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Supplementary Material For students ESO 4

CONTENTS Grammar & vocabulary: Reference and practice

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Grammar & vocabulary: Worksheets

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Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Starter unit

Gramática

Modals and semi-modals Utilizamos los verbos modales y semimodales, en combinación con otros verbos, para expresar necesidad, obligación, capacidad, permiso, etc. Obligación

Past simple and present perfect Past simple I / You / He / She / It / We / They

went. didn’t

Did

I / you / he / she / it / we / they

Presente

have to, need to, must

Present perfect

Pasado

had to, needed to

I / You / We / They

have

Ausencia de obligación

He / She / It

has

Presente

don’t / doesn’t have to, don’t / doesn’t need to

I / You / We / They

haven’t

Pasado

didn’t have to, didn’t need to

He / She / It

go. go?

been.

hasn’t

Capacidad y permiso

Have

I / you / we / they

Presente

can, is / am / are allowed to

Has

he / she / it

Pasado

could, was / were allowed to

Uso

Futuro

will be able to, will be allowed to

El past simple se utiliza para referirse a acciones o situaciones que sucedieron y se completaron en un momento concreto del pasado. Las frases en past simple suelen incluir expresiones temporales que especifican ese momento. I went to London three years ago.

Prohibición Presente

mustn’t

Consejo Presente

should, ought to

Can, could, must y should son verbos modales auténticos. Sus características son las siguientes: • – no tienen formas de infinitivo. can (NO to can) • van seguidos del infinitivo sin to. We must go. (NO We must to go.) • tienen una única forma, ya que no se les añade la -s de la tercera persona del singular. He should do more exercise. (NO He shoulds do more exercise.) Otros verbos cumplen una función similar a la de los verbos modales, pero no cumplen todas las normas arriba citadas. Se conocen como verbos semimodales: need to, have to, had to, ought to, be allowed to, be able to.

been?

Utilizamos el present perfect para describir acciones o situaciones que: • aún no se han completado. I’ve studied English since 2013. (I started studying English in the past and I still study English now.) • se dieron en el pasado, pero no se sabe o no importa cuándo. Daniel has been to London. (We don’t know when Daniel went to London.)

Present simple and present continuous Uso El present simple se utiliza para referirse a: • acciones que se repiten, hábitos y rutinas. I play tennis. Sally gets up at 7.30. • situaciones y hechos que se consideran ciertos. I enjoy trail biking. Utilizamos el present continuous para: • acciones que se están desarrollando ahora. We’re watching a DVD at the moment. I’m reading a great book. Algunos verbos no se utilizan en present continuous: believe, belong, hate, know, like, love, prefer, understand, want. I want to go home.

Gramática Starter unit

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Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Starter unit

Grammar practice

Modals and semi-modals

4 Complete the text with the correct past simple or present perfect form of the verbs in bold.

1 Match sentences 1–6 to functions A–F. 1 You shouldn’t eat so much fast food. 2 They didn’t have to do PE. 3 We had to do exercise 6 for homework. 4 I’m allowed to borrow my sister’s bike. 5 When will I be able to drive? 6 I must go home now. A obligation in the present B no obligation in the past C ability in the future D advice in the present E permission in the present F obligation in the past

2 Complete the sentences with one word. 1 We have to pay to visit the museum. Admission was free. 2 Do you think cars

be able to fly one day?

3 The speaker had a very quiet voice and no one hear what she was saying. 4 We put on our seatbelts. It’s illegal not to wear one. 5 That dress looks great on you. You

to buy it.

Past simple and present perfect 3 Choose the correct option. 1 Have you done / did your homework yet? 2 I didn’t / haven’t sleep well last night. 3 Joe’s mum hasn’t / didn’t seen his tattoo yet. 4 What did / have you have for lunch today? 5 He broke / broken the world record in 1996. 6 Anna has spoke / spoken to Fiona recently.

Wakeboarding (1) (not exist) for a long time, but interest in the sport (grow) dramatically (2) in recent years. It isn’t clear who originally (invent) wakeboarding. (3) (start) to become However, it (4) a recognized sport in 1985 when a surfer from San Diego called Tony Finn (5) (invent) the ‘Skurfer’, a cross between water skis and a surfboard. Not many people (know) about the sport until (6) the late 1980s, when a water ski manufacturer (improve) the design. In (7) 2000, the first Wakeboard World Championships (take) place in Montpellier, (8) France. Since then, wakeboarding competitions (9) (become) important international events and the popularity of the sport (not stop) (10) growing.

Present simple and present continuous 5 Are the sentences correct (✓) or incorrect (✗)? Correct the incorrect sentences. 1 I’m eating cereal every morning. 2 Who is this coat belonging to? 3 Are you listen to a lot of reggaeton at the moment? 4 He doesn’t understand this exercise. 5 Sarah wears a lovely dress today. 6 I really love this song.

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Starter unit

Gramática

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Starter unit

Vocabulario

Technology: instruction verbs

Health and fitness

browse (v) / braʊz / charge (v) / tʃɑːdʒ / plug in (v) / ˌplʌɡ ˈɪn / press (v) / pres / scroll (v) / skrəʊl / stream (v) / striːm / swipe (v) / swaɪp / switch on (v) / ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒn / tap (v) / tæp / text (v) / tekst / update (v) / ˌʌpˈdeɪt /

accuracy (n) / ˈækjərəsi / balance (n) / ˈbæləns / beat (v) / biːt / compete (v) / kəmˈpiːt / coordination (n) / kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃn / draw (v) / drɔː / flexibility (n) / ˌfleksəˈbɪləti / improve (v) / ɪmˈpruːv / speed (n) / spiːd / stamina (n) / ˈstæmɪnə / strength (n) / streŋθ / take the lead (v) / ˌteɪk ðə ˈliːd /

Technology adjectives automatic (adj) / ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk / convenient (adj) / kənˈviːniənt / efficient (adj) / ɪˈfɪʃnt / heavy (adj) / ˈhevi / high quality (adj) / ˌhaɪ ˈkwɒləti / impractical (adj) / ɪmˈpræktɪkl / inconvenient (adj) / ˌɪnkənˈviːniənt / inefficient (adj) / ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt / light (adj) / laɪt / low quality (adj) / ˌləʊ ˈkwɒləti / manual (adj) / ˈmænjuəl / practical (adj) / ˈpræktɪkl / reliable (adj) / rɪˈlaɪəbl / unreliable (adj) / ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl / useful (adj) / ˈjuːsfl / useless (adj) / ˈjuːsləs /

Sports verbs and nouns archery (n) / ˈɑːtʃəri / athletics (n) / æθˈletɪks / catch up (with) (v) / ˌkætʃ ˈʌp wɪð / kayaking (n) / ˈkaɪækɪŋ / miss out (on) (v) / ˌmɪs ˈaʊt ɒn / pick up (v) / ˌpɪk ˈʌp / rock climbing (n) / ˈrɒk ˌklaɪmɪŋ / take up (v) / ˌteɪk ˈʌp / trail biking (n) / ˈtreɪl ˌbaɪkɪŋ / try out (v) / ˌtraɪ ˈaʊt / wakeboarding (n) / ˈweɪkbɔːdɪŋ /

Shopping verbs afford (v) / əˈfɔːd / be worth (it) (v) / bi ˈwɜːθ ɪt / borrow (v) / ˈbɒrəʊ / lend (v) / lend / save up (v) / ˌseɪv ˈʌp / waste (v) / weɪst /

Functional language Time expressions at during from … to in until

Speaking strategy Asking if someone has time to help Are you busy? Have you got a minute? Asking for help with a specific problem Can you spell that for me? Could you tell me what … means? How do you pronounce it? Would you mind translating that?

Vocabulario

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Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Starter unit

Vocabulary practice

1 Each word in the snake begins with the last letter of the previous word. Complete the missing letters. Then complete the definitions with the words.

s ta

min

f fo r

ra

ath

let

i

c

as

t

a

fficien

ra c t i

ca

1

(adj): the opposite of heavy

2

(v): have enough money for

3

igh

ex t

(adj): that makes good use of time or energy

4

(adj): useful or suitable

5

(v): finish a game with the same score

6

(v): not use in a sensible way

7

(n): the strength to do something difficult for a long period of time

8

(v): send an SMS

9

(n): sports including running and jumping

10

(v): hit quickly and lightly

2 Choose one word from each of the boxes to complete the sentences.

be

miss

biking

plug

rock

save

switch

take

trail

climbing in on out the lead up worth

1 If you try out wear a helmet.

3 Billy is catching up with Chris … and I think he’s going to ! 4 How can those trainers possibly €200? at all. I’m

6 How was the party? What did I on? 7 How long will it take you to for a new phone? 8 Can I my phone now, please? I need to check my messages.

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Vocabulario

accuracy browse heavy high-quality improve press scroll take up unreliable useful There was a time when people worried that as technology became more advanced, fewer people would (1) sport. Fortunately, that hasn’t happened. In fact, you only need to (2) the apps available online to see how technology is helping athletes to (3) their performance. For example, before smartphones, runners used pedometers to measure distance. Early pedometers were (4) as they contained a metal pendulum which counted the steps a person had taken. Even electronic pedometers weren’t as (5) as the running apps we have now. (6) pedometers were expensive, while cheap ones were (7) . They had very limited functions, too. They couldn’t tell you how much energy you’d burned with any (8) and they definitely couldn’t show you a map of your route. Now that we can simply (9) a button and (10) down a screen to get all this information instantly, there’s no excuse not to get outside and start getting fit.

4 Translate the sentences. 1 I want to try out wakeboarding, but I don’t know if my coordination is good enough.

, you should

2 Now I know why my phone wasn’t charging: I forgot it . to

5 I don’t enjoy afraid of falling.

3 Complete the text with the words.

2 It’s very inconvenient that this software doesn’t update itself automatically.

3 Gymnasts need exceptional balance and flexibility to be able to compete in the Olympics.

4 Kayaking is fun, but it’s impractical if you don’t live near a river.

5 Thanks to his extraordinary speed and strength, he beat the other runners easily.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 1

Gramática

Past simple, past continuous and used to Past simple I / You / He / She / It / We / They Did

arrived / didn’t arrive.

I / you / he / she / it / we / they

arrive?

I / He / She / It

was / wasn’t were / weren’t

Was

I / he / she / it

Were

you / we / they

Did

use to go?

Uso Utilizamos el past simple para describir una acción que se completó en el pasado. I ate cereal for breakfast this morning. El past continuous describe una acción que se estaba desarrollando en un momento concreto del pasado. At half past seven, I was having breakfast. El past simple y el past continuous se combinan cuando una acción interrumpe otra. While suele acompañar al past continuous, y when va con el past simple. While we were walking to school, it started to snow. I was walking to school when it started to snow. Utilizamos just when con el past continuous para subrayar que ambos hechos sucedieron exactamente en el mismo momento. Just when I was paying for my friend’s birthday present, he came into the shop! Used to + infinitivo hace referencia a hábitos (acciones que se repiten) o estados del pasado que ya no se dan en la actualidad. I didn’t use to eat fish.

Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous Present perfect simple I / You / We / They

have / haven’t has / hasn’t

Have

I / you / we / they

Has

he / she / it

Have

I / you / we / they

Has

he / she / it

been

working.

been

working?

talking?

used to / didn’t go use to

He / She / It

has / hasn’t

Utilizamos el present perfect simple para subrayar el resultado actual de una acción que se ha completado.

I / You / He / She / It / We / They

I used to have blond hair.

have / haven’t

He / She / It

talking.

used to

I / you / he / she / it / we / they

I / You / We / They

Uso El present perfect describe hechos que comenzaron en el pasado pero tienen un efecto en el presente.

Past continuous You / We / They

Present perfect continuous

left. left?

He’s broken his arm. El present perfect continuous sirve para subrayar el resultado actual de una acción que no se ha completado, y sigue en la actualidad. It’s been raining for hours.

Present perfect with already, still and yet Uso Already, still y yet se utilizan con el present perfect. Already aparece en frases afirmativas para subrayar que algo ha sucedido antes de lo esperado. She’s only sixteen, but she’s already won a gold medal. Still y yet se incluyen en frases negativas para indicar que algo no ha cambiado. He still hasn’t arrived. = He hasn’t arrived yet. También utilizamos yet en la forma interrogativa para preguntar si algo ha sucedido. Have you tidied your room yet?

Present perfect with just, ever and never Uso Just + la forma afirmativa del present perfect significa “hace muy poco tiempo”. I’m not hungry, thanks. I’ve just eaten a sandwich. Incluimos ever en preguntas relativas a experiencias. Have you ever been to the USA? Ever también se utiliza en frases afirmativas, generalmente detrás de only o de un superlativo. He’s the most optimistic person I’ve ever met. Utilizamos never + la forma afirmativa del present perfect para referirnos a experiencias que nunca hemos tenido. I’ve never seen an elephant in the wild.

