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,f1bout th e 13001\ A ,"' jcld G uide 10 the f rogs or Borneo introduces the non-spt:·Ciali:.1 reader to the natural history of this diver.;e, colourful, and sometimes bizarre- looking section or the fauna of Borneo. AboUi 150 spc1;()7· X )

Tcxt copyright (Q 2005 Natural HislOry Publications (Borneo) Sdll. Bhd. Photogmphs and illustrations copyright t widely held opinion on the evolution of frogs pl(Jces the families Ran idae and Rhacophoridae (sometimes called the Orienlal tree frogs) close together. although they appare ntl y became separate groups at least 75 million year~ ago. The Microhylidae (often called Narrow-mouthed frogs) arc considered to be an earlier offshoot of the ranid-rhacophorid line , The other three families represent quite di!>linct and separate lines of evolution. Each of the Bomean families is divided into groups of related species or genera (plural for '·genus··). There are 32 genera. but the species are not evenly divided among them. Four of the genera contain almoq ~O '(( of the specie:. and ten of them ha\'e on ly a single Bomcan ~pecies, (See the checklist at the end of this chapter.) Some of the gt'ncra containing a :.ingle species probably represent peculiar evolutionary pathways- species that have developed peculiar anatomical feature:. adapted for an unusual way uf life, On the other hand. the genera with many species seem to he example, of body plans tha! have been brollClly ~uccessful in a variety of habitats.

A

11

DISTR IB UTION Al'lD CLASS IPICATlON OF FROGS OF BORNEO

If we examine the anatomy and behaviour of adults and tadpoles in !>omc of the larger genera. certain !>ccm 10 form related group~. Within the genu, Ummmec/l's. the 1""'0 guardian rrogtinctive species group characterized by reduced webbing and. most remarkably. the habit of a male 10 guard thc eggs and then to tran!l>port the tadpoles on his back to waleI'. In fact. these two frogs are so similar that they were once thought to he race~ of a of relmed !l>pcdell. The medium-sized to large species hav ing fully webbed finge r!.. ror example. Wallace's Flying Frog (Rlwcophorus nigropuimuIIH). Reinwardt"!. Flying Frog (R. reiml'llrdli). the Harlequin Tree Frog (R. [}art/alil). and the Jade Tree Frog (R. dulilellsis). all have .. moOlh-edged flap:. of !.kin along the outer edge of the forearms, all have the ability to parachute Of glide. and all have large tadpoles that live in small pools of standing water. Three !l>mallcr tree frogs. Rhaco{Jhorus (/Ilgufim.llris. H.. cyollopwU·/(l/U.I, and R. gallfli. con~litutc another group. The!l>c small species have only partirtlly webbed finger!> and have a pointed projection of .. kin near the hed. Their tadpoles live in !>mall . dear. rock-y-bonomed !l>t.rcams. Generall}.taxonomists arrange !.pcdc!l> into groups based on th ..~i r !lhared chrtrrtcteristlcs. Once [hat is done. pattern!. of evolution and relat iomhips become apparent. Those pauems. in tu m. may enahle us to predict the behaviour and life-cycle~ or frogs we may have identi licd hut whose habit:. wc know little about. The geographic di!l>tribution of this large Bornean fauna occurs in clear pattern ... TIle mos\ striking thi ng anout it is that it is different from any other fauna in the general region. Almost two-th irds of the spede~ (60% or IJO specie:.) have never been found outside of Borneo. Twenty-one of thc!l>c have been seen only once. so it is no surpri:.c that they are nOI known from anywhere ebe. BUI most of the Bomeo "endemic:," (as ~pecies confined to one area are called) have been found many times- for e,(ample. the Dwarf Litter Frog (Leprabrachella mjober!(i) and the Marbled Tree Toad (Pedosri"t'.~ I"IIROSllS). Perhap) more collecting in adjacent land,-Peninsular Malay~ia. SUmatr.l. or the Philippine ..-may rum up som..' of the Bomean endemic~. but it is nOI likely 10 affect lhe general picture: that the Bomean frog fauna i~ mostly unique to the hland. Thi!l> uniqueness implies that !l>Omc groups have been isolaled from thei r related species in other pan!l> of Southea ..t Asia for many milliom of years. despite the fact that geologists hah! demonstrated that Borneo and the Malay Penin!.ula have probably been connected for much of the pa:-'I ~5-50 million year:..

