• Author / Uploaded
• Momzy Moo

Citation preview

A GUIDE TO

FIELD IDENTIFICATION

BIRDS /

imnca9

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2009

http://www.archive.org/details/birdsofnorthamerOOsing

A

GUIDE TO FIELD IDENTIFICATION

OF NORTH AMERICA by

CHANDLER

S.

and

ROBBINS, BERTEL BRUUN,

HERBERT

Illustrated by

GOLDEN

S.

ZIM

ARTHUR SINGER

PRESS

•

NEW YORK

Western Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin

Inc.

PREFACE book was

This

truly a

and

cooperative venture involving a team of authors,

in book design and production. Our team was aided by many individuals and institutions which provided both technical and practical assistance in our day-by-day efforts. We gratefully acknowledge help from, and extend our sincere

artist,

editors,

professionals

thanks to the following: for assistance

in

preparing the range maps,

David and Margaret Bridge; for converting the

map data

into final

and Margaret Mayer; Douglas Hackman, Mel Garland, Gladys

maps, Ahza

Cohen, Christine Swirnoff,

for

H. measurement data, C. Cole, and Willet T. Van Velzen; for access to field notes, Erik Hansen; for assistance with skins and literature, Finn Salomonsen. For tape recordings, Peter Paul Kellogg and the Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Marguerite and David Howard, and Sveriges Radio, for help in producing Sonograms, Howard E. Winn, Robert W. Ficken, W. J. L. Sladen, and Richard Penney. Seventeen Sonograms were reproduced from the Peterson Field Guide Series record albums, A Field Guide to Bird Songs and A Field Guide fo Wesfern Bird Songs,

through the kind permission of Houghton

Company and the who helped in

Miffiin

Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University. Others

reading the

text,

in

checking

and

art,

in

reviewing families include

Dean Amadon, Oliver James Baird, John Bull, Kai Curry-Lindahl, Don R. Eckelberry, Eugene Eisenmonn, Eugene Kridler, Roxie Laybourne, Charles O'Brien, Robert L. Pyle, Eleanor C. Robbins, Samuel D,

John

W.

Aldrich, the late Robert Porter Allen,

Austin,

L.

Robbins,

Jr.,

William

Jr.,

Lester Short,

B.

Robertson, Peter Scott, Francis G. Scheider,

Alexander Sprunt

IV,

George

B.

Stevenson, and Leslie

M. Tuck. The U.S. National Museum and the American Museum

of Natural

History provided most of the bird skins which the artist used junction with his field notes

and photographs. The

land and Johns Hopkins University

con-

Mary-

available the use of their

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife bird distribution maps from which our range

audiospectrographs. The U.

provided access to their

made

in

University of

S.

maps were made. C.S.R. B.B.

H.S.Z.

Golden, A Golden Field Guide, and Golden Press^ are trademarks of Western Publishing Company, Inc.

©

Copyright 1966 by Western Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved, includany form or by any means, including the

ing rights of reproduction and use in r L ^ _L^i I

•

•

_

_„

i_.-

-i-.i

•

_.

1

:

I

J«w:,«

TABLE OF CONTENTS 6

Introduction

How

to use this

book

14

Loons— Order Gaviiformes; Family Gaviidae..

Grebes— Order

18

Podicipediformes; Family

Podicipedidoe

.-

Tubenoses— Order

20

-

Procellariiformes

.--

.--.

Diomedeidae Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels— Family Procellariidae Storm Petrels— Family Hydrobatidae

Albatrosses— Family

Pelicans

and Allies— Order

22 22 22

28

30

Pelecaniformes

Tropicbirds— Family Phaethontidae

30

Pelicans— Family Pelecanidae

30 32 32 34

Frigatebirds— Family Fregatidae

Gannets and Boobies— Family Sulidae Cormorants— Family Phalacrocoracidae Anhingas— Family Anhingidae

Waterfowl— Order

34

Anseriformes; Family

Anatidae Swans— Subfamily Cygninae Geese— Subfamily Anserinae Surface-feeding Ducks— Subfamily Anatinae Tree Ducks— Subfamily Dendrocygninae Bay Ducks and Sea Ducks— Subfamily Aythyinae Stiff-tailed Ducks— Subfamily Oxyurinae -

Mergansers— Subfamily Merginae

Vultures, Hawks, Falconiformes

—

36 38

40 44 50 52 60 60

and Falcons— Order -

-

-

Vultures— Family Cathartidae

Hawks, and Eagles— Family Accipitridae Ospreys— Family Pandionidae Kites,

Caracaras and Falcons— Family Falconidae

64 64 66 76 76

Gallinaceous Birds— Order Galliformes Chachalacas— Family Cracidae Turkeys— Family Meleagrididae Grouse and Ptarmigan— Family Tetraonidae Quail, Partidges, and Pheasants— Family Phasianidae

Herons and Allies— Order Ciconiiformes

82 82 82

84 88

92

Herons and Bitterns— Family Ardeidae

92

Storks— Family Ciconiidae

98

and Spoonbills— Family Threskiornithidoe Flamingos— Family Phoenicopteridae

98

Ibises

Cranes and Allies— Order Gruiformes Cranes— Family Gruidae Limpkins— Family Aramidae Rails, Gallinules, and Coots— Family Rallidae

Shorebirds, Gulls, and Alcids— Order Charadriiformes Jaconas- Family Jacanidae Oystercatchers— Family Haematopodidae Avocets and Stilts— Family Recurvirostridae Plovers, Surfbirds, and Turnstones- Family Charodriidae Sandpipers and Allies— Family Scolopacldae Phalaropes— Family Phalaropodidae Jaegers and Skuas— Family Stercororiidae Gulls and Terns— Family Laridae Skimmers— Family Rynchopidae Alcids— Family Alcidae

Pigeons and Doves— Order Columbiformes; Family Columbidae

98

100 100 100 102

106 108 108 108

110

114 126 130 132 146 148

154

Cuckoos; Anis, and Roadrunners— Order

158

Cuculiformes; Family Cuculidae

Owls— Order

Strigiformes; Families

160

Tytonidae, Strigidae

Goatsuckers— Order Caprimulgiformes; 168

Family Caprimulgidae

Swifts

and Hummingbirds— Order

Apodiformes...

Swifts— Family Apodidoe

Hummingbirds— Family Trochilidae

Parrots— Order

Psittaciformes; Family Psittaciaae

170 170 172

178

Trogons— Order Trogoniformes; Family Trogonidae

178

Kingfishers— Order Coraciiformes; Family Alcedinidae

Woodpeckers— Order

...178 Piciformes;

Family Picidae

Perching Birds— Order Passeriformes

Larks— Family Alaudidae

Swallows— Family Hirundinidae and Crows— Family Corvidae Chickadees, Titmice, and Allies— Family Paridae Wrentits— Family Chamaeidae Jays, Magpies,

Bulbuls— Family Pycnonotidae

Dippers— Family Cinclidae Nuthatches— Family Sittidae

Creepers— Family Certhiidae Troglodytidae

Mockingbirds and Thrashers— Family Mimidae Thrushes, Solitaires,

and Bluebirds— Family Turdidae

Gnatcatchers and Kinglets— Family Sylviidae Pipits

and Wagtails— Family Motacillidae

Waxwings— Family

Bombycillidae

Silky Flycatchers— Family Ptilogonatidae

Shrikes— Family Laniidae Starlings— Family Sturnidae

Honeycreepers— Family Coerebidae Vireos— Family Vireonidae

Wood Warblers— Family

Parulidae

Weaver Finches— Family Ploceidae Blackbirds and Orioles— Family Tanogers- Family Throupidoe

.188 190

Cotingas— Family Cotingidae Tyrant Flycatchers— Family Tyrannidae

Wrens— Family

180

Icteridae

190 204 204 208 214 218 218 218 220 220 222 226 230 236 238 240 240 242 242 244 244 250 278 278 288

Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows, and Longspurs—

290

Family Fringillidae

326

Bibliography

Index

-

-

—

328

INTRODUCTION About 1,780 species

97

and breed America and Mexico are dropped out, the number of breeding birds (permanent residents and migrants) falls to about 645 species. Another 50 or so on

the

continent

of birds representing

North

of

America.

migratory species are regular or casual

75

families.

families live

When

Central

visitors. All of

these represent

Perhaps TOO more species occur accidentally. This

last

group is not an integral part of the North American bird population. The 645 or so breeding species in North America north of Mexico than 8 per cent of the world's 8,600 or so birds, but North America makes up almost 17 per cent of the world's land. This relative discrepancy may only reflect the fact that North America, north of Mexico, has no true tropical component in its climate. The number of species gives only part of the picture of avian life. total less

The other factor to

establish.

population, something

bird

is

Populations have been estimated

not often for a continent. At

its

much more in

limited

difficult

areas but

peak, at the end of summer, the bird

population of North America (north of Mexico) has been estimated at

some 20

billion.

billion,

and

the world population of birds at about 100

These rough estimates suggest that North America with about

17 per cent of the world's land and perhaps 20 per cent of

may be

its

birds

average place to watch and study them. An average bird population of about three birds per acre Is a reasonably at least an

good one. Any interested person can in

our urban centers.

species, but a

No one

find

birds to observe

has seen

all

and study, even American avian

of the North

recent survey disclosed that a score of serious bird

amateur and professional, have each seen over 600 species north of the Mexican border. Many more watchers have "life lists" of 500 or more species, and it is common for an amateur to see and identify 300 species or more. Building up a large life list is not in itself a major goal, yet without accurate identification based on wide experience, all other observations may be suspect. Birding amply satisfies our curiosity about all animal life. The joys of discovery and the aesthetic appeal of avian species provide students, both

rewarding experiences for the observer. But in addition, the study is one of the few fields of biological science where the contributions of amateurs continue to be important. Beginners who keep of birds

species

lists

while birding

numbers seen, weather, discover that the data

make a start. Those who add notes on and details of bird behavior soon

terrain,

in their field notes conjure up provocative quesand hypotheses. These, in turn, require further, more detailed, or more extensive observations, which may eventually yield new facts —the very core of a scientific contribution.

tions

\^

Map based on Life Areas of N.A., by John W. Aldrich, Journal of Wildlife

Management, 1963.

SCOPE

This guide covers a continental land

square

miles.

through a me/its.

rich variety of subtropical,

Mapped above

depend on tion

of

mass of over 9

million

Geographically and climatically, North America ranges temperature, and arctic environ-

are the major natural vegetative regions, which

latitude, altitude,

birds tends to

fit

rainfall,

into

and other

these

natural

factors.

The

distribu-

areas and even more

closely into the specific habitats that they include. Bear these natural

regions

ftl

H B B

in

mind when using the range maps.

Arctic-Alpine

Hi

Open

B

Boreal

Closed Boreal

NcHardwood-Conifer Aspen Parkland

Montane Woodland

^ B B

Pacific Rain Forest

Mesquite-Grassland

East Deciduous Forest

Pinyon-Juniper

Grasslands

Chaparral-Oak Woodland

Oak-Savannah

Southern Evergreen

Northern Desert Scrub

Mexican Pine and Pine-Oak

Southern Desert Scrub

Tropical Areas (combined)

Oct.

BREEDING BIRDS

comprise those which nest

regularly north of Mexico.

Some ore

rare

and

Most can be found at the proper time and place. About 645 species. local.

REGULAR VISITORS

breed

in

areas

other

but are seen here as migrants, mostly along

Some may be

the coast or on offshore waters.

abundant

About 30

at times.

CASUAL VISITORS here occasionally to

be seen

in

are

migrants that stray

small numbers. Most apt

in

fall

species.

with flocks of regular mi-

grants or during severe coastal storms. About

25 species. Bridled Tern

BOOK

BIRDS IN THIS book covers the three groups

This

includes

For

all

of birds outlined

birds included there are at least five North

oil

the present century. This criterion

in

above and so

species of wild birds likely to be found north of Mexico.

is

American records

important, for the last cate-

gory. Casual

occasionally

Visitors, includes Old World birds that wander here and unpredictably. Other tropical and Old World species

have been found here fewer than 5 times since 1900. These birds of accidental occurrence are not included also are species

now

or on a small scale,

in

guide. Not included

this

extinct, introduced birds released experimentally

and escaped

birds that are not established

and

spreading. included as breeding birds are introduced species that are spread-

and breeding regularly. Three gamebird Gray Partridge and Ring-necked Pheasant, are ing

additions to the songbird

list

Scarlet

the

Chukar,

are the Blue-gray Tanager and the Red-

whiskered Bulbul, both breeding

become

species,

so established. Recent

south Florida.

in

If

present patterns

established, such birds as the Elegant Tern, Hook-billed Kite, Ibis,

and others may be added

Hybrids between

closely

related

to the

species

list

of regular breeders.

sometimes occur

in

the

Four of the most spectacular and best known hybrids are included. Observers should also watch for albinism, which occurs occawild.

sionally

in

most species of wild birds. Pure white or pale brown forms

are rare. More frequently the normal plumage feathers on the wings or

tail

or

in

is

modified by white

patches on the body. Melanism

is

a condition that produces effects opposite of albinism. Dark colored birds occasionally appear, especially tion

is

less

common than

albinism.

among

the hawks. This condi-

NAMES OF

BIRDS Common species

may have many

of birds

or regionol names. For example, the Bobwhite

is

local

called partridge

in

Grouse throughout much of the North. Only the common names adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union (Check-List of North American Birds, 5th edition) ore used in this guide. These names will avoid confusion. For your

many

parts of the South, as

the RufFed

is

some widely used alternate names, especially those

convenience,

formerly used by the A.O.U., are

names used

Changes

those of the A.O.U. Check-List.

we

occur as

edge

listed

in

pronunciation) ore also

the classification of birds

in

more about them. Interpretation of the new knowlnumber of species, families, and orders may

learn

and

varies

the index. The scientific

in

(including accent marks to aid

so the

also vary according to different authorities.

Each species of bird is

is

assigned a Latin or

accepted and understood by

name

scientific

consists

species name, as

two

scientific

name, which

throughout the world. The

parts— the genus, followed

by the

Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee). These

in

names are

Latin

of

scientists

often

descriptive

better than

common names.

same genus,

closely related

same

related families to the

and

indicate

avian

Closely related species

genera

to the

some

relationships

belong to the

family,

and

closely

order. All birds belong to the Class Aves.

The largest order of birds ^Passeriformes) encompasses a great many families

and

and genera.

habits,

though

Its

all

members show much variation in appearance have common characteristics that put them in

one order. Our several species of buntings, for example, all belong to the Order Passeriformes ("perching birds) and to the family Fringillidae (finches

cyanea) it

is

and sparrows). But while the Indigo Bunting (Passerina amoena),

closely related to the Lazuli Bunting (Passerina

is

very difFerent

(Calamospiza

appearance and habits from the Lark Bunting and the Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax

in

melanocorys)

nivalis).

Some

species

are

geographic forms).

further

subdivided

names

into

subspecies

(races

or

have three ports, as Parus carolinensis impiger, the Florida form of the Carolina Chickadee. Most subspecies are not recognizable in the field. They are not treated

separately

Of

in this

Scientific

of subspecies

book, except for a few conspicuous examples.

27 orders

of living birds, 20 are represented in North America north of Mexico, some by only a single species (as the trogons and parrots). The largest order, Passeriformes, includes 27 families

the

with over

300 species

in

North America. About 170 families of birds

are currently recognized. The 75 families that occur are treated that

in

this

in

North America

book. The text often includes a brief introduction

summarizes the

field

or other groups of birds.

characters

common

to orders

and

families

10 Robin

J^ ISEC

BIRD

SONGS

tv

-iML-

C"

c

vT

are valuable aids

identify the majority of songbirds

in

identification.

Many

experts can

by the song. Words cannot describe

bird songs adequately, nor can songs be cal staff. By

iv>.

methods developed by

oratory of Ornithology, Cornell

shown accurately on a musi-

Dr. Peter Paul Kellogg of the Lab-

University,

bird

songs can

be

re-

and then reproduced either audibly or visually. Audible reproductions (by tapes or phonograph records) are ideal for learning bird songs at home, and the new visual reproductions of corded

in

the field

bird songs can be used in the field. Called audiospectrograms or Sonograms, these visual reproductions are electronically mode by a sound spectrograph. The bird song diagrams in this book are photographs of Sonograms. Most of the recordings were mode in the field

by the senior author.

Sonograms have been used in many scientific publications. This is the time they have appeared in a field guide. They are essentially an electronic refinement of the method introduced by Aretas A. Saunders in 1935. The typical Sonogram in this guide shows 21/2 seconds of song. The graph has grid lines at y2-second intervals. Pitch, usually up to six kilocycles per second, is marked in the left margin at two kilocycle intervals. For pitch comparison, middle C of the piano and the four octaves above middle C are indicated in the right margin of the enlarged Sonogram above. Middle C has a frequency of 262 cycles per second. The frequency doubles with each succeeding octave: is 523, C" is 1046, C" is 2093 and C"" (top note on piano) is 4186 cycles per second. Sonograms show more detail than the ear con detect at normal speed; the best way to learn to use Sonograms is to compare them with recordings

first

C

played at half speed.

A knowledge

of music helps

in

interpreting

no means necessary. Even a person who

is

Sonograms but

is

by

tone deaf con detect the

and quality of a song. Before attemptSonograms of unfamiliar birds, study those of some sounds and of birds that you know well.

differences

in

pattern, timing,

ing to interpret

familiar

Three toots on on automobile horn ore easily read. The "wolf how a whistle appears as a single narrow line which

whistle" shows

?

forehead.

median

line

lores,

upper mandible

TOPOGRAPHY OF A

-

lower mandible eye rin

BIRD

Lark Sparrow

chi

throat

whisker breast

upper

tail

coverts tail

outer

DESCRIBING BIRDS

is

hardly necessary

sight with the help of a friend or a

correct descriptive terms

immediately

identify.

if

you

tail

feathers

identify a species at

guidebook. However, the use of the

becomes important with birds that you cannot will want to make detailed notes on

Then you

appearance and behavior. The accuracy of such notes will be augmented by the use of the terms illustrated above and below. Your description and notes submitted to an expert or used in checking other

may solve your identification problem. The use of correct terminology will also aid you

references

in making comand in checking variations in color and pattern of local birds. Knowing the terminology helps focus your attention on specific parts of a bird as you observe it.. Sometimes such details as an incomplete eye-ring or the color of the undertail covers will clinch an

parisons

identification.