Gramática

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Unit 1

Grammar practice

Past simple, past continuous and used to

3 My dad loves The Rolling Stones. He them in concert seven times!

1 Choose the correct option.

4 You should have a break now. You (work) since this morning.

1 I was browsing online when / while I found this cool video. 2 Just when we got / were getting into a taxi, our bus finally arrived. 3 She didn’t use / used to think teenagers could make a difference to society. 4 While he travelled / was travelling in South Africa, he visited Kruger National Park. 5 How are / did charities use to organize events before the internet?

2 Complete the text with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets or an appropriate word. Write one word in each gap. One morning, when Craig Kielburger was twelve, he was (1) (look) at his parents’ newspaper when he (2) (see) a picture of a boy on the front page. The (be) the same age as Craig and a victim of boy (3) child labour. Craig (4)  (discover) that over 215 million children in the world (5) working as slaves in terrible conditions. Craig (6) (decide) to take action. He founded the charity Free the Children and several of (agree) to get involved, too. They his classmates (7) used to (8) (meet) regularly to write letters, make phone calls and sell lemonade. Adults often (9) (tell) Craig that he was too young to make a difference, but use to listen. Free the Children is now an he (10) international charity dedicated to showing people that no one is too young to make a positive change to society.

(see)

5 This traffic is awful. We (drive) for hours and we’ve only travelled twenty kilometres.

Present perfect with already, still and yet 4 Add already, still and yet to the underlined sentences and phrases. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer. 1 I started collecting money this morning and I’ve raised €100. 2 You’ve been reading that book for weeks. Have you finished it? 3 I told Adam to feed the dog, but he hasn’t done it. 4 We started an online petition yesterday and over 500 people have signed it. 5 I think I’m going to start volunteering, but I haven’t decided.

Present perfect with just, ever and never 5 Complete the sentences using just, ever or never and the present perfect form of the bold verbs.

Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous 3 Complete the sentences with the correct present perfect simple or continuous form of the verbs. (watch) this film for an hour 1 We and nothing interesting has happened yet. 2 I can’t come to orchestra practice today. (forget) to bring my violin to I school.

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1 I don’t know New York. (visit) 2 Simon got here a moment ago. (arrive) Simon 3 She doesn’t have experience of surfing. (try) She’s 4 Do you know what wasabi tastes like? (eat) Have you 5 I don’t know a kinder person than Tom. (meet) Tom is the kindest person that

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 1 1.1

Vocabulario

Adjectives: personality bitter (adj) / ˈbɪtə(r) / cruel (adj) / ˈkruːəl / dedicated (adj) / ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd / dependable (adj) / dɪˈpendəbl / eager (adj) / ˈiːɡə(r) / enthusiastic (adj) / ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk / optimistic (adj) / ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk / outgoing (adj) / ˈaʊtɡəʊɪŋ / supportive (adj) / səˈpɔːtɪv / sympathetic (adj) / ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk / truthful (adj) / ˈtruːθfl /

1.1

1.2

used to be used to get used to 1.2

1.3

Extra vocabulary

Collocations: get and make get better get involved get permission get the feeling get things done get used to make a difference make an effort make an impression make the most of it

1.2

Functional language Good idea!

Word builder (bring) change / ˌbrɪŋ ˈtʃeɪndʒ / (cause) damage / ˌkɔːz ˈdæmɪdʒ / (record) information / rɪˌkɔːd ɪnfə ˈmeɪʃn / (make) the decision / ˌmeɪk ðə dɪˈsɪʒn /

Extra vocabulary habitat (n) / ˈhæbɪtæt / National Park (n) / ˌnæʃnəl ˈpɑːk / shade (n) / ʃeɪd / the wild (n) / ðə ˈwaɪld /

bully (n) / ˈbʊli / founder (n) / ˈfaʊndə(r) / star (n) / stɑː(r) / victims (n) / ˈvɪktɪmz / 1.2

Learn it!

1.4

Functional language Requesting information I’d like some information about … . Could / Can you explain what … involves? Can you explain which … ? How can we help … ? Is it possible to … ? Could you tell us (a bit more) about … ? Giving information Would you like me to tell you how it works? Let me explain how it works. What you do is … . Have a look on our website to see … . If you adopt / sponsor … , we can buy / save … .

I’m impressed! That really is brilliant! That sounds great! That’s incredible!

Vocabulario

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Unit 1

Vocabulary practice

1 Write the bold letters in the correct order to

2 Complete the text with the words.

complete the school reports. Then match them to the missing sentences A–E.

better bullies cruel dedicate difference sympathetic victims

1 She made hte omst of the school trip to Paris to practise her French and it’s really made a erdncfeife to her grades.

2

3

4

5

He always makes an fteorf in class and when he says he’ll get nsimtoheg neod , he always does it.

She’s the rats of the school hockey team, but she’s always eraeg to help and encourage the other players, too. He needs to get divoevln in discussions and get eebttr at answering questions.

When she tells me that she’s got omrpiessin to miss PE, I often get eht lfeeign that she’s lying.

The world can seem like a (1) place when you haven’t got anyone to talk to, especially if you’re a child. But since 1986, the UK charity ChildLine has given young people the opportunity to discuss their problems with a (2) adult. Children can phone, email or chat online with the charity’s (3) volunteers, who can then put them in contact with the appropriate professionals if necessary. ChildLine has helped young people facing all kinds of difficulties, from (4) of drug abuse to those dealing with school (5) . Many say that their situations after they called started to get (6) ChildLine and that the charity has made a tremendous (7) to their lives.

4 Translate the sentences.

A Richard is hard-working and dependable.

1 I still haven’t got used to having dinner so early.

B Elena is an enthusiastic language learner. C Joe isn’t very outgoing in class. D Priya is a talented and supportive team player.

2 While we were walking in the national park, we saw kangaroos in the wild.

E Natasha isn’t always truthful.

3 Complete the words in the sentences. 1 You’ll definitely m an i the party if you wear that dress!

at

2 My uncle is the f of a medical charity. He started it after working as a doctor in Africa. 3 We haven’t raised much money today, but I’m that we’ll raise more tomorrow. o 4 We’ll get sunburnt if we sit here. Let’s sit under that tree so we’re in the s . 5 We’re only in Rome for three days so we really need to m the m of it. 6 Instead of feeling b about the argument, why don’t you go and talk to him?

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Vocabulario

3 She’s a dedicated volunteer who has made a difference to hundreds of people’s lives.

4 Have you ever wanted to get involved in charity work?

5 Could you tell us a bit more about the animals and their habitats?

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Gramática

Unit 2

Past simple and past perfect simple Past perfect I / You / He / She / It / We / They Had

had / hadn’t

I / you / he / she / it / we / they

eaten eaten?

El past perfect simple se construye con had + participio pasado. La forma es la misma para todas las personas del verbo. Uso El past perfect simple describe la relación entre dos acciones del pasado, es decir, que la acción en past perfect se produjo antes que la acción en past simple. When I arrived at the station, the train had left. He bought the car because he’d seen an advert for it.

enough, (a) few, (a) little, lots of, plenty of, too much, too many Con sustantivos en plural

Con sustantivos incontables

We have / haven’t got enough glasses.

There is / isn’t enough water.

There were few cars on the road.

There was little traffic on the road.

I’ve got a few sweets.

There’s a little ice cream.

I met lots of / plenty of nice people.

We’ve lots of / plenty of time to relax.

I’ve got too many things to do.

I’ve got too much work.

Uso Cantidades suficientes e insuficientes Utilizamos enough en frases afirmativas para referirnos a una cantidad suficiente de algo. There are enough chairs for everyone. There’s enough time. Se utiliza enough en frases negativas para describir una cantidad insuficiente. There aren’t enough chairs for everyone. There isn’t enough time. Cantidades pequeñas Utilizamos few y little para referirnos a cantidades pequeñas de forma negativa. Few acompaña a sustantivos contables en plural; y little, a sustantivos incontables. Few people shopped there so they made little money. El significado cambia al colocar el artículo indefinido a delante; así, utilizamos a few y a little para describir cantidades pequeñas de forma positiva.

Cantidades grandes Utilizamos lots of y plenty of para referirnos a cantidades grandes. Estas expresiones son algo menos formales que a lot of. Plenty of hace referencia a cosas positivas. Don’t worry! We’ve got plenty of time. Lots of es una expresión neutral que puede describir cosas buenas y malas. I got lots of great presents for my birthday. There are lots of accidents on this road. Utilizamos a lot of en frases negativas para subrayar una cantidad pequeña; en general, lots of y plenty no se utilizan de esta manera. I don’t eat a lot of meat. Cantidades excesivas Utilizamos too much y too many para describir cantidades grandes de forma negativa, es decir, para indicar que son excesivas. Too much acompaña a sustantivos incontables, y too many va con sustantivos contables en plural. There’s too much salt in this soup. It tastes horrible. I think there are too many advertisements on TV.

Attitudinal adverbs Utlizamos adverbios como certainly, maybe, obviously, simply para expresar nuestra actitud hacia personas, cosas y acciones. I’d certainly recommend this hotel. (= I’m sure that I’d recommend this hotel.) You can simply ask for a refund. (= I think it is simple to ask for a refund.)

Intensifiers Los “adverbios intensificadores” refuerzan ciertos adjetivos que pueden tener un significado más fuerte o más suave, p. ej. big. Al añadir very, really o extremely, reforzamos dicho significado. It’s very big. He’s extremely funny. Otros adjetivos, p. ej. enormous, cuyo significado es fuerte de por sí, también se pueden intensificar utilizando really, absolutely, totally y completely. It’s absolutely enormous. I’m totally exhausted. Really se emplea con ambos tipos de adjetivos. I was really scared.

I was really terrified.

We saw a few good bands at the festival. There was a little sunshine at lunchtime.

Gramática

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Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 2

Grammar practice

Past simple and past perfect simple

Attitudinal adverbs

1 Underline the action which happened first.

4 Complete the mini-dialogues with the adverbs.

1 I saw the film that you’d recommended. 2 We met a boy who had designed a really cool app. 3 He’d lost the receipt so he couldn’t get a refund. 4 I took the 9.07 train because I’d missed the 8.37. 5 Because we hadn’t brought a map, we got lost.

2 Write sentences. Use one past simple form and one past perfect form in each sentence. 1 After / he / have / a shower / he / get / dressed. 2 I / not try / croissants / until / I / go / to France. 3 By the time / I / arrive / at / the station / my train / already / leave.

certainly maybe obviously simply 1 A: Do you enjoy shopping? B: Not really. I then go home.

buy what I need and

2 A: What’s that poster advertising? B: I don’t know. A soft drink? Or perfume advert.

it’s a

3 A: Why did the shop close down? B: A big supermarket opened. It was cheaper so, , people started going there instead. 4 A: Do you have any special offers on pay-as-you-go phones? B: Yes, interested in?

. What kind of phone are you

Intensifiers 4 I / forget / my camera / so / I / not take / any photos. 5 They / stop / broadcasting / the advert / because / people / complain / about it.

5 Choose the correct option to complete A–F. Then match them to 1–6. A extremely / totally exhausted B very / really huge C really / completely funny D totally / very scared

enough, (a) few, (a) little, lots of, plenty of, too much, too many 3 Choose the correct option to complete the text.

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E really / absolutely pleased F extremely / totally upset 1 Don’t watch this horror film alone. I was 2 It’s a twenty-hour flight. We’ll be

(1) Lots of / Enough people say that there are too

3 I’m

(2) much / many advertisements directed at children these days. They argue that advertisers have too (3) many / much influence on children, who have (4) little / a little power to resist their sophisticated techniques. Although this is a common opinion, (5) a few / a little education experts disagree. Martyn Hopkins, a primary school head teacher, believes that children need (6) a little / plenty of opportunities to see advertisements and learn from them. ‘It’s the only way to discover how they work,’ says Mr Hopkins. ‘If children have (7) few / little contact with advertising, they won’t have (8) enough / lots of experience to resist it successfully as adults.’

4 He thinks he’s

Unit 2

Gramática

5 I was

!

when we arrive.

with my new shoes. They’re so comfortable. , but I don’t. His jokes are awful.

when my new laptop stopped working.