12

D I STR IBUTION AN D CL ASS IF ICAT ION O F FROGS Or- BORNEO

Ncverthek~~. Borneo's fauna does show links !O adjacent areas. Fonyfive Bornean spe(.:ies have been recorded in Penin~ular Maluysia. -1-2 'pecie~ also OI.:cur in Slllllatra. and 1-1- species are aL~o iound in the Philippine IsI:md:-. Twent} -Il\'e specie~ are known from Thailand. and a few Homcan ~pecic, o(.:cur throughout much of Southeast Asia. This situation is not surprising ... ince these connections are consequences of past geological histor). geographic:11 proximity. ami similar vegelation and climate. 8 0mean snake~. bird .... mammal.... and fre ... hwater lishes show the same kinds of relationship ts. The Rock Skipper (Swamis !mo/){/!lI1l11US) is known from c\'cry pan of Borneo that has rocky streams with swift ClirrelllS. 1-I00\'e\"er. there arc a few lowland species that seem to he restricted to (.:ertain regions. For cXlllnple. the Rough Guardian Frog (/.iml!()lI('ctes ]iI/chi) has been found ~o far on ly in Sabah. ue . . pite inlen.'>ivc ~alllpling throughout Sarawak. We \uspect that it also oually k s~ Ihan 25 nun). E,,:n ~o·(;alled expcns flJld il dilTiculi

10 "::"::11 fnunJ '-"l t~ on \l nunt ~I u lu "'lei "3 t"II~ -I~g~~d

«I

'I'.:"~'.

3 1 Sp(~":JC< Ll J Cdlll,'111' .Ir~ hurn'''~'' .n,d '''rd _ ' t:II~(lLJnl~r~d JiIl\\~lcr li~hc:. . Other k..ind~ uf tadpole~ may be pre~ent in the rapid~. but the~e 1\ riggle duwn intu the cre\·ice ... between nx::ks and gravel at lhe bo!!om . induding larvae of the slender litter frog .. (Ll'{Jlo{a{lIx ~pp.) and the Short-Ilocd ,iitallon, l,.-hL~IIlIc;11 pollution. and mereawd runotf and Ilooding: .Ilter hea\~ raill~, :'0 that lrog I,.-UIl,cn atlOn IllU,t he p.m nl an~ iand'>capt"' ,'on,cflmioll pmgr3.lllme. If we I\anl \0 pre~en ...' Borneo\ irog fauna_ I~hich i~ among lhe rich!;" ... ! all~\lhl're in Ihc \Iorld_ il \\ ill be necc"3.r~ 10 prc,crve:l \anct~ of n:.ttur.l1. original habilah al 3. \ariet~ 01 rlace~ 111 Borneo. Th.1I is. of COlll"C. the ~ame recipe for pre'>er\ in,\! almo~t all of i:3ornI'O',> plant and ;'lI1i mal ~pccies.

Jalllily /3ol1llJillalorida e hi;; fami!} m:curs in ea ... tern A~ia and in Central Europe. The genus to I\llich the Bornean ~pccic ... belongs is found olll~ in Dorneo and Ihe Pa!:l\\an group (Phi1ippin~ b.land~). This j, one o f the aIde .... groups of frog~ and Blirhollmia is unu of bolh group, ha\\.' lu."a\ ~ blat'k bea~~, lho,!; of the O\\arf Litt ... r rn..l!!" bd the rO\n offil\e.lill~ tceth prc,ent on th ... lip" oj [aupole, of th ... SIeIH.1er Litter }-rag" \\'h ... 11 r... ad~ lU 11leta11lorpho~e. Ll'llTII/nm-llI:ffa tadpole, Ilh:a,ur.: . .W--I.? 11IIll.