PARTS OF

WING

DUCK WING

from below

ax'llars

~.*«—^^'''*^^^ leading edge of wing

wing

linings

DUCK WING speculum

secondaries—^ railing

edge

of

wing

from above

13

WATCHING AND

BIRD

BIRD STUDY

live in suburbs or rural locations can enjoy bird watchhome. Planting shrubs and evergreens for shelter and providing food and water will attract some species in large num.bers, and a much larger variety in small numbers. Many observers have

who

Persons

right at

ing

50 or more species

identified

and a

might otherwise stay

and

in

best seen

Birds are

areas,

in

A window

a suburban yard.

feeder

bird bath with dripping water will bring into view birds that

On

shores.

the shubbery.

by going afield

to

parks, sanctuaries,

open

such trips a pair of prism binoculars (6 to 8

power, with central focus)

is

almost essential. For work with water-

30 power) is extremely helpful. Camera camera with focal plane shutter, a telephoto

birds, a spotting 'scope (12 to

fans

will

want a 35mm

lens,

and

tripod.

if you walk slowly and quietly, alone or in wear brightly colored clothing. If you watch from your parked car remember that the car serves as a blind and birds will approach closer than if you are on foot. If you ore quiet or partly concealed you can sometimes attract songbirds and get

You

see more birds

will

Do

small groups.

not

them close by "squeaking"— sucking kisyng the back of your hand.

may cause

Audubon groups,

or ornithological societies are

These clubs hold meetings, lectures, and

cities.

which you interest

or call that you can imitate

almost every state and Canadian province, especially

in

larger

will

field

and experience. Many groups publish newsletters

other wildlife. films

and

Audubon lectures.

societies consult the

Federation,

newspaper National

the

in

trips

at

be welcome and through which you can broaden your

Meetings occasionally feature motion pictures or

life

or noisily

lips

other birds to burst into song.

Local bird clubs,

found

through your

species will respond to crude

and any song

imitations of their song, well

air

Some

or journals.

slides of birds

and

screen tours also present outstanding wildFor help

in

locating these

and other nature

Conservation Directory of the National Wildlife

your state conservation department, or the library or of your

Parks,

home town

or in places where you travel. Monuments, and National Wildlife Refuges are

often excellent places to observe birds. Rangers or naturalists are glad to

answer questions. State and private sanctuaries,

zoos can also prove helpful and stimulating.

Many

local

parks,

larger

and

cities

or

and study here can greatly aid field recognition. A number of private camps and tours emphasize bird study. The National Audubon Society camps have universities

have museums with bird

outstanding programs

in

collections,

nature education.

HOW

TO USE THIS BOOK

These four pages can aid you to identify birds quickly

using your field guide effectively

in

and accurately

in

the field. Begin to use the

book before you go birding. In spare moments at home or while traveling thumb through its pages. Note the silhouettes that appear the introductions to families and other groups. These will give you a quick impression of the form of a "typical" bird in a particular group as compared to birds with similar silhouettes. Silhouettes of v/ith

birds

in

the group illustrated are

may be confused

shape, which

Scan the

full-color

the male birds

in

black. Those of birds of similar

with species illustrated, are

blue.

in

These are usually

illustrations at the far right.

breeding plumage. Do not study each picture for

in

name and then random or work through an interesting family. The person who does this will become increasingly sure about recognizing members of a family or a genus, such as herons, quails, woodpeckers, chickadees, and others. He may details.

move

At

on.

glance quickly at the bird and

first,

Do

this

scores of times.

not be able to enumerate

he

will

all

Open

the

its

book

at

the quail or heron characteristics, but

recognize the birds on

preparation

This

sight.

will

be an

important aid to identification.

and review the illustramaking note of details that separate one species from another. Each person will develop his own system for recalling facts, such as underlining words, drawing arrows pointing to species characteristics, Later scan the range mops, read the text,

tions,

or writing marginal notes

Use the book

in

and records. much as possible. When

move, check the silhouettes group. Gradually,

and

to help place a bird within a

experience

highlight

will

time only the barest glimpse

in

species.

will

will

enable you

always be

view by thumbing through the book will refresh

recognized

characteristics,

to identify birds,

essential.

will fix details in

some

careful

Constant

re-

your mind and

your memory of species seen.

single technique can

be the key

to birding or to using a field

guide. Each person's pattern of observation

ways, unique.

As experience,

discover techniques you.

species

With others, and with females and immature

observations and comparisons

No

birds are on the

the field as

Become

and devices

skill,

and

and learning

interest

that are best

familiar with the features of this

so that birds can

be checked

in

you

some will

and most satisfying for book listed on the next

pages and with the ways that data are presented

and Sonograms imum of efFort.

is,

increase,

in

in

the text, maps,

the field with a min-

15 1.

In

general,

guide follows a "natural" or evolutionary order,

this

progressing from the least to the more advanced families of birds.

However, minor departures have been made to set up comparisons; example, the white herons are grouped together (p. 93), and all herons (pp. 92-98) have been placed next to the cranes.

for

2.

male, usually

Illustrations feature the adult

Immatures

Next, the female.

from

different

Juvenal

adults.

indicates the male,

^

are illustrated

in flight

in

when noticeably for some

shown

is

which sexes are

similar.

Other-

the female. Most birds typically seen

I

a flying position.

in

breeding plumage.

in

illustrated

plumage

(juv.)

species. Birds not labeled are adults

wise

are

(im.)

If

birds

have very different

summer and winter plumages, these are also shown. The color phases of a few species are given and comparison illustrations call attenon a different page.

tion to similar species

3.

The common and

names (and accent marks

scientific

to

aid pro-

nunciation) are from the A.O.U. Check-List of North American Birds, 5th edition,

1957. The index also gives some widely used alternate

common names,

especially those from previous editions of the A.O.U.

Check-List.

Both text and

4.

attempt to point out the behavior of

illustrations

Watch

birds as an identification aid.

for patterns of flight, walking,

feeding, courtship, nest building, and care of young. Such observa-

your ability

tions will increase 5.

The

breeding birds and regular range.

recognize some birds at a glance.

to

text attempts to evaluate the

Remember

abundance

visitors within

that at the

edge

of most species of

their principal

of a species'

range

its

geographic

abundance

decreases rapidly.

When relative

modified

by

abundance

in

An abundar)t

bird

the

is

one very

every time by a person

A common

bird

word

below

terms

the

local,

indicate

a very restricted area.

visiting

may be

likely to

be seen

large numbers

in

habitat at the proper season.

its

seen most of the time or

smaller numbers

in

under the same circumstances.

An uncommon in

bird

may be

seen quite regularly

the appropriate environment

A

rare

bird

occupies

in

small

numbers

and season.

only a

small

percentage of

habitat or occupies a very specific limited habitat.

It

is

its

preferred

usually found

only by an experienced observer. 6.

The range maps use North America as a base except for birds The winter range of a species is shown in blue (A);

of limited range.

the

summer

or breeding

the bird occurs

all

range

year. Within

in

red

its

(B).

Purple (C) shows where

range a bird is found only woods.

certain habitats, such as cattail marshes or pine

in

16 Areas through which migrants pass as they move north in spring red hatching upward from left to right (D). The area of fall migration is shown by red hatching downward from left

are shown with

to right (E). Cross-hatching in

both spring and

The black isochronal

lines

birds migrating to the north

line— G);

first

and

of

first

blue and their

in

range

(F)

shows where a species may be seen it does not breed or winter.

but where

fall

show the average seen about

may be

of April (dotted

line— H);

first

June (dots and dashes— J). in

the

of

arrival date first

May

Finally,

bound areas where some winter (K) or in summer (L).

red

first

the

March

of

where (solid

(dashed line— I)

dashed

lines

in

species occasionally extend

The maps are based on data tabulated for many years by the U.S. Fish 7.

Some

within

and Wildlife

Service.

species are highly adaptable

their

range.

Others are very

and are widely

restricted.

Altitude,

distributed

moisture,

type of vegetation, availability of food, and other factors determine the environment

in

which birds

live.

important habitats for most species.

The

text

lists

some

of the

more

17 Besides verbal descriptions of songs

8.

and

their

normal frequency

many species are pictured by Sonograms new scientific technique that gives a true Study the Sonogram while the bird is singing,

per minute, songs or calls of (see pp.

10-11). This

"picture" of a song.

is

a

or while you listen to a recording. typical

Remember

songs.

Many

characteristic song.

a

that

You should soon be able

to recall

Sonogram

a

pictures

only

single

hove several songs, but these often

birds

have many basic similarities. The measurements of total length ore original figures based on

9.

SCRUB JAY

actual field measurements, from the tip of the of thousands of live birds hand-held

toil,

in

bill

to the tip of the

natural positions. These

measurements are shorter than conventional ones

live

(of

dead

birds,

stretched "with reasonable force"). The single figure given for length (L)

is

a median or overage figure for the adult male, rounded to the

nearest V4 inch in

and

small birds

in

to the nearest

V2 inch or

1

inch

may be 10 per cent longer or shorter. 10" may be between 9 and 11 inches. If

larger birds. Individual birds

Thus a bird recorded as the

larger flying

ment also 10.

L

sexes differ appreciably

In

is

and soaring

in

birds

size

this

is

usually

mentioned.

On

on overage wingspon (W) measure-

given.

the text a

number

of terms

hove been abbreviated to save

space and convey information quickly. Besides such ations OS months, states, inches: ", length:

L,

and

wingspon:

ber of songs per minute: x/min.

countries,

W,

you

immature:

will

common

abbrevi-

also find: feet:

im., juvenol: juv.,

',

num-

18

LOONS

(Order Gaviiformes, Family Gaviidae) are specialized

swimming and

webbed

give extra leverage to the large

breed and

for

body

diving. Powerful legs attached at the rear of the

Loons come ashore only

feet.

They are silent in winter. In flight the head is lower than the body. The wingbeats are fast, uninterrupted by gliding.

to

When

to nest.

swimming

diving, the

plunge, but

Loons eat

it

fish,

up and forward

bird hops

can also submerge

from a

stealthily

to begin the

crustaceans, and some water plants. Eggs, 2-3.

COMMON LOON The most common

5^.>^ -

^

-*"^/?X>

rivers.

"'/-''

^est in

';;•'

its

yodel-like laugh

Its

Gavia immer lakes and

breeding along

loon, is

given frequently, near the

and in flight, especially at night. Varies considerably size. Note its dark, evenly-tapered bill and, in summer, cross-banded back. In winter the head and neck are

darker than migrate

'^

position.

sitting

Red-throated

the

small flocks; most

in

YELLOW-BILLED

Loon's.

go

Common

Loons

to the coast.

LOON

Gavia adamsii

The largest loon, and the most northern; breeds on lakes half

the tundra. The

in is

the dagger-like

and the

bill

curved up,

the white spots on back are larger

Common

in

have

Loon's. Both species

similar calls.

is

in

thin

its

light

smaller than

is

gray crown and white

on the side of the throat are diagnostic.

back

and

is

straight,

The Arctic

is

range. Call

more slender than Common

so like the small race of the

is

win-

In

gray with pale feather edgings. The

that identification

in

winter

an ascending

is

risky

Common

outside

its

bill

Loon's.

Loon

normal

whistle.

RED-THROATED LOON Common in its breeding range s

eastern North Amer-

Breeds on tundra lakes. The Arctic

the two preceding loons;

ter the

darker

Gavia arctica

Nearly circumpolar, but rare

stripes

is

and fewer than

ARCTIC LOON ica.

contrast to

Common. The head

of the

bill

straw-colored; the upper

is

straight, the lower half

Gavia

sfellata

on both fresh and

salt

water, wintering mainly along the coast. Often migrates in

flocks.

It

is

nearly as long as the Arctic Loon but

much slimmer. The light-colored, upturned field mark. In summer plumage the white up the back of the head. tiny white spots. Call,

In

bill

stripes

winter the back

a rapid quacking.

is

is

is

a good

extend

gray with

merganser

scaup

cormorant

YELLOW-BILLED

gre be

loon

LOON L25" W60'

COMMON LOON L

24"

W

58"

ARCTIC

LOON

18"

47"

L

W

THROATED

LOON L

Red-throated raises

wing

higher then other loons.

Arctic

Loon

Red-throated Loon

17"

W 44"

— U

20

GREBES (Order ming and diving toes.

Podicipediformes, Family Podicipedidae) are swimbirds,

smaller than loons, with

wings are short. Their

flight

is

weak and

lobes on their

flat

The short legs are far back on the body; the

tail

very short;

is

hurried; they taxi for several

before becoming airborne. The head is held low in flight. Grebes dive and pursue small aquatic animals. Courtship displays are often elaborate, accompanied by wails and whistles. Nest in floating marsh vegetation; eggs, 2-9.

yards

WESTERN GREBE

Aechmophorus

Locally abundant, breeding

colonies

in

occidenfalis

in

Winters along the Pacific Coast and

tation.

land areas, often

A

large flocks.

in

in

It

bill

is

much longer

Podiceps grisegena in

winters mainly

plumages,

coasts. In all

ponds and lakes

in salt

water on both

light throat contrasts with

appearance and heavy bill from Western, Horned, and Eared Grebes. neck. Stockier

HORNED GREBE

dark

distinguish

it

Podiceps aurifus

commonest grebe (except in Southwest) has a straight bill. Nests on lakes and ponds; winters in This

water, often

in-

other grebes.

RED-NECKED GREBE A long-necked grebe. Uncommon; during the summer.

some

large black and white

grebe with a long straight neck. The

and more needle-like than

lake vegein

in flocks. In

winter

it

is

told

thin salt

from Red-necked

and Eared Grebes by white face and

neck.

EARED GREBE A small grebe

Podiceps caspicus

bill and high, and is common on shallow lakes. In winter plumage head and neck (more slender than Horned Grebe's) are gray with white ear and throat patches. Most winter inland.

rounded back.

It

with a

breeds

thin

in

upturned

colonies

PIED-BILLED GREBE Pied-billed

Fairly

Grebe

A

water.

like bill.

common

in

Podilymbus podiceps shallow fresh water, rare

small, solitary, stocky

Rarely

flies;

salt

escapes by diving. Call, a series of

low slurred whistles.

/

LEAST GREBE

A

tiny

—

Podiceps dominicus

grebe with a slender dark

southern Rio

nnt

in

grebe with a high chicken-

Grande

and

1

rzA.

f

I

I

I

\

\

^

bill.

Volley; rare

^

1

^

Uncommon;

in

local farther north.

Pied-billed

Grebe

WESTERN GREBE L

18"

W 40"

/-^^

courtship dance

RED-NECKED GREBE L

13"

W32"

Horn

Eared

tarea Eared

_^^/tK^^^ PIED-BILLED GREBE

L9" summer Pied-billed

22

TUBENOSES

(Order Procellariiformes) have external tubular nostrils. They are birds of the sea, coming ashore on remote islands and shores only to breed. They nest in colonies; feed on squid, fish, and other

marine life, usually at or near the surface. All have hooked beaks. The sexes are similar. Silent away from the breeding grounds. Lengths given are for birds

in flight.

FAMILIES OF TUBENOSES

OCCURRING OFF OUR COASTS

Albatrosses (Diomedeidoe) Large birds, including the longest winged species. Long, narrow wings, very heavy hooked beak. p. 22 Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Large Petrels (Procellariidae) Large birds,

though considerably smaller than the albatrosses. The

bill is

gen-

pronounced tooth at the end. pp. 22, 24, 26

erally thinner, with a

Storm Petrels (Hydrobatidae) Small birds, scarcely larger than swallows. Bills are short and the legs fairly long. p. 28

ALBATROSSES

are primarily birds of the Southern Hemisphere, with

only three species breeding

mendously

long

Though capable stiffly

north

wingspreads

equator. They have

the

of

(IT

Wandering

the

in

tre-

Albatross).

on

of powerful direct flight, they are gliders, soaring

held wings. The single egg

is

laid

on the ground.

LAYSAN ALBATROSS This

white-bodied

Dlomedea immutabilis

albatross

nests

on

mid-Pacific

is-

summer close to the Aleutians. The black mantle covers uppeh wings and back. Seldom follows ships. lands; occurs far offshore, but regularly

BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS Our only

in

Diomedea

nigripes

all-dark albatross. Occurs regularly as close

as ten miles off the Pacific Coast. Often rests on the water;

feeds on squid and -«.

Pacific

FULMARS ance and

'•

at night. Told from the

(Family Procellariidae) strongly resemble gulls in

at sea. Nest

'•e«?d^'

fish

shearwaters by larger size and heavier

dark

bill.

in

appear-

scavenging habits, but typically are found much farther on high sea

cliffs;

FULMAR A large

lay

1

egg.

Fulmarus glaciolis gull-like

tubenose.

In

can be told from gulls by the

its

stiff

light color flight,

flapping and gliding, the heavy head and shorter

tail,

phase

neck, the

and, at close range, by the tubular

nostrils.

Dark-phase birds are paler than Sooty Shearwaters 26), have shorter wings and a broader tail. Fulmars low ships, often over long distances.

it

the habit of

(p.

fol-

4t

gull

storm T|^

albatross

petrel

Frigatebird

-^

FULMAR ft\*

ght phase

L

18"

W

42'

24

SHEARWATERS

differ

from fulmars

having longer, narrower wings,

in

and a longer, thinner bill. The flight pattern is similar, a few deep wingbeats and a long glide, usually close to the water. Their food is small fish and crustaceans. Nocturnal on breeding a narrower

tail,

grounds. Lay a single egg.

PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER PufTmus creatopus A large common Pacific tubenose; breeds in Chile. Often seen in flocks with Sooty and Manx Shearwaters. Larger

than

the

Sooty,

common from May

much

slower wingbeats;

with

Manx, with

larger than the

contrasting colors. Most

less

few are seen

to Nov., but a

all

year

round. Does not follow ships.

CORY'S SHEARWATER This largest Atlantic

as the Pink-footed's, but

~

bill

is

Com-

yellow, rather thick.

pare with Greater. Sometimes soars, the only Atlantic

"*•

shearwater to do

^

PufTmus diomedea

shearwater has plumage the same




\-

^ ^\\

\

WHOOPING CRANE 45"

LIMPKIN L

22"

W 42'

W 90"

102 4 f»

*

^

*

SMALL RAILS

VIRGINIA RAIL

chick

L6%"

*>^^^;

r

r

w

SORA \iy%'

104

>4f444i

r

i

t

M; 4

CLAPPER RAIL L

12"

W 20"

KING RAIL L

14"

W 24"

COMMON GALLINULE L

^-.

loys"

W2r'

PURPLE GALLINULE

'S^

L 101/2"

W21"

AMERICAN COOT L

12"

W25"

106

AND

SHOREBIRDS, GULLS, and

large ilies

in

diverse group of

ALCIDS (Order Charadriiformes) form a wading

swimming birds with ten fam-

or

North America. Most are white and gray or brown, with long

webbed

pointed wings and long legs or

most species. Shorebirds

fall

Sexes are similar

feet.

in

107), but four of

families (p.

into six

these are minor ones. Shorebirds typically have long legs

and pointed

wings. They are highly migratory. Most feed along shores, a few inland. Gulls

and

and

terns {Family Laridae)

their relatives the skim-

mers (Family Rynchopidae), and the jaegers and skuas {Family Stercorariidae) are short-legged, web-footed birds,

shorebirds

except the

The auks,

phaloropes.

more aquatic than all murres, and puffins

{Family Alcidae) are short-winged pelagic birds.

J ^

laeger

gul

alcid

iWiMiraw^

BEHAVIOR OF SHOREBIRDS Many habits,

of these

so varied

birds,

have behavior

traits that

either of shorebirds

istic

in

form and

in

are character-

general or of

indi-

^

vidual species.

Dowitcher

1.

worms and

^

probing

sand

in

or

mud

for

small crustaceans.

