rir

.,

Look at the most common subjects life coaches deal with.Write down three problerns you or someone you know has on these topics. .

dfeams finances hea th lrome re atlonslr ps

socia

llfe work

work_ fe ba ance

Show your partner the problems and take tu rns giving each other advice and talking

about obligation. 37

ob gnt on -nd Pcrm :s

on i.rv.

tc - rd

..f

i

r

hn!' l') liirr.i

t of\

Fi

:

I

,';:

-^,^r your panner ln what situations do you need advice and help ftom expens? Tell happened? What in the box about the last time You had to deal with the experts

5Lar-'i !ra,

anolherdepartment fitnessLnstructor

legaadvisor

nformation technologY he Pdesk

nutrnonrst

(EF Work with a partner'Think of different departments in a companv

-

fl:; din6

What is the steteotvpe ofthese departmenis? Read the text and choose the best answer to complete each sentence

@

1 2

....

. . lraffic warden s Peop e... feedback The lT departrnent gets ois response. walt ior a to .. . Peop e are . Lt .. ... .. . . easy to blame the T department

of .

.. 3 . 4 . 5 Work ng in IT is . .. . . ... 6 . . .. . . . ... lT workers are undef

.

snt

og

Englisli lood s

pressure.

ttre [T drep;a-r[rnenf? There are many jobs where the employees have to do things oth€r people clearlv don't like. No one likesgetting apa ing ticketirom a trafiicwarden. So it\ not sulprr$ng that iew people like tatfic wardens, but why do so many people dislike the IT departmeni? Thel/ give rmportait supportto workers and the company Unfortunately, the IT department oiten sits in the least attractive part oi the building, g€ts very little praise and gets a lot of critjcism. Emplovees don't have to

thinkabout

fault or an errci Once something goes wrong, a request goes to the lT helpdesk and peoplewant a quick response

ihe lT departnent untilthere is

\lOCaiti-ilaiy

l-lv:::"l.l

M"t"r' th" nish tignted words in at with their definitions. I ....... ....a broken part or problem namacnne 2 .... when you ask tor someth ng 3 . . ... . . .. . the he p you g ve someone lo acn eve

@

5

6

et 38

L

a

Tl'e Droo,em comes when ro ore respolds mmedialely lr nas to oerolved now:Al'olher tasks l^dve lo oestooped and a service pfovided in seconds. So much depends on computers.when there's a technical fault, people become stressed and lind it ditficult to Junction A suruey by SWNS N4edia Group iound that 9796 of IT workers suJfer irom stress. Explaining what vou have to do when voute not in the roorn is had Trying to explain somethinq to someon€ who might know a lot, but isn'i an exped, isn't easy. With stress all rcund, it's haldlv surprising that there's now a new word in the dictionaryl

.. . .....the sk ls and ab lites voLroffer ..

.

.. . . a place

that he ps cuslomers wth problems

Complete the enail with words rrom

Dear Custome( .. ' We arc sorry to hear lhere is a . with your PC. Your..... ........:for........ has been sent to an lT technician on the ... ...". fne . .. ... .... ....s we provide aims .1.. to dea with allproblems wthln 48 hours lf you do not get a.... .........6 bythe end ot tornorrow, please call 7727 for help Best wisrres The l;I Team

.. .

...

'

i,, :r :l Andreas Schmidt works on the lT helpdesk at Springbourne. Listen to a call he makes and complete the information.

,) li,

Listen to a call he receives and complete the information. Listen again to both calls and complete the I You ....... .. gelangry,sir 2 Slr, you.. . . . . . . .. phone an internet serv ce

3 . .. .... . contact someone n Braz 4 Yo! .. . .. . press sh ft and the at' key. sir Obligation and permission Use /rave toto describe something that is necessary. You have to wait five minutes.

It has to be repaired. What do I have to do now? Don't have toisvety difrerent from must 't. Yolr donl have to update lt. = you can Yor.r rnL'lsln't switch it off. = don t do it

ifyou want, but it's not necessary.

Complete the company rules for using lT equipment.

l 2

'm alrald yo!'l ........ wait because wetevery busyat the moment Yo! . . . . .. . . download Lrpdates.The system wi do thls altomatica y

3 To access Facebook,

Yo!.

you

back

have perrniss on from ll.

!p f les The system does th s reg! ary.