Leplobrac/H'lIa Im/llefl ,'ijis Smith Kinabalu [h\ ari" LIltt'r Frog Description : A ,mall. ~kllu.:r "pecic'> lacking \\ebbing un lhl' fooL The ,I..in I' ,mooth on Ihe bad.: the "jUL'" h;J\L' a fell light-coloured gland ... Thl' ~'oluur i" broIl nor hlack, \\ irh seIL'ral black 'JlO'" 011 the hack :md a 'h;lrpl~ defined. blad ,trl';lk m-er the ",antrum. Tho..' ~iUl" hall' l---llarge black ~poh. rile beJl~ i~ dJr~ gr('~ \\ ith small light ~pol~, ,\l;lles: 15~19 mm. females: 18 ~~ I mm. Tadpolt': See d.:~niplion under gemh. Hahits lind habitat: Thi~ "pccic .. ha .. been found onl~ ill ~ubmonlanc ami montane fore~'" from 900 to nol.) Inl'tn.-', above ~ea le\'el. See abo under g~'nll'.

Call : Scc- under genl1~, Distribution : Tll1~ ~p",cie~ has been found in th~' 1l10U11taith of Sabah, northc11l S,lra\\ ak. and nonhea . t-. I for bre~'ding . t-. I:lle black \\ tlh ,>mati I.:n:;nll-('nloUTl'd :.put:. or cream-coloured \\ ilh heavy black marhling. ~ l ak~: 30-W mill. t-enwle,>; ~O---lS mm. T:ldpole: Taupuk:. are teardrop·,haped. hIJ.:k. and do not ell:cecd 20 mm in length. H'lbit ~ .md habitat: Thi~ toad ha:. been seen perched un ~ hrllb~ and h"'rb~ otll~ along ,\\ift Ilc)\\ ing. de;!\'. rocky stream, in primar~ forest helO\\ 700 metre,> abmc ~ca Ind. Male,> do nOl fonn calling group:., Tadpole . . cling 10 large rock . . in 'trong l·urrenh and feed 011 the film of ;11,gae grm\ ing on the rock~.

Ca ll : CnhllO\\ tl. Dis tribution: KnO\\n from all hill) parts of 10\\13I1u Romeo \\herc-\cr \Uil;lble en\'ironmelll C\i~h. NOI knowll outside of Bom~'o.

Fig..'". AIII/I/Wl

~/'illtlliJt'r (~Iocquan.ll.

75

BU I-ON]J)AE.' BLTO

Genus Hllfa Toad~

he,,, :Ire the ,o-calk'd "tru!! lOnd~". frog~ \\jth \\~ITl> '~II1. a large p'.\fotoid gland behind tho.: o.:~~' and ahmt' tht' eurJruJl1. ntlll one'" h;lIld, atll'T\\ard". The po j"oll. ho\\Io'\ of B. jll.\/(fI/Jf.T in strong rapids . Call : A hoaN~. squeaky croak or chirp. In Sabah. tho.: Du~un n:Hne for this specie!> i~ "bu·allg ~ ut". \\hich irnit:nes the ,>ounl! of nOI Olll'. hut 1\\0 toad'> calling al night. rrl'4uo.:nll~ wads of two different size!> (and.lhu,. IOlle. with a fine. \\ hitbh lin.: funning diagollhure man) features of adult and tadpok anatom~. The tip~ of the toe.'> are slightl~. but distinctly. S\\ollen and the toc, arc half to full~ \\ebbed. In colouratiollthey are all shade;; ofhro\\ n or hlad. Thl' tadpole:. h,l\e elongme m'al bodies. rather naITo\\ taih. and l!