6 São Paulo has a population of almost 20 million. It’s a(n) city.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 2 2.1

Vocabulario

Advertising advertise / ˈædvətaɪz / appeal / əˈpiːl / appear / əˈpɪə(r) / broadcast / ˈbrɔːdkɑːst / claim / kleɪm / convince / kənˈvɪns / exaggerate / ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt / inform / ɪnˈfɔːm / promote / prəˈməʊt / recommend / ˌrekəˈmend /

2.1

Shopping bargain (n, v) / ˈbɑːɡən / bid (n, v) / bɪd / browse (v) / braʊz / browser (n) / ˈbraʊzə(r) / charge (n, v) / tʃɑːdʒ / consume (v) / kənˈsjuːm / consumer (n) / kənˈsjuːmə(r) / purchase (n, v) / ˈpɜːtʃəs / refund (n, v) / ˈriːfʌnd /, / rɪˈfʌnd / select (v) / sɪˈlekt / selection (n) / sɪˈlekʃn / supplier (n) / səˈplaɪə(r) / supply (v) / səˈplaɪ /

2.2

Say it! discount (v) / dɪsˈkaʊnt / discount (n) / ˈdɪskaʊnt / increase (v) / ɪnˈkriːs / increase (n) / ˈɪŋkriːs /

Functional language Expressing surprise and disappointment That was a surprise. That’s unbelievable! Oh wow! That’s a shame. I don’t believe it! You’re kidding!

2.3

Extra vocabulary habitable / ˈhæbɪtəbl / ordinary / ˈɔːdnri / potential / pəˈtenʃl/ semi-detached / ˌsemi dɪˈtætʃt / stunning / ˈstʌnɪŋ / terraced / ˈterəst /

Extra vocabulary image (n) / ˈɪmɪdʒ / media (n) / ˈmiːdiə / product (n) / ˈprɒdʌkt / slogan (n) / ˈsləʊɡən / slot (n) / slɒt /

2.2

2.2

2.3

Word builder old-fashioned / ˌauld ˈfæʃənd / semi-detached / ˌsemi dɪˈtætʃt / six-bedroomed / ˌsɪks ˈbedrʊmd /

2.4

Functional language Describing your personal qualities I do a lot of (+ -ing). I like to think I’m (+ adjective). I consider myself to be (+ adjective). I’m a dedicated (+ noun), and I absolutely love (+ noun). I’m really (+ adjective), so … . It’s my passion, so … really appeals to me. I’ve got a good head for (+ noun), so … shouldn’t be a problem for me. I’ve picked up really valuable experience. My managers have been impressed with how (+ adjective) I am.

Vocabulario

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Unit 2

107

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Vocabulary practice

Unit 2

1 The same letters are missing from each pair of words. Can you complete them? Then choose one word from each pair to complete the definitions. 1

w

2

er

adca

d

g

3

gan

4

v

-

c

6

t

r

m 5

e

m

inf

ch

d

potent p

ote

1

: send out (TV or radio programmes)

2

: a picture

3

t

: with a shared wall on one side

5

: say that something is true (although other people might not believe it)

6

: help to sell something

2 Complete the table. Then tick (✓) the nouns that refer to people. Verb

BUSINESS WEEKLY / SHOPPING

F BOGO

Shops have tried many strategies to customers to hand over their (1) con cash. However, few have been as successful as the ‘buy one get one free’ offer, known as ‘BOGOF’ in the marketing industry. These to shoppers, offers obviously (2) app gain, who believe they’re getting a (3) but what are the benefits for businesses? Well, firstly, BOGOF promotions generate bigger ducts profits than selling fewer (4) more cheaply. Secondly, they encourage to make extra – often (5) con unnecessary – (6) pur . And thirdly, to be selling although shops (7) app things for half price, this isn’t always true, as more than the they generally (8) cha usual price for one item. P5 P5

: a memorable word or phrase used to advertise something

4

3 Complete the missing words.

Noun

(1)

bid

(2)

consumer

(3)

browser

(4)

selection

(5)

supplier

4 Translate the sentences. 1 The flat wasn’t habitable when they bought it, but now it’s absolutely stunning.

2 I do a lot of reading, so I can recommend plenty of good books.

A person

3 When you said this shop was expensive, you weren’t exaggerating!

4 Before they won the lottery, they’d lived in an ordinary terraced house.

5 The shop didn’t give me a refund for the shoes because I’d already worn them.

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Unit 2

Vocabulario

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Gramática

Unit 3

The passive – past, present and future Present simple passive sujeto

+

Energy

am / is / are

+

is (isn’t)

participio pasado

saved.

Past simple passive sujeto

+

Energy

was / were

+

was (wasn’t)

participio pasado

saved.

Future passive sujeto

+

will be

+

Energy

will (won’t) be

sujeto

am / is / are going to be

Energy

+

participio pasado

saved.

is (isn’t) going to be

+

participio pasado

saved.

Uso La voz pasiva se suele utilizar cuando no está claro, o no es importante, quién realiza la acción. According to archaeologists, the wheel was invented in around 3,500 BC. (We don’t know who invented it.) Electricity is generated using wind turbines. (It isn’t important who generates it.) Sin embargo, a veces incluimos el complemento agente (la cosa o persona que hace algo) precedido por by. Solar-powered ovens will be used by people in developing countries. (agente = people in developing countries) Hormones are released by the brain. (agente = the brain)

Reflexive pronouns, emphatic pronouns, each other and one another Pronombres reflexivos / enfáticos Singular

Plural

I

myself

we

ourselves

you

yourself

you

yourselves

they

themselves

he

himself

she

herself

it

itself

Uso Utilizamos un pronombre reflexivo como objeto del verbo si el sujeto y el objeto son la misma persona o cosa. The body repairs itself. (subject = the body; object = the body)

En inglés, los pronombres reflexivos se utilizan menos que en las lenguas romances. En muchos casos, no incluimos el pronombre reflexivo aunque la acción sea algo que nos hacemos a nosotros mismos. clean your teeth (NO clean yourself your teeth) get dressed (NO get yourself dressed) Los pronombres enfáticos tienen la misma forma que los reflexivos. Se utilizan para subrayar que esta persona o cosa realiza la acción, y no ninguna otra. No funcionan como objeto del verbo, sino que suelen aparecer detrás de él. He designed this app himself. (subject = he; object = this app) Utilizamos by + un pronombre reflexivo con el significado de “solo, sin compañía” o “sin ayuda”. I went on holiday by myself. (= without company) We made this pizza by ourselves. (= without help) Each other y one another hacen referencia a acciones recíprocas. A le hace algo a B, y B le hace lo mismo a A. Pablo and Maite talk to each other / one another. = (Pablo talks to Maite, and Maite talks to Pablo.) Each other y one another significan lo mismo.

have something done sujeto She

+

have

+

has

objeto her hair

+

participio pasado cut.

Uso Utilizamos esta estructura (the causative) cuando le pedimos a otra persona que haga algo por nosotros. We had our house painted. (= We asked someone to paint our house. We didn’t paint it ourselves.) También describe algo desafortunado que nos ha ocurrido por culpa de otra persona. I’ve had my car stolen. (= Someone stole my car.) Se puede utilizar en distintos tiempos verbales cambiando la forma del verbo have.

It is said that … Uso Utilizamos It is + algunos verbos en la voz pasiva (accept, believe, know (well), say, think) para decir lo que la gente piensa, sabe o cree. Esta estructura permite expresar las ideas de forma neutra, sin decir quién piensa, sabe o cree esas cosas, o si estamos de acuerdo. It is said that the Earth’s climate is changing rapidly. It is well known that solar panels are very expensive.

Gramática

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Unit 3

109

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 3

Grammar practice

The passive – past, present and future

2

Are you OK, Phil? Have you hurt

?

3

I’ve never been to the cinema by

.

4

the action) in each sentence, or write X if the agent isn’t mentioned.

There are so many people here! We’ll never find if we get separated.

5

1 Kinetic energy is converted into electricity by wind turbines.

I can’t believe your brother painted that picture . It’s amazing!

6

1 Write the agent (the person or thing responsible for

2 Alternative energy sources are going to be needed very soon. 3 The light bulb was invented by many different scientists. 4 The first home computers were introduced in the 1970s. 5 What innovative devices will be developed before the end of the century?

2 Complete the text with the correct past, present or future passive form of the verbs.

The lights switch detect movement.

on when they

have something done 4 Write sentences using the have something done structure. Use the bold verbs and tenses. Then answer the question below. 1 I / my laptop / repair (present continuous) 2 they / their eyes / test (going to) 3 we / vandalize / our car / last night (past simple) 4 she / cut / her hair (present perfect continuous)

We’ve all seen solar panels on houses, but did you know that they (1) (find) in other places, too? Here are just some of the innovative ways that solar panels (2) (use) nowadays. The solar bikini: The iKini (3) (create) by an American designer in 2011. Sunlight (4) (convert) to electricity by the bikini’s solar panels. This electricity (5) (use) to charge phones and other electronic devices that (6) (plug) into the bikini via a USB cable. Men’s shorts (7) / (develop) next. It’s an interesting idea, but the iKini (8) / (not find) in my suitcase this summer!

In which sentence didn’t the subject(s) ask another person to do something?

It is said that … 5 Rewrite the sentences using It is … and the correct passive form of the bold verbs. 1 People say that too many chemicals are used in food production.

2 Everyone knows well that fossil fuels cause pollution. 3 Some people think that nuclear energy is unsafe.

Reflexive pronouns, emphatic pronouns, each other and one another 3 Complete the sentences with the correct reflexive or emphatic pronoun, or each other / one another. Then tick (✓) the sentences which contain reflexive verbs. 1

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We looked at and realized we were wearing the same dress.

Unit 3

Gramática

4 Most people accept that Einstein was a genius. 5 People believe that saturated fat is unhealthy.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 3 3.1

Vocabulario

adaptable / əˈdæptəbl / alternative / ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv / chemical / ˈkemɪkl / computer-generated / kəmˌpjuːtə ˈdʒenəreɪtɪd / electronic / ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk / energy-saving / ˈenədʒi ˌseɪvɪŋ / high-tech / ˌhaɪ ˈtek / innovative / ˈɪnəvətɪv /, / ˈɪnəveɪtɪv / mechanical / məˈkænɪkl / solar-powered / ˈsəʊlə(r) ˌpaʊəd / sustainable / səˈsteɪnəbl / wireless / ˈwaɪələs / 3.1

Right, let’s move on to … Studies show that … OK, we’ve come to the end of our presentation.

Adjectives: technology 3.3

3.3

Extra vocabulary

Verbs: functions absorb / əbˈsɔːb /, / əbˈzɔːb / boost / buːst/ burn / bɜːn / crash / kræʃ/ perform / pəˈfɔːm / process / ˈprəʊses / release / rɪˈliːs / repair / rɪˈpeə(r) / rest / rest / transport / trænˈspɔːt /

3.2

Functional language Giving presentations I’d now like to discuss … Let me summarize … Research has shown … Today we’re going to talk to you about …

Word builder celebration (n) / ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn / celebrity (n) / səˈlebrəti / developer (n) / dɪˈveləpə(r) / development (n) / dɪˈveləpmənt / participant (n) / pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt / participation (n) / pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn / support (n) / səˈpɔːt / supporter (n) / səˈpɔːtə(r) / trainer (n) / ˈtreɪnə(r) / training (n) / ˈtreɪnɪŋ /

convert (v) / kənˈvɜːt / generate (v) / ˈdʒenəreɪt / run (v) / rʌn / store (v) / stɔː(r) / 3.2

Extra vocabulary celebrate (v) / ˈselɪbreɪt / develop (v) / dɪˈveləp / participate (v) / pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt / support (v) / səˈpɔːt / train (v) / treɪn /

3.4

Functional language Expressing interest and lack of it I’m quite / (not) really / not at all interested in … (+ -ing) … really fascinates me. … doesn’t appeal to me in the slightest. … seems like a waste of time to me. Expressing satisfaction and disappointment I’m really / not very pleased with … I could(n’t) have done better … I’m a bit disappointed with … I’ve given up … (+ -ing) Expressing hope It’d be great if … you could / would … I really hope …

Vocabulario

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Unit 3

111

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Vocabulary practice

Unit 3

1 Complete the adjectives with the suffixes. Then use them to complete the sentences.

-able

-al

chemic solar-power

-ed

-ic

-ive

alternat electron

1 Is this printer

-less

wire sustain

or do I need a USB cable?