Avocet skimming the surface of ponds for sects

3.

and

their larvae.

Spotted Sandpiper tipping up

tail.

Often

seen on rocks rather than sand. 4.

Killdeer

truder

feigning

away from

its

wing

injury

to

lead

in-

nest.

5.

Oystercatchers bowing

6.

Willet

showing wing

in

courtship.

stripe.

Many

shore-

have a less conspicuous stripe. Snipe "winnowing" in flight, making

birds 7.

a

8.

sound with its wings and tail. Phalarope spinning in shallow water

up

insect larvae.

9.

Dunlin standing on one foot, a typical rest-

whistling

to

stir

ng posture of shorebirds.

I

inland

bill.

Feeds by probing. Call, a thin

jeet.

BAIRD'S SANDPIPER Erolia bairdii Uncommon; in drier short grassy marshes; sometimes found on shores and mudflats. Pale feather edgings give the back a scaly appearance. The body seems longer and slimmer than that of most peeps. The body is held more horizontal; the long wings extend well beyond the tail. The plumage is buffy even in fall. Rather tame. In feeding, Baird's picks rather than probes. Call, /creep.

j^wr

,

^^y

LEAST SANDPIPER Erolia mir^utilla Very common. Prefers salt marshes and muddy shores of rivers and estuaries. The bill is thin and short; no other small peep has yellow legs. It feeds both by probing into the mud and by picking food from the surface. Browner and more streaked on the breast than other sandpipers. Call, a high breep.

PEEPS

WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER L

6Va"

BAIRO'S

SANDPIPER L6"

LEAST

SANDPIPER L 43/4"

SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER L5"

1^)/^

RUFOUS-NECKED SANDPIPER L

SVa"

WESTERN SANDPIPER L

514"

126

PHALAROPES

{Family Phalaropodidae) look like sandpipers, but have

lobed toes and swim readily. The neck and legs are long. Two species are pelagic. Females are larger and more colorful than the males.

Pholaropes spin

shallow water to

in circles in

WILSON'S PHALAROPE Uncommon and the landlubber and ponds. The

prairie sloughs

longer than the head. With

^^

its

looks like a yellowlegs or

it

up food.

stir

Sfeganopus

tricolor

of the family; nests on

bill

is

very thin and much

white rump and dark wings

Sandpiper. Call

Stilt

is

low,

gallinule-like.

RED PHALAROPE An uncommon pelagic

Phalaropus fulicarius species most often seen during

storms along the coast. The yellow stouter than

other pholaropes.

in

bill is

the black eye line of pholaropes

short

and much

gray winter plumage

In

characteristic. Call

is

suggests turnstone's. '5:;^.'.

>:';-i^:-^>/

NORTHERN PHALAROPE Common sea;

uncommon

mediate

in

Lobipes lobatus

on the breeding grounds and to rare inland.

The slender

flocks at

in bill

is

inter-

length between those of other two pholaropes.

The legs are dork. Flying birds

in

plumage

winter

re-

semble Sonderlings, but are darker backed and slenderbilled

and hove a block

line

through the eye.

Its

call

is

"of low, short, scratchy notes.

WOODCOCK AND

SNIPE {Family Scolopacidae) are

primarily inland

sandpipers of moist woodlands, marshes, and river bonks. Neck and

and the

legs ore short,

bill is

extremely long.

AMERICAN WOODCOCK

Philohela minor

Rather common, but nocturnal;

in moist woodswamps, and thickets. Stocky, with short legs, short neck, and very long bill. Permits close approach, then explodes with whistling wings. Coll, a nasal peent.

lives

lands,

COMMON Common The

size

SNIPE in

Capella gallinago

marshes and bogs and along

and shape

of dowitchers,

it

is

told

river bonks.

by the brown-

er, more streaked head and bock, and in flight by the brown rump and orange tail. Flies in a rapid zigzag. Gen-

erally stays close to cover, while dowitchers prefer to feed in

the open. Call, a low, rasping kzrrt.

WILSON'S

PHALAROPE L

71/2"

WINTER PLUMAGE 128

Red Phalarope

Knot— Chunky, gray with light rump; in flocks on beaches Rock Sandpiper— Dark bird of West; small flocks on rocks Pectoral Sandpiper— Rusty; heavily streaked breast; greenish legs. Baird's Sandpiper— BufFy, scaly back; long wings; black legs Least Sandpiper— Very small, brown; short thin bill; yellow legs Semipalmated Sandpiper— Very small, gray; sturdy bill; black legs Wilson's Phalarope— Long thin bill; phalarope eye mark; gray Red Phalarope— Small, gray; sturdy yellow bill; eye mark; oceanic

p. 12
V-

^-^^^^^ .•"

J

Western Sandpiper

p.

124

Dunlin

p.

122

,-i-

\ Phalarope

p.

126

7)

Spotted

Sandpiper

Purple Sandpiper— Small flocks on rocks

in

p.

1

16

East; dark; yellow legs

Sanderling— Small flocks on beach; wide white wing stripe White-rumped Sandpiper— Small, gray; white rump patch; dark tail Curlew Sandpiper— Medium size; curved bill; white rump patch; rare Western Sandpiper— Very small, brown; drooping bill; coastal Dunlin— Medium size; curved bill, dark rump; common, coastal Northern Phalarope— Small, gray; short thin bill; eye mark Spotted Sandpiper— Small, brownish;

teeters;

common

inland

122

130

JAEGERS

AND SKUAS

(Order Charadriiformes, Family Stercorariidae)

look like dark gulls with elongated central houette, flight,

and feeding

tail

feathers, but their

sil-

habits are very different. Their slender

wings are sharply bent at the "wrist" and their

tails

are frequently

fanned as they suddenly change course. Wingbeats are powerful and rapid. Light bases of primaries distinguish these birds from gulls and Jaegers and skuas are most often seen robbing other seabirds of They seldom come ashore except to nest and generally are silent.

terns. fish.

Late afternoon

rare

in

East.

is

the best time to see

them from shore. Dark phases are

Immatures lack the long

feathers. Eggs, 2-3.

tail

PARASITIC JAEGER

Sfercoror/us parasiticus

The most common jaeger, frequently seen pursuing Adult

terns.

is

told from the larger heavier

Pomarine by

r'

the short,

pointed, central

flat,

by

Long-tailed

length alone.

tail

feathers; from the

tail

Immature

than Long-tailed and has more white

POMARINE JAEGER

in

browner

is

the wing.

Sfercorarius pomarinus

The largest of the jaegers; nearly the size of Herring Gull. The bill is proportionately larger than those of other jaegers. The flight is heavier and more steady. The long central light

.^v

is

toil

feathers are broad

more

than

distinct

twisted. In the

other jaegers.

in

LONG-TAILED JAEGER

Common ]

and

phase the sides are barred and the breast band

smallest bodied least

Sfercorarius longicaudus

on breeding grounds, rare

inclined

and slimmest

of the

rob other seabirds.

to

in

migration. The

jaegers and the

The central

tail

feathers of the adult extend 5-8 inches behind the others.

On '

nesting

ground

it

often hovers over

lemming. The dark phase is

is

chief prey, the

Immature also more graceful and

grayer than other jaegers'.

rather than brown. Flight

/ than other

is

This, the

gray

is

ternlike

jaegers'.

SKUA in

its

almost unknown. Light phase

Cafharacfa skua only bird that breeds both

the Antarctic

(different

in

populations),

the Arctic is

and

common on

breeding grounds. At other seasons, rare along our coasts but a regular offshore

visitor.

At a distance

it

looks like

a dark short-tailed Herring Gull, but can be told by the large white patches at the base of the primaries. of a scavenger than the jaegers,

it

More

often soars with gulls.

shearwater

w

falcon

laeger

SKUA

L 171/2"

W

16"

132

GULLS (Order Charadriiformes, Family Laridae, Subfamily Larinae) are sturdy robust birds with webbed feet, long pointed wings, a stout and generally a square

hooked

bill,

engers.

Some

tail.

They are primarily scav-

garbage dumps and

species gather by thousands at

docks. They rarely dive from the air, but alight on the water to

fish

seize food. Flight

is

deliberate

and powerful; some

species soar fre-

quently. Sexes are alike; immatures of the larger species take several years to acquire adult

plumage. They nest

in

IVORY GULL

^V

Pagophila eburnea

Rarely encountered

season

water

it

is

outside

the

Arctic.

the other all-white gulls;

it

much smaller than

is

by the black legs

easily told

is

and black bill (yellow-tipped in the adult). more pigeon-like than that of other gulls.

GLAUCOUS GULL I ' '-^^%

,^^^

^

is

flight

than Herring Gull) and heavier

its

size (larger

and by its tail, which extends beyond the wing tips when at rest. Immature can be told from all other "white-winged" gulls by more flesh color at base of bill. In all plumages of Glaucous and Iceland note in flight the translucent "windows" at base of primaries. Glaucous is predatory. bill

ICELAND GULL

l.drus

Uncommon; along

glaucoides

Great Lakes, Slightly smaller than Herring Gull, Iceland has white wing tips

J^

'^N; "

in all

plumages.

bill

coast; rare on

When

sitting,

its

folded wings protrude

The head looks small for the body, and seems still smaller. First- and second-year plum-

beyond the the

tail.

ages also resemble those of the Glaucous Gull but of the Iceland

is

all

in

both species.

GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL

^^ In

bill

dark and much smaller. The feet are

always flesh-colored

\

is

generally with Herring Gulls

along the coast. Told from Iceland Gull by

"^

Its

Larus hyperboreus

Uncommon; when seen

,

breeding

In

found along the coast, otherwise over open

the Arctic Ocean. The Ivory

in

colonies. Eggs, 2-5.

Larus glaucescens

Abundant, especially in harbors and garbage dumps. all plumages Glaucous-winged lacks the paler pri-

maries of the Glaucous and the dark wing other gulls with which

plumage

is

it

tips of the

might be confused. Second-year

lighter than first-year.

Bill

is

black the

first

year, with a flesh-colored base the second year. Flight,

behavior, and call are similar to Herring Gull's.

W shearwater W

falcon

^^k

jaeger

W

tern

^m

gull

134 Larus marinus GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL Common and increasing in numbers and range. A coastal species, rarely found inland. This

are the only black-backed gulls

which goes farther south s,,^_

Lesser

winter than adult, can be

in

confused only with Herring Gull; note shape and extent of black

JJs-^

and the

the East. Immature,

in

band on

contrast between light

tail,

dark back, and heavy especially

in

of Black-backed.

bill

head and Predatory,

low-pitched Icow-

nesting colonies. Call, a

kow-kow. Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus, casual on the East Coast, but

is

is

similar to

much smaller with yellow, not

WESTERN GULL Common along

beaches, vagrant inland.

outer

almost identical

size but

The darkest

gull south of

Heermann's. Call

pink, legs.

Larus occidentalis the

Replaces the Great Black-backed in

is

the West. Smaller

in

behavior and plumages.

in

Alaska except for the smaller

low and

Great

resembles

backed's. Slaty-backed Gull {Larus schistisagus,

intermediate

V \

Western, the

:

size

in

^* '"

^^,

'

.«^

Black-

22"),

L

between Great Black-backed and

not easily separable. Casual Asiatic visitor to

is

Aleutians,

where the others do not occur.

HERRING GULL ^fa»-iifc.»^-4j*»

18"),

L

Great Black-backed,

Ldrus argentafus

Abundant along the coast, particularly in harbors and garbage dumps; common on lakes and rivers. Adults are told from the very similar California and Ring-billed (p. 136) by larger size, heavier build, and pink legs. First- and second-year Herrings ore much darker tailed than Ring-billed, and ore darker headed and smaller Great Black-backed.

billed than

First-year Herring

from immature California by all-dork scavenger, the Herring Gull

will

is

told

Primarily a

bill.

also break mollusks by

dropping them. Commonly seen high overhead soaring like

hawks. Call, loud, clear, and bugle-like.

CALIFORNIA GULL Common along the in

breeding

season,

Lorus co/;f6rn/cus Pacific

nesting

prairies. Slightly smaller

sembles

it

year bird

in all is

Coast in

in

winter

large

and inland

colonies on

plumages. Note that the

largely pinkish (not

all

bill

black),

of the

and

begin to turn greenish by the second year (pink ring).

the

than the Herring Gull, but

See also Ring-billed Gull

(p.

136).

re-

first-

the legs in

Her-

LARGE WHITE-HEADED GULLS

Great Black backed 1st

winter

GREAT BLACKBACKED GULL L

24"

W 65"

WESTERN GULL L

21"

W55"

HERRING GULL L

.

y

1st

r

20"

W 55"

winter

^

CALIFORNIA GULL L

17"

W52"

136 RING-BILLED GULL

Common, yellow

Larus delawarensis

especially inland. Complete black ring on of adult

bill

Adult has greenish-

diagnostic.

is

yellow legs. The other large eastern gulls have colored or black legs. Adult l^i'-

flesh-

most similar to California

is

132), which has a small red spot as well as a black

(p.

one on the lower mandible. Underside of wing tip has larger dark area than Herring Gull's. Immature is told from Herring and California by the narrow black tail band, from Mew by the larger bill and whiter body plumage. Calls are similar to Herring Gull's.

;

MEW

GULL

Common -^^

Larus canus

along the coast

winter, inland

in

season. At close range adult

is

from

told

in

breeding

other gulls

all

its unmarked, short, thin, yellow Immature most closely resembles Ring-billed Gull.

except kittiwakes by bill.

Calls are higher pitched than Herring Gull's.

HEERMANN'S GULL Common along West fined to

is

is

in

spring,

The darkest of the

gulls,

it

is

the only species

uniformly dark below. The white head of the adult

mottled

winter.

in

flight the

In

black

band and

terminal

blackish underparts of the immature.

BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE Abundant on breeding The adult

is

black wing

Rissa

cliffs,

recognized by tips (no

and red bill narrow white

tail

of the adult are diagnostic, as are the

^•^

when con-

breeding islands. Rare inland; often found

its

offshore.

that

Ldrus heermanni

Coast except

its

tridactyla

wintering well offshore.

sharply defined triangular

more com-

trace of white spot). The

monly seen immature resembles several of the dark-

headed

gulls (p. 138), but

is

dark neck band, short black

and very

slightly

forked

tail.

told

by the combination of

and black wing

legs,

Often

flies

RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE

Common legs;

breeder on

shorter

like adult,

bill,

darker

but has dark

Rissa

Pribilof

Islands,

winters

underwing than

bill,

nape

line

in

Red

Immature

and forewing.

northern Alaska and northern

gull with a

neck band

brevirosfris

Aleutians.

Rhodostethia rosea

visitor to

The only

to

Black-legged.

ROSS' GULL Rare

tips,

low over water.

wedge-shaped

winter. Flight

is

tail.

Adult

pigeon-like.

is

Canada from rosy at

all

Siberia.

seasons; no

SMALL WHITE-HEADED GULLS RING-BILLED

^

4P-

GULL L

16"W49"

MEW GULL

^

L

14"

W42"

HEERMANN'S GULL 15"

L

BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE L 131/2"

W 36"

ROSS' GULL L

Ross' Gull

'^^

11"

138

LITTLE

GULL

L9"

140

IMMATURE GULLS

are very

diflRcult to

identify.

Only

typical plum-

ages are shown here. The time it takes to acquire adult plumage differs from species to species. In general small gulls take two years, larger ones four. For example, Bonaparte's Gull acquires adult

plumage

"

Ivory p. 132 :

Laughing p. 1st

138 winter

*

the second winter, after partial molts

Tk

^

Glaucous P- 132

in

the

fall

and

spring.

1

141 The larger Herring Gull acquires adult plumage in the fourth autumn, and one after two partial molts the first year and one complete important in partial each following year. This sequence of molt is understanding the intermediate plumages, not shown here.

-^

/^

*^ —--^ Glaucous-winged p.

Black-headed p.

138

132

1

st

winter

2nd winter

142

TERNS (Order

Charadriiformes, Family Laridae, Subfamily Sterninae) tails,

and a pointed

downward

as they search

are slender birds with long narrow wings, forked bill.

Their flight

buoyant, with

is

for small fish or insects.

bill

pointed

They dive from the

air.

Eggs, 1-4.

LEAST TERN

Common

Sterna albifrons

along sandy beaches, rare inland. Note

rapid wingbeat, white forehead, yellow

yellow or yellowish

(fall)

legs.

wing pattern. Call, a rapid

bill

(spring),

ttie

and

Immature has contrasting

series of paired notes.

ARCTIC TERN

Sterna paradisaea Abundant, but migrates far offshore. At close range adult can be told from Common Tern by the white streak below the black cap, the longer tail (extending to wing tips), the short legs, the blood-red bill (no black tip), and a translucent spot near the wing tip. Immature has white upper-wing coverts (gray on immature Common). Calls like

COMMON :t

Common,

those of the

but more nasal

TERN

and

rasping.

Sterna hirundo

Abundant coastally and over large inland lakes; the commonest U.S. tern. Flocks with Arctic, Roseate, or Forster's.

seate

Wing

and

tips

are noticeably darker than

Forster's, tail

is

shorter,

and

bill

in

Ro-

bright red-

orange (black tip varies in extent). Fall and immature head is like Arctic's; also compare with Forster's. Call, a harsh Icee-urr.

ROSEATE TERN Locally common along mon and

Sferno dougallii

above than Comlonger, more deeply

coast. Paler

Arctic terns. Tail whiter,

and bill black (red only at base). Note also its deep wingbeat and distinctive calls: a soft chivy and a less frequent rasping z-a-a-p.

forked, wing tips paler

FORSTER'S TERN

Common

in

fresh

Sterna forsteri

and

salt

beaches. Strongly resembles

are lighter than

rest of

outer margin (reversed

Common

wing, in

marshes, rare on coastal

the

more orange, and wingstroke

tail is

Tern, but primaries

pale gray with white

Common), bill and is faster and more

Winter birds are best told from the others on

by the narrow black eye-patch. Feeds on as

fish. Call,

a low toneless zrurrrr.

legs are

shallow.

this

page

insects as well

LIGHT-WINGED TERNS L

LEAST TERN 20" 8y2"

W

ARCTIC TERN L

15"

W31"

COMMON TERN L 14" W31"

ROSEATE TERN

L15"W30"

FORSTER'S TERN L

14"

W30"

144

SANDWICH TERN L i'i^^/^ /'*

15"

W 34"

''^.

•^%«^

GULL. BILLED TERN L

13"

W35"

ELEGANT TERI^ L

17"

W43"

>^fc

ROYAL TERN Elegant

L

18"

W43"

Tern

CASPIAN TERN L

winter

20"

W 53"

146 1

DARK-WINGED TERNS

148

ALCIDS (Auks and

Order Charadriiformes, Family Alcidae), tails and rapid wingbeats, They come ashore only to breed. Swim underwater, relatives,

black and white pelagic birds with short

are usually

silent.

using wings. Immatures are usually like adults. Eggs, 1-3.

RAZORBILL

y*'

at sea;

AIca torda

common, breeding on

Locally

sometimes

swimming, flight the

is

thick

its

back

is

offshore

seen singly ofF rocky coasts.

bill

and

tail

more arched than

ters at sea;

in

When

are usually uptilted.