5 Yo! can't access your drve irom horne Yo!.. . . . . . . . save docuhents on a USB 6 Yo! we€r headphones when stening to mus c Yo! . . .. .. . . . use speakers in a shared olf ce

Work with a panner. StudentA, look at page 98. Student B, look at page 101. Make notes on the questions thai follow part 1 and then read part 2. When yor're ready, role-play the situation. 39

Discuss the questions with a partner.

mI0RltlAlt0t{

sl lP ';-6' -

Look at tlre p cturcs \'!h ch ones heve yoLr .sked to.

2

he p .nd adv ce f? Do yor llid 1 d ff cr

L

to ask Io. irdv ce or he p at

work? WhyAVhy not? Read the text quickly and choose the besl title.

a b

Why !!e doi i

.sl lof he p .sl for lre p

The best way to

Believe in yourself ts

dIic!t

to ask for he p f yo! dof t fee

confdeit Fenenber tr.t ask fq for he p shotlrs r.ther than we.kness Yor'feslro!!f!thatqra ly s mporlant to

very he p Many peop e lind t d flicu t to ask . or advice at work because they re afraid that th s ls a s gn of weakness or ncompetence. We worry that our boss, or worse sli , a lun or co eagLre, may think we can t do the lob. But don i forqet that oLrr ; when co eagues see rhe m st.kes we we don't understand or have too much work. ano these make Lrs ook ncompetent. So 11s much : to better to ask for he p Yo! c.n f nd a yo!r probems, and also periorm better. J!sl follow oLrr s mpe guldellnes.

you.nd you want rlre

b,ast

fof the comoefy

Be clear G ve .l th-p deta s !!hef yor exp. . the p,ob em M.ke s{rfe you know exact y \{lrat yo! neeo io male the s tlat on betler and say who yo! th ik llre best pe.son s to ne p you

Ask the right personTh

iK.bo!t

wlro caf lrc p yo!

and dolt be.ff.id to ask.o eaglcs Pcop€} lke to he p.fd.sk nq lofand qlLng advce s a good w:ry to b! ld

yolr probem

Say thank you The l na step s to say t,rank yoLr e\,en f yo|]r : lrelr yo! coleagLre or co worker do,.si't agree

Read lhe text again. Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d to comp ete the text. .:

2

40

ir irom . t cairy !] so !e . 5 strenqlr c

fal response aood

oI

Do you agr€e with thes€ opinions from the text? Write A = agree, D = disagree, U = unsurelVistakes made by not ask ng for help make people ook lncompeient. 2 Ask ng for help is a strength. 3 Ask ng for help is a good way to buid reatonships

stenrng

o o

Discuss your opinions with a partner. .))) 5.5 Listen to

five people asking for help and advice. Number the things they want help with in the order you hear them.

I

a member of staff

I

ots of boxes in recepton

ll

I

the sales conference

I

the new websile deslgn

Put the words in the phrases in blue in the correct order to make expressions for asking for help/advice. Listen agajn and check.

Lrs,

/please? / ne /help /canl teal y need of hands to help wth the sales conference next month. borrow/ we / Could someone rom your leam on a temporary bas s to you

an extra pa r

come and he p Lrs? P ar wou d be idea

.

think / yau / Do / Kate ? /you / help / ne I need a second opin on on the new webs te desigr yau /Can /cone and have a ook at it? could

/

recepton,

There are 45 boxes of cata ogles n wh ch n€ed to go upsta rs to the market ng depatl-nent. please? /you/ grve / us / come / wnh '.en Ca' d tand aro

:

l'm going poor pedormance to lrave to ta k to hlm about h s again, bul don't know how to make h m understand how serlous the prob erns are. you / I

dont know whal to do about

D eter.

/advice / think/ ne / give/ same about how to hand e th s situation? Cou d we have a meeting to talk about t?

cauld/ Do /

you

/

Jullan, mind /a ninute / helping / wauld you / please a / ne'm having problems with the

for

database

aking

o

I

can enter new data, but t

wonl el

Work with a partne..Take turns to ask for help.Try to use the phrases in blue in lO.

1 The pr nter isn'i worklng and yo! don't know why. 2 There's a bee n your oft ce ard yo!'re allerglc to bee stings. 3 You need another day to fin sh yo!r report You don't have tlme to wrlte the minutes of a meet ng, but yoLr have the notes for 1. 5 There are 15 boxes of statonery n receptlon ihat need to go to the second floor 6 You need a tax to the statlon n an hour, but you've just been asked to,go nto a meet ng.

o

Work with a difi€rent partner.Think of something you want help or advice with. N4ake a request to your partner using the expressions from @. Give your panner advice on their

5cenario: project manager. His boss has 'J 5.lj \asouh wo k" In a arge || compd_y as a come to his desk at 4 o'clock to give hirn some more work, Listen and comPlete Nasouh's lo'do list.