2 The bikini will charge your phone while you sunbathe. 3 If you don’t eat meat, you’ll need sources of protein. 4 We need to find more generating electricity.

ways of

6 This charger is compatible with many different devices. phones, tablets and other

2 Choose the correct option to complete the text.

Understanding sleep Sleep has a major impact on our quality of life. It is well known that unless we (1) properly, we have less energy and become less able to (2) everyday tasks. So how does sleep work? When we fall asleep, our bodies enter a cycle that repeats itself every 90 minutes or so. First is NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep. Our breathing becomes slower, hormones are (3) and more blood is (4) to the muscles. This allows our bodies to (5) and grow, and any damage to be (6) . However, it is REM (rapid eye movement) sleep that the energy we need and (8) it for use the next day. The brain is actively (9) information during REM sleep: it is in this phase that dreams occur. It is believed that both kinds of sleep are crucial, but that the REM phase really (10) the performance of the brain as well as the body. (7)

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1 A rest

B absorb

C run

2 A crash

B perform

C process

3 A burned

B rested

C released

Unit 3

Vocabulario

B transported

C run

5 A train

B develop

C convert

6 A stored

B repaired

C processed

7 A generates

B burns

C participates

8 A runs

B absorbs

C stores

9 A processing 10 A crashes

B developing

C repairing

B boosts

C converts

3 Complete the sentences with a word related to the bold word. 1 The world is changing very quickly so we need to be . (adapt)

5 When salt is mixed with vinegar, a(n) reaction is produced.

112

4 A boosted

2 My dad is a

engineer. (mechanism)

3 Why is my computer basic tasks so slowly at the moment? (performance) 4 Plants use photosynthesis to into energy. (conversion)

sunlight

5 Hundreds of students are expected to in the technology competition. (participation)

4 Translate the sentences. 1 It is accepted that energy-saving light bulbs are environmentally friendly.

2 The car is at the garage because we’re having it repaired.

3 Many of the innovative high-tech devices that we use today were developed by Apple.

4 Computer-generated music doesn’t appeal to me in the slightest.

5 Good friends support each other and celebrate each other’s achievements.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 4

Gramática

The first and second conditional Condicional de primer grado If / Unless + present simple,

will / won’t + infinitivo

If you do yoga,

you’ll feel more relaxed.

will / won’t + infinitivo

if / unless + present simple

You’ll feel more relaxed

if you do yoga.

Condicional de segundo grado If / Unless + past simple,

would / wouldn’t + infinitivo

Unless I was very hungry,

I wouldn’t eat blue food.

would / wouldn’t + infinitivo

if / unless + past simple

I wouldn’t eat blue food

unless I was very hungry.

Uso La oraciones condicionales constan de una proposición condicional (encabezada por if o unless) y una proposición principal que describe el resultado. El orden de las proposiciones no es importante, ya que no altera el significado de la frase. Cuando la proposición condicional encabeza la oración, solemos separarla de la proposición principal mediante una coma. If you wore yellow, you’d feel more cheerful. La coma no es necesaria cuando la proposición principal va al comienzo de la frase. You’d feel more cheerful if you wore yellow. “Unless + verbo en afirmativa” significa lo mismo que “If + verbo en negativa”. Unless you work out, you won’t have any energy. = If you don’t work out, you won’t have any energy. El condicional de primer grado se utiliza para hablar de posibles situaciones del futuro. If we lose our next match, we won’t win the cup. (It’s possible that we’ll lose the match.) El condicional de segundo grado describe situaciones imaginarias o hipotéticas. If you were an Olympic swimmer, what would you eat? (You aren’t an Olympic swimmer so this is an imaginary situation.)

The third conditional If / Unless + past perfect

would / wouldn’t + have + participio pasado

If he’d worn trainers

he’d have run faster.

would / wouldn’t + have + participio pasado

if / unless + past perfect

He’d have run faster

if he’d worn trainers.

Uso El condicional de tercer grado describe situaciones que eran posibles en el pasado, pero no se llegaron a producir. If I’d trained harder, I would have won the race. (It was possible for me to train harder, but I didn’t, so I didn’t win the race.) I would have bought that phone unless you’d recommended this one. (It was possible for me to buy the phone, but I bought this one because you recommended it.)

The zero conditional If / Unless / When / Until + present simple,

present simple

If you mix blue and yellow,

you get green.

present simple

if / unless + present simple

You get green

if you mix blue and yellow.

Uso Utilizamos el condicional de grado cero para referirnos a situaciones que siempre dan el mismo resultado. Most plants die unless you water them regularly. The computer doesn’t shut down until you close all the programs. When light hits a solar panel, it is converted into electricity.

If only and I wish Lamentarse sobre el presente (If only / I wish + past simple) If only I wish

he had an umbrella.

Lamentarse sobre el pasado (If only / I wish + past perfect) If only I wish

I hadn’t left my umbrella at home this morning.

Uso Utilizamos If only … o I wish … para describir cosas de las que no estamos satisfechos; y, si pudiéramos, las cambiaríamos. We use If only / I wish + past simple to talk about present situations that we would like to be different. If only / I wish I was good at football. (= I’m not happy because I’m not a good footballer.) Empleamos If only / I wish + past perfect para hablar de situaciones pasadas de las que nos arrepentimos. If only / I wish we’d started training earlier. (= I’m not happy because we started training too late.)

Gramática

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Unit 4

113

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 4

Grammar practice

The first and second conditional 1 Are the sentences in the first or second conditional?

4 Write third conditional sentences. 1 If / you / walk / faster / we / catch / the train.

Write 1 or 2. 1 What would you do if you were the Prime Minister? 2 He’ll be really happy if he finishes the race.

2 He / play / in the match / if / he / not hurt / his ankle.

3 We won’t pass the exam unless we study hard. 4 If she broke her ankle, she wouldn’t be able to get to school.

3 They / die / unless / the firefighters / rescue / them.

5 If you were in my situation, what would you do?

2 Match 1−5 to A−E and complete the sentences with

4 She / travel abroad / if / she / have / the opportunity.

the correct form of the verbs in bold. (we / do)

1 What

(not know) you’re upset

2 He

(not live) in a city

3 I

(you / try) surfing

4 5 I

(arrive) at 8.30

A unless I had a well-paid job. B if you had the opportunity? C unless you tell him. D if no one comes to our party? E unless the train is delayed.

The third conditional 3 Complete the third conditional sentences in the text using the verbs in bold. Use contracted forms where possible. When Cathy Freeman won the 400 metres at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, she became the first Aboriginal Australian athlete to win an Olympic medal. Cathy believes that she (1) (be) less motivated to win if she (2) (not need) to face up to difficulties in her early life. Cathy’s sister, Anne-Marie, was born with serious disabilities. If her sister (3) (not be) disabled, Cathy says she probably (not (4) understand) how amazing it was to be able to run. Cathy is proud of her achievements, and she believes that Aborigines must continue to fight for equality. She says that many of her Aboriginal friends (5) (win) medals too if they (6) (have) the opportunity to get involved in athletics.

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Unit 4

Gramática

The zero conditional 5 Complete the zero conditional sentences with the verbs in the correct order and in the correct form. when you 1 What in a microwave? (put / happen) 2 If he (eat / have)

eggs, he

3 The class (not finish / ring) 4 Unless you computer

a metal spoon an allergic reaction.

until the bell

.

anti-virus software, your at risk. (be / use)

If only and I wish 6 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use the expressions in bold. 1 I don’t like being short. (If only) taller. 2 I painted the wall red. That was a mistake. (I wish) the wall red. 3 My parents are really embarrassing. (I wish) so embarrassing. 4 I don’t like living in this city. It’s boring. (If only) in a more interesting city.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 4 4.1

Vocabulario

Phrasal verbs calm (sb) down (phr v) / ˌkɑːm ˈdaʊn / cheer (sb) up (phr v) / ˌtʃɪə(r) ˈʌp / chill out (phr v) / ˌtʃɪl ˈaʊt / cut down (phr v) / ˌkʌt ˈdaʊn / face up to (phr v) / ˌfeɪs ˈʌp tə / open up (phr v) / ˌəʊpən ˈʌp / slow (sth) down (phr v) / ˌsləʊ ˈdaʊn / work out (phr v) / ˌwɜːk ˈaʊt /

4.1

Aches and pains aching muscles / ˌeɪkɪŋ ˈmʌslz / allergic reaction / əˌlɜːdʒɪk riˈækʃn / broken leg / ˌbrəʊkən ˈleɡ / bruised knee / ˌbruːzd ˈniː / dislocated shoulder / ˌdɪsləkeɪtɪd ˈʃəʊldə(r) / itchy skin / ˌɪtʃi ˈskɪn / sore back / ˌsɔː(r) ˈbæk / sprained wrist / ˌspreɪnd ˈrɪst / stiff neck / ˌstɪf ˈnek / swollen ankle / ˌswəʊlən ˈæŋkl /

4.2

Functional language

Extra vocabulary avalanche (n) / ˈævəlɑːnʃ / layers (n) / ˈleɪəz / parka (n) / ˈpɑːkə / snowshoes (n) / ˈsnəʊʃuːz / thermal underwear (n) / ˌθɜːml ˈʌndəweə(r) / thermometer (n) / ˌθəˈmɒmɪtə(r) /

4.3

Word builder Adjective suffixes accessible (adj) / əkˈsesəbl / cautious (adj) / ˈkɔːʃəs / national (adj) / ˈnæʃnəl / normal (adj) / ˈnɔːml / sensible (adj) / ˈsensəbl / various (adj) / ˈveəriəs /

Extra vocabulary anxious (adj) / ˈæŋkʃəs / cheerful (adj) / ˈtʃɪəfl / dynamic (adj) / daɪˈnæmɪk / grumpy (adj) / ˈɡrʌmpi / sleepy (adj) / ˈsliːpi /

4.2

4.3

4.4

Functional language Asking for advice What do you think I should do? What would you do if you were me? Would you suggest … ? Giving advice If you … , you will … (+ infinitive) If I were you, I’d … (+ infinitive) My advice would be to … (+ infinitive) Make sure you … (+ infinitive) Have you thought about … (+ -ing)? You could … (+ infinitive) You should / shouldn’t … (+ infinitive) You ought to … (+ infinitive)

Agreeing and disagreeing Definitely! Exactly! I don’t think that’s possible. I’m not convinced about that. I’m not sure about that! I see what you mean Me too! That’s impossible. That’s right.

Vocabulario

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Unit 4

115

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Vocabulary practice

Unit 4

1 Copy the letters with the same colour and put them in the correct order to make words to complete the sentences. S

E

O

N

E

N

S

I

A

C

O

H

R

A

T

I

E

S

R

E

S

O

T

E

P

N

B

K

R

M

M

W

R

D

O

W

D

R

E

S

H

A

I

M

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T

C

S

1 Eric has got a he can’t write.

k

and it looks awful.

B : You really need to s

d

!

3 A : I don’t want to talk about my problems. B : If you o to help.

u

, maybe I’ll be able

4 A : How many cans of cola have you had?

3 Dawn wants to buy for the expedition.

5 A : I’ve got a s

B : Three. I should c

. ;

2 Complete the article with the words and phrases. aching avalanches calm down cheerful facing up to grumpy layers swollen thermal underwear work out

So you want to climb a mountain? Climbing a mountain is an amazing experience, but it’s very dangerous if you don’t know what you’re doing. Here are some things to consider before your first expedition. Climbers need to be in excellent physical condition, so you’ll need to (1) regularly to avoid (2) muscles and to increase your stamina. Mental strength is just as important. Are you good at (3) challenges? Will you stay (4) when things get difficult or will you become (5) ? Can you (6) yourself when you feel anxious? You’ll need special clothes to keep warm in the snow, including a thick jacket on the outside, (7) on the inside, and several (8) in the middle. Many accidents are caused by (9) and falling rocks. Could you recognize the danger signs? What would you do if someone in your group had a (10) ankle and couldn’t walk? If I were you, I’d think about all these things before climbing any mountains!

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B : I’ve got a b

2 A : I’ve got basketball training, then band practice and finally a judo class.

;

5 Helen has got a very she can’t lift anything.

20

1 A : Why are you wearing jeans? It’s so hot!

2 Rachel needs a to take her temperature.

4 Ricardo is very

116

3 Complete the missing words in the mini-dialogues.

Unit 4

Vocabulario

d n

, shouldn’t I? .

B : That’s because you spend too much time on your laptop. It isn’t good for you. 6 A : Oh, no! Have you got a b

l

?

B : No, don’t worry. It’s just a sprained ankle.

4 Translate the sentences. 1 If I were you, I’d wear a parka.

2 Some allergic reactions cause itchy skin.

3 Marta ought to spend more time chilling out.

4 I couldn’t play tennis because I had a dislocated shoulder.

5 You’ll feel sleepy tomorrow unless you go to bed soon.

6 Which music videos have you streamed recently?

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 5

Gramática

Question forms Preguntas sobre el sujeto

Who edits the site?

Preguntas sobre el objeto

Which blogs do you read?

Question tags

He hasn’t emailed, has he?

Preguntas con preposición

Who are you writing to?