In

murres.

in

COMMON MURRE Very common

Winters

clifFs.

aalge

(jria

large breeding colonies on

Win-

cliffs.

rare within sight of land. Murres are told

plumages from other alcids by the combination bills and white sides. The bill of the Common Murre is longer than, but barely half as thick in

all

of

long slender

as, the Thick-billed Murre's; at close

black streak back from the eye

range the narrow

plumage

winter

in

is

diagnostic.

i'

THICK-BILLED

^

MURRE

Uria lomvia

Strongly resembles the

('

Common Murre and

equally common. Note the shorter thicker

narrow white streak at the base of mouth. plumage there is no white above the black eye

DOVEKIE sites

in

about

and the In

winter

line.

?\o(i\^% alle

This smallest East Coast alcid /'

is

bill

summer, far offshore

in

abundant

is

the

at nesting

North Atlantic

in

Appears along coast but rarely inland during Nov. storms. The short body, whirring wingbeats, and

winter.

very small

bill

are

distinctive.

BLACK GUILLEMOT Rare and local

in

Cepphus

grylle

winter within sight of land. Not as

gregarious as other alcids nor as pelagic. The very large white wing patch of adult the wing patch

is

is

diagnostic.

with White-winged Scoter

(p.

58).

the immature

Wingbeats

PIGEON GUILLEMOT Common. Resembles

In

Compare

usually mottled.

the adult fast.

Cepphus columba in plumage and

Black Guillemot

behavior. Usually distinguished from

it

by the black bars

on the white wing patch, but immature Black Guillemot

sometimes has black on the white wing patch.

loon

cormorant

scoter

Doveki

RAZORBILL summer

L

14"

COMMON

PUFFIN

common

Locally

Frafercula arctica nesting colonies. Winters at sea.

in

Outer layers of the

are shed

bill

in

summer, so win-

late

and especially the immatures have small

ter adults

(rectangular at base). Although the face winter, the characteristic facial pattern

in

No

other pufFin occurs

still

is

present.

North Atlantic.

in

HORNED PUFFIN Common;

bills

largely dark

is

Frafercula corniculata

Common

similar to the

Puffm, but ranges do

not overlap. The tiny erectile horn over the eye

is

seen

only at close range. Winter puffins are told from other

western alcids by the heavy rectangular (immature) or

angular (adult)

tri-

and large chunky bodies.

bills

TUFTED PUFFIN Common, but very

Lunda cirrhata local in southern part of

The summer adult with

its

range.

white face and jet-black body

its

unique. Winter birds can be told from the Horned

is

Puffin

by their dusky rather than pure white sides and range by the light line over the eye.

at close

RHINOCEROS AUKLET

Cerorhinca monocerata

Auklets are small, short-billed, dark-backed, western

burrows or rock

alcids that nest in largest, Is

\

common along

is

nearly

puflFin

size but

Rhinoceros, the

slides.

the Pacific Coast

much more

twice as large as the short-billed Cassin's

only other dark-breasted alcid within

its

CRESTED AUKLET

Common lof

in

islands).

It

It

is

152), the

cristatella Pribi-

Often nests under rocks with

Parakeet Auklets. The quail-like crest

all

(p.

southwest Alaska (Aleutian,

is

shared only with

the small rare Whiskered, which has 3, not

plumes

winter.

range.

Aethia

resident

and Shumagin

in

slender-billed.

year. The immature

is

1,

white facial

separable from imma-

Whiskered and Cassin's only by direct comparison and face pattern at close range; the belly is sooty Crested, whitish in Whiskered.

ture

of size in

WHISKERED AUKLET Uncommon and limited

range

in

local.

Aethia

Seldom wanders

pygmaea

far from

its

the Aleutians (Kiska to Akutan). Adult

always has the quail-like

Compare immature

crest

and three

with Cassin's

(p.

facial plumes.

152).

winter

summer

COMMON

PUFFIN

CRESTED AUKLET L

7"

WHISKERED AUKLET L

6y2"

152

CASSIN'S AUKLET

Common,

Ptychoramphus aleutka

especially offshore.

alcid south of Alaska that

is

This

dark

the only small

is

to the waterline.

Com-

pare with the much larger Rhinoceros Auklet and Tufted Puffin

much heavier

150), both of which have

(p.

LEAST AUKLET

Aethia pusilla

common

Locally

resident

White throat patch

compare

is

in

Bering Sea and Aleutians.

diagnostic.

head pattern and

the

bills.

bill

plumage

winter

In

with those of the next

two species. These three are the only alcids with the white scapulars. Neck

is

short; flight rapid.

MARBLED MURRELET

Brachyramphus marmorafum

Murrelets are uniformly small alcids with short, genbills. Marbled is told in summer by its plain brown back and long slender bill. In winter it is the only

erally thin

alcid south of Alaska that has white scapulars.

MURRELET Brachyramphus brevirosfre common breeder near glacial waters on west

KITTLITZ'S Locally

and south coasts of Alaskan mainland (Cape Prince of Wales to Glacier Bay). Winters in Asia. In summer, paler and grayer backed than other alcids. In winter entire face

is

white.

Bill

half as long as Marbled's.

XANTUS' MURRELET Uncommon and irregular. summer note

In

Endomychura hypoleuca Looks

like

a miniature murre.

the white underparts.

plumage) the slender

bill,

winter (same

In

all-dark back,

and white under-

parts clinch identification. Craveri's Murrelet L is

ANCIENT MURRELET far

inland.

craver'i,

dark underwing coverts.

similar but has

Uncommon

(E.

Monterey, California,

8'0, a casual fall visitor north to

Synthliboramphus antiquum

within sight of land, but stragglers occur

Note the pale

bill,

the

between

contrast

black throat and white neck and between black head

and gray back. The white plume

PARAKEET AUKLET Fairly common offshore; cept field

when

nesting.

mark. This

Alaska.

Bill

of

is

is

present

in

summer.

Cydorrhynchus psiftacula seldom seen from land ex-

The almost circular red

bill

is

the best

the only red-billed auklet south of

immature may be dark.

CASSIN'S AUKLET

17"

154

PIGEONS

AND DOVES

(Order Columbiformes, Family Columbidae)

are small-headed, short-legged, swift-flying birds with pointed wings

and fanned or tapered tails. Females are duller than males. All species COO; bob heads when walking. Eat grains, small seeds, acorns (Bandtailed) and fruit. Nests are generally in trees; eggs, usually 2, are white (except olive-buff for White-fronted).

BAND-TAILED PIGEON Columba fasciata Locally common in western oak and pine woods, especially

in

summer. The large

size

and the broad gray

on the fanned

tail

distinguish this bird from all others.

Note the yellow

bill

and white neck band. Frequents

tip

waterholes and

salt licks in

large numbers. The call

is

a

low-pitched, owl-like coo-coo.

ROCK DOVE This

common

Columba

(domestic pigeon)

introduced pigeon of farmyards and

parks has a white rump and (except

dark terminal

tail

band. Wing

tips

in

livia

city

white birds) a

collide

on takeoff.

Glides with wings raised at an angle. Nests on buildings.

'Ii:

cuckoo

BANDTAILED

PIGEON L

131/2"

RED. BILLED

PIGEON L

ir/z"

'J

J 1

156

SPOTTED DOVE Introduced. Locally Co., Calif.;

Streptopelia chinensis

common

resident

Heavier bodied than Mourning Dove;

and more broadly tipped with

white.

the "lace-neck" pattern, present only in

agricultural lands, parks,

harsh whistle: hoo-hoooo-hoo.

^

its

Los Angeles

No in

tail

is

Diego.

rounded

other dove has

the adult. Found

and suburbs.

.^*^

;

in

occurs from Santa Barbara to San

Call

is

a low,

INTRODUCED

AND SMALL DOVES, SPOHED DOVE L

11"

RINGED

^

TURTLE

DOVE L

/

10"

d.-^

GROUND DOVE L 51/2"

WHITE-

FRONTED

DOVE LIO"

158

# CUCKOOS, ily

AMIS,

AND ROADRUNNERS

(Order Cuculiformes, Fam-

Cuculidae) are slender birds with rounded wings, curved upper

mandibles and long "graduated"

tails,

the outer

tail

feathers shortest.

Sexes are alike. Cuckoos are sluggish birds of forest and brush; they eat hairy caterpillars. The coal-black anis resemble large grackles

except for their weak

flight, thick bills,

and heavy

tails.

Roadrunners

are large, crested ground birds of the arid Southwest. Eggs, 2-12.

MANGROVE CUCKOO Rare and local resident

Coccyzus minor mangroves and hammocks

and southwest coast of Florida north to Tampa outnumbered by Yellow-billed Cuckoos. Note the bright buffy underparts and black mask. Call is harsher and slower than Yellow-billed's. of Keys

\.

in

Bay.

Usually

faico

160

OWLS

(Order Strigiformes, Families Tytonidae— the Barn

Strigidae— all

other

large-headed,

owls),

short-necked

Owls— and birds

of

and best seen and more frequently heard The large eyes ore fixed in their sockets, so the entire head

prey, are mostly nocturnal at dusk.

moves as owls

gaze. The

shift their

flat,

round, or heart-shaped "facial

page and some on p. 166 have erect ear tufts. All fly silently, hunting for rodents and other small mammals. Females are like moles, but larger; disk" conceals the large external ear flops. All owls on this

immatures whistles.

resemble

Colls

adults.

are

distinctive

hoots,

wails,

Most small owls and some large ones ore cavity

Eggs are round, white, 2-8

SCREECH This

is

in

a clutch.

OWL

and

Otus asio

common

the

or

nesters.

small "eared" owl of towns, or-

plumage is bright rusty, the same color as the head. In the East all other "eared" owls ore distinctly larger. In the West and Southwest, Flommuloted and Whiskered Owls (p. 166) are similar. Nests in cavities and occasionally in flicker boxes. Song is a quavering whistle chards,

small woodlots.

Its

brown, or gray; the facial disk

(monotone or descending) or

is

series of short notes.

GREAT HORNED OWL This

common

Bubo virginianus

large "eared" owl

crows that often harass

it.

is

twice the size of the

Color pattern

is

similar to the

smaller slimmer Long-eared Owl's; Horned Owl's ear tufts

ore larger and farther opart;

its

belly

whereas the Long-eared streaked lengthwise. Coll is typically 4 horizontally,

LONG-EARED Locally

OWL

common

in

is

finely

barred

is

more boldly

to

7 low hoots. Asio otus

deciduous or coniferous woods near

it may be confused, Horned Owl, are on this page. Looks larger in flight because of its very long wings. Generally silent except near its nest, where it mokes a variety of low hoots, whistles, and shrieks.

open country.

All

owls with which

especially the Great

L20"W55'J

LONG-EARED

OWL L

13"

m

W 39"

'S^*^^^**^^

mu^

eared

.X.

/

162

BARN OWL

Tyto alba

uncommon owl

This large light-colored

known by

is

heart-shaped face, small dark eyes, and long

its

Snowy are

other owls except the

All

legs.

marked

heavily

nocturnal; hunts rats and mice in farmand fields. It has a peculiar habit of lowering its head and moving it back and forth. It nests in barns, abandoned buildings, and tree cavities. Does not hoot, but has a soft ascending wheezy cry. At the nest

below.

is

It

strictly

yards, marshes,

it

gives a toneless

hiss.

SNOWY OWL

iC>, f,^

A

Nycfea scandiaca

diurnal arctic owl that winters irregularly

the U.S.

in

Most adult birds are almost pure white. Immatures, which are darker, go farther south than adults

in

The

winter.

large size, pale plumage, and lack of ear tufts ore diagin open country and approach closely. Feeds on lemmings and other rodents and rabbits. Silent south of its

nostic.

perches near the ground

It

often allows birders to

breeding grounds.

BARRED OWL Common in southern swamps and common, but widespread,

Strix varia river

bottoms;

eyes; the only other eastern owl with dark eyes

streaked heart-faced Barn Owl.

resembles the Great Horned cavities. Typically hoots

SPOTTED This

less

northern woods. Has dark

in

In flight

(p.

is

the un-

the Barred

Owl

Usually nests

160).

in

8 times; 4-7 series/min.

OWL

Strix occidentalis

rare western counterpart of the

Barred

Owl

is

by the horizontal barring of its underparts. The dark-eyed Flammulated Owl (p. 166) of the West is similar, but is much smaller and has short ear tufts. Com-

identified

V_

mon

call

of Spotted

consists of only 3 or

is

suggestive of Barred Owl's, but

4 hoots.

GREAT GRAY OWL

Sfrix

Rare and local at high elevations Sierra

Nevada and

spruce forests. long

toil

Rockies,

Common

where

only

in

it

in

north

is

found

nebulosa

and in

central

pine and

the Far North. Note the

and the prominent gray concentric

circles

on

the facial disk. The only other large owl with yellow eyes

and no ear series of

tufts

is

the Snowy. Voice

whoos, each lower

in

pitch.

is

a deep, booming

LARGE EARLESS

OWLS

> ,

Barn

i^

Owls

^

^sir-

'^

J ''^:m^

OWL L16"W42"

SPOTTED

GREAT GRAY

164 8

166

WHISKERED OWL Common in Southwest Screech Owl, whose range

Otus frkhopsis canyons. it

Closely

resembles

overlaps; can be distin-

guished only at exceedingly close range. Watch for long whiskers and large white spots on scapulars. Generally

found 4

in

dense oak or oak-pine woods.

to 9 high-pitched

of identification.

Distinctive call,

boos slowing at the end,

is

best

means

SMALL OWLS

168

GOATSUCKERS

{Order Caprimulgiformes, Family Caprimulgidae) are

nocturnal insect eaters with large

slit

heads, small

flat

mouths, and distinctive white patches

in

wings or

tail.

bills,

enormous

Eyes are a mere

by day, huge and round at night. All except nighthawks are named Eggs (2) are laid on ground or rooftop.

for their call.

5;^a=j CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW Common

^^^

^W^

ti^f^

Copr\n\ owl

Whip-poor-will

nighthawk

falcon

swift

170 SWIFTS (Order Apodiformes, Family Apodidae),

goatsuckers,

like

feed almost exclusively on flying insects caught on the wing with their wide mouths. Swifts fly continuously all day except in heavy rain. Their wings, built for speed, are long,

curved. swifts

cliffs,

by Black

to in

stiff,

slender,

slightly de-

beat their wings alternately. Sexes are alike. Swifts chimneys, and in hollow trees. Eggs are white, 3-6

Swift).

BLACK SWIFT forked

slightly is

Cypseloides niger

uncommon

This

9

and

swallows, with which they are often found,

contrast to

appear

nest on (1

In

tail.

When

larger size

its

(p.

206)

is

but has broad wings bent at the "wrist." The

similar,

Black Swift's "wrist" is

barely

is

it

seldom

so close to the

visible.

high-altitude nesting Swifts,

seen with Vaux's,

The adult male Purple Martin

obvious.

angle

has solid black underparts and a

swift

It

cliffs.

cruises

body

many

that the wing

miles from

Unlike Vaux's

heard away from the nest

is

CHIMNEY SWIFT

site.

Chaefura pelagka

fH-

Normally the only birds. Tail

swift east of the Missouri

Common,

sippi rivers. is

stiff,

its

and Chimney

usually

slightly

in

and

Missis-

flocks of flittering

dork

rounded, and never forked or

when

clinging to a

vertical surface are not visible in the field.

Noisy chatter

fanned; of

bristles that

chipping

overhead. dreds

notes

During

in tall

support the

tail

generally

discloses

migration

they

chimneys, entering

in

Chimney

roost

by

the

Swifts

hun-

a huge funnel forma-

tion at dusk. Call, rapid short chips.

\ ^^m

nighthawk

m ^^B

V

^^

\^^

swallow

SWIFTS

BLACK SWIFT 17"

CHIMNEY SWIFT L

White-throated Swift

Violet-green

Swallow for comparison

5"W

121/2"

172

*

;i

174

BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD Archilochus alexandri

Common

in

western mountains,

American hummer with a

may

other species

look black

to

and southern

Calif,

is

Female has no rufous separable from which

172),

(p.

with

its

violet

Calypte cosfae

Southwest deserts. Male

in

restricted

is

and plumper.

larger

is

COSTA'S HUMMINGBIRD

Common

Often cap-

safely

not

Ariz.,

White be-

light.

species.

this

flycatcher-fashion.

insects

on sides and tail and Costa's. Female Anna's

the only North

is

poor

in

low the purple stripe confirms tures

this

truly black throat; throats of

cap and throat, the

is

unmistakable

latter with

long side

Female is not safely told from Black-chinned. Female Anna's (p. 172) is larger and slightly darker below and often has red flecks on throat. Immature Cal-

feathers.

^%

liope

and other species commonly found

range have rufous sides and

Costa's

in

base.

tail

RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD

Selasphorus rufus

Abundant migrant through western

common

U.S.; the

breeding hummer of western Wash., western Oreg., and

Canada. Adult male has unmistakable solid and immature are similar to Allen's, the larger Broad-tailed, and smaller Calliope (folded wings of Calliope extend beyond tail). Female Allen's is separable only at extremely close range when its narrow outer tail feather can be seen. Aerial display of male western

rufous back. Female

is

a rapid dive to within inches of female. Air moving

through the feathers produces a loud whine as the male

_

suddenly checks

its

descent.

In

normal

flight

the

male

produces only a subdued humming.

ALLEN'S

HUMMINGBIRD

Common red-throated

only

in

Selasphorus sasin

coastal Calif. The male

hummer

with

a

rufous

solid

is

our only

tail

and a

green cap and back. The female can be identified

in

the

breeding season when migrants of similar species

are

absent,

possible to

but during tell

migration

it

is

practically

im-

female and immature from the closely

related Rufous Hummingbird. Even the call notes of the two species are the some: a sharp bzee. The courtship

pendulum

flight of the male by a dive from about 100'.

(a

25''

arc)

is

followed

^

BLACK-CHINNED

HUMMINGBIRD L

Allen's

courting

display

^.

^Ai

^

3"

176

#

SOUTHWEST HUMMINGBIRDS

include

LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD Male is only violet-throated hummingbird has a deeply forked

and decurved

tail.

Female

RIVOLI'S

Male

is

:?^_.

bills

by

in

summer

are

mapped

with black

Calofborax

tips.

lucifer

one with a buff throat

in

Chisos Mts., Tex.

HUMMINGBIRD told

Eugenes fulgens

large size, green throat, and violet-

its

blue crown; female bill,

U.S.

in

with green crown; also

the only

is

Casual, possibly breeds,

bill.

found

species

along U.S. -Mexican border. Those that breed below. Four species have bright red or orange

recognized by

is

and narrow grayish

tail

its

large size, dark

edging. Breeds from south-

eastern Ariz, mountains to Chisos Mts., Tex.

BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD Lampornis clemenciae

Recognized by to

its

long block

its

large size, the very broad white tip

and double white

toil,

Blue throat of mole

line

on the face.

obvious at close range.

is

VIOLET-CROWNED HUMMINGBIRD Amoz;7/a vertkalis No other North American hummingbird has violet crown and white throat. Female and immature have lighter and greener crowns. Breeds in Guadalupe Canyon, Chiricahau Mts., Ariz.; recorded in Huachuces.

BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD Amazilia yucafanensis Bright orange bill, large size, and green throat separate this species from other Texas hummers. Sexes are alike. Breeds and rarely winters in the lower Rio Grande Valley, in wood margins and thickets.

BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD Mole forked parts.

^

is

told

tail;

by

its

female by

Compare

Cynanthus

latirostris

bill, and and sooty under-

dork body, long orange its

orange

bill

carefully with the paler-breasted White-

eared. Breeds from south central Ariz, and southwest N. Mex. southward, rarely

in

western Texas.

WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD

Hylochans

leucotis

Male may appear all dork, like Broad-billed, but tail is square-tipped. Note green flanks, spotted throat of female. Casual summer species in southeast Ariz. mts. Only small hummingbird with long "ear"

stripe.

^

SOUTHWEST HUMMINGBIRDS

WHITE-EARED

HUMMINGBIRD L3"

178

^

PARROTS

(Order Psittaciformes, Family Psittacidae) are brightly colored tropical birds with strongly hooked beaks and short legs; 2 toes in front, 2 behind. Several species have escaped from captivity.

THICK-BILLED

A

PARROT

casual visitor

Mex. No recent

forehead and thick (Order

ern U.S. by a single species. Nest

in

Family

\

lower Rio

mistakable; square-cut

KINGFISHERS (Order headed,

tail

short-

Trogon elegans

mountains of southeast

in

Grande

Valley, Texas.

Ariz.;

Male

is

un-

plumages have block bond at tip of long and rose on belly. Call, 4-6 low croaks.

Coraciiformes, Family Alcedinidae) are large-

sharp beaks. They perch motionless

in

the open, over water. in

a deep burrow

a steep bank.

BELTED KINGFISHER

Megaceryle alcyon

The most common kingfisher the only one north of Texas and iiilillifillilllt;

pairs along streams

air into

rattling

its

call.

belly.

Rare

L

15V2"),

Valley, Tex.,

Both species ore crested

in

in

pitched

and

less

in

Rio

is

told

size

and bright

all

plumages.

rusty

amerkana Grande Valley.

Ch/orocery/e

southeast Ariz, and lower Rio

small size, green back,

casual

farther south,

and

lock of a crest distinguish

immediately from the other kingfishers. Rattle

ish

in

for terns, king-

Often hovers before diving. Ringed King-

GREEN KINGFISHER Its

Seen singly or

by its deep, irregular appearance, and its loud

and common plumages by its much larger

Grande

it

Ariz.

in flight

big-headed

{Megaceryle torquafa,

fisher

all

North America and

and ponds. Except

water. Recognized

wingbeats,

in

in

are the only small birds that dive headlong from

fishers

1,

are

extreme south-

in

tree cavities. Eggs, 2-4.

Their legs are very short. Usually lay 3-8 white eggs in

Note red

birds that dive for fish, which they catch with

short-tailed

their long

all

Trogonidae)

represented

TROGON

Rare summer resident in

in flight.

bill.

Trogoniformes,

COPPERY-TAILED

bright yellow patch on

conspicuous

is

billed, long-tailed, tropical fruit eaters

casual

A

U.S. records.

the underwing coverts

TROGONS

Rhynchops'itta pachyrhyncha

southeast Ariz, and southwest N.

in

is

higher

harsh than Belted's. Female has green-

breast bands; male has a rusty one.

1

THICK-BILLED

PARROT L

14"

COPPERY-

3£:g^

TAILED

TROGON L

10"

GREEN KINGFISHER L

7V2"

180

WOODPECKERS bill,

(Order Piciformes, Family Picidae) have a strong

sharply pointed for chipping and digging into tree trunks or

branches for wood-boring insects. The stiff tail is used as a prop. Most species "drum" on resonant limbs, poles, or drainpipes. Flight is usually undulating, with wings folded against the body after each series of flaps.

Nest

in

is

a cavity chiseled deep into a large branch

or trunk. Eggs, 4-8, are white. Flickers

are

jay-sized

woodpeckers with brown back, no white

on wings, and a black breast band. or salmon under wings j-4-»i>4-4-|»

4-4^44-

and

In flight

YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKER Common in open country face of v/ing and

orange or salmon except of

all

in

tail in

is

feathers

Nape

^

red, not black, as

is

nope

is

lacking.

Wing and

flick

Colaptes cafer face gray; mustache of the in

Yellow-shafted. The red

tail linings

salmon.

Colaptes chryso'des

resident

Southwest, where

or flicker; series

descending kee-oo.

GILDED FLICKER

Common

"mustache" present is always red. Call

of neck

shrill

RED-SHAFTED FLICKER Common. Crown is brown, male

golden, grading to

is

a loud repeated

repeated 2-7/min. Also a

"i^

Colaptes auraius

near large trees. Undersur-

hybrids. Black

adult female.

flickers

note white rump, yellow

Often seen on ground eating ants.

tail.

it

in

the giant-cactus

digs a nest hole

from Yellow-shafted by

its

in

brown crown, gray face, and its yellow wing

lack of a red nape; from Red-shafted by

and

tail

linings.

region of the

the soguaro. Told

PILEATED

WOODPECKER L

15"

182

LADDER-BACKED WOODPECKERS

into

fall

two groups: medium-

sized birds with light rumps, colored or pole napes,

patches that show

in

flight;

and small

and white wing

birds with dork rumps, black

napes, and spotted sides. All are non-migratory. Juvenal but Juvenal heads are browner

in

same

like adult,

is

Centurus.

WOODPECKER

RED-BELLIED

Common

in

Cenfurus carolirn

southeastern woodlands. Red-headed

(p.

and has a similar call, but note the ladder back and red cop and hind neck (not head) of the Red-bellied. Immature has brown head. May occur with Red-cockaded in longleaf pine woods. Calls are low, short, and hoarse; also a rattle. 184)

is

size

GOLDEN-FRONTED WOODPECKER Centurus aurifrons Common in deciduous woodlands. Note the large gold spot on hind neck (duller

j^2_

5

above

bill

GILA

WOODPECKER

adult. Voice

in

in

like

is

immature) and yellow Red-bellied's.

Cenfurus uropygialis

Common around giant cactus. Note

^

that only the

has a red cap. White wing patches, as tell

it

from

Compare 4-1.

all

in

ladder-backed woodpeckers

with immature sapsuckers

(p.

male

Red-bellied, in its

range.

184).

LADDER-BACKED WOODPECKER Dendrocopos scalaris Fairly common in deciduous woods and mesquite, less common

in

cactus.

black and white on and Golden-fronted by the spotted sides, and lack of white wing

Note the

distinct

side of head. Told from Gilo

dark rump, patch

in

finely

flight. Call

is

like

Hairy Woodpecker's.

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER Dendrocopos borealis Rare and local

in

longleaf pine woods.

Told from

nape and cap; from Hairy and Downy by ladder back and large white cheek patches. Nest hole, in pine trunks, is recognized by oozing gum. Red-bellied by solid black

-

r

NUTTALL'S

Common,

WOODPECKER

Dendrocopos

nuffallii

oaks and chaparral west of the Sierras. Face is blacker than Ladder-backed Woodpecker's. See also Williamson's Sapsucker (p. 184) and Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers (p. 186). Call

V

is

especially

in live

a series of high-pitched squeaks.

RED-BELLIED

LADDER-BACKED

WOODPECKERS

f

WOODPECKER L 81/2"

184 i i

M

RED-HEADED WOODPECKER \

I

Melanerpes erythrocephalus much of its range; prefers open deciduous woods. Adult head is entirely red. Large white wing

Uncommon

in

area separates it from other species. The similar redbreasted sapsucker (below) has a narrow white wing stripe. Often perches in the open. Call is a raucous kwrrk.

ACORN WOODPECKER Common,

oaks,

in

Melanerpes formk'ivorus and gregarious. Its black

rump, and small but conspicuous white wing

chin, white

^

especially

from

all

other dark-backed woodpeck-

ers except sapsuckers.

Its

flight

patch separate

it

is

undulating. Call

of

is

high, sharp, fussing notes.

LEWIS'

WOODPECKER

Locally

common

in

large trees

in

Asyndesmus lewis open country. Red

face and light collar and underparts contrast with the

^

^^^

rest of

Flight

is

dark greenish plumage. The rump

its

is

black.

slow, with even, crow-like flapping. Gregarious.

Catches flying

insects. Call

is

of soft short notes.

WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER Locally

f

t

common

pines

in

Dendrocopos albolarvatus and firs. The only white-

headed woodpecker. Also note white wing patch at and in flight. May alight sideways or upside down.

YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER

Common

rest

Sphyrapicus varius

and easily overlooked) in woods and orchards. Plumage is variable, but the narrow longitudinal wing stripe and finely mottled back (but quiet,

retiring,

are diagnostic. Red-breasted races occur on the Pacific slope. Sapsuckers tap

/min.), but

holes

in

in

distinctive

do not drum. They

live trees,

insects. Calls

rhythms

(2 or

3 series

parallel rows of small

then return to feed on sap and small

are weak.

WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER Uncommon;

in

Sphyrapicus thyroideus

pine forests, at higher elevations

summer. Sexes are entirely

different.

in

Male has two white

on solid black head and a solid black breast. Female has a more uniformly brown head and more black on the breast than female Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, It is also more distinctly marked on the back. stripes

S

drill

'

Q

ACORN WOODPECKER L

8"

WHITE HEADED

WOODPECKER L

fTN

/

I

ed

f;/

7%"

\

RED-HEADED

^*^ WOODPECKER

186

HAIRY

ARIZONA WOODPECKER L

WOODPECKER

714"

L

7V2"

I

6

BLACK-BACKED THREE-TOED

WOODPECKER L8"

.'^«r: NORTHERN THREE-TOED

WOODPECKER L 71/2"

188

PERCHING BIRDS

(Order Passeriformes) are medium to small land have feet well adapted for perching: 3 toes in front and long one behind. Most are fine singers. Bill shape, feather colors,

birds. All 1

and

habits are most useful for family identification. Most insectivorous

species

and some 1.

and seed eaters are highly migratory.

fruit

FLYCATCHERS have broad

flat bills;

plumage mostly

olive or gray; catch flying insects with a loud

of the beak. 2.

LARKS open

3.

walk; they are generally

SWALLOWS or forked 'n

4.

never

fields,

in

flocks

have long pointed wings, often notched They catch insects in flight; most nest

AND CROWS

are

green

large,

noisy,

(jays) or all

omnivorous

black (crows);

AND

TITMICE are small

friendly long-

mostly gray, white, and black; stubby

birds,

small flocks.

WRENTITS

BULBULS have

Coast

long

only.

NUTHATCHES

Illustrated

tails, crests.

DIPPERS are plump gray streams; short

on

Illustrated

are

on

p.

p.

slender-billed

short-tailed

and branches,

usually

in

p.

CREEPERS creep up

WRENS

tail

218

birds of western mountain

flocks.

another; use

218

p.

tails.

that crawl over trunks

barred

214

p.

are long-tailed dark brown birds of dense

West

thickets;

208

p.

CHICKADEES in

204

p.

gregarious.

bill;

204

p.

tails.

birds, mostly blue or

tailed

190 large

in

in trees.

colonies.

JAYS

snap

p.

218 birds

small

220

tree trunks, then fly to base of

as prop.

p.

220

are brown, generally solitary, with finely

tails

cocked upward, and slender

bills;

songs, scolding rattles.

p.

MOCKINGBIRDS AND THRASHERS ush-loving birds, either

brown

loud

222

are long-tailed

or gray, with loud

repetitious songs.

p.

^./'^^^iM^^y

228

13.

THRUSHES, medium-sized spotted breasts;

with

\A/r>rmc worms,

14.

shaped

like

Robin's; eat

n p.

cinri.

e

'

i

1

.-r

bill

the ground; others are arboreal. The upper

parts the feathers of the forehead. Eggs, 3-6.

HOUSE SPARROW L

SV/'

280

^

'

DLi BLACKBIRDS

YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRDi L

SV2"

.^^

Red-winged ^©^•a'C^

^ RED-

WINGED BLACKBIRD 7'4"

L

TRICOLORED BLACKBIRD L

71/2"

"^3 RUSTY BLACKBIRD 6'

L

8"

falll^ll

BREWER'S BLACKBIRD L

Mj^.

8"

282

1

CRACKLES AND COWBIRDS BOAT-TAILED CRACKLE L

^^ bronzed race

r

16"

:

;^.,.^

284 ORIOLES are

colorful arboreal icterids, quite different in habits, ap-

pearance, habitat preference, and nest structure from their ground-

North American orioles have the same basic and most first-year males are strikingly marked with brilliant breasts, bellies, and rump patches that contrast with black wings, black throats or heads, and in many species black rounded tails. Most females are similar to one another and pose a real problem in the Southwest, where several species occur. All have conspicuous wingbars and very sharply pointed beaks. Female tanagers (inset) have heavier, lighter-colored beaks and notched tails. Orioles migrate primarily by night, but loose bands of 5-10 may sometimes be seen just above the treetops in the early morning. feeding relatives.

All

pattern. Adult males

e

ORCHARD ORIOLE Locally

common

in

Icterus spurius

unsprayed orchards, wood margins,

and shade trees. Adult male is our only brick-red and (except in southern Fla.) the only oriole east Mississippi River with a solid black

oriole

with

greenish-yellow

is

and

male

the only eastern

rather than

breast. Migrates south early (July-Aug.). of melodious whistles

First-year

tail.

has a well-defined black bib. Female

oriole

of the

orange-yellow

Song

is

a medley

flute-like notes, quite different

from the short phrases of the Baltimore, 4-8/min.

Robin

tanager

grosbeak

286

ORANGE ORIOLES HOODED ORIOLE 17"

LICHTENSTEIN'S

ORIOLE L

8V2"

288

TANAGERS

290

GROSBEAKS,

SPARROWS, AND BUNTINGS

FINCHES,

North American

Fringillidae) comprise the largest family of

best field for

mark

cracking

the short heavy conical beak, which

is

Only weaver

seeds.

have similar beaks.

the

In

Dickcissel, seedeater,

finches,

{Family

The adapted

birds.

well

is

and cowbirds

Bobolinks,

grosbeaks, finches, buntings, longspurs,

and some of the towhees the moles ore much and young. In a few of these species (Indigo

brighter than the females

Bunting,

American Goldfinch,

male resembles the female. the sexes are similar at

all

Lark

Bunting,

longspurs)

the other towhees

In

winter

the

and the sparrows

seasons. Fringillids occupy

all

land habi-

and Pine Grosbeaks prefer evergreens; other grosbeaks, deciduous trees. Mole buntings, goldfinches and Blue Grosbeaks often perch on wires. Towhees scratch among fallen leaves. In winter the smaller finches prefer weed seeds. Finches and northern tats;

crossbills

grosbeaks often occur

in

during their undulating

call or sing

and

flocks during migration

weeds, or on the ground; eggs,

winter.

3-6.

They nest

flight. in

Fringillids

trees, shrubs,

Northern species are highly mi-

gratory or erratic wanderers. Feeding shelf

CARDINAL Common Our only

in

winter

Richmondena in

cardinalis

hedgerows, wood margins, and suburbs.

beak except

crested bird with a conical

Southwest, where

it

is

in

the

replaced by the Pyrrhuloxia. Bright

red mole with black throat

is

unmistakable. Both male

and yellow-brown female have pointed crests and thick red (or dusky in immature) beaks. Song is a repetition of loud slurred whistles, 5-10/min.

^t±fcr

PYRRHULOXIA Fairly is

common

Pyrrhuloxia in

gray above except

by

its

for

its

red crest. The female

is

told

stubby yellow beak with an abruptly curved upper

mandible and the

sinuata

Southwest. Nests to 3,500'. The male

its gray back and tail. Usually feeds on ground and remains near cover. Song and calls often

are indistinguishable from Cardinal's.

292

GROSBEAKS

ROSE-BREASTED

GROSBEAK L IVa"

294

t/H\^

MM H

TROPICAL BUNTINGS

INDIGO BUNTING L

4V2"

296 :

i

1

i

RED FINCHES PURPLE FINCH L 51/2"

298

ROSY FINCHES

nest in western Arctic and above timberline in westand Canada. These tame birds spend much time on the ground, gleaning seeds and insects from snowbanks. Rosy wings and rumps of males show both at rest and in flight. Pink of female is visible at close range. No other reddish finches have unmarked dark breasts. Calls are low and hoarse, or high sharp chips.

ern

U.S.

GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH Locally

winters

Leucosticte tephrocotis

common. Nests above 7,000'

Wash.) and

(in

lowlands. Told from the Black Rosy Finch by

in

brown back and breast and from the Brown-capped by the well-marked gray headband. Some female Graycrowns with little gray over the eye closely resemble the Brown-capped, but have a browner body.

the

BLACK ROSY FINCH

Leucosf/cfe ofrofa

Uncommon. The dark blackish-brown

breast and back

distinguish this bird from other rosy finches.

BROWN-CAPPED ROSY FINCH Locally

and northern Colo. Winters

south

central

in

Rockies; most easily found on Mt. Evans, in

All plumages lack do some female Gray-crowns.

nearby lowlands.

the gray headband, as

REDPOLLS wander

Leucosticte australis

common. Breeds above timberline

irregularly

sometimes

winter,

in

in

huge

They feed on weed seeds in snow-covered fields; also eat alder and birch catkins. They are sparrow-like but have a black chin spot,

flocks.

red crown, deeply notched

toil,

and undulating

HOARY REDPOLL Uncommon

in

Acanthis hornemanni

Far North; rare

provinces. Occurs with flocks of

risky

field

3

rump, which

mark. Calls are

COMMON

Redpolls,

identification

whose of

a

except under ideal conditions. Examine each

redpoll flock for pale-backed

unstreaked

border states and

in

Common

make

geographic color variations

Hoary

flight.

like

REDPOLL common

Irregularly

birds,

the

is

then look for the

Hoary's

Common

only

reliable

Redpoll's.

Acanthis fldmmea

snow-covered

weedy

fields.

where it feeds much like goldfinches. The black chin and red cap are diagnostic. Common call, a hoarse chit-chitchit, given frequently in flight, suggests a White-winged Crossbill's but

is

more rapid.

tanager

^Ik^t

grosbeak

bunting

sparrow

longspur

gray-headed race

GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH L bVA,"

300

m A

SISKINS

AND

GOLDFINCHES

LAWRENCE'S GOLDFINCH L

I...

-S,;,

%,

\W t

^*.^^

4V4"

302 CROSSBILLS are

may

irregular vagrants partial to conifers,

in

which they

any season. They are especially fond of salt and are very tame. Only when they are close can one notice the crossed bill.

nest at

Like other northern finches they call frequently in flight.

RED CROSSBILL Unpredictable but

Loxia

common

at times in

curvirosfra

pine woods.