To-d"

z t

fron accouc+s .hecL hooki^y for to^"rr.o pho^e Carol;ne

4 5 6

l

wlfe to te I her he has to work late According Marlanr, why is Nasouh's iob bad? Nasouhs job s bad bec.Lrse he lr.s to

,D) 5.1 Nasouh phones his

Listen again. What does Mariam think Nasouh should do?

for Nasouh R€ad them and cornplete the sentences h:v€ to work a o: oi frours

l\,4ariam finds two iob advefts

w

The The Tne The

ttllfl'7

.o e pays ess nroney

w

have 1rr work

wlh

PRoJECT MaN.qcsn I)caline $'ith customcrs

"t

energetlc Key Account Manager' You wilLbe experienced at ma.aging hlgh

profie accounts

ancl have

extenlve

experience of project management rhe work wlll be project b:sed so You wil have to work f exib e hours At Peak iimesyou wilhaveto work evenings and weekends. For such a demandiig role we're offering a very comPetltile salary o{ f60,000 pl!s boiuses.

42

mportant clstomers

Kev Account Manager W- e oolr'q lo

-

I

should gel a ot ot su.Port

rrd ninaging

Llrrge

projccts wiLl be sonrcthing,vou ha\r c)iperience

o .\' r'r lr rrr' lloi(. \li ,;ir. rol.. \'rr $ l.

sorl: r^ ritlrr .l(.rd.:n!.,' d".llL, doing, read > fead ng, ta k > ta king b) verbs ending in € + ing Examples: have > hav ng, take > taking, come > comifg c) verbs ending in consonant + vowel + consonanl doub e ihe asl consonant + fug Examplesl run > rlnn ng, put > putt ng, sw m > swimm ng

e

€rammar Unit 2 Present simple and present continuous Use the present simple to talk about permanent states or general truths. use the present continuous to talk aboui thlngs that are temporary / in progress.

Im

working in London th s week.

Adverbs and time expressions Use differeni time expressions wlth rhe present simple and present continuous.

a) Present simp e: we use adverbs of frequency (e.g. attuays, usualty, aften, samettmes. nevett dto expressions of frequency (atthe weekend, every Monday, three times a week, once/twice a month)to say how often you do something. Adverbs of fiequency come before the main verb, but after the verb be. Expressions of frequency come at the beginning or end of the sentence. !sually have lunch in the work canteen.

\,4ordd, 10 irq.. ^or.o, wth my boss every F dayafternoon.

Jasor'solel d.e or have a meet ng

Once a month, everybody n our department goes to a restaurant Jor d nner

b) Presenl continuous: we ofien use time expressions like at the moment, todav now, these days, this weeu month/Ve ar wiln ine pt esent continuous.

Examples: We're work ng on a contract wth a,lapanese cornpany at the moment. Thls week l'm takjng the tra n to work because my cals n the ga.age. We don't normally use slative verbs (e.9. be, krow, like, have) h rhe conlinuous form. Some of rhem can be used in the conlinuous form, bLrt they have a different meaning,

Ithinkths lsa beautfulpainting. (=Th s s my opinon.) l'm th nkng of buynganewcar 1= mdecding.)

Unit 3 Past simple

- regular

and irregular

Fullfolm

Short torm

l/You / He/She/ lt /We /They worked. Nogative l/You / He/ She/ lt/We/They dld not

work.

l/You / He / She / h/We/They didn't work.

Ouestions Dld

l/

you / he / she / it

/we / they

work?

Yes,l/you/he/she/it/w6/theydid. No,

Wha1 sF sped( we

J\

l/you / he /sh6 / it / we / they didn't.

'ai y Loe ol-or1 lorns.

Use the past simple to talk about events that happened in the past. We often use time expressions like resterday, /ast yeat, three days agawlth the past simple We vis ted the NewYorkoffce ast month did- . qo to .le 1ee i 9 r-s F d",

G'

Spelling rules lor regutar past simpts veros a) mosr

verbs

+ ed

work >worked, eam b) verbs ending in

> earned, +d

,e

he p

>

he ped

>

phone

> phoned, dance > danced, itve ved c) verbs ending in vowel + consonant doubte the tast consonant + ed stop> stopped, jog >jogged, beg > begged d) verbs ending in consonant+

-y

y+ ied

ried, urrr'>lrffeo srroy>s.Joeo

u? >

Most common verbs are not regutar and rhey have an irregutar past simpte form. go > weft, have > had, t6ke> took, make> maoe, wfire > wrote. See the list of irregular ve.bs on page 115. We form the negative of regutar and irregular verbs wiih didrl and questions with dtd. She d dn't send rhe ema Did you study if Berlin?