Uso En las subject questions, la partícula interrogativa (what, who, etc.) se refiere al sujeto. ‘Who commented on your post?’ ‘Sara.’ (Who asks about Sara, the subject of the verb comment.) Las preguntas relativas al sujeto se construyen con una partícula interrogativa seguida del verbo principal, que funciona igual que en la forma afirmativa. Estas preguntas no incluyen los auxiliares do (presente) / did (pasado). Who hosts the site? (NO Who does host the site?) En las object questions, la partícula interrogativa (what, who, etc.) hace referencia a la persona o la cosa que recibe la acción del verbo. ‘What did you upload?’ ‘I uploaded a video.’ (What asks about the video, the object of the verb upload.) Las preguntas sobre el objeto, tanto en presente como en pasado, incluyen los auxiliares do / did y el infinitivo sin to. Who did you email? Utilizamos questions tags al final de la frase para asegurarnos de que algo es cierto, o preguntar si nuestro interlocutor está de acuerdo. You commented on my blog, didn’t you? Las questions tags se construyen con un verbo modal o auxiliar seguido del pronombre sujeto de la frase principal. Si el verbo principal está en afirmativa, el de la question tag irá en negativa, y viceversa. You use a PC, don’t you? We can’t access our emails, can we? Si la frase contiene un verbo en la forma afirmativa del present simple o el past simple, utilizamos la correspondiente forma negativa de do en la question tag. He transferred the files, didn’t he? Algunos verbos van acompañados de preposiciones (look at, talk to, comment on.) En preguntas relativas al objeto, se suelen colocar al final. What are you looking at?

Verbs with -ing and to Cuando un verbo va seguido de otro, el segundo puede adoptar dos formas:

el infinitivo (con to): I’ve decided to start a blog. Algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos tanto de verbos en -ing como de infinitivos, y tienen un significado diferente. He aquí algunos ejemplos típicos: forget / remember I’ll never forget meeting you.

(no) tener un recuerdo de

Remember to email me.

(no) olvidar algo que debemos hacer

go on He went on talking for hours.

seguir

He started a blog and went on to launch a website.

pasar a otra actividad

regret I regret buying this tablet.

arrepentirse de algo que hicimos en el pasado

I regret to say that I can’t repair your laptop.

sentir tener que decir que algo es cierto

stop I’ve stopped using Facebook.

dejar de hacer algo

She stopped to chat to me.

interrumpir una acción brevemente para hacer otra cosa

try I’ll try sending an email from my other account.

hacer un experimento para ver si algo funciona

I’m trying to get up earlier.

hacer un esfuerzo

Modals of deduction and possibility sujeto

+ verbo modal

+ verbo principal

It

can’t

have

a virus.

arrive

late.

be

angry.

(= I’m certain it isn’t true.) We

could / may / might

(= It’s possible.) You

must

(= I’m certain it is true.)

Uso Los verbos modales can’t, could, may, might, must sirven para expresar distintos grados de certeza.

Infinitives of purpose Oración principal

+ infinitivo de finalidad

I switched on my tablet (action)

to check my email. (= reason)

Uso El infinitivo de finalidad explica el porqué de una acción. ‘Why did you call Sam?’ ‘To cheer him up.’

la forma en -ing: I enjoyed reading your post.

Gramática

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Unit 5

Grammar practice

Question forms

Modals of deduction and possibility

1 Complete the question tags.

4 Complete the dialogue with suitable modals from

1 They host this website,

?

2 He wasn’t very respectful,

?

3 You’ve already logged on,

?

4 She hadn’t registered with the site,

?

5 The file uploaded correctly,

?

6 Hackers can’t access my documents,

?

2 Look at the underlined words in the answers. Then write the questions. Use the same verb as in the answer. 1 I’m looking at a football blog. 2 Mum bookmarked the website. 3 I uploaded a hilarious cat video. 4 I’m commenting on the photo of Amber in Rome. 5 A virus caused the computer to crash.

Verbs with -ing and to 3 Complete the essay with the correct -ing or infinitive form of the bold verbs.

We all remember (1) (learn) about manners as children. But how often do we stop (2) (consider) the impact of manners on our careers? According to research, success at work depends 85 per cent on people skills. ‘Treat others how you want them to treat you,’ says business coach Marga Cruz. ‘It’s a simple rule, but we often forget (3) (follow) it. Many of my clients regret (4) (not realize) this sooner.’ Cruz says there are simple ways to show politeness in the workplace. ‘Don’t go on (5) (talk) in meetings,’ she says. ‘Let others speak. And stop (6) (react) angrily to criticism,’ she says. ‘It doesn’t achieve anything and it damages relationships.’

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Unit 5

Gramática

box A and main verbs from box B. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer.

A

can’t could may might must

B

be be have live spend

A: Look! This girl’s got 10,000 Facebook friends! She really popular. (1) B: No way! Is it actually possible to meet 10,000 people in your life? A: I think so. You (2) to the age of 100 and meet 100 people a year. Or you a celebrity. (3) B: But that girl’s sixteen and at school! She (4) all day sending friend any time requests. She (5) to see anyone face-to-face.

Infinitives of purpose 5 Rewrite the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use infinitives of purpose. 1 I want to buy a can of cola, so I’m going out. 2 I need to ask your advice – that’s why I’m calling. 3 I always say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ because I want to be polite. 4 I’m learning how to play the guitar, so I’ve been watching YouTube videos.

5 We’re trying to help the local hospital, which is why we’re raising money.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 5 5.1

Vocabulario

Verbs: technology access (v) / ˈækses / bookmark (v) / ˈbʊkmɑːk / comment (v) / ˈkɒment / edit (v) / ˈedɪt / host (v) / həʊst / launch (v) / lɔːntʃ / log off (v) / ˌlɒɡ ˈɒf / log on (v) / ˌlɒɡ ˈɒn / network (v) / ˈnetwɜːk / register (v) / ˈredʒɪstə(r) / respond (v) / rɪˈspɒnd / transfer (v) / trænsˈfɜː(r) / upload (v) / ˌʌpˈləʊd /

5.1

Extra vocabulary face-to-face (adj) / ˌfeɪs tə ˈfeɪs / global (adj) / ˈɡləʊbl / multiple (adj) / ˈmʌltɪpl / virtual (adj) / ˈvɜːtʃuəl /

5.1

5.3

Extra vocabulary poverty (n) / ˈpɒvəti / respectful (adj) / rɪˈspektfl / (social) circle (n) / ˈsəʊʃɪ ˌsɜːkl / upbringing (n) / ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ / upper classes (n) / ˌʌpə ˈklɑːsɪz /

5.3

Word builder bring up (phr v) / ˌbrɪŋ ˈʌp / cheer up (phr v) / ˌtʃɪə(r) ˈʌp / own up (phr v) / ˌəʊn ˈʌp / put up (phr v) / ˌpʊt ˈʌp / split up (phr v) / ˌsplɪt ˈʌp /

5.3

Say it! calm down (phr v) / ˌkɑːm ˈdaʊn / chill out (phr v) / tʃɪlˈaʊt /

Nouns: manners appreciation (n) / əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn / consideration (n) / kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn / diplomacy (n) / dɪˈpləʊməsi / etiquette (n) / ˈetɪket /, / ˈetɪkət / interaction (n) / ˌɪntərˈækʃn / netiquette (n) / ˈnetɪket /, / ˈnetikət / politeness (n) / pəˈlaɪtnəs / rank (n) / ræŋk / rudeness (n) / ˈruːdnəs / tradition (n) / trəˈdɪʃn /

Functional language Thinking time you know I mean well like

Learn it! actually (adv) / ˈæktʃuəli / currently (adv) / ˈkʌrəntli /

5.2

5.2

5.4

Functional language Making suggestions There could be … (+ noun) We could consider … (+ -ing) It’d be great if we could … (+ infinitive) Why don’t we … (+ infinitive)? Perhaps we could … (+ infinitive) We’d better (not) … (+ infinitive) How / What about … (+ -ing / noun)? Expressing certainty It’s / There is / are bound + to … (+ infinitive) That’s definitely … (+ noun / adjective) There’s no doubt … (+ that clause) Expressing doubt I doubt / I’m not really sure / It’s unlikely … (+ that clause)

Vocabulario

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Unit 5

119

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Vocabulary practice

Unit 5

1 Read the sentences and complete the puzzle. Then find a mystery word in the horizontal squares. 2

3

4

5

B often form a closed social circle. C in the USA to eat turkey for Thanksgiving.

7 1

A of old films has grown as I’ve got older.

8

D for this site without uploading a photo?

9

6

E interaction to communicating online. F is not showing consideration for others. 10

G websites that you want to access frequently.

3 Complete the text with the words. appreciation comment face-to-face hosts log on respectful rudeness uploads virtual

What annoys you most on social media? 1 This is a useful site if you want to … large files.

4 I think … is essential in any society.

I have a friend who (1) her own cookery blog and (2) photos of her food to Twitter every day! Every time I (3) , another one has appeared! Then, if I don’t (4) on her photos and show my (5) , she gets angry and accuses me of (6) !

5 Social … varies widely between different cultures.

Graham, Edinburgh

2 Child … is one of the biggest global issues that we currently face. 3 I have more … friends than real friends.

6 They’re going to … their new website next month. 7 It isn’t … to your neighbours to make a lot of noise. 8 Why don’t we … a blog about surfing? 9 This software works on … platforms. 10 Please will you … my article for the website? The mystery word is

.

2 Complete sentence halves 1–7 with two different letters from the word cloud. Then match 1–7 to A–G to form sentences.

r t s a p t k e f p o r e i k s s f a s

p i e s p e a o a

1 The u

er cla

2 You can b 3 Can I 4 It’s a

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Jessica, Manchester

4 Translate the sentences. 1 You remembered to log off, didn’t you?

2 Who took the photos that you uploaded to your blog?

e 3 Which comments did you respond to?

mar gist

rad

on

5 I prefer

ce-to-

6 I think rud

n

7 My

reci

Unit 5

I’m still good friends with my ex-boyfriend, but he’s started having long (7) conversations with his new girlfriend on his Facebook wall. Why don’t they message each other privately or actually meet (8) ? It’s great that they’re in love, but it isn’t (9) to other people, and especially not to me!

Vocabulario

ce tion

4 There’s no doubt that face-to-face networking requires politeness and diplomacy.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 6

Gramática

Reported speech

‘Who wrote the sketch?’ he asked. ➞ He asked who had written the sketch.

Al contar lo que alguien ha dicho, podemos hacerlo en estilo directo, repitiendo sus palabras:

En preguntas de tipo yes / no, se utilizan if y whether.

‘The book is really chilling,’ said Ben. O podemos utilizar el estilo indirecto:

‘Did you enjoy the act?’ He asked me? ➞ He asked me if I’d enjoyed the act. Para órdenes y peticiones, utilizamos el infinitivo con to.

Ben said the book was really chilling. Al pasar de estilo directo a indirecto, el tiempo verbal da un paso atrás hacia el pasado.

‘Please stand under the spotlight.’ ➞ He asked me to stand under the spotlight. ‘Don’t worry,’ she told me. ➞ She told me not to worry.

Estilo directo

Estilo indirecto

present simple

past simple

present continuous

past continuous

past simple

past perfect simple

present perfect simple

past perfect simple

Se utilizan distintas estructuras dependiendo del verbo introductorio:

can

could

suggest + (that) + sujeto + infinitivo sin to.

will

would

am / is / are going to

was / were going to

He suggested (that) I use a microphone. offer + to + infinitivo

También cambian las referencias al tiempo, el espacio y la gente, para reflejar el punto de vista de la persona que cuenta las cosas. ‘We’ll arrive tomorrow,’ they confirmed. ➞ They confirmed that they would arrive the following day. Estilo indirecto

Estilo indirecto

Tiempo yesterday

the previous day

tomorrow

the following day

next week

the following week

Lugar here

there

this, these

that, those

Gente I, me, mine, myself

he / she, him / her, his / her(s), himself / herself

we, us, our, ours, ourselves

they, them, their, theirs, themselves

Reported questions, requests and commands Al pasar una pregunta al estilo indirecto, cambiamos el orden, que refleja la misma estructura que la forma afirmativa. En estas preguntas no se incluyen los auxiliares do / did, pero sí cambian las referencias al tiempo, el lugar y la gente, igual que en la forma afirmativa. ‘Which comedians do you like?’ he asked her. ➞ He asked her which comedians she liked.

Reported suggestions and offers

She offered to help me with my act.

Prepositions Lugar

Movimiento

Distancia

Origen

below

away from

away

of

on top of

towards

near

from

at

across

Uso Las preposiciones expresan distintas relaciones entre las palabras de una frase, p. ej. Lugar: The cat was on top of the bookcase. Movimiento: She started walking towards me. Distancia: There’s a big town about 10 km away. Origen: Our teacher is from Scotland.

Adverb phrases Las expresiones adverbiales están formadas por dos o más palabras, a menudo una preposición y un sustantivo, que se unen para funcionar como un adverbio. Tiempo

Lugar

Modo

after a while as soon as every night

at home in bed

in secret in silence in a hurry

Uso Utilizamos adverbios y expresiones adverbiales para indicar cuándo, dónde y cómo ocurrió algo. He goes out every night. They met in secret.

She studies at home.

Gramática

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on foot very much

Unit 6

121

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Grammar practice

Unit 6 Reported speech

4 They asked me who had designed that set.

1 Read Jessica’s review. Then complete the sentences using reported speech.

‘Who

set?’