The brick-red plumage of the adult male is distinctive; immature is more orange-red. All plumages lack wingbars on their blackish wings. The female, heavier billed distinctly larger than a goldfinch, has a yellow rump some subadult Purple Finches' but lacks the heavily streaked breast. They cling to pine cones, from which

and like

they noisily extract seeds with their peculiar kip-kip-kip,

is

frequently given

in flight.

bills.

Call,

WHITE-

COLLARED SEEDEATER

xN. ^

sub-adult 6

L

ZVa"

304

TOWHEES,

large ground-feeding sparrows with long rounded

are often seen scratching for insects and seeds

They hop and

tails,

shrubbery or brush.

kick with both feet together; usually fly close to the

ground, pumping

-WtTt^

in

their tail.

Young are

finely streaked below.

GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE Fairly common in underbrush up

to

9,000'; are found to

Chlorura chlorura or chaparral.

11,000'

in

fall.

They nest The clear

white chin and greenish tinge of the upperparts separate it

from

all

other towhees. Call

is

a soft mew.

TOWHEES

GREEN-TAILED

TOWHEE L

614"

RUFOUSSIDED

TOWHEE L

714"

306

SPARROWS

are small brown-bodied birds with streaked backs and

short conical beaks. Their food, mostly seeds except during the nesting season,

is

most are seen these

may be

Each species has

diagnostic.

Head and

its

own

and shape Heads

species females are very similar to males.

most species are shown on

this

not nesting,

habitat preferences;

breast patterns are most helpful

for identification; note also the length

of the

tail.

In

most

of adult males of

spread. The juncos and longspurs are

represented by one head each; the very local is

When

obtained on or near the ground. in flocks.

Cape Sable Sparrow Snow Bunting, the

omitted, as are the striking Lark Bunting, the

towhees and the Olive Sparrow. Immatures of some species are much especially those species with black or rufous on the head. Songs and chips of sparrows are often more easily distinguished than are their plumages. See pages 308-324 for further details. duller,

STREAKED BREASTS

Le Conte's

Purple Finch for

comparison

Sharp-tailed

Seaside

Henslow's

Fox

Baird's

Sage

k

UNSTREAKED BREASTS

is;. Slate-colored Junco

Black-chinned

Lx^v White-crowned

i;^?s, White-throated

Black-throated

i

5V4"

320

SPARROW

HARRIS'

common.

Fairly

ic

prefers hedgerows, est bill,

Zonotrkhia querula

Breeds

wood

at

timberline;

in

margins, and brush.

winter

Our

it

larg-

sparrow; recognized by the combination of the pink black or blotched bib, black crown, and streaked

sides.

No

other pink-billed sparrow has streaked sides.

The sexes are whistles;

alike.

Song

consists of 2-4 identical high

repeated on a different

pitch.

CROWNED SPARROWS

322

FOX AND ROUNDTAILED SPARROWS

324

SNOW BUNTINGS

LONGSPURS AND

are gregarious sparrow-like

ground birds of open fields, tundra, and dunes. Adult male plumage seldom is seen outside the nesting ground. Watch for distinctive patterns on the rather short

tails.

Mc COWN'S LONGSPUR common than

Less

PR

The

toil

Rhynchophanes mccownii

Chestnut-collared on arid plains.

mostly white, with only narrow median and

is

terminal bands. The only longspur with rusty bend of

wing (often concealed). Note the gray hind neck. song

r^

is

a long twittering warble;

call,

a dry

Flight

rattle.

CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR Calcarius ornatus Common in fallow plains and prairies. Told in all plumages by the dark triangle on the white tail and by lack of a well-defined ear patch. Song is like a faint Western Meadowlark's, 3-8/min. Call is finch-like, 2 syllables; does not give the typical longspur rattle.

LAPLAND LONGSPUR Abundant in East.

Calcarius lapponicus

and Horned

Arctic

in

Flocks with

longspurs. Winter mole

and gray throat is

like pipit's (p.

rattle

is

given

locally in interior; Larks,

is

with white outer feathers

238) or Vesper Sparrow's

(p.

312).

A

dry

in flight.

LONGSPUR

SMITH'S

uncommon

Buntings, or other

by chestnut hind neck

told

blotch. Tail

Snow

Uncommon and

Calcarius pictus

local; winters

on short grass plains and

from other longspurs by the broad white male and by the buffy coloration and flesh-

airports. Told

wingbar

of

colored legs.

Common

flight call

SNOW BUNTING Common ,-'*

s;?^"

in

is

a rapid clicking.

Plectrophenax nivalis

tundra; local on beaches, dunes, and

in

Horned Larks or longspurs. Most readily identified in flight by large white wing patches; no other flocking songbird in its range has these. short grass; often seen with

Flight call

is

a short descending whistle.

McKAY'S BUNTING Common breeder on

Plectrophenax hyperboreus Bering Sea islands. Winters

in

Female is told by pure white head and male by white head and back. Song is like American Goldfinch's. coastal western Alaska.

summer

Snow Bunting

summer $ McKay's Bunting

Mc KAY'S BUNTING L

6Va"

326

BIBLIOGRAPHY American Ornithologists' Union. Check-Lisf of North American Birds, 5th ed. Balitmore, Md.; American Ornithologists' Union, 1957 Austin, Oliver L., Jr. Birds of fhe World. N.Y.; Golden Press, 1961 Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North American Birds, 20 vols. Wash., D.C.; U.S. Nat. Mus., 1919-1967 Blake,

Emmet

Bull,

Chicago Press, 1953 Dodd, Mead, 1949 York Area. N.Y.; Harper and Row, 1964

Reid. Birds of Mexico. Chicago; Univ. of

Hawks

Broun, Maurice.

John. Birds of the

Aloft.

New

N.Y.;

James and Roger Tory Peterson. The World of Birds. Garden City, N.Y.; Doubleday, 1964 Forbush, Edward Howe. Birds of Massachusetts and Other New England States, 3 vols. Boston; Commonwealth of Mass., 1925, 1927, 1929 Gabrielson, Ira N. and Frederick C. Lincoln. Birds of Alaska. Wash., D.C.; Wildlife Mgmt. Inst., 1959 Godfrey, W. Earl. The Birds of Canada. Ottawa; Not'l Museum of Canada, 1966 Grinnell, Joseph and Aiden H. Miller. The Distribution of the Birds of California. Berkeley; Cooper Ornithological Club, 1944 Griscom, Ludlow and Alexander Sprunt, Jr. The Warblers of North America. N.Y.; Devin-Adain, 1957 Hickey, Joseph J. A Guide to Bird Watching. N.Y.; Oxford Univ. Press, 1943, Doubleday, 1963 Imhof, Thomas A. Alabama Birds. University, Ala.; Univer. of Alabama Press, 1953 Jewett, Stanley G. and others. Birds of Washington State. Seattle; Univ. of Wash. Press, 1953 Kortright, Francis H. The Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America. Wash., D.C.; Wildlife Mgmt. Inst., 1953 Lowery, George H., Jr. Louisiana Birds. Baton Rouge; Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1955 Palmer, Ralph S. (Ed.). Handbook of North American Birds. Vol. 1, toons Through Flamingos. New Haven; Yale Univ. Press, 1962 Peterson, Roger Tory. A Field Guide to the Birds, 1947; A Field Guide to the Birds of Texas and Adjacent States, 1963; A Field Guide to Western Birds, 1961; all, Boston; Houghton Mifflin Peterson, Roger Tory. The Birds. N.Y.; Time, 1963 Peterson, Roger Tory, Guy Montfort and P. A. D. Hollom. A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. Boston; Houghton Mifflin, 1966 Pettingill, Olin Sewall, Jr. A Guide to Bird-Finding East of the Mississippi, 1951; A Guide to Bird-Finding West of the Mississippi, 1953; both N.Y.; Fisher,

Oxford Univ. Hill, 1965 Allan

Phillips,

Press.

Editor.

and

others.

R.

The Bird Watcher's America. N.Y.; McGrawBirds

of

Arizona.

Tucson;

Univ.

of

Arizona

1964

Press,

Pough, Richard H. Audubon Land Bird Guide, 1949; Audubon Water Bird Guide, N.Y.;

1951;

Audubon Western

Doubleday

Bird

Guide,

1957;

all.

Garden

City,

327

Thomas S. Birds of Minnesota, 2 vols. Minneapolis; Univ. of Minneapolis; Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1932, 1936

Roberts,

The

Salomonsen, Finn. gaard, 1950 Saunders, Aretas A. Snyder,

L.

Birds

A Guide

Arctic Birds of

L.

Sprunt, Alexander,

Jr.

Sprunt, Alexander,

Jr.

of

Copenhagen;

Greenland.

fo Bird Songs. N.Y.;

Life.

Doubleday, 1959

Univ. of Toronto Press,

Canada. Toronto;

Florida Bird

Munks-

Ejnar

N.Y.;

1957

Coward-McConn, 1954

North American Birds of Prey. N.Y.; Harper and

1955

Bros.,

Nova Scotia. Halifax; Nova Scotia Museum, 1962 and Andrew J. Berger. Fundamentals of Ornithology. N.Y.; John Wiley and Sons, 1959 Welty, Carl. The Life of Birds. Philadelphia; Saunders, 1962 Tufts,

Robie

Van Tyne,

W.

Birds of

Josselyn

Wetmore, Alexander and Water, Prey and Society, 1964-^5

Game

others.

Song and Garden Birds of North America; Wash. D.C.; Nat. Geographic

Birds of North America.

PERIODICALS OF PRINCIPAL ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETIES Audubon Magazine, Audubon Field Notes, National Audubon Society, 1130

Fifth Ave.,

New

York, N.Y. 10028

These publications are of interest to the general reader; others listed below are mainly research and professional literature. Auk, American Ornithologists' Union (Dr. L. Richard Mewaldt, Sec, Dept. Biol.

Sciences,

San Jose State College, San Jose,

Condor, Cooper Ornithological

Society,

Museum

Calif.)

of

Vertebrate

Zoology,

Berkeley, Calif.

W/7son Bulletin, Wilson Ornithological Society (Dr. Pershing Sec, Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Minnesota, Dulutli, Minn.)

B.

Hofslund,

RECORDINGS Laboratory of Ornithology has produced some 23 records, most released by Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. These include Birds of Florida, Birds in the North Woods, Bird Songs in Your Garden, A Field Guide to Eastern Bird Songs, A Field Guide to Western Bird Songs, and Songbirds of America. Federation of Ontario Naturalists, 187 Highbourne Road, Toronto, Ontario, with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, has produced the "Sounds of Nature" series, including Birds of The Forest, A Day in Algonquin

Cornell

Park,

Univ.

A Day

at Floras

Moradas, Finches, Songs of Spring, Warblers of

Eastern North America, and others.

National Network of American Bird Songs reproduces the Stillwell Collection, records distributed by Ficker Records, Old Greenwich, Conn. These include Birds From the Great Plains to the Atlantic, 2 vols., and Birds

From the Great Plains

to the Pacific.

Radio, Stockholm, Sweden, has a series. which includes many of our northern species.

Sveriges

Radians Fagel Skivor,

INDEX common and

Individual species names, both

with the text

page only (even page) when

(odd) page, as

it

the principal entry

When

for most birds.

is

is

indicated

there

are indicated

scientific,

the illustration is

is

on the facing

more than one

and other groups inclusive page numbers are given. Common and scientific names of species are those of CHECKLIST, 5th ed. Names formerly used on a wide scale birds are usually given

in

parentheses after the accepted

Those requiring separate

The boxes at the

listings

of the

left

entry,

bold face type. For orders, families,

in

the A. O. U.

for common common name.

are indicated by "see" references.

common name can be

used for checking

the birds you have identified.

Acanthis flommea, 298

Alcidoe, 148-153

hornemanni, 298 Accipifer cooperii, 68 gentilis, 68 %friafus, 68 Accipiters, 68-69 Accipitridae, 66-77

Alcids, 106,

Ammodramus

fellus,

Aechmophorus

cuta,

310 310 Amphispiza belli, 312 bilineata, 312 Anas acuta, 46 bahamensis, 46 carolinensis, 48 crecca, 48 cyanoptero, 48 diazi, 44 discors, 48 formosa, 48 fulvigula, 44 platyrhynchos, 44 rubripes, 44 strepero, 46

denfalis, 20 Aegolius acad'icus, 164

mirabilis,

nigrescens,

funereus, 164 Aeronaufes saxafalis, 170 Aethia cristafella, 150 pusilla, 152 pygmaea, 150 Agelaius phoeniceus,

280 280

aestivalis,

316 316 carpalis, 316 cassinii, 316 ruficeps, 316 Aix sponsa, 50 botterii,

I

I

Ajaia ajaja, 98

Alauda

204 Alaudidae, 204-205 arvensis,

Albatross(es) 22-23

D n

Black-footed, 22

Laysan, 22 Aica tarda, 148

Alcedinidae, 178-179

328

310

maritima, 310

occi-

n n

Anotidae, 36-63 Anhihga, 34-35 Anhinga anhinga, 34 Anhingldoe, 34-35 Ani(s), 158-159 Groove-billed, 158 Smooth-billed, 158

AnoOs

146 tenuirostris, 146 Anser albifrons, 42 stolidus,

coerules-

ultramarina, 208 Aphriza virgata, 120 Apodidae, 170-171 Apodiformes, 170-177 Aquila chrysa'etos, 76 Aromidoe, 100-101 Aramus guarauna, 100

Ammospiza cauda-

242

tricolor,

Apbelocoma cens, 208

bairdii,

savar^narum, 308

macularia, 116

Aimophila

spinoleHa, 238 spragueii, 238

308

Acridofheres cristaActifis

Anseriformes, 36-63 Anthus cervinus, 238

148-153 Alectoris graeca, 90 Amazilia verticalis, 176 yucatanensis, 176

Archilochus alexandri,

174 colubris,

172

Ardea herodias, 94 occidentalis, 92 Ardeidae, 92-97 Arenaria interpres, 120 melanocephala, 120

Arremonops gata, 304

ruftvir-

Asia flammeus, 160 of us,

160

Asyndesmus

lewis, 184 Audiospectrograms,

10-11

Auklet, Cossin's, 152

D n

Crested, 150 Least,

152

Parakeet, 152 Rhinoceros, 150

Whiskered, 150 Auriparus flaviceps, 218 Avocet, American, 106,

107,108

2

Ayihya affinis, 52 americana, 52 collaris, 52 fuligula, 52 marila, 52 valisineria, 52

Baldpate, see Widgeon, American, 46 Barframia longicauda,

116 Becard, Rose-throated

190 Bibliography, 326-327 (Xantus'),

6-17

(general),

Birds

D

I

n

n n n n n

324312, 295, 325; tropical, 294

D n Q Q r~j

n Q Q Q

96-97 American, 96 Least, 96 Blackbird(s), 189 278-281

bracfiyurus,

cinus,

southern, 75 Butorides virescens, 94

Calamospiza me/anocorys, 312

240 garrulus, 240 Bombycillidoe, 240-:^41

Calcarius lapponicus,

324 324

ornatus, picfus,

Calidris canufus, 122

Chamaea

Callipepla squamata,

218 Chamaeidae, 218-219 Chamaethlypis poliocephala, 270

88 Calypie anna, 172 cosfae, 174

brevi-

Campephilus palis, 180

152

Camptosfoma berbe, 200

Brant,

princi-

im-

Compy/orfiynchus brunneicapillus,

fasciata,

Charadriidae, 110-113 Charadriiformes, 106153 Charadrius ale)(andrinus, 112 biaticula,

224

Canachites canaden-

{Z\

Certbia familiaris, 220 Certhiidae, 220-221 Chachalaco, 82-83

Chaefura pelagica,\70 vauxi, 170

Ca/offiorax lucifer, 176

Bofaurus lenfiginosus,96

Bucephala albeola, 54 clangula, 54 /s/and;co, 54

n

324

Bonoso umbellus, 84 Boobies, 30, 32-33 Booby, Blue-faced, 32 Blue-footed, 32 Brown (Whitebellied), 32

92

74

Buteos, 70-75, 81;

230 Bobolink, 278 Bobwhite, 90

ibis,

70

swainsoni, 72 Buteogallus anihra-

Bluethroat,

Bubulcus

224 Catopfrophorus semipalmafus, 1 18 Cenfrocercus urophasianus, 84 Centurus our/Yrons, 182 carolinus, 182 uropygialis, 182 Cepphus columba, 148 grylle, 148 Cerorhinca monocerata, 150

platypierus, 72

234

marmorofum, 152 40 Black, 40 Branfo bern/c/o, 40 canadensis, 40 leucopsis, 40 nigricans, 40 Bubo v;rg/n/anus, 160

70 74

regalis,

Casmerodius albus, 92 Cassidix mexicanus, 282 Catbird, 188, 226 Catharacta skua, 130 Cafharfes aura, 64 Cathartidae, 64-65 Caiherpes mexicanus,

lagopus, 70 lineafus,

Bombyc'illa cedrorum,

n D

n

jamaicensis, 70

Mountain, 234 Western, 234

rostre,

74

cassinii,

mexicanus, 296 purpureus, 296

harlani, 72

nifidus,

Cardinal, 290 Carduelis carduelis, 300

Carpodacus 296

Black-eared, 218

280 Red-winged,189,280 Rusty, 280 Tricolored, 280 Yellow-headed, 280

Brachyramphus

274

n

Common, 218

Brewer's,

Eastern,

Cardellina rubrifrons,

albonofafus, 74

235

n n

294 312 Lazuli, 294 McKay's, 324 Painted, 294 Snow,. 324 Varied, 294 Bushtit(s), 218-219 Indigo,

Lark,

Buteo albicaudafus,74

Bluebird(s) 230, 234-

n n n n n

Caprimulgus carolinensis, 168 ridgwayi, 168 vociferus, 168 Carocara, 76-77 Coracaro cheriway, 76

kered, 218 Bunting(s), 290, 294-

Bittern(s), 92,

I

Caprimulgiformes, 168-169

Bufflehead, 54, 63 Bulbul, Red-whis-

sis, 84 Canvosback, 52, 62 Capella gallinago, 126 Caprimulgidae, 168-169

1

12

melodus, 1 12 mongolus, 1 12 semipalmafus, 1 12 vociferus,

1 1

wilsonia, 112

Chat, Ground-, 270 Yellow-breasted,

250, 270

329

i

Chen caerulescens, 42

[^ Coot, American, 100,

hyperborea, 42 rossii, 42 Chickadee(s), 188,

214-215

n n n n n n n

[J

188,214 214 Carolina, 214 Chestnut-backed,

214 Gray-headed, 214 Mexican, 214 Mountain, 214 Chlidonias leucop-

146

niger, 146

Chloroceryle americana, 178 Chlorura chlorura, 304

n n

s/e//er/, 208 Cyanocorax yncos, 210

Coragyps

Cyc/orrfiyncfius psitta-

afrafus,

64

gram-

D H [^

O

Cistoihorus plaiensis,

|

1

224 Clangula hyemalis, 58 Coccyzus amer/canus, 158 ery//iroptfja/mus,

minor, 158

Great (European), 34 Olivaceous (Mexican), 34 Pelagic, 34 Red-faced, 34 Corvidae, 208-213 Corvus brachyrhynchos, 212 courinus, 212 corox, 212 crypfoleucus, 212 ossifragus, 212