.

Past simple o{ be and can

Fullfonn

l/ He/She/ You

Shon folm lt was Spanish.

/W€ /Th€y were Spanish.

. \ ,bs | /

Negativ€ J/ He /She / lt was not Spanish. You /We /They wefe not Spanish

You

Fulltotm

Sho.t

l/

Ho / She/ lt could

You

l/

l/

he / she

/

ir Spanish ?

Were you / we / lhey Spanish? He

/She / lt vlEsn't Spanish.

/We /Th6y werenl Spanish.

form

)

Ouostions

d ve.

/We /They could drjve.

Negativ€

/ She / lt could not drive. l/ He /She / tt couldnt drive. /We /They could not drive. you /We /-Ih6y couldnl drive.

H€

You

Ouestions

Should l/he/she/itgo? Should lou / we / they go?

When we speak, we usuatty use short forms. Thewerbs be and cr" are a speciat case.The past af bejs was/were and rhe pasi of .an is coula. We forrn the negarive with wasn,t/weren,t and coutdn,t. Examplesl He was from cermany, but his parents werenl.They were from Austra

Was he fiom Befl n7

She coJld nd- a 0..e. bJt she ( o rto.l r d.i.e a ca,. Cou d she speak Japanese?

@

Yes,l/he/sh6/itwas. No, l/ he / sh€/ it \,€sn't. Yes, you /

w€ / they w€re. No, you / we / they w€ren't,

Shoat answers

Yes, | / he / she / it could. No, | / he / she / it couldn t. Yes, you / we / they could. No, lou / !\,e / they coutdnl.

6rammar Unit

4

Past continuous

Fulltotm

Shon form

Ouestions

Positive

l/ He/She/lt You

was eating.

Was

l/

he

/she/ it eating?

Were you / we / they eating?

Negative He / She/ lt \,as not

You

l/

/We/They were eating.

oating.

/We /Th6y were not

eating.

l/He/Sh6/ltwasnleating. You

Yes,l/he/she/itwas. No, l/ he/ she / it wasn't. Yes, you / w€ / they

were.

No, you / we/ they wefen't.

/We/They weren't eating.

When we speak, we usually use short forms. To make

the irgform,seethespel ing rules on page

106.

use the past continuous to talk about a past activily that was in progress al a panicutar iime In rne pasr. Examplesi lwas watch ng televislon at 9.30 th s morning. He was working ior a computer company in 2009. We don't normally use stative verbs (e.9. be,

*row, like, have) in rhe cantinuous form.

Past simple and past continuous Use the past simple to lalk about events or actions that happefed in the past.To tatk abour an activity in progress when another completed action happened, use the past continuous. Example: lwas s!rfing the nternet when my mother phoned.

We were discLrssing the probem when the manager arrived. lTheywere dtscussing the probtem Then the manager aftved.) We discussed the problem when the manager arrived (The manager arrived.Then they d scLrssed rhe probtem.)

Use when, while and asto join the past continuous and pasr simbte in a sentence. Example: saw Paulwhen /wh le /as lwas walk ng up the h l. But we cannot use whlle wiih a sing e, completed action in rhe past. I saw Paulwhen lwenttothe shops. (NOT

]3€\v]:Mi:Hwenfi€+€3hop3.)

@

Unit 5 Modals Ior advice and obligation

should / shouldn't

Fulltoms

Shorttolm

Ouestiong

l/ He/She/ lt should go. Yo! /We /They should go.

Yes,

Should l/ he/she/ it go? Should you /we/they go?

Negative

l/ H6/She/ You

. .

lt should noi go. |/He/She/ lt shouldnl go. /We /They should not go. You/We/They couldn t go.

Yes, you / \,\,e / they should. No, you / we / thev shouldn't

Use

(NOT

Yo! sho! d study hard before yoLrr exams. We often use shouldto give advlce.

must

io-shed/d+rffis).

l/

He

You

/She/ lt must go.

Negative l/ He / She/ lt must not go. You /We /They must not go.

OT

Short.nswers Yes,

Must

l/ he/she/

it go? Must lou / we / they go?

l/ He/She/

lt mustn't go. You /W€ /They mustn't go.