T

I J l)

RAi\"IDAE : LLMNONECTES

(,,:on .. istenl pattern 10 th~ rows of tin) "leeth" on the lower lip. The~ are all t,:nT .. trial. ~ome \\anderillg widely through frlfo.'qS and others spending their enlin: li\(?s on .. tream banb. t\~ a group. they ar~' among the most abund,mt of the rrug~ in Bornean fon."s\;,. E\ery area of IlWlUre rure')t has three 10 five of these spe(:ie~.

LilllllOllectes mperata ( Inger. Boeadi & Taullk) Rough-backed Frog Description : A ~mall. sto(,,:k) frog. \\ ith 'hon. thick legs. All toes, e\o:pt the fmmh (the longl'~t). are webbed 10 the ba~".. .. of the slightly expanded tips, Tht' eardrum is \·i~ibk. but partia!!y covered b) ~kin at it.. uppL'"r rear corner. The cntire upper ,>utfa..:e i.. wt \\ ith crowded. conical or .. lightl~ o\'al warts. e\ell on the upper eyelid and ~nout. TIlt? colour in preser\"ati\~' (\Ie ha\c neler ~e..:n one of these alil'e) i~ sand) bnm 11 1\ ith faint darker m:lrk.ings that are probably blad-, in life. The underside is I\hitish, \\lIh small brown sputs on the chin and Ihroat. \-ta!es: 35 38 mm. Female (only one j~ known): 3fi mill. Hahits and habitat : Th".. onl) known represelllati\'es or thi~ .. p ..xie~ Iler~' cullected on the floor uf a klldand forc~t Ihat was being loggeu in south -(,,: are abolilthret"-founh" Ill'hhed and arc ~lightl) ~ Inlllcn ;ltthe tip~. Tile eardrum i~ li~ibk. l\;lale~ halc long fang-like qructure~ on tht" lm\('r j:l\\ a .. in Kuhl's Creek Frog. The ~kill i~ generaJJ:; "ntnoth. \Iith "omc "callereu 10\\ bump" 011 the b;lck and . . ide ... \ lost frogs arc reddish bro\\ n. \1 itll jewer ~peeil1lelh a cho ...·ulatc hro\\'n. Se\ eral Ilide black hal'S rtlll from the c~e acro .. ~ the lip". In mo~t indi\"iduals . there is a fine. II hiti~h Jine running Irom the tip or the snout. bel \\ een the e) e~ and down the middle of the back. Therc i" often a '>lmilar fine linc on the uppcr ~urface~ or lhc legs. The throat and chest haw dark rnonJing. and the under-.ide of the hind limb i.. vcry dmk. \lak,,: 70-1::;0 mm. FelllJ.k~: 7::;-95 mm. Tadpolt> : Tadpok .. are !>Jim. ola1. and hal e .. lender tail~. The colour i" golden bro\\11 ll1011kd \\ith dark pigment. Tot:lllenglh reaches~::; mm. Habits and habilal : Thi .. frog i\ t)pical of p'~ at s\\amps and kl\\ alllll iaJ plain .. up to ahout 150 m in hoth prim:..n~ and diqurhed forc\h. ~uch a., Ilkl mbber plantation~. \\'e hale ob~erll'd it hrel'Jing on om: occasion (north central Kalimant:ll11 in tht" middk oj a limb~.

128

RANIDAE :

fig. 67.

Lim/WII{'CleS main/iII/liS

L1M~ONECT E S

(Kicw ).

broad. ~hallow qream \\ ith a slo\\ !:urrent A pair \\ ere seen ~itting in the middle of a circular depression in lint" gra\'el. \\ here the female had expelled her egg~. The diet cOllSist~ of;1 \\ ide variety of il1\enebratc~ and small frogs. C all : L:nknO\\n. Distrilmtion : Kllo\\ 11 from Kalimantan. Sabah and Saraw;1\.... Almost t'ertainly it OCl'ur~ in Brunei \\'here much ~ui table habitat exi~ts. The specie, aho occur~ in Penin,ular .\Ialaysia.