176 Cypseloides niger, 170 Cyrfonyx montezbmae.

Dendragapus obscurus, 84 Dendrocopos albolarvatus, 184

arizonae, 186 borealis, 182

nutfaim, 182 pjbescens, 186 scalaris, 182

i

Coereba ba/iamens/s, 244

villosus,

bicolor, 50 Dendroica auduboni,

260

Cracidae, 82-83 Crake, Corn, 102

caerulea, 264 caerulescens, 264

Crane(s), 100

casfanea, 266 chrysoparia, 262 coronofa, 260

Sandhill, 100

Whooping, 100 Creeper, Brown, 188,

discolor,

fusca,

Croceihia alba, 122

graciae, 264

264 262 palmarum, 268 pensylvanica, 266 petechia, 260 pinus, 268 pofomac, 264 striata, 266 tigrina, 260 fownsend/, 262 v/rens, 262

nigrescens,

White-winged, 302 Crotophaga ani, 158 sulcirostris, 158

occidenfalis,

n

D/c/iromonossa rufescens,

D

94

Dickcissel,

302

Diomedea immufabills,

22

nigripes, 22

O

330

266

kirflandii, 268 magnolia, 260

302-303

Red, 302

Coerebidae, 244-245 Colaptes aurafus, 180 Crow(s), 188, 208, cafer, 180 212-213 chryso/des, 180 Common, 212 Colinus virginianus, 90 Fish, 212 Columba fasciafa, 154 Northwestern, 212 flav/rosfr/s, 154 Cuckoo(s), 158-159 leucocepbala, 154 Black-billed, 158 [U //Wa, 154 Mangrove, 158 Columbidae, 154-157 Yellow-billed, 158 Columbiformes, 154-157 Cuculidae, 158-159 Columbigallina pasCucuiiformes, 158-159 Curlew, Bristleserina, 156 Condor, California, 64 thighed, 114 Confopus pertinax, Eskimo, 114 202 Hudsonian, see sordidulus, 202 Whimbrel, 114 v;>ens; 202 Long-billed, 114

D

268

dominica, 264

220 Crex crex, 102

D Q D

n

186

Dendrocygna aufumnalis, 50

Brown-headed, 282

Crossbill(s),

D —

152

Cygnus olor, 38 Cynanthus latirosfris,

Cotinga, 190-191 Cotingidae, 190-191 Cofurnicops noveboracensis, 102 FH Cowbird, Bronzed, 282

macus, 312 Cbordeiles acutipennis, 168 minor, 168 Chuck-will's-widcw, 168 Chukar, 90 Ciconiidae, 98-99 Ciconiiformes, 92-99 Cinclidae, 218-219 Cinclus mexicanus, 218 Circus cyaneus, 68

158

cula,

Brandt's, 34

Double-crested, 34

C C C

Boreal,

C/ionc/esfes

Coraciiformes, 178-179

Cormorant(s), 34-35

Black-capped,

ierus,

Cyanociffa crisfafa, 208

104

D

Diomedeidae, 22-23 Dipper, 188, 218-219 Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 278

n I

I

n n n n D n n I

I

n

Dotterel, 110 Dove(s), 154-157

Ground, 156 Inca, 156 Mourning, 154 Ringed Turtle, 156 Rock, 154 Spotted, 156 White-fronted, 156 White-winged, 154

oberholseri,

wrighfii,

50, 62

Harlequin, 54, 63

Masked, 60 Mexican, 44 Mottled, 44 Ring-necked, 37, 52, 63

Ruddy, 37, 60, 62

Wood, 50, 62 Dumefella carolin226

Dunlin, 106, 107,

122, 129 I

I

Eagle(s) 64, 76-77

Bald, 76 n Golden, 76 n n Egret, Cattle, 92 ican),

n n

Common

ican), 37,

56

Spectacled, 56

124 Erolia acuminata, 122 alpina, 122 bairdii, 124 ferruginea, 122 fuscicollis, 124 maritima, 1 20 melanoios, 122 minufilla, 124 ptilocnemis, 120 ruficollis, 124 Eudocimus albus, 98 Eudromias morinellus, 110 Eugenes fulgens, 176 Euphagus carolinus, 2S0 cyanocephalus, 280 Eupoda montana, 110

Dusky (Wright's), 200 Fork-tailed, 190 Gray, 200 Great Crested, 194 Hammond's, 200 Kiskadee, 190 Least, 198 Olivaceous, 194 Olive-sided, 202 Scissor-toiled, 190

mexicanus, 78 peregrinus, 78 rusticolus, 78 sparverius, 78 Falcon(s), 64, 78-79 Aplomado, 78

Beardless,

Coues', 202

Sulphur-bellied,

190 Traill's (Alder),

188, 198 Vermilion, 190

D

Magnificent, 30,

32

80 Folconidae, 76-79

rosy,

Western, 200 Wied's Crested (Mexican Crested), 194 Yellow-bellied. 198 Frafercula arcfica, 150 corniculata, 150 Fregata magnificens, 32 Fregatidae, 32-33 Frigatebird

n

Prairie, 78,

297;

200

Buff-breasted, 200

Peregrine, 78, 80

Falconiformes, 64-81

Fringillidae,

290-325

Fulica americana, 104

n

Fulmar 22-23 Fulmarus glocialis, 22

n

Gadwoll, 46, 62 Golliformes, 82-91

298;

weaver, 278-279

n

Black Rosy, 298

n

Brown-copped Rosy, 298 Cassin's, 296 Gray-crowned Rosy, 298

(Amer-

King, 56

Ash-throated, 194

Finch(es) 296-299, red,

Snowy, 92 Eider,

n n

n n

(Amer92

Reddish, 94

craver/, 152 hypo/euca, 152 Eremophila alpesfris, 204 Ereunetes mauri, 124

Faico columbarius, 78 femoralis, 78

Tufted, 52

Traill's

188, 198

pusillus,

Black-bellied

240-241; tyrant, 190-203 Acadian, 198 Alder, see

200

Endomychura

Bahama, 46 62

Common

D

western, 200

Tree, 37, 50

I

200

198 virescens, 198

Fulvous Tree,

I

198

frail I a,

Black, 44,

ensis,

Flycatcher(s), silky,

200

fulvifrons,

bay, 52-55; female ducks in flight, 6263; mergansers, 6061; sea, 54-59; stiff, tailed, 60-61; surface-feeding, 44-51; tree, 50-51

n

minimus, 198

fiaviventris,

44-63;

189,296,306

200 hammondii, 200

difficilis,

eastern, 198

118 Dryocopus p/7eafus, 180

O n D n D n n

Purple,

Flamingo American, 92, 98 Flicker, Gilded, 180 Red-shafted, 180 Yellow-shafted, 180 Florida caerulea, 94

Empidonax

(Eastern), 106,

n n

House; 296

56

Eleano'ides forficatus,66

Short-billed

36,

Steller's,

Elanus leucurus, 66

Dovekie, 148 Dowitcher, Longbilled, 118

Duck(s),

Finch (cont'd)

Eider (cont'd)

n

Gallinaceous birds, 8291; Gallinula ch/oropus, 104 Gallinule(s), 100,

104-105

331

Gallinule (cont'd)

Common

Q

104

ida),

n G

Grebe

(Flor-

Purple, 104

Gonnet, 30, 32-33 Gavia adamsii, 18

|

|

immer, 18 stellata, 18 Gaviidae, 18-19 Gaviiformes, 18-19 Geese, 36, 40-43 Gelochelidon nilotica, 144 califor-

nianus, 158

G Q Q

1

D O

D

Q D

Lawrence's, 300 Lesser (Arkan-

[H

D D sas), 300 Goose, Barnacle, 40 O Blue, 42 D D Canada, 36, 40 D Emperor, 40 Ross', 42 D Snow, 42 n White-fronted, 42 D D Goshawk, 68, 80 \J n

Mexican, see Hawk, Gray, 74 Grackle, Boat-tailed,

282

D D D

Common (Bronzed, Pur-

n Grebe(s), 20-21 Eared, 20 D D Horned, 20 n D Least (Mexican), 20 D n Pied-billed, 20 D Red-necked (HoiD D 20 D pie),

282

boell's),

332

n

296

84 RufFed, 84 Sage, 84

Haematopodidae, 108-109

Blue,

I

European, 300

Califor-

64 Gymnorh/nus cyonocephalus, 208 Gyrfalcon, 78, 80 nia n us,

Ground-chat, 270 Grouse, 82, 84-87

Black-tailed, 236 n n Blue-gray, 236 n Q Goatsuckers, 168-169 n Godwit, Bar-tailed, 14

300

Western, 134

Rose-breasted, 292

Glaucidium brasilianum, 166 gnomo, 166 Gnatcatcher(s) 189,236

Hudsonian, 1 14 Marbled, 114 Goldeneye, Barrow's,54 Common (American), 54, 63 CH Goldfinch, American,

Gull (cont'd; Slaty-backed, 134

Gymnogyps

292 Blue, 292 Pine,

Geothlypis irichas, 270

I

D n

Evening, 292

arcfica, 18

Geococcyx

(cont'd)

Western, 20 Grosbeak(s) 292-297; Black-headed,

Haematopus bachmani, 108

.

Sharp-tailed,

palliafus, 108 Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 76

84

Spruce (Franklin's), 84 Gruidae, 100-101 Gruiformes, 100-105 Grus americana, 100 canadensis, 100 Guillemot, Black, 148 Pigeon, 148 Guiraca caerulea, 292 Gull(s), 106, I32-I4I; dark-headed, 139; immature, 140-141; white-headed, 135white-winged, 137; 133 Black-headed,

Halocyptena microsoma, 28 Harriers, 68-69 Hawk(s), 68-81; 64, accipiters, 68-69; buteos, 70-75; fish hawks, 76-77; falcons, 78-79; harriers, 68-69; hawks in flight, 80-81;

80 74 Broad-winged, 72,81 Cooper's, 68, 80

long-tailed,

D n n

138, 141 Bonaparte's, 138, 141

n n n 140 n Franklin's, 138,140 D Glaucous, 132, 140 D Glaucous-winged, n 132, 141 Great Blackn backed, 134, California, 134,

Black,

Duck, see Falcon, Peregrine, 78 Ferruginous, 70, 81

Gray, 74 Harlan's, 72, 81

72 Marsh, 68, 80 Pigeon, 78, 80 Red-shouldered, Harris',

70, 81 Red-tailed, 70, 81

Rough-legged,

141

70,81

Heermann's, 136, 141 Herring, 134, 140 Iceland, 132 Ivory, 132, 140 Laughing, 138, 140

Sharp-shinned, 68, 80

n n n n

Hawk-Owl, 164

backed, 134 138, 141

Mew,

136, 140

Helmitheros vermivorus,

Black-crowned

140 Sabine's, 138,141

252

Heron(s), 92-99

Ring-billed, 136, Ross', 136, 141

Swainson's, 72, 81 White-tailed, 74 Zone-tailed, 74

Lesser Black-

Little,

74 Sparrow, 78, 80 Short-tailed,

n n

Night, 96 Great Blue, 94 Great White, 92

n

Ibis(es), 92,

Heron (cont'd) Green, 94 Little

94 94

Blue,

Louisiana,

Wijrdemann's, 94 Yellow-crowned

n n

White, 98 White-faced, 98 Wood, 98

n

270 278-287 Icterus bullockii, 286 cucullafus, 286 galbula, 286 graduacauda, 284 gularis, 286

Icteria v/'rens,

Icteridae,

116 Himanfopus mexicanus, 108 Hirundinidae, 204-207 rusfica,

parisorum, 284 spur'ius,

206

book,

Ixobrychus exilis, 96 /xoreus naevius, 230

14-17

n

177 174 Anna's, 172

Jacana, 107, 108-109 Jacana spinosa, 108

Allen's,

Jacanidae, 108-109 Jaeger(s), 130-131 Long-tailed, 130 Parasitic, 130 Pomarine, 130 Jay(s), 188, 208-211 Blue, 208 Gray (Canada),

Black-chinned, 174 Blue-throated, 176 Broad-billed, 176

Broad-tailed, 172 Buff-bellied,

n n n

176

Calliope, 172 Costa's, Lucifer, Rivoli's,

174 176 176

Ruby-throated, 172

Southwest, 176 Violet-crowned, 176 White-eared, 176 Hybrids, 8; Brewster's Warbler, 254; LawWarbler, rence's 254; Sutton's War264; Wijrdebler, mann's Heron, 94 Hyc/ranosso fricolor, 94 Hydrobatidae, 28-29

Hydroprogne caspia,

Green, 210 Mexican (Arizona), 208 Pinyon, 208 Scrub (Florida, California), 17,

208

n I

I

188, Junco(s), 314-315 Steller's,

208

Gray-headed (Red-backed),

314 Mexican

(Ari-

zona), 314

n

Oregon

(Pink-

sided),

314

Slate-colored,

144 Hylocharis leucotis,

307, 314

White-winged,

176 Hylocichia fuscescens,

314 314 314 hyemalis, 314 oreganus, 314 phaeonofus, 314

J unco aikeni,

232 guttata, 232

m;n/mo, 232 mustelina, 232 usfulata,

i

n n n n

232

Tropical (Couch's), 192 Western (Arkansas), 192 Kingfisher(s), 178-179 Belted, 178 Green, 178 Ringed, 178 Kinglet(s), 189, 236-

n O n D n n n n n n

Golden-crowned, 236 Ruby-crowned, 189, 236 Kite(s), 66-67 Everglade, 66 Hook-billed, 8 Mississippi, 66,

80

Swallow-tailed, 66 White-tailed, 66 Kittiwake, Black-

legged, 136, 141 Red-legged, 136 Knot, 122, 128

210

n

Rufous, 174

n

I

Hawk,

Sparrow, 78, 80 Killdeer, 106, 112 Kingbird(s), 192-193 Cassin's, 192 Eastern, 192 Gray, 192 Thick-billed, 192

237

66 Iridoprocne bicolor,

Hummingbird(s), 172-

n D n n D n n n n n n n

D n n n

fcfinia misislppiensis,

54 Honeycreeper, Bahama, 244 cus,

to use this

286 284

pecforalis,

204

Hisfrionicus histrion'i-

How

Kestrel, see

Scarlet, 8

Night, 96 Hesperiphona vesperfina, 292 Heterosce/us incanum,

Hirundo

98-99

Glossy, 98

caniceps,

Logopus lagopus, 86 leucurus, 86 mutus, 86 Lampornis clemenciae, 176 Lamproneffa fischeri, 56 Laniidae, 242-243 Lanius excubifor, 242 ludovicianus, 242

G Lapwing, 108 Laridae, 132-147 G Lark, Horned, 188, 204 Larus argenfafus, 134

afnciUa, 138 cal'ifornicus,

134

conus, 136

delawarensis, 136 fuscus,

134

glaucescens, 132 glaucoides, 132

beermanni, 1 36 byperboreus, 132 mar'inus, 134 minufus, 138

333

Larus (cont'd)

134 Philadelphia, 138 pipixcan, 138 ridibundus, 138 schistisagus, 134

n

Laterallus jamaicensis,

n

occidenfalis,

I

I

Megaceryle alcyon, 178

102 Lepfofila verreoux/, 156

forquoto, 178

Leucopfioyx thula, 92 Leucosf/de o/ro/a, 298

Melanerpes eryfhrocephalus, 184 formicivorus, 184 Melaniffa deglandi, 58 perspicillata, 58

298 298

ausfralis,

iephrocotis,

Limnodromus

griseus,

118

Meleagrididae, 82-83 Meleagris gallopavo, 82 Melospiza georgiana,

sco/opaceus, 1 18 Limnothlypis swainsonii,

n

252

Limosa fedoa, 1 14 haemasfica, 1 14 lapponica, 1 14 Limpkin, 100-101 Lobipes lobafus, 126 Longspur(s), 290,

324-325

324

I

n n

Red-throated, 18

Mimus

210

n n

Yellow-billed,

210

Mallard, 36, 44,

62 Man-o'-war-bird, see Frigotebird, Magnificent,

334

60

Yellow-billed, 18

(American),

32

210 Numenius americanus, 114 borealis,

Red-breasted, 37,

serrafor,

18

Black-billed

Nomenclature, 9; 15 Nucifraga columbiana,

63 Hooded, 60. 63

226 Mniofilfa varia, 252 polygloftos,

n Mockingbird,

188,

226-227 Molofhrus afer, 282 Morus bassanus, 32 Motacilla alba, 238

238 Motacillidae, 238-239 flava,

lH Murre,

Common

ifornia),

n

see Whip-poor-will, Ridgway's, 168

322

Mergus merganser, 60

Arctic (Pacific), 18

Magpie(s) 208, 210211

Lesser, 168 Night herons, 92, 96-

97

melodia, 322 Merganser(s), 37, 60-61, 63 Common (Amer-

Micrafhene whitneyi, 166 Micropalama himantopus, 118 Mimidae, 226-229

Lophodyfes cucullaius, 60 Lophorfyx californicus, 88 gambelii, 88 Lox/o curv/rosfra, 302 leucopiera, 302 Lunda cirrhafa, 150 Luscinia svecica, 230

D

D

Common,

Nighthawk, 168

(Cal-

148

Thick-billed (Brunnich's),

148

n Murrelet, Ancient, 152 Craveri's, 152 n 152 n Marbled, 152 n Xantus', 152 D Kittlitz's,

MusciVora forficata, 190 iyrannus, 190

1

phaeopus,

60, 63

Loon(s), 18-19

Common,

I

ican), 60,

McCown's, 324 Smith's, 324 Loomelania melania, 28

n n n

I

Myadesfes fownsendi, 230 Mycferia americana, 98 Myiarchus cinerascens, 194 crinifus, 194 iuberculifer, 194 fyrannulus, 194 Myiodynastes lufeivenfris, 190 Myno, Crested, 242

Nightjar, BufF-collared,

lincolnii,

I

Lapland, 307, 324

n

322

Chestnut-collared,

n n n

Maps, key to, 7, 16 Mareca americana, 46 pene/ope, 46 Martin, Purple, 206 Meadowlark, Eastern, 278 Western, 278

n

14 1 14

tahifiensis, 1 14 Nutcracker, Clark's,

210 Nuthatch(es), 188,

220-221 Brown-headed,

220 Pygmy, 220

n n n

Red-breasted,

220 White-breasted, 188, 220 Nutfallornis borealis,

202 Nycianassa violacea, 96 Nycfea scandiaca, 162 Nycficorax

96 Nyctidromus 168

nycficorax, albicollis,

Oceanifes oceanicus, 28

Oceanodroma

casfro,

28 furcafa, 28

homochroa, 28 leucorhoa, 28 Oenanfhe oenanthe, 230

Pagophila eburnea, 132 Pandion haliaeius, 76 Pandionidae, 76-77 Parabufeo unicincfus, 72 Paridae, 214-219

Oidemia nigra, 58

n Oldsquaw, 58, 63 O/or buccinafor, 38 columbianus, 38 Oporornis agilis, 272 formosus, 272 Philadelphia, 272 folmiei,

272

Parrot

Oreortyx picfa, 88 Oreoscopfes montanus,

n

Chukar, 90 Gray (European, Hungarian), 90 Parula americana, 258 pifiayumi, 258 Parulidae, 250-277 Parus africapillus, 214

226 287;

284-

189,

Oriole(s),

orange,

287;

yellow, 285

n

Baltimore, 286

n n n n n n n

Black-headed, 284

286 Hooded, 286 Bullock's

Lichtenstein's,

africristatus,

286

bicolor,

Orchard, 284 Scott's,

214 214 gambeli, 214 hudsonicus, 214 inornafus, 216 rufescens, 214 sclaferi, 214 wollweberi, 216 Passer domesficus, 278 monfonus, 278

Orfalis vefula, 82

Osprey, 76-77 Of us asio, 160 flammeolus, 166 trichopsis, 166 Ovenbird, 250, 270 Owl(s), 160-167; large eared, 161; large earless,

n n n

163;

I

n I

I

I

I

n n n n n n n n D D n

164 Burrowing, 164 Elf, 166 Ferruginous, 166 Flammulated, 166 Great Gray, 162 Great Horned, 160 Hawk-, 164 Long-eared, 160 Pygmy, 166 Saw-whet, 164 Screech, 160, 167 Short-eared, 160 Snowy, 162 Spotted, 162 Whiskered, 166 Oxyuro dominica, 60 jamaicensis, 60

Peucedramus taeniatus, 256 Pewee, Eastern Wood, 202 Western Wood, 202 iZ Pha'efhon aethereus, 30

G

108-109 American, 106, 107, 108 Black, 108

\Z.