Musiis a moda verb-This have an infinitive or a third N

vsit the Louvre when you re n Paris. shouldnt watch too muchTV

Ousstions

Short IoIm

You/We/Th6y must go.

(

sho!/dwhen we mean'it is a good idea'or'it is a good ihing io do

You should

/ mustn't

Fulllorms

.

i/ he/she / it should. l/ he / she/ it shouldn't.

Should is a modal verb.This means it doesn't have an infinitive or a third person form There is no auxiliary verb do with modal verbs (lshoDIdnl go, Should Igo?).

.

No,

No,

l/he /she/lt must. l/he/she/itmustn't

lou / we / they must. No, you / vve / they mustnl.

Yes,

However we normal y use haye a4 not must to talk about rutes and

rafi trstlshe-Rrs&).

There is no auxiliary verb do with mod:l verbs ll mustn't go, Must lgo?).

Use mustwhen we mean'this is necessary'or I

mlstn't lose my car

keys.

We mustn't forget the meeting rh s aJternoon. must remember to fin sh my.eport today. rnust learn to drlve this year

Sbou/dis not as strong as m(]st

Obligation and permission have to

/ don't

Fulltonns |

/You

Short form

has to go.

Negative | /You /We /They do not have to go, He / She / lt does not have to go.

t

Ou6stions

/We /They have io go.

He/Sh6/ lt

@

You mlst res gn. (= strong ob igationt there's no alternative.) You shou d resign. {= weaker obligationt jt's a good idea.)

have to

Do |/you/\ €/they have to go? Do€s he / she / it have to go?

l/You /We /Th6y don't have

rogo, / She / lt ro go,

He

doesnl hale

taB

Example: You have to be twenty-one ro bLry a cohol n the Unlted States. Use muslrl when we mean 'this is not allowed' or'it's imDodant that vou

Yes, l/you/we/theydo No, you / u€ / they don t. Yes. hs/she / it does. No, he / she / it doesn't.

do.:

€rammar Use have to\o dcsc be some$ing

U

se

d o

n'I h ave to 1o sa!

fia\ some\h\ng

' Yo! donl lra\re to do rt f you don t wanl io . Do 't have to s very cllffcrent from musl/r'1.

have 1.) !\rear a !nrrof.a l0 worK.

Whai do we h.ve to do now?

donl have 10 sw tch it off {=Youcan You mlstn l swrch ir olf 1= Dont do t ) You

Help!

Iyouwanl.bLrtrlsnotnecessarvI

Mosr and hrve to are quite similar in meaniig as both are !scd for obllgatlon Musl is used more conr'no. v when rhe ob i!tation comes fronr yo!rsell and /)ave to when the obllgation conres from so.neone e se or thc situ.tion

Remember! have to / must buy some stationery. (= | need to buy some ) should buy some statioiery. ( ts a good dea, bul notassentia atthe moment ) I don't have io buy any slationery. (= lt isn't neccessary. I already have enough ) i m!stn't buy any new stationery. (= I m not aLlowed 1o blry any lt's too expeisive.) I I

Unit 6 Present perfect

Shortfolm l/You /We /They've lived.

/You /We/They have llved. He /She / lt has ved.

He/She/ t's

/She/ t has

l/you/we/they

Has he

Negatlve l/You /We /They have not ved. He

Have

v€d?

ived

/she/ it ivedl No, he

l/You /We/They haven't ved He/She/ lt hasn't ived. ,

not lived.

l/ you / we / they have No, l/yoLr/we /they have.:

Yes,

/she/ t hasn't

Use th€ present pcrfect to ta k about gencra experience (in your ife, up to nowihe preseft).

We fonn ihe Prcsent Perfect with havcllias + past partcip e \e.9. avelled, been, clone) The past parl ciple of reg ula r verbs is the sam e

!'ve never wrlten a b og 've vsiled Amer ca severa t mes l-rse ever n questions to glvc the id€a

as the past simp e form (sce page 108 for

of

in

your ife

Hsve yoLr ever gone over budgetT Has lre ever been abroad?

up to now'

Tlre past partic p e of iregu ar verbs s often d ffercnl fronr lhe past simplc form See png€ for a llst ol irreg! ar verbs.

We .lon t usually say when we hacl the experien.e. To S vc mofe deta s we usc the past s mp e.