LimllOllectes pa/al'tlllell sis (Boulenger) Smooth Guardiun Frog (Fig. 68) Ilcseription : A ~mall frog. \\ith long sknder hind lirnb~. The I()C~ are olll~ about hall"-\\ebbed and h'l\e ~lightl} ~\\ollel1 tip~. The eardrum is

vj,ible. The "\...in of the hac\... i~ ~mooth ewept for an im ened V-'haped ridge in the cenlre and a thin. l"ontinuou" ridg..: from the e)l' to the (urnp. The hac\... is reddish 10 chocolate brO\\Il. \\i1h ;,} dar" bar acro,~ the top of the head bl.-'tween the eyes. The imel1ed \ '-,hared ridge 1" al"o edged in black. The

129

RANIlJAE: LL\I NONECTES

fif!o 6K LimIllJIIl'c(t's f"tlul"rIlIt'lI,i, ( Buu/cnglightly. widened: the tips uf the Ii.nger~ are not. All of the toes except the fourth (the longest) are webbed almost to tht'" tip!>. The upper sllrbc,.... are roughl) pebbled and there are a few low bUf11p~ on the back. Thc helld and body arl' greyish to reddish brown ahm c :.md on the sidt'"~. \Iost indi"idu als ha\ e a dark strea\.. on the side of the snout from the t'"~ e 10 the nostril. T Ill' di~tilletive feature of the colouration is a dark brown. almo~t black. di;11110nd-~IIaped . rna hal·e a narrol\ gap in the centre. There llre no poison gl:md, on the tail lin'. The111) I"" l~n.J fOR"" (,1I~r f'Tun... '1 [>f ,.I.J ..:c.\Il.Jal), A.Jult,.tn· "'nK""ll," f ...... oo f.U" In'1I1 _t .... am •. tllll u,u;lIl) the} 'IJ} d",,- to Itl.: t>~nh tit n.wIU1l1-,,~~d. d~.lr. n", ~} ,t,., ... Ill, \Inll'" n~", nighl ~ k" c"Uin~ m"k, ... ,{, .....·Ju.·,.,d "I,m~ Ihe ban l . will> "" 0o.'.'J",,~) ... 1 ni!,Ju in "hll'h lilt) ,II~ I'rc,~m III I"r!,~ numbel'> \I no lillie do "Jlhn!' IIwl," fonn dell .... ~"'ul" TaJ[> .lIId bc:dwo:L III '''I''.!' Tadro,k- l", ...... ,,,'n ... lI) f01'1n LaJie c>uldcl'> III ,h. . I1,,,, "a'~'.il ni!'tll Call \ hll'h-rltdlo,.·d Ui~Lril"'liun J... ",-",n Ir\lm J... JlimJnl.m JIhl "l\It~m Jnd "~'Iem

"'''e.....

SJT"""'I.

.\li'ri~lU/fj"'.\·S

...·IIilt'lli'ml i ( BOlt 1cllJ;~r J

\\ hi,che,J..r, T,IITem

F,,-\~ Ih~

7.'1

l)oo'>(' rilliion ..... ",.:d,um· ,,,,'II to I"'lie 'pt,;Iro\\n Tl'k'n: " U_UJIJ~ 3 duk 'JrC'al. ,'II IJr 'Hk Ilr 11K' Il.·Jd Irl'lIl 11K' r.\~ II> the n"'t"I, nIt ,ide, are h~hlcr Ih,," Ihe b ..... ~ JIId ",,,.. II} '1"'''''11 "nh darl hr"run The uPPO:' ,urf,,,-.·, nt lh.· leI!' ar< dJ,L h'''''" "uh n.!IT"" h!,!h,.·, "'I1",b.lI'> The ,h.'" Jnd bell) ar.. "h, ,e and Ihe Ihru~( "",'III .. d "lIh hn>'o' n The 1,'1' h,11 01 Ihe •. )" " t>nj:hl ) elk", "h green 1ne Nrdrum of !]1,,1e, " 1>1.'1 "'-""'Jo~IlIfl~1 , .... let' COH"T'o IItt uml.: .... ,,Jt III' m..- rod>_ ~ I,"' .. r bea~ I' \'-,Mpt',1 JrId Ulld",ded TaJrode, hJ'" '''1.111 gland, .h.l( JjlllCJr J' '111.1.11 hlJ"l 'pi'll' III lhe I"",·, lin "h..·", II n......·I< (Itt IJII 111" .....·1 .. TIII< I' Ih~ Ia'ge'l 1~.Jp"k 1111"" genu,. "nil IUlul I ... nL- of ,(,.. am. """", ,"") per,h un Idl}!c n ••:h alld ltlhcrn S.,rJ" aL ... nd (he n"nhe~'lcm ,(lnJer 1,1 .... Jlmt ... nIJn