5 He asked if I’d seen their act the previous day. ‘

Reported suggestions and offers

Visitor feedback I visited Hampton Court Palace yesterday with my family. I haven’t written a review before, but I really want to say how much we enjoyed ourselves! Hampton Court was the home of Henry VIII. He was the King of England from 1509 to 1547 and he had six wives. There are lots of interactive features so visitors can imagine what life was like in the 1500s. It’s great for a winter’s day, but we’re going to go again in the summer. Then we’ll be able to explore the gardens. Jessica, Brighton

*****

1 Jessica said that Court Palace

?’

Hampton with family.

2 She explained that Hampton Court Palace the home of King Henry VIII, who six wives. 3 She said that visitors like in the 1500s thanks to what life lots of interactive features. 4 She mentioned that she and her family again in the summer so be able to explore the gardens. they

3 Decide if the sentences are suggestions or offers and rewrite them in reported speech using the reporting verbs suggest or offer. 1 ‘Why don’t we have a day out?’ Lu said to me. 2 ‘I’ll drive you to school,’ Dad said to me. 3 ‘I can help you with your bags,’ Ali said to Amy. 4 ‘Let’s watch something funny,’ Sam said to Jane.

Prepositions 4 Complete the sentences with the prepositions. Say if they refer to location (L), movement (M), distance (D) or origin (O).

across below from near 1 There’s a great ice cream shop

here.

2 I don’t recognize his accent. Where is he 3 Please sign your name 4 Let’s walk

?

the line.

the bridge.

Reported questions, requests and commands

Adverb phrases

2 Rewrite the questions, requests and commands in

5 Complete the second sentence with an adverb

direct speech. Write one word in each gap.

phrase so that it means the same as the first.

1 She asked me to call her the following day.

1 They didn’t talk at all during the meal.

‘Please

.’ ?’

3 He told me to write a sketch for his new show. ‘Write

.

2 I always walk to school.

2 They asked me what subjects I studied. ‘What subjects

They ate their meal

new show.’

I always go to school

.

3 Suzy hasn’t got up yet. Suzy’s still

.

4 When you get this message, call me immediately. Call me

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Unit 6

Gramática

you get this message.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 6 6.1

Vocabulario

Verbs: reporting

6.3

add (v) / æd / admit (v) / ədˈmɪt / agree (v) / əˈɡriː / boast (v) / bəʊst / complain (v) / kəmˈpleɪn / confirm (v) / kənˈfɜːm / deny (v) / dɪˈnaɪ / insist (v) / ɪnˈsɪst / mention (v) / ˈmenʃn / point out (v) / pɔɪnt ˈaʊt / recommend (v) / ˌrekəˈmend / reply (v) / rɪˈplaɪ / reveal (v) / rɪˈviːl / state (v) / steɪt / 6.1

blockbuster (n) / ˈblɒkbʌstə(r) / film-buff (n) / ˈfɪlm bʌf / frame (n) / freɪm / set (n) / set / zoom out (v) / ˌzuːm ˈaʊt / 6.3

Extra vocabulary

6.4

Nouns: entertainment act (n) / ækt / amateur (n) / ˈæmətə(r) /, / ˈæmətʃə(r) / microphone (n) / ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn / monologue (n) / ˈmɒnəlɒɡ / newcomer (n) / ˈnjuːkʌmər / professional (n) / prəˈfeʃənl / prop (n) / prɒp / scriptwriter (n) / ˈskrɪptraɪtə(r) / sketch (n) / sketʃ / spotlight (n) / ˈspɒtlaɪt / stage (n) / steɪdʒ / venue (n) / ˈvenjuː /

6.2

Word builder in a film / ɪn ə ˈfɪlm / in a scene / in scenes / ɪn ə ˈsiːn /, / ɪn ˈsiːnz / in the background / ɪn ðə ˈbækɡraʊnd / in the studio / ɪn ðə ˈstjuːdiəʊ / on location / ɒn ləʊˈkeɪʃn / on screen / ɒn ˈskriːn / on set / ɒn ˈset / on stage / ɒn ˈsteɪdʒ /

annual (adj) / ˈænjuəl / exhausting (adj) / ɪɡˈzɔːstɪŋ / extreme (adj) / ɪkˈstriːm / unforgettable (adj) / ˌʌnfəˈɡetəbl / 6.2

Extra vocabulary

Functional language Asking for points of view What did you all / both think about … ? What’s your opinion? Giving points of view In my view, … As far as I’m concerned … My view is that … To my mind, … In my opinion … From my point of view, … Talking about other people’s points of view According to … For (name), … Agreeing with others I couldn’t agree more. I agree with you entirely / in the main / up to a point.

Functional language Expressing frequency a couple of times a week almost never

nearly always once a week

Vocabulario

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Unit 6

123

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Vocabulary practice

Unit 6

1 Find seven words in the grid to complete the poster. Words can be horizontal, vertical or diagonal. P

E

J

K

S

P

I

H

U

N

I

W

T

R

E

E

S

K

E

T

C

H

O

B

I

E

O

G

B

H

C

T

S

R

S

A

L

R

P

F

N

X

H

Z

D

E

N

Y

I

O

I

E

E

D

A

H

H

C

G

O

3 Choose the correct option to complete the text.

How far is too far? As the popularity of stand-up comedy has grown, so has the number of people (1) boasting / complaining that jokes and (2) sketches / venues are too offensive. So should comedians and (3) scriptwriters / professionals be allowed to say or write anything they like?

F

A

P

E

W

S

T

E

N

O

O

A

T

H

R

G

C

U

S

R

Y

M

F

D

D

O

O

D

O

V

B

I

H

M

K

R

Yes

G

A

P

L

M

P

T

R

O

E

C

B

D

C

S

A

E

C

P

J

Y

N

U

A

I

T

A

G

R

J

I

E

F

D

A

O

E

N

T

H

L

U

I

E

S

S

H

L

‘I don’t like cruel jokes, but I believe in freedom of speech,’ (4) states / adds the comedian Andy Kemp. Sociologist Dr Colin McGee (5) agrees / replies with Kemp. He (6) denies / points out that comedy allows people to explore what is socially acceptable. ‘If people don’t like a particular comedian’s (7) act / prop, I (8) admit / recommend that they stop watching it.’

The New TheaTre preseNTs

Lars Jorgensen Live!

this year, ‘If you only see one live stand-up (1) .’ EvEnIng MErcury nsen Jorge see you that I (2) to the comedy scene. ‘This year’s best (3) ’ ThE Echo (4) true Only 22 and already a that ‘Love him or hate him, you can’t (5) E azIn Mag haha ’ Jorgensen is a comic genius. make ‘A spectacular show! The brilliant (6) Funny.coM ’ ous. hilari as well as e essiv impr it visually is ‘Jorgensen’s chicken (7) .’ seen ever I’ve thing iest funn possibly the ThE ManchEsTEr TIMEs

NT

No ‘Last week, I was shocked to see a ‘funny’ (9) monologue / venue about immigrants on TV,’ says writer Kay Ashworth. ‘Of course, the comedian (10) denied / revealed that he was racist, but to my mind, when broadcasters put someone under a (11) spotlight / stage and give them a (12) microphone / sketch, they give them the power to influence people,’ she says. ‘TV stations should make sure that those influences aren’t (13) extreme / exhausting or hateful,’ she (14) adds / admits.

4 Translate the sentences. 1 She boasted that she had worked as a scriptwriter on an American drama series.

2 Complete the sentences with the words. amateur confirm frame unforgettable venues zoom

2 To my mind, it’s the best comedy venue in the city.

1 Help! I’ve made this photo really big. How do I out? 2 Please could you that you’d like two tickets for the 8.30 showing of Star Wars? 3 Some stand-up comedians are so popular that they like football stadiums. can fill huge 4 For an

6 Going on a zip slide is an

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Unit 6

4 You can’t deny that he has some extreme opinions.

, he takes incredible photos.

5 Animation is time-consuming because every is filmed separately.

124

3 He recommended that I practised using the microphone before going on stage.

Vocabulario

experience.

5 He admitted that being a comedian was exhausting.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 7

Gramática

Future continuous and future perfect Future continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They Will Yes, No,

will won’t

I / you / he / she / it / we / they

be

going.

be

going?

I / you / he / she / it / we / they

Will Yes, No,

Adjetivo

Comparativo

Superlativo

long

longer than

the longest

big

bigger than

the biggest

busy

busier than

the busiest

will.

beautiful

more beautiful than

the most beautiful

won’t.

good

better than

the best

Uso

Future perfect I / You / He / She / It / We / They

Comparatives and superlatives

will won’t

I / you / he / she / it / we / they

have

gone.

have

gone?

I / you / he / she / it / we / they

El comparativo sirve para comparar dos cosas, lugares o personas; en el superlativo se compara una persona, un lugar o una cosa con al menos dos más.

will.

Driverless cars will be safer than cars driven by people.

won’t.

The ‘vactrain’ will be the fastest form of transport we’ve ever seen.

Uso Utilizamos el future continuous para describir acciones que se estarán desarrollando en un momento concreto del futuro. Las frases en future continuous suelen incluir las expresiones in / at y this time … In 2025, we’ll be using driverless cars. At 1.30, they’ll be having lunch. This time next week, I’ll be travelling to New York. El future perfect se utiliza para referirse a acciones que se completarán en un momento concreto del futuro. Suelen incluir expresiones temporales introducidas por by. By four o’clock, I’ll have finished this essay. By the year 3000, we’ll have discovered life on another planet.

Future tenses

También utilizamos otras expresiones para establecer comparaciones. Driverless cars are less dangerous than cars driven by people. Football isn’t as old as Kabbadi. This was the least cold winter that I can remember. Para descubrir más expresiones utilizadas para hacer comparaciones, consulta la sección Functional language de la página 127.

Future expressions Los tiempos verbales citados no son los únicos que sirven para hablar del futuro. También podemos emplear ciertas expresiones. be (just) about to (+ infinitivo)

Se utilizan distintos tiempos verbales de futuro para funciones diferentes. will Predicciones (basadas en opiniones o impresiones)

We’ll win the World Cup.

Promesas

I won’t tell anyone.

Decisiones espontáneas

I’ll have another biscuit.

I’m just about to go to bed. I’ll call you tomorrow. be likely to (+ infinitivo) It’s likely to be drizzly tomorrow. be due to (+ infinitivo) We’re due to fly to the USA soon and I’ve lost my passport.

be going to Predicciones (basadas en evidencias externas)

There’s going to be a blizzard.

Intenciones

I’m going to call him now.

Present simple Horarios

The plane leaves at 7.45.

Present continuous Planes concretos

We’re moving to Scotland.

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Grammar practice

Unit 7

Future continuous and future perfect 1 Choose the correct option. Say if the sentences are in the future continuous (FC) or future perfect (FP). 1 What will we be doing / done tomorrow? 2 By 2025, we’ll be / have got married. 3 At 7.30, I’ll be having / had breakfast. 4 Everyone will be / have driving electric cars in ten years.

2 When Rome?

the plane

3 We

in the square at six o’clock.

4 This cake sugar in it. 5 I

from

very nice. I forgot to put your hamster while you’re on holiday.

6 What a beautiful bag! I think I

it.

4 Look at the sentences in exercise 3 again and match

5 When will you have finishing / finished your homework?

them to the functions.

6 At half past two, the match won’t have beginning / begun .

B a prediction based on external evidence

2 Complete the text with the correct future continuous or future perfect form of the verbs.

A a promise C a prediction based on a belief D an event on a timetable E a spontaneous decision F a fixed plan

Melting Arctic ice to open up new shipping routes

Comparatives and superlatives 5 Complete the gaps in the sentences with one word.

Scientists claim that by 2050, ships (1) (sail) directly over the North Pole. At the moment, this route is difficult and this makes trade between Europe and China expensive. But so much ice (melt) by 2050 that a (2) (open up) corridor (3) in the Arctic Ocean and transporting goods (become) much cheaper. (4) It is thought that over the next decades. It is possible that in 2050, while most of the world’s population is suffering from the effects of climate change, a few people (5) (make) money from it.

Future tenses 3 Complete the sentences with future forms of the verbs.

buy

feed

meet

sell

1 I don’t think the band their next album.

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take off

taste many copies of

1 This is

best film I’ve ever seen.

2 Walking isn’t as tiring

cycling.