.e

o"" o b/"

've trave ed

d

al over tlre

Present perfect

wofd

tl"d o.dr .i -

wenl io Braz in May

with l/et and alrcady

yet We ofien us€ yrt wilh the present p€rfect in quest ons io mean 'any t me up to th€ present and in

negative sentences when refetrlng to things that haven t happened in ihe time Yet Lsua ly comes at the end of a seftence or questlon. I

!p to now

haven'i finished my degree yet. lle orograrrT" stdrled vel'

Hds

We usa have + a/ready + past partlcip e to d€scribe a recent evenl that happ€ned ear ier than expecte.l Already.ames after have. The meeting has already started. I've a readyspoken to the CEO.

spe

ns

115

Unit 7 Present perfect with tor and since Use the present pedect to describe an action thar started in the past and continues into rhe presenr. __________-_____? now J U ne He's worked here since June. (NOT lt€.vcor#ere-3ine€-J$ne.) Ien years ago now I've known an for ten years (NOT+*r€\lf+€'i-+eFreftyears.)

Unit

I

----------------

use the present perfect with foror s/nce to say how tong. Use forwirh periods of time, e.g. fot two weeks, a long time. Example: She's worked in this department for rhree years. ljse since to refer to a point in time (when the situation began

e.g.lhe summer, March, Example: She's worked in this department since she left university. (She!

stillhere.)

be going to and the present continuous

Fulltolms |

6m going to play.

He/She/ lt is going to play. You /We/They are going to play.

Shortlom

Ouesiions

l'm going to play.

Am lgoing to play?

Y€s, lam.

He/She/ lt's going to play. You /W€/Theyte going to play.

ls he/ sh€ / it going to playT

Yes, he / she/ it is. No, he /she / it

No, I'm not,

Negative

lam not going to plsy.

play.

He / She / lt is not going to You /We /They ar6 not going to

play.

I'm not going to play. He/ She / lt isn't going to play. You /We /They aren't going to play.

Are lou / we / th€y going to play?

When we speak, we usually use short forms.

Plans and intentions We use be going toio talk about p ans and intentions that we've already made. (They've already been decided before we sp€ak.)

l'm going to have lunch with Sesn one day soon. l'm having lunch with Sean in the caf6 at 1 p.m.

Examplesl

We don't usually use be

l'm going to study Physics at university. Theyte going to visit the factory in creece next week. But we use the present continuous to ralk about plans and arrangements in the future which are sure to happen. Often there is a definite tirne and/or place for affangements with

the presenl continuous. Example: l'm catching the 6 p.m. train tomorrow. we often use a time expressior le.g. tanight, tomoraw, next Monday)when we use pr€sent coniinuous to talk abou he future. Example: l'm visiting the offices in lvlunich nextTuesday

Fullforms

Wete going to Munich nextTuesday. Our clients are coming to the offices this afternoon. We use be golng to to make pr€dictions when there is cl€ar

Examples: Look at that boyl He's going to falll LooklThat car is going to crash! Look at those clouds. I think it's going to rain this evening-

Short lolm

Positiv€

l/You/ He/

Sh6

/ lt /We /They will go.

|

/You / He/ She / lt /We / lhey'llgo.

Negative l/You / He / She / lt/Ws /They will not go.

l/You / He /She / lt/W€/They \Non't go.

Ouestions

Short ar-nswerc

Will

@

l/

you / he / she / it

/we / they will

qo?

goirg fowith the verDs .omeaDc

Yes, l /you / he /she / it / w€ /they will. No, | /you / he / she / it/we /they wont.

Grammar Use w'//to refer to fuiure time.

Example: (the phone rinss)l'll answer it.

The interview willtake place on 26th Juty. l'll be forty on my next birthday.

Example:

l'll do you

a favour.

We use wil/ + infinitive to give our opinion about the future.

Example:

Ex€mple:

It'll probably rain tomorrow.

l'll give you the money next week.

We often make predicrions

Example: Ithink Jason

with tthink +

wi

ot ! expect + wit!.

(NOT Fs+veyo$ ...)

willwin the contract. lwon,t help him again.. offood and drink.

e) orders

We use wil/ + infinitive to make decisions.

Examplei l'llhave the tomato soup, please.

a) spontaneous (unptanned) decisions made ai the moment of speaking.

will and be going to

a) for spontaneous decisions and offers.

Example: Its hot in here. l'llopen rhe window. b) forfacts about future time. Example: l'llbe inTokyo next week. c) when we expecvbelieve something wi happen Example: l'll probably be the boss in five years,time.

a)for plans and intentions. Example: She's goingto change her job soon. b)for predictions based on present evidence.