P"""'"

Ill''''''

I,\lot

RANIOAF.: OCCIOOZYGA

GCIlUS

Oaido:yga

Se.:p and Puddk Frog" hew ,111.111 Img> li,-( on lh,· 1100r of 1o" I~nd tore,\ U~lIan) In ",epage urCJ" oj111 Imld of ,lreJI11' (If pond, and tecll",~ on de"3} 1IlJ! plam fr.. gment, anll Jig ..". tIll' Iddpuk' of O. Thi~ spc(:ies is \·ery similar in appl:,mmce to young Lilllllolledes kill/iii except that in o. 100'l'is the distance bel\\een lht' eyes is about the \ume or narrower than lhe width of the eyelid. Also. tIl{: inside of the tip of the lower jaw is unlike Ihat of L. kuMii in having olllya ,ingle (ooth -like projet·(ion insH'ad of a pair. The ~kin of thc back and upper )urfa(:e~ of the Jimb, ha~ a uniformly cmrugalcd appe:.mmcc wilh oCTasional rounded bumps. The frogs are uniform dark grq-brown. though ,I fe\\ indi\·iduah /ta\c a \\ ide light qripe down the middle of the back. The tlnder~idc of the IlL'ad i~ often sped,Jed dark gre). and then.' IS uSllall) a lemon )L'lIo\\ tinge over Ihe belly and underside of the thighs. i\-lall's: ~1-31 mm. Fl.'lllaJe~: J5~8 min. 1-11

RA:-JIDAE : OCCIDOZYGA

Fi g. 75. Occido,-ygo flU-d,1 (uiimh. Some remain at ground lC\d and other~ c1imh into ~hrub~ and trcc,. The tadpoles of 'ome 'peci('~ de\elop III "mall to large ~trearns. other, de\elop in jiue of the hell). Hahil.s and habilat : Th i...... pecies \\anders freel) through pnmar) and di. TU'!JXI1c . . live in quiet "ater. Illoqly in shallO\\ ... ide pool.., of ... tre~l!lh \\ here Ihe~ gruh 111 the debri ~ of dead Jea\'es that line the hOl1om. Colli : A , p:.micularly where the current is stronges\. If disturbed \\ hi1c .;,itting on a rol'k. one of these frogs can ~k.ip a(TO~" the ~urface of ,,·ater !U another rock. l\' lale~ form loose calling groups.

RANlDAE : RANA

l'ig. HO. RallG hosii Bouknger. The skin secn. tion~ of this specie .. can kill sm31l animals . such a~ other It is not dangerous for human~. However. if one absent-mindedly rub~ one's eyes after handling a Rana hasii. the result is quite painful. Always \\ash the hand~ thoroughly after handling this ~pecie~. Call : A weak chirp. Distribution : Found throughout Bomeo in appmprime ell\'ironments from near sea le\'ello about 750 metres. It also occurs in Peninsular Malaysia and SUllla!ra. rrog~.