3 My sister’s outgoing than I am. I love parties and she hates them. 4 Does travelling by train take longer 5 My feet really hurt! These are the shoes I’ve ever bought!

flying? comfortable

Future expressions 6 Add four words to the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Include the bold word. 1 The Prime Minister is giving a speech at 11.00. (due) The Prime Minister a speech at 11.00. 2 There will probably be a light breeze today. (likely) a light breeze There today. 3 When do you expect to get your results? (due) get your When results? 4 Arsenal probably won’t beat Chelsea. (likely) Chelsea. Arsenal

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 7 7.1

Vocabulario

Phrasal verbs: travel come across (phr v) / ˌkʌm əˈkrɒs / get away (phr v) / ˌɡet ˈəweɪ / get off (phr v) / ˌɡet ˈɒf / get on (phr v) / ˌɡet ˈɒn / see off (phr v) / ˌsiː ˈɒf / set off (phr v) / ˌset ˈɒf / speed up (phr v) / ˌspiːd ˈʌp / stop over (phr v) / ˌstɒp ˈəʊvər / take off (phr v) / ˌteɪk ˈɒf / turn back (phr v) / ˌtɜːn ˈbæk /

7.1

7.1

Extra vocabulary bronze (adj) / brɒnz / finish line (n) / ˈfɪnɪʃ ˌlaɪn / opponent (n) / əˈpəʊnənt / runner-up (n) / ˌrʌnər ˈʌp / substitute (n) / ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt / tackle (v) / ˈtækl /

7.3

Word builder be in a league of their own be no match for

Extra vocabulary

fight a losing battle

commuting (v) / kəˈmjuːtɪŋ / double-decker (n) / ˌdʌbl ˈdekər / fare (n) / feər / pedalling (v) / pedlɪŋ / pedestrian (n) / pəˈdestriən / rush hour (n) / ˈrʌʃ aʊər /

get off to a good start

Nouns: weather blizzard (n) / ˈblɪzəd / breeze (n) / briːz / drizzle (n) / ˈdrɪzl / frost (n) / frɒst / gale (n) / ɡeɪl / hailstorm (n) / ˈheɪlstɔːm / heatwave (n) / ˈhiːtweɪv / hurricane (n) / ˈhʌrɪkən / mist (n) / mɪst / shower (n) / ˈʃaʊər / sleet (n) / sliːt / tornado (n) / tɔːˈneɪdəʊ /

7.2

7.3

put up a good fight

7.4

Functional language Comparing and contrasting places It might be (+ comparative) … … is less / more (+ adjective) than … There are (not) as many as … They are not as (+ adjective) as … … get(s) (+ comparative) and (+ same comparative) The (+ comparative), the (+ comparative). There’s never been a (+ comparative) way to … (noun) is second to none. You’ll not only (+ infinitive), but you’ll also (+ infinitive) … . … is the only (+ noun), in town with (+ noun) … It may be (+ adjective), but it won’t be as (+ adjective) as …

Functional language What and How What a lovely idea! How very interesting! How very disappointing!

Vocabulario

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Vocabulary practice

Unit 7

1 Complete the missing double letters in the words. Then use six of the words to complete the headlines. 1 2 3 4

bli

ards

sp

ds up

o

onent

co

uting

5 6 7 8

dri

le

hu

icane

ru

er-up

s

o

to work causes stress say doctors

rEtIrEd BUS drIvEr, 68, dEScrIBES rOUNd-tHE-WOrLd cYcLE trIP Ex-bus driver John Laws has returned home after cycling around the world. Devon Life interviewed him about his trip. Why did you decide to do it? I’d travelled thousands of kilometres, but in Devon in a (1) bus. I wanted to see the world!

I (2) two and a half years ago and travelled through sixteen countries.

What will you remember most about the trip?

Last year’s Tour de France (3) retires from cycling Diet book claims green tea (4) Nadal faces his toughest yet in (5) tonight’s match

double-decker get away hailstorm mist set off stop over tornado turn back

How long did it take and how many countries did you cycle through?

UK PrEParES fOr (1) aNd  SNOW aS WINtrY WEatHEr cONtINUES (2)

3 Complete the interview with the words.

weight loss

Light (6) won’t stop the party at the gLastonbury FestivaL!

2 Choose the correct option to complete the

The scenery and the kind people I met – especially the Nepalese family who invited me to (3) at their house when I had nowhere to stay.

What was the most difficult aspect of the trip? The weather! In India, a had (4) destroyed the road. In China, I was in an incredible – it (5) was like golf balls were falling from the sky! And in Cambodia, there was so much (6) that I couldn’t see the road at all. There were times when I wanted to (7) – but fortunately I didn’t!

and what now? Will you be enjoying a quiet retirement in devon? No way! I can’t wait to again! (8)

4 Translate the sentences. 1 At six o’clock, the plane will have taken off.

sentences. 1 It’s only a … . It’ll have stopped raining soon. A shower

B frost

C sleet

2 I came across my bronze swimming medal while I was tidying my room.

2 You can’t get … the train without a ticket. A off

B on

C away

3 It isn’t very windy, but there’s a light … . A gale

B breeze

C heatwave

3 There are plenty of cheap flights at the moment so there’s never been a better time to get away.

4 Let’s go and watch the runners cross the … . A fare

B finish line

C rush hour

5 That was a bad … ! Why didn’t the referee give him a yellow card? A opponent

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B substitute

Vocabulario

C tackle

4 I hope that at 4.15, I’ll be crossing the finish line.

5 The runner-up said his opponent was second to none.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 8

Gramática

Defining and non-defining relative clauses Utilizamos pronombres relativos para añadir una proposición (de relativo) a una frase. (proposición principal)

(proposición de relativo)

That’s the bakery

which sells mouth-watering cakes.

Se utiliza: • who con personas • when para indicaciones temporales • which para cosas • where con lugares • whose para expresar pertenencia Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativo. Las especificativas aportan información esencial sin la cual no sabríamos a qué cosa, persona, lugar o momento se refiere la frase. This is the restaurant which serves aromatic curries. En las proposiciones especificativas, who y which se pueden sustituir por that. This is the restaurant that serves aromatic curries. Las proposiciones explicativas añaden información adicional sobre el sustantivo, pero la oración principal tendría sentido sin ellas, ya que sabemos a qué cosa, persona, lugar o momento se refiere. La proposición explicativa va entre comas. The restaurant, which is called Thai Spice, serves aromatic curries. En las proposiciones explicativas, los pronombres relativos no se pueden sustituir por that.

Determiners

Elvis was a singer. Al hablar de las cosas en general, no siempre es necesario el determinante, p. ej. en el caso de los sustantivos abstractos. I don’t like fruit.

Trust is essential in relationships.

Indefinite pronouns Afirmativa

Negativa e interrogativa

Cosas

something everything nothing

anything

Lugares

somewhere everywhere nowhere

anywhere

Personas someone = somebody everyone = everybody no one = nobody

anyone = anybody

Uso Los pronombres indefinidos que empiezan por some- y any- se utilizan para referirse a cosas, personas y lugares sin especificar exactamente qué o quiénes son. Utilizamos some- en la forma afirmativa; y any-, en negativa e interrogativa. There’s someone in the kitchen. There isn’t anything savoury. Is there anything in the fridge? Everything, everyone / everybody y everywhere significan “todas las cosas”, “todas las personas” y “(en) todos los sitios”. She’s already been everywhere in Europe.

Utilizamos determinantes tales como los artículos a / an y the para identificar sustantivos. Algunos determinantes hacen referencia a cosas concretas: the this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, its, our, their which This burger is inedible. Which sandwich are you going to have? Otros determinantes, p. ej. a y some, hacen referencia a las cosas en general: I’d like a sandwich.

Nota: en inglés, se utiliza el determinante para referirse a las profesiones.

Let’s get some food.

Utilizamos no one / nobody y nowhere con un verbo en afirmativa para referirnos a “ninguna cosa”, “ninguna persona” y “ningún sitio”. También podemos emplear anything, anyone / anybody y anywhere con un verbo en negativa. El significado es el mismo. There’s nobody here. = There isn’t anybody here.

so … that and such … that Se utiliza so / such … that para subrayar la intensidad de algo. so + adjetivo + that The biscuits were so delicious that I ate three. such + (adjetivo ) + sustantivo + that He showed such bravery that he won a medal. I had such a bad headache that I went home.

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Unit 8

Grammar practice

Defining and non-defining relative clauses 1 Match 1–5 to A–E to form sentences. Say if the sentences contain defining (D) or non-defining (ND) relative clauses.

Determiners 3 Are the determiners in these sentences correct or incorrect? Write ✓ or ✗ and correct the incorrect sentences. 1 I’m allergic to the milk.

1 My uncle, who spent 2 This is the museum

2 How much do these sandals cost?

3 My mum’s new perfume, 4 We saw the Big Hat Jazz Band,

3 How cold is it at North Pole?

5 We’re going to visit the town A where we saw the Matisse exhibition last year. B a long time in India, makes delicious curries. C who performed at last year’s jazz festival.

4 The loneliness is a problem in our society. 5 You look great. I really like your dress.

D which contains patchouli oil, smells awful. E where my grandmother was born.

2 Complete the text with suitable relative pronouns. Use that where possible.

Indefinite pronouns 4 Choose the correct option. 1 No one / Anyone knows how old petroglyphs are, but they probably date back thousands of years. 2 Check that you’ve got everything / anything you need before you start assembling the table.

We all know that we can’t see in places (1) there isn’t any light. But why? Light, (2) is a form of electromagnetic radiation, travels in waves. There are few objects (3) emit light. Most objects just reflect the light (4) hits them. This reflected light makes it possible for us to see an object (5) we look at it. The light hits the retina in the eye, (6) it is converted into neural signals. These are sent to other cells, (7) transmit the information to the brain. Researchers (8) study vision believe that the brain actively interprets what we see and fills in gaps. It often uses our experience of things (9) we have seen before to do this. In other words, we often see the things (10) we expect to see. This is why we don’t always notice errors in a text. Our brains often correct mistakes automatically (11) we’re reading or add missing letters in the places (12) they should be.

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3 Why didn’t no one / anyone tell me that I had tomato ketchup on my shirt? 4 There’s something / anything that I need to tell you.

so … that and such … that 5 Join the sentences with so / such … that. 1 It was a good concert. I bought the band’s album. It was . 2 The soup smelled delicious. We had to try some. The soup

.

3 My friend’s penguin costume looked silly. I couldn’t stop laughing. My friend’s penguin costume . 4 There was a big crowd of people at the exhibition. We couldn’t see the paintings. There was .

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 8 8.1

Vocabulario

have a ball / ˌhæv ə ˈbɔːl / have a good nose for / ˌhæv ə ɡʊd ˈnəʊz fɔːr / have an eye for / ˌhæv ən ˈaɪ fɔː(r) / have an open mind / ˌhæv ən ˌəʊpən ˈmaɪnd / have no idea / ˌhæv nəʊ aɪˈdɪə / take it easy / ˌteɪk ɪt ˈiːzi / take it from me / us / ˌteɪk ɪt frɒm ˈmi /, / ˈʌs / take note of / ˌteɪk ˈnəʊt ɒv / take your breath away / ˌteɪk jɔːr ˈbreθ əˌweɪ / take your mind off / ˌteɪk jɔːr ˈmaɪnd ɒf / 8.1

Learn it! a herd of elephants / ə ˌhɜːd ɒv ˈelɪfənts / a flock of birds / ə ˌflɒk ɒv ˈbɜːdz / a pack of dogs / ə ˌpæk ɒv ˈdɒɡz /

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Functional language Too, neither and nor Me too! I have too! Nor does the researcher.

8.3

Neither can I! Me neither.

Extra vocabulary complex (adj) / ˈkɒmpleks / life-sized (adj) / ˈlaɪf ˌsaɪzd / magnificent (adj) / mæɡˈnɪfɪsnt / peculiar (adj) / pɪˈkjuːliər / primitive (adj) / ˈprɪmətɪv /

8.3

Word builder look around (v) / ˌlʊk əˈraʊnd / look back (v) / ˌlʊk ˈbæk / look down (v) / ˌlʊk ˈdaʊn / look into (v) / ˌlʊk ˈɪntə / look out for (v) / ˌlʊk ˈaʊt fɔːr /

Abstract nouns affection (n) / əˈfekʃn / aggression (n) / əˈɡreʃn / apprehension (n) / ˌæprɪˈhenʃn / bravery (n) / ˈbreɪvəri / compassion (n) / kəmˈpæʃn / friendship (n) / ˈfrendʃɪp / grief (n) / ɡriːf / intelligence (n) / ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns / joy (n) / dʒɔɪ / loneliness (n) / ˈləʊnlinəs / sympathy (n) / ˈsɪmpəθi / trust (n) / trʌst /

8.2

8.2

Extra vocabulary aromatic (adj) / ˌærəˈmætɪk / inedible (adj) / ɪnˈedəbl / mouth-watering (adj) / ˈmaʊθ wɔːtərɪŋ / savoury (adj) / ˈseɪvəri /

8.2

a school of dolphins / ə ˌskuːl ɒv ˈdɒlfɪnz / a pride of lions / ə ˌpraɪd ɒv ˈlaɪənz / a troop of monkeys / ə ˌtruːp ɒv ˈmʌŋkiz /

Idioms: have and take

8.4

Functional language Giving instructions: sequencing Beginning Before you begin, … (+ imperative) Start by … (+ gerund) The first thing you should do is … The best way to begin is by … (+ gerund) Continuing After that, you should … (+ infinitive) The next step / thing is to … (+ infinitive) Once / When you’ve done that, … (+ infinitive) While + present continuous, + imperative Finishing The last step is to … (+ infinitive) When you’ve completed all the steps, you should … (+ infinitive) By this point, you should have … (+ past participle)

Vocabulario

Unit 8

131

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Vocabulary practice

Unit 8

1 Complete the missing words in the sentences. Then put the letters in the blue boxes in order to find the mystery adjective. 1 Do you prefer sweet or S food in general? 2

G

S

isn’t always

physical – it can be verbal too. 3 Dogs need more F F from their owners than cats do. 4 I can’t wait until the wedding. We’re going to ! V B 5 I’ve had a busy week, so I’m going to Y this weekend.