E"amplei Have you seen how cheap our competitor,s Droducts are?

We?e not going to hotd our market share for rono.

Unit 9 Passive

Active: People speak Engtish in New Zeatano Pa$ive: English is spoken in New Zeatand. In the active senlence .bove, we are more ini€rested In the people. In the passive sentence, we are rnore

interested in the language. We use the passivei

a) when the person who does the action (rhe agent) is not imporrant, nor known or not unoersrooo.

b) with bywhen we want to specify the agenl Example: Guernica was painted by picasso. c) when we want a format, impersonat sryte, for exampte in news reporrs. Example: It is reoorled that (wo peopte were ki ed in the e\ptosion. d) when we want to emphasise whar happened to the objecr of the sentence. Exampte: lvly brother was hit by a car. In conversationalEngtish, we sometimes make passiveswith gerinslead of be.

Examples: lget paid every month.

My brother got hil by a c We form the passive with the verb be + past participte le.g. finished, sent, donel. The past participle of regutar verbs is rhe same as the past simpte form {see page 108 for spe ing rules). The past parriciple of irreoutar verbs is often different from rhe past simpte for;. Seepage ror a list oi

'5

Present simple passive Ouestions

Shortform I

l'm paid. You/We/They?e paid.

am paid.

You

/We /They are paid.

He/She/ lt

is paid.

/She/ lt's

He

paid.

Negative I

am not paid,

You

I

/We /They are not paid

He/She/ ll

m not paid.

No, l'm not.

Am I paid? Afe you / we / they paid?

ls he

/shs/it

paid?

No, he

/we /They arenl paid. H€ /She/lt isn't pald.

You

is not paid.

/ we / they are. No, you 'ou / we / they ar6n t. Yes, he / she / it is-

Yes,

/she/it isnl.

Use the present simple passive to talk about routines and facts (things that are always true; I am paid every month (by my companyl. Coca-Cola is sold in almost every country,n the world.

Past simple passive Short folm

Fullforms

l/ He/She/

Negative l/ He/ You

She

Yes, | / he / sh€ / it

lt was paid.

You/We/They w6rc / lt was

paid.

not paid. l/He/Sh€/lt\r€sn1paid.

/We /Th€y were not paid.

No, |/ he/she/

Was | / he / she / it paid?

You

Were you / we / they paid?

'rvas.

it\ €snt.

Yes, you / we / they

were.

No. you / \,\,e / they werenl.

/We /They w€ren't paid.

use the past simple passive to talk about compl€ted or finished actions and events.

This house was built in lhe last century. My purse was stolen last night. The match was won by Germany.

Unit 10

We can also use other presenttenses after

First conditional Use the first conditional to talk about a possible future situation. wll/+ infinitive /f+ Dresent simple ?^

main cladse

l'llvisit myfriend

{NOT l#l lf you are

g+r€

Patrick.

+.4 ...)

You can change the order of the clauses without changing

fx.mPLe: lf I so to LA, l'll visit my friend Patrick. = l'll visit my friend Patrick if lgo to LA.

urlessto mean tf-..

rot

lf you don't drive fast, we'll miss the train. = Unless you

drive fast, we'll miss the train. We can use the present simple in both ihe ifclause and

the main clause to referto generaltruths and facts. Example:

lf lfeeltense,

( ttc

I

go for a run.

lf it's .ainy tomorrow, we should stay at home. If it's rainytomorrow, come round to our house. You can use wheninstead of Examp e:

iftotalk about

a

definite futurc

When lsee Kerry l llshow heryour report.

late,l'llwaitforyou. (NOTl1l/ot}1i'li+lHare...)

We can use

lfyou're going to the meeting, will you take some notes? lf you haven'tdonethis before,l'll helpyou. We can also use modal verbs orthe imperative instead ol

,\

/f.lalse lf Igo to LA,

l'1

second conditional Use the second conditional to talk about something that is

real or not probable now or in the future.

simole 44 lfclause /f+

Dast

would+ infinitive main clause

lf I had more time, I'd write; longer report. lfyou could livb anywhere, where would you live? lf lwas /were* rich,lwouldn't live in this flat * After it we sometimes use la,ere instead oi was.when ',r€ give advice, we often say lf I were you, l'd ... Example: lf I were youtld sela new job.