Raila /uctllosa (Peters) .\tlahogany Frog (Fig. S 1) Description : A small to medium-sized frog. neither stOCky nor ~lellde r. with a triangular head and rather short h:g~. The toes are less than h.1lf webhnl and have rounded tips. The eardrum is distinct and almoq 41ome \\ebbing between the tingers. nlerc b some rOml of fringe or Ibp!> or soft pmjcctions from the edge of the limbs and at the heel. All sp~'de!> have tip .. u f fing.ers and loc!> e;o;:panded into wide, round o r oval palb. The hind limb .. aTe long and ,lender. The e~Lf(.l nllll is \i~ible. T he e)l:!> are large and the pupil cOlllraCh·into a hori7.0ntal ~tit . Colour.llion \'aric,> widely. from hrigbl green 10 or~)ngc 10 yello\\ to brown and from unifonll 10 barred or moulcd. T he ~J.- i n oflhe back j .. upecies hatt: reb1l\el~ large. f:l1 tadpole!> with relathel~ dl'~'p fim. but in ~Oll1e specit'" they are o;mall. !>lender. ami have naITO\\ t:lil~ .

All

u~u a frog of primary ron:,;!, ~roratlil'alh common along clear, rod) !>!r~ams above 1000 mctn:!>. Calhng male .. perch on !>mall trees mcrhanging ~tream~ u. T h..: tadpole" Jt\e 1Il the:>e pond" C all : ,\ ~hort, \\eaL eric\.,et-1Jkc trill. Dii)lribulion : Kno\\1l from S:thah. Snr'l\\aJ.. alld rwnh centra l K;llim;ll1tal1. It aho occur.. in SUlllatra.

RIWl"opltortl 'l el'ereUi B uulengt'r ~ I o"") Trc~ Frog (l-ig. lOS ) Description : A !'.mall "'I~K:J..~ frog. \\]{h slender. long leg ... and a shon. blunt .. nout. T he webbing on the til": ... doe~ not quite rea1.:h thc ha..,e of the patk The lingL'rs are webbed on I) atth~ ha..,l's. T he skin oftbe upper ,urtaccs i~ rough, \\ ilh r11a ll ~ tillY pointed proj ~'o.:tio ll ' m cr the head and bad. T here i\ a "emi·\.·i rl·k of .., pi k ~ projection!> running o\ cr Ih .. shol1luer~ between the l'arurunh. ;lI1d l1uml'rou.., "'111111ar, though ~maller. ... pin} hlllllP' ~cal1ered o\a the ha~k. The foreann and 100\('r leg h;\\e a 1"0\\ 01 "'l1wl1. cone- darJ... \\ ith :l light har bel\\l;'l'n thl' eyes. T he bat· J.. i" a mixture of patches of tan and bru\\n. T he upper thigh, are lIsuall~ greeni..,h ) t'llu\\ \\ lIh hro\\ n ... pot.... The Ullllcr .. idc 01 the leg~ i ~ grl.'l'n. i\ tale near !>trcam'. Lillie is ktlO\\tl of it.... h;lbih.