K

6 Classical music fans can photograph themselves standing next to a statue of Mozart. F Z 7 The Altamira Caves in northern Spain have some of Europe’s best preserved art. P 8 The soldiers got medals for their extraordinary Y . The mystery adjective is

.

2 Complete the words and phrases with the letters. There are two extra sets of letters. Then match 1–8 to A–H.

PATH

SHIP ONE

1 It took my br

EAT

PEN LIAR

HEN

h away

2 He didn’t show much sym

y

3 I believe that friend 4 Do you think in

igence

5 I heard a pecu

noise

6 L

TELL

3 Complete the text with the words and phrases. apprehension bravery compassion have an eye for have an open mind have no idea joy magnificent take it from me trust

JOB #78

FashiOn cOnsultant

People often think buying clothes is a fun and frivolous activity, but (1) , it isn’t. What you wear affects your confidence, so as a fashion consultant, my job is to help clients choose clothes that suit them. Many people (3) what looks good on them. A fashion consultant needs to (5) colour and tone and make sure the client’s best features are emphasized. Fashion consultants must understand their clients’ feelings and show (6) . For someone without much self-confidence, changing one’s image requires considerable (7) . Clients often feel great (8) at our first meeting. They need to (9) and for that to happen, you must develop (10) : when you say that your client looks (11) in an outfit, he or she has to believe you. For me, the best part of the job is seeing the pure (12) on clients’ faces when they look in the mirror and feel good about themselves – sometimes for the first time in their lives.

4 Translate the sentences. 1 My sister is someone who loves shopping and has a good nose for a bargain.

2 This curry is so spicy that it’s completely inedible.

liness is a problem

A for many elderly people. B is more important than money.

3 Grief is a complex emotion which has many forms.

C when I failed my guitar exam. D is something that you can develop? E when I saw my sister’s wedding dress. F during the night. What was it?

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4 Listening to cheerful music usually takes my mind off my problems.

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 9

Gramática

Summary of tenses Present simple Hábitos del presente; horarios del futuro My brother studies engineering. The autumn term finishes on 19th December. Present continuous Acciones que se están desarrollando ahora; planes concretos para el futuro inmediato. I’m revising for my exams. We’re having a Maths exam tomorrow. Past simple Acciones que se completaron en un momento concreto del pasado. My dad got a new job in 2015. Past continuous Acciones que se estaban dando en un momento del pasado. I was working on Saturday morning. used to Hábitos o situaciones que ya no se dan. We didn’t use to have so much homework.

Future perfect Acciones que se habrán completado en un momento concreto del futuro. In two years, my sister will have graduated from university.

Non-tense revision Reported statements Ver unidad 6 de esta Gramática, página 121. Reported requests Ver unidad 6 de esta Gramática, página 121. Third conditional Ver unidad 4 de esta Gramática, página 113. Determiners Ver unidad 8 de esta Gramática, página 129. Defining and non-defining relative clauses Ver unidad 8 de esta Gramática, página 129. Questions ending in a preposition Ver unidad 5 de esta Gramática, página 117.

Present perfect simple Acciones o situaciones pasadas que tienen un efecto en la actualidad. I’ve done lots of volunteer work.

Question tags Ver unidad 5 de esta Gramática, página 117.

Present perfect continuous Acciones o situaciones que empezaron en el pasado y siguen en la actualidad. I’ve been studying all morning.

Verb + -ing / to Ver unidad 5 de esta Gramática, página 117.

Past perfect Acciones que se dieron antes que otras acciones del pasado. He didn’t get the job because he’d lied on his CV. Futuro con will Predicciones basadas en opiniones o impresiones; decisiones espontáneas. You’ll find this job very rewarding. I won’t tell anyone. That job looks interesting. I’ll apply for it. Futuro con be going to Intenciones o predicciones basadas en evidencias externas. I’m going to work really hard and pass this exam. The teacher isn’t here. We’re going to have a free period.

Subject and object questions Ver unidad 5 de esta Gramática, página 117.

Plural nouns Para la mayoría de los sustantivos, el plural se forma añadiendo -s. students

grades

semesters

Sin embargo, algunos sustantivos crean su plural de forma diferente. Singular acabado en…

Plural acabado en…

-y

university

-ies

universities

-ch, -s or -x

boss

-es

bosses

-is

analysis

-es

analyses

-um

medium

-a

media

-f or -fe

leaf

-ves

leaves

Future continuous Acciones que se estarán desarrollando en un momento concreto del futuro. In ten years, I’ll be working abroad.

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Unit 9

Grammar practice

Revision 1

4 Correct the underlined mistakes. 1 David that’s a lawyer earns a lot of money.

1 Choose the correct option. 1 Sssh! Be quiet. I ’m studying / study. 2 I can’t do the exam because I ’ve broken / ’ve been breaking my wrist. 3 I felt nervous because I didn’t do / hadn’t done an interview before. 4 My sister ’s going to / will study at Harvard next semester. 5 In 2030, I’ll be graduating / have graduated and I’ll have a job in a big company.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of

5 The vocational careers include teaching and medicine.

Plural nouns 5 Complete the text with the plural forms of the

(take)

4 The exams will be over soon. This time next week, we (relax) on the beach. 5 I need some money, so I summer job.

(get) a

Revision 2 3 Put the words in brackets in the correct order. 1 (not / jeans / her / told / I / wear / to) to the interview. 2 (in / subjects / did / Which / specialize / you) when you were my age? 3 If (I / you / helped / wouldn’t / passed / hadn’t / have / me,) the exam. 4 The university careers centre (a / is / get / can / you / place / where) information about different jobs.

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4 You graduated from Leeds University, isn’t it?

1 Question 2 looks difficult. I (answer) Question 1.

3 I (think) about it for ages, but I still can’t decide what subject to study.

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3 I forgot asking what the salary was.

the verbs.

2 I wasn’t feeling well when I the exam.

134

2 What did happen at the interview?

Unit 9

Gramática

nouns in bold.

Recent (1) (study) by the European Commission show that higher education in Europe is changing fast. Here are two of the (2) (change) that (3) (analysis) of the data have revealed. The balance between the (4) (sex) is changing. There are now three female students for every two male students studying in EU (5) (university). The ratio in education and the (6) (humanity) is two to one. In science (7) (class), there are still more males, but the gap is closing. There is more emphasis on employment (8) (opportunity). Due to the economic (9) (crisis) in many European countries, higher education institutions are building closer links with (10) (business). They are adapting their (11) (curriculum) to help students develop skills in new (12) (medium) and personal (13) (quality) that will make them employable. They are also preparing students to continue learning for the rest of their (14) (life).

Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 9 9.1

Vocabulario

Verbs and prepositions: education approve of / əˈpruːv ɒv / benefit from / ˈbenɪfɪt frɒm / comment on / ˈkɒment ɒn / concentrate on / ˈkɒnsntreɪt ɒn / graduate from / in / ˈɡrædʒuət frɒm / ɪn / participate in / pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt ɪn / prepare for / prɪˈpeər fɔːr / search for / ˈsɜːtʃ fɔːr / specialize in / ˈspeʃəlaɪz ɪn / succeed in / səkˈsiːd ɪn /

9.1

Adjectives: careers academic (adj) / ˌækəˈdemɪk / challenging (adj) / ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ / motivating (adj) / ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ / repetitive (adj) / rɪˈpetətɪv / rewarding (adj) / rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ / skilled / unskilled (adj) / ˈskɪld /, / ˌʌnˈskɪld / unsociable (adj) / ʌnˈsəʊʃəbl / varied (adj) / ˈveərid / vocational (adj) / vəʊˈkeɪʃənl / well- / badly-paid (adj) / ˌwel /, / ˌbædli ˈpeɪd /

9.2

Extra vocabulary atmosphere (n) / ˈætməsfɪər / launch (n) / ˈlɔːntʃ / mission (n) / ˈmɪʃn / orbit (n) / ˈɔːbɪt / surface (n) / ˈsɜːfɪs /

9.3

Word builder Cognates or false friends? design (v) / dɪˈzaɪn / emergence (n) / iˈmɜːdʒəns / frontier (n) / ˈfrʌntɪər / intend (v) / ɪnˈtend / probe (v) / ˈprəʊb / ultimate (n) / ˈʌltɪmət /

Extra vocabulary free period (n) / friː ˈpɪəriəd / half term (n) / ˌhɑːf ˈtɜːm / semester (n) / sɪˈmestər / study leave (n) / ˈstʌdi liːv / term (n) / tɜːm /

9.2

9.3

9.4

Functional language Giving notices and warnings Always … (+ infinitive) Never … (+ infinitive) unless … (Book) soon, otherwise you might … (+ infinitive) Don’t let (him / her / them) … (+ infinitive) Don’t panic. / Don’t worry. (Give) this … , or you might … (+ infinitive) He / She / You / We / They should … (+ infinitive) otherwise (he) might … (+ infinitive) Hurry. It’s essential to (+ infinitive) / that you (+ infinitive) … Make sure you … (+ infinitive) If you don’t … , you will / won’t … (+ infinitive)

Functional language Exclamations Hey! No way! Really? Wow!

Vocabulario

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Unit 9

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Grammar & vocabulary REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Unit 9

Vocabulary practice

1 Complete the sentences with pairs of words. Then match questions 1–3 to answers A–C. approve in

comment

leave study

free

graduate

of

on

sentences.

skilled ≠ un

half

term

period

1 My sisters all medicine. What will my parents think if I say I want to be a writer? 2 I started revising during the February What about you?

.

3 I’d really like to get your opinion on my CV. Will you it? have a look and A Sure. I’ve got a then.

this afternoon, so I’ll do it

B I haven’t done anything yet. That’s what is for! C Well, my grandparents didn’t my dad’s career … until his first book sold 2 million copies.

2 Complete the text with the words. academic benefits challenging concentrate motivating participated prepare rewarding search specialize succeed It’s a common belief nowadays that if you want a(n) (1) career, you’ll need a university degree. in But society needs people to (2) many different skills, and not only (3) ones. For example, consider the building you’re in now. Think about all the skilled people who in its construction, from electricians (4) and plumbers to painters and carpenters. A good way for a career in one of these trades to (5) is to do an apprenticeship. If you (6) online, you’ll see that all kinds of trades employ apprentices. An apprenticeship allows you to gain qualifications and work with experienced tradespeople at the same time. Your employer (7) from your help, while you learn valuable skills and earn money. An apprenticeship isn’t an easy option: combining work and studies is (8) just as much and you’ll need to (9) as you did at school in order to (10) . to gain But apprentices find it (11) practical experience straightaway. And, of course, a salary is always useful too.

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Unit 9

Vocabulario

3 Complete the opposites. Then complete the r ≠ varied -paid≠ badly-paid sociable ≠ un

1 Should I get a(n) job that I enjoy or one that will allow me to save for a(n) the future? 2 Finding a(n) job is challenging. Even with lots of qualifications, you might have to do job while you’re searching for one. a(n) 3 My last job was very . Every day was the same. My new job is much more exciting . and 4 I’m a(n)

person, but my job is very . It doesn’t involve much interaction

with people.

4 Translate the sentences. 1 You should start revising this semester; otherwise you might not have enough time to prepare for the exams.

2 NASA put a spacecraft into orbit around the moon to examine the lunar atmosphere.

3 The video shows the launch of the Apollo 11 mission and Neil Armstrong walking on the moon.

4 Vocational careers, such as teaching, can be both challenging and rewarding.

Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Grammar Starter unit Modals and semi-modals

4 Rewrite the sentences in the affirmative (), negative () or question (?) form.

1 Complete the table with the words. can could don’t have to had to mustn’t have to should will be able to Obligation, prohibition and advice present obligation have to, need to, must past obligation (1) ________ no obligation in the