lrregular verbs Infinitive

Past participle

Infinitive

begun

ring

Past participle

be begrn

0nng

bfought

build

built

b!v

bought

0ougnt

caught

caught

rang

rung

brought

shut

sns drve

sang

sung

spilvspilled

spilVspilled

sit fallen

feh

fight iind

tought

rougnr

flown forbid iorget

forgot

iofgotten

lorgve

torgave

rorgven

get

gor

sovsotlef

give

gave

given

grew

grown

go grow

(US)

stink'

gone

swel

swelled

sw ng

swung

swung

ta!ght

t.right

thought

rnougni

heard hrt

hold

hir held

hun tell think learn

/eit let rgnr

liVlighted

ivlshted

win pad pur

pr.rt

('u

Functional language Unit 1

structuring a presentation

Opening conversations

I've divided rny talk nto . F

How are things with you?

.

rstly ...

Second y ...

How's business?

Thirdly...

Keeping the conversation going

Afterthat...

It's an amazing ocaton, isn't it7

Finally..

Yes,

its wonderfu.

Introducing new information

It's such a lovely day todayl

So, that brings me to ...

Yes, beautifu , isn't it?

l'lnow

ook at ...

Let's move on to look at ...

Showing interest Real y?That's interesting.

Concluding and inviting questions

Really? I didn't know that.

To sum

!p, ...

Ending convelsations It's been nice talking to you. Thank you very much for your time.

Well, t was nice seeing you, Let's

do unch later

,lf

there are any questions, please don't hesitate to ask.

See you again soon.

Unit 4

Unit Z

Intenupting

Offering and accepting food and drink

Can

Would you like a dr nk / a starter/ some sauce with that? Yes. lwould. /Yes, p ease. salad. No. IhanL

ld ikealimesoda/thetomato

you. 've 1do eroLql Tl^al waq dFlctors

Wou d you like st ll or sparkling water?

ld

ike

stil water, please. /

'd prefer sparkling

Yes. ldo. / No, l don t.

Sorry to inteffupt,

blt

...

Could I just say something?

Preventing intemrption .Just a minute.

lf I cou d just finish

what was saylng.

water

Talking about likes and dislikes Do you like fish /spicy food /cofiee?

ljust come in here?

Offering an opinion Personaiy, lfeelthat the dea

Unit 5

Unit 5

Asking for help

Beginning a presentation

Can you help me, please?

Today 'd like to talk about ... Have you ever ...

of...

Couldwe...? Do you think.you could help me, please?

?

Lets start with some background information.

Can you come and give us a hand, p ease? Do you think you cou d g ve me some adv ce about ...?

Would you mind helping me for a minute, please?

@

Functional language Unit 6

Unit 9

Polite requests and reminders

Agreeing

Just a quick reminder about ..,

Mmm.

Have you had a chance to .,.7

I agree

Could you poss bly ...

I

think ... is a good idea.

I

thlnk you re right.

?

Pease make this your main Priority.

wlth ...

Absolutelyl

Unit 7

Exactlyl

Job interviews

Disagreeing

ld llke to ...

l'mafraidldsagree. I don't q!ite agree with You on that. I see what you rnean, but ,.,

tl'rn, I so-nel res give the i'npre5s or tl_at

I

I probably need to improve ...

lTl management skills _5e nosl I tl 11. 'npondrr lhi19 ' hava lo ofer l've got strong

Ln

the

fuure,

is

see myself .,,

That makes sense, however ... It's a good idea, but ... think we should ... lnstead.

I

Ldon't thlnk so.

Unit 8 Suggesting

a

nangements

llegotiating - asking for concessions

was wonderlng if ...

I

'Unit 10

Would Friday afternoon suit You?

I

Would you be avallable on the 21st?

budget.

ls nextWednesday convenient for you?

Can you oifer us anY discounts?

How about lunch next week?

Don't we get any concessions?

Responding to

Negotiating

lcolld

a

rrangements

make it on the 15th.

l'm afrald lwon't be

abLe

can't doTuesday. CouLd we make itWednesday instead?

Yes, Monday's iine.

Explaining a problem Something's come up and l'm afraid I can't rnake Monday

Ithlnk we mlght have to postpone our meeling Can we find a different tlme? Can

-

it takes up most oi the training

- ofiering

concessions

.., you're already getting a good deal there, but I can save

to do 5.00 on Monda,

Tuesday morning is a bit d fficu t. I

lind that rather expensive

Negotiating 1

- offering a Price

would say €120 is a fair Price.

How about €150, if lthrow in ...?

Negotiating

-

accePting a concession

Well, its a staft Donel

we rearrange?

@-