RHACOPHORIDAE: RH ACOPH ORUS

Call : A series llf sholl. haride uf the head ~OIllCI i1l1t.'~ ha~ while Th~ sides and thc hidden ~urfaces of the leg" arc gn..'I..'nbh yellow. The \\~'bbing of the linger!> and loe!'i is dark hrO\\ n nr bl;ld ... jvl;lle,,: 50-56 mm. Fen1:lIe ... : 60-70 mill. Tadpole: Th~ !xxI) b O\al. gelll'ra l l~ rounded aOO\'e and bdo\\ . The tai l i ... aboul 1\\ ice the body length . Til..- hod} and !ail are dark grc~. Total length rl'al..·hl;'~ -+ I mill. Habits Hlld hahital : Thi ) !>pec i e~ ha~ been found in primary and old ~econdal) forc~h in hiU~ . The forearm ha, a \1 ide. \mooth-edged flap of "kin thut extends 10 11K- t'dge oflhe OUicr linger. The heel ha~ a wide. rounded nap of skin Ihat continues On!O Ihe outer edge of the foot. All upper ~lIrraees are emerald green. sometime~ with a few glo~s~ Ilhite ~pots on the b:lek. The underside i!> white . becoming )ellowish on the chest and helly. The sides of the hody and legs are deep yellow. The webbing of Ihe feet i~ black. fading into )ello\', to\\"ard~ the lips of Ihe toes. Males: 79-89 mm. Femak~: 89-100 mm. Tadpole: The bod) i~ lj\'al and rounded. The lail is a bit k~~ than twice the body length and i~ rather deep. The hody i~ pale gre) ahove and white hl"lO\I. The tail ha~ hlack ~pots 011 the IHll,clc and fim . \1 ilh a dllrk edge to Ihe upper fin. Total kngth reache~ 50 mm . Hahits and habitat: Thi, i, Ihe original "Flying Frog of Borneo"". It is a resident oj primar) fore,! al km de\ atiOlb. Frogs rome dO\I n from the foresl canopy to breed at turhid p(lnl~ of \\ ;nero and foml ~mall group'" around wild pig or rhino \1 allows. Lurg~' fO:Hll ni!Sh aft' attached either to Illud banks or leg on the back ':lnd ~01lle hal'e yellO\\ or blue "poh on lh~' ba~'k and upper ,urf;I~:C~ of the leg'. The ~ide, and beJJ~ are ~ ello\\ i~h. II jth black 'POI', on the "ide~ and :1TI orange nelworh. on the bl.'ll). The I\ebhing on thl' hand .. and fect i, orange-red. i\la\e'>: 39-)5 mill. f emale,; 55-71 mm. Tadpule : The hod~ 1, Ola l and rather deep. The tail is slight!) tel>~ than 1\\ ke the hod~ length and tapers to a naITOII tip. The hod) b pale light brown. Some ladpolt'~ have "eleral blal.'k ~pob on the body. while Other~ ha\'e Ju~t om: ~pot un the ,ide thl.' lwad. Total kngth n.:aehe, 45 111m. The~e t:l(lpoh:~ m:l~ be confu,..:d II ith tllO~e of R(wa c(wfcOIIOf(/ tx:cau~..: of their 'polled pattern. hut onl) the latter hille II hite glandular pa t ~·he .. o n the under,idc.

or

Fig. 110. RIrIlt'UphoI'1I1 (),mlall \ Gumh..:r.

IX9

RJ-I ACOP J-IOJ{Jl)AE: RH ACOPIIORLS

Hahits and habita t: Thi') Img:. \\ hich IS a proficient glider. i~ found in a \1 ilk \ aricty of forested habilat~ al 1(1\\ ck\ation~. It form~ small breeding group~ around rnar~hes. pond~ and quiet ~idc pooh of qreams. It is relati\"ely common along logging roads where ~trellm~ are ortcn blo{:kcd and form pook The nonmll l"oragl11g hahitat is unknown . but is presumabl) in the forest canopy. The tadpole:. dt [ndu~lri~,. We llmllk D:nuk CL. Chan. Dr Anhur Y.c. Chung. Dr Indraneil Das. Dr I\tauricc KOIlc]al. Bjom Lardner. Kehin Lim. John I\ l urph~. Tee Kim Ling and w.~ 1. Poon rur u:.e uflheif phOlogrnph~ and Tan Fui Li:lIl for use of her dra\\ ing~. Our work in Ihe field \\ null! nOI hu\e been pm~ible or plca~urahlc \\ ithout the help and :ls,nciation of Tan Fui Llan. Ahlll Biull. Paul Yumbull. D,lIl~on Kandong. Frcdd) Paulu:.. Frederic~ Franci,. P;lIr;c~ Franr.:i~. Dr Anna Wong. Alhcrt Lo. Shahbudclin Hj Sahk). Saifuddm Sen:l\\i. Tmb Jainudin. ,\nung IIcma\\:m. Setiawan. Tum Frist. R~ an RiLl. G:lUn Sureng. Aba~. Jawu. BJJok. Puulu~. ~ I amo. and Illan~ other Ikld a'::.blants. Our \\-ork III Ihe !.\hmatory \\;1:. greally :ls~iqcd b) ;\ir Alan Re~elar and ~ 1