Phainopepla

nifens,

34 carbo, 34 olivaceus, 34

pelagicus,

34

ciris,

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, 168 Phalarope(s), 107,

294

294

C D n

294

Pauraque, 168 Pedioeceies phasianel-

84 120-125,

128-

Peiecanidae, 30-31 Pelecaniformes, 30-35 Pelecanus eryfhrorhyn-

G

126,128

cianus,

30

30 Brown, 30 White, 30

Pelican(s),

Perdix perdix, 90 canadensis,

Perisoreus

210 26-27; 22, large,27;storm,28-29

Ring-necked, 90 Pheucticus ludovi-

chos, 30

Petrel(s),

Wilson's,

Pheasant(sj, 82, 90-91

129

occidenfalis,

Northern, 126,129 Red, 107, 126, 128

Phalaropodidae, 126127 Phalaropus fulicarius, 126 Phasianidae, 88-91 Phasianus colchicus, 90

cyoneo, 294 versicolor,

34

34

ur/7e,

126-127

Passeriformes, 188-325

Passerina amoena,

240

Phaiocrocoracidoe, 34-35 Phalacrocorax aurifus,

310

henslowii, 308

n ^

lepfurus, 30 Phaethontidae, 30-31 Phoinopepla, 189, 240-241

penicillatus,

cutus,

lus,

28

Pefrochelidon fulva, 204 pyrrhonofa, 204

Passerherbulus cauda-

Peeps,

Least,

Scaled, 26 Wilson's, 28

n

Passerella iliaca, 322

Barred, 162 Boreal (Richard-

28

Black-capped, 26 Fork-tailed, 28 Harcourt's (Ma-

1_ [^

sandwichensis, 308

165, 167 Barn, 162

Black,

deira), 28

308

small,

Oystercatcher(s), 107,

n

Leach's, 28

Passerculus princeps,

son's),

I

n

cincfus,

286

H

216

216

Ashy, 28

carolinensis,

284

Spotted-breasted,

n

Thick-billed, 178

Partridge(s) 82, 90-91

Petrel (cont'd)

n G C n

r F G

292

melanocephalus, 292 Philacte canagica, 40 Philohela minor, 126 Philomachus pugnax, 122 Phoebe(s), 196-197 Block, 196 Eastern, 196 Soy's, 196 Phoenicopteridoe, 98-99

335

Podiceps (cont'd) dominicus, 20 grisegena, 20 Podicipedidoe, 20-21 Podicipediformes, 20-21 Podilymbus podiceps,20 Poliopfila caerulea,

Phoenicopterus ruber,

98 Phylloscopus borealis,

236 Pico r^uttalli,2^0 pica,

210

Picidae, 180-187

Piciformes, 180-187

236

Picoides arcticus, 186

186 Pigeon(s), 154-155 Band-tailed, 154

melanura, 236 Polysticfa stelleri, 56 Pooecefes gramineus,

trldacfylus,

D

Domestic, see Dove, Rock, 154

n

312

n

Red-bilied, 154

White-crowned, 154 Pinicola enucleaior, 296 Pintail, 46, 62 P(p/7o aberfi,

304

eryfhrophfhalmus,

n

304

n D

nivalis,

Plegadis chihi, 98

98 Ploceldae, 278-279 falcinellus,

Plover(s) 110-113;

banded, 107, 112 American Golden, 110 Black-bellied, 110 Mongolian, 1 12 Mountain, 1 10

n D D

Piping, 112

Ringed, 112 Semipalmated, 107,112 Snowy, 112 Upland, 116 Wilson's, 112 Pluvialis dominica, 1 10 Podiceps aurifus, 20

caspicus,

336

20

cano, 108 Recurvirostridae,

n G D

n

Pyrrhuloxia, 290 Pyrrhuloxia sinuata,

290

108-109 Redhead, 52, 62 Redpoll(s), 298-299 Common, 298 Hoary, 298 Redstart, American, 251, 274 Painted, 274 Regulus calendula,

236 satrapa, 236 Rhodostethia rosea, 136 Rhync/iop/iones mccownii, 324 Rhynchopsifta pachyrhyncha, 178

Richmondena cardinalis, 290 Riparia riparia, 206 136 136 Roadrunner, 158-159

Rissa brevirosfris, fridacfyla,

n n

Robin, 8, 230

Rostrhamus

Pyrocephalus rubinus, 190

n

White-necked, 212 Razorbill, 148

Recurv/rosfra omeri-

240-241

Pfychoramphus aleufica, 152 Puffin, Common, 150 Horned, 150 Tufted, 150 Puffinus bulleri, 24 carneipes, 26 creafopus, 24 diomedea, 24 gravis, 24 g rise us, 26 Iherminieri, 24 pufTinus, 24 fenuirostris, 26 Pycnonotidae, 218-219 Pycnonofus jocosus, 218

(Ameri-

212

Recordings, 325

minimus, 218 Psittacidae, 178-179 Psittaciformes, 178-179 Ptarmigan, Rock, 86

Ptilogonatidoe,

324

Common can),

218

Willow, 86 Pterodroma hasitata,26 inexpectafa, 26

Yellow, 102

104 102 longirosfris, 104 Raven(s), 212-213

Proionofaria cifrea, 252

White-toiled, 86

Sora, 102 Virginia, 102

limicola,

Psalfriparus me/ono//s,

n D D

King, 104

Rallus elegans,

Water (American), 189,238

rubra, 288 Pifangus sulphuratus, 190 Platypsaris algaiae, 190 Plaufus alle, 148 Plectrophenax hyperboreus, 324

Black, 102 Clapper, 104

Rallidoe, 102-105

O

o/ivacea, 288

n D D

103

n D n D n D

22-29 Progne subis, 206

Piranga flava, 288 ludoviciana, 288

Gambel's, 88 Harlequin, 88 Mountain, 88 Scaled, 88 Quiscalus quiscula, 282

large, 105; small,

Procellariiformes,

Pipit(s),

Q n n n n

Poor-will, 168 Porphyrula marfinica, 104 Porzana Carolina, 102 Prairie Chicken, Greater, 86 Lesser, 86 Procellariidae, 22-27

Quail, 82, 88-91 California, 88

Rail(s),100, 102-105;

304 189,238-239 Red-throated, 238 Sprague's, 238 iuscus,

D n

n D n n D

sociabilis,

66

D

122 Rynchopidae, 146-147 Rynchops nigra, 146 RufF,

A

Sefophaga

Salpincfes obsoletus,

picta,

ruiiciUa,

n Sanderling,

Shearwater(s), 22, 24-27; dark, -27;

122, 129 Sandplper(s), 106, 114-127; up107, winter 116; land,

n n n n n D

plumage, 128-129 Baird's, 124, 128 BufF-breasted,116

Curlew 122, 129 Least, 124, 128 Pectoral, 122,

128 Purple, 120, 129

Red-backed, see Dunlin, 106,

107, 122, 129

D n D D n D n I

I

n

D

Rock

light-bellied,

Western, 124,129 White-rumped, 124, 129 Sapsucker, Williamson's, 184 Yellow-bellied, 184 Sayornis nigricans, 196 phoebe, 196 saya, 196 Scardafella inca, 156 Scaup, Greater, 52,63 Lesser, 52, 63 Scolopacidae, 1 14125

n Scoter, Common (American), 58, 63 Surf, 58, 63 n White-winged, n 58, 63 n Seedeoter, Whitecollared,

302

Seiurus aurocapHlus,

270 mofacilla,

270

noveborocens/s,

270 Selasphorus plafycercus, 172 rufus, sasin,

174 174

25

Northern, 242 Sialia currucoides,

234

mexicana, 234 sialis,

234

Silky flycatchers,

240-241

n Siskin,

Pine,

300

Sitta canadensis,

carolinensis,

220 220

220 pygmaea, 220

D D D D

pusilla,

CH

Sittidae, 220-221

Common

son's), 106,

Snow I

Cope

318

Sable, 310

Cassin's,

307,316

Chipping, 189, 307, 318 Clay-colored,

307, 318 Dusky Seaside, 310 English, see Spar-

row, House, 189, 278 European Tree, 278 Field,

307,318 322

Fox, 306,

(Wil-

307, 308 Harris', 307,

320 Henslow's, 306,

308 House

(English),

278 308

D

Lincoln's, 306,

EH

Olive,

Ipswich,

Lark, 12, 307,

312 310 322

Solitaire, Townsend's,

n Somaferio mo///ss/ma, 56 specfabilis, 56 Q Sonograms, 10-11; 17 Sora, 102 D Sparrow(s), 306-313; D 230

304

Rufous-crowned, 307, 316 Rufous-winged, 307, 316 Sage, 306,312 Savannah, 306,

308

317;

306comparison, 307; crowned, 321; grass, 309; marsh, round-tailed, 311; 323; Spizella, 319;

CH

Q D white-tailed, 313 D Bachman's (Pinewoods), 307, 316 n Baird's, 306, 308 D D Black-chinned, n D 307, 318 Black-throated, D n 307, 312

307, 320

Grasshopper,

Le Conte's, 306,

107,126

buntings, 290,

Almophila,

see Sparrow, Whitecrowned, 321 Golden-crowned,

D D D

324-325 I

316

Brewer's, 307,

189,

n Skimmer, Black, 146 D Skua, 106, 130-131 n Skylark, 204 Snipe,

(cont'd)

Botteri's,

Gambel's,

242

n

Semipalmated, 124, 128 Sharp-tailed, 122 Solitary, 116 Spotted, 106, 116, 129 Stilt, 118

n Q D [j D U D

Audubon's, 24 n Cory's, 24 n Greater, 24 n Manx, 24 n New Zealand, 24 n Pale-footed, 26 n Pink-footed, 24 n Slender-billed, 26 n Sooty, 26 n n n Shoveler, 48, 62 Shrikes, 189, 242-243 D Loggerhead, 189, D D

(Pribilof),

120, 128 Rufous-necked, 124

Sparrow

27

274

224

Seaside, 306,

310 Sharp-tailed,

306, 310

Song, 306, 322

Swamp

307,

322 Tree, 307, 318 Vesper, 306,312

White-crowned, 307, 320 White-throated,

307, 320

337

Sturnidae, 242-243 Sfurnus vulgaris, 242

Spatula clypeata, 48 Speofyfo cunicular'ia,

Su/a dactylatra, 32 leucogaster, 32 neboux)/, 32 Sulidae, 32-33

164 Sphyrap'icus fhyroideus,

184

varius,

184

Spinus lawrencei, 300

n

Spiza americana, 302 Spizella arborea, 318 afrogu/ar/s,

318

breweri, 318

Spoonbill, Roseate, 92, 98 Sporoph'ila torqueola,

302

n

Squafaro/a squa/aro/a, 110 Starling, 189, 242-243 Sfeganopus tricolor, 126 Stelgidopteryx ruficol-

206

lis,

Stellula calliope,

172

Stercorariidae, 130-

131 Sfercorar/us longi-

caudus, 130

204-207

porasificus, 130

pomarinus, 130 Sferno albifrons, 142 aleutica, 146 anaefhefus, 146 dougallii, 142 forsteri, 142 fuscata, 146 hirundo, 142 paradisaea, 142

n

Stilt,

sina,

Storks, 92,

98-99

Caspian, 144 Common, 142 Elegant, 8, 144

142 144

Forster's,

Gull-billed, Least,

142

Thraupidae, 288-289 Thraupis virens, 288

206

Threskiornithidae,

98-99

Blue-gray, 288

189, 230233; spotted-breast-

Hepatic, 288 Scarlet, 189,

Thrush(es),

288

Summer, 288 Western, 288 Tangavius aeneus, 282 Tattler,

Wandering,

ed, 232

D n I

I

116

n Teal, Baikal, 48 Blue-winged, n

48,62 Cinnamon, 48

Common

Streptopelia chinensis,

156 risoria,

338

Noddy, 146

Bridled, 8; 146

I

288-289

n n D n D

Storm petrels, 22, 28-29

156 Strigidae, 160-167 Strigiformes, 160-167 Sfr/'x nebu/oso, 162 occidentalis, 162 varia, 162 Sturnella magna, 278 neg/ec/a, 278

I

Tanager(s), 188,

Black-necked,

107, 108

I

Black, 146-

Black

Bank, 206 Noddy, 146 D Barn, 188, 204 Roseate, 142 n Cave, 204 Royal, 144 n Sandwich 204 n Rough-winged, 206 (Cabot's), 144 n Sooty, 146 Tree, 206 n n White-winged Viotet-green, 206 n Swan(s), 36, 38-39 Black, 146 Tetraonidae, 84-87 Mute, 38 n Trumpeter, 38 Thalasseus elegans, Whistling, 36, 38 144 n Swift(s), 170-171 maximus, 144 sandv/censfs, 144 Black, 170 n Chimney, 170 Thrasher(s), 226-229; n Vaux's, 170 unstreaked, 228 n White-throated, Bendire's, 228 G n Brown, 188, 226 170 n Sylviidae, 236-237 California, 228 n Synthliboramphus Crissal, 228 n antiquum, 152 Curve-billed, 228 n Le Conte's, 228 n Long-billed, 226 n Tachycineta thalasSage, 226 D Cliff,

318 passerlna, 318 pusilla, 318 pallida,

I

D n n D D n n

Surf bird, 120

Surn/a ulula, 164 Swallow(s), 188,

300 psalfria, 300 frisfis, 300

pinus,

Tern (cont'd)

n n n

n D

(Euro-

pean), 8, 48 Green-winged, 48, 62 Telmatodytes palustris, 224 Tern(s), 106, 142-147; dark-winged, 147; light-winged, 143,145 Aleutian, 146 Arctic, 142

Gray-cheeked, 232 Hermit, 189, 232

Swainson's (Olive-backed, Russet-backed),

232

D n

Varied, 230

Wood, 232 r/iryomones bewickii,

222 Thryothorus ludovicianus, 222 Titmice, 188,

216-217

Titmouse, Black-

216 216 Plain, 216 Tufted, 216

crested,

n n D

Bridled,

Uria aalge, 148 lomvia, 148

Tofanus flavipes, 1 18 melanoleucus, 1 18 Towhee(s), 304-305

n G n I I

Abert's,

304

Green-tailed, 304 Rufous-sided (Red-eyed,

304 Toxosfomo bendirei, 228 curvirosfre, 228 dorsale, 228 lecontei, 228 longirosfre, 226

Wagtail(s), 189,

238-239 Vane//us vanellus, 108 lI Veery, 232 Verdin, 218-219 Vermivora bachmanii,

n

celata,

luciae,

Tringa solitaria, 116 Troglodytes aedon,lll

111 troglodytes, 111

249; plain-winged, 249; wing-barred, 245, 247

brunneicollis.

Troglodytidae,

n C

White-tailed (Yellow-billed),

Vireo, Solitary,

244

D [j U

30

86 Tyrannidae, 190-203 Tyrannus crassirostris, 192 dominicensis, 192 melancholicus, 1 92 tyrannus, 192 verticalis, 192 vociferans, 192 pallidicinctus,

Tyrant flycatchers, 188, 190-203, Empidonax, 198-

201; Myiarchus, 194 Tyto alba, 162 Tytonidae, 160-167

Gray, 244

246

Mutton's,

Philadelphia, 248

Vermivora, 265; 254-259

D

Arctic (Kennicott's

Willow),

236

n D n O Q D

Audubon's, 251, 260, 277 Bachman's, 250,

254 Bay-breasted,

251, 266, 277 Black-and-white, 251, 252 Blackburnian,

251,266, 277 Blackpoll, 251,

266, 277 Black-throated

Vireo, Solitary,

244

Blue, 251, 264,

D

Red-eyed, 189,

n D D Q

244 Warbling, 248 White-eyed, 246 Yellow-green, 248 Yellow-throated, 246 Vireo altiloquus, 248 atricapilla, 244 bellii, 246 flavifrons, 246 fiavoviridis, 248 g;7vus, 248 griseus, 246 huttoni, 246 o//Vaceus, 248

276

n

248 Solitary,

D D D D

philadelphicus,

248

244 244

solitarius,

vicinior,

Oporornis,

255;

272-273; throated,

Plumbeous, see

116

n n n

Black-capped, 244 Black-whiskered,

Blue-headed, see

Tryngites subruficollis,

Turdidae, 230-235 Turdus migratorius, 230 Turkey, 82-83 Turnstone, Black, 120 Ruddy, 107, 120 Tympanuchus cupido, 86

246

248

Tropicbird(s), 30-31

Red-billed, 30

Bell's,

wood,

250-277; comparisons of, 250251, 276-277; Dendroica, 260-269; golden-headed, 262263; hybrids, 254-

crissalis,

Trochilidae, 172-177

Yellow, 238 189,

156

258 258 peregrine, 156 pin us, 254 ruficapilla, 256 virginiae, 258 Vireo(s), 189,244-

White, 238

Warbler(s),

chrysoptera, 254

rufum, lib

222-225 Trogon, Copperytailed, 178 Trogon e/egons, 178 Trogonidae, 178-179 Trogoniformes, 1 78-1 79

D Q

254

redivivum, 228

n n

Black,

Brown, 304

Spotted), 189,

n

64 64 Turkey, 64

Vulture(s),

n O

Vireonidae, 244-249

O

Black-throated

Gray, 251, 264, 277 Black-throated Green, 251, 262, 277 Blue-winged, 251, 254 Brewster's, 251,

254 Canada, 250, 274, 276 Cape May, 251, 260, 277 Cerulean, 251,264 Chestnut-sided,

251, 266, 277 Colima, 258 Connecticut, 250, 272, 276

339

T

w n

ISBN 0-307-47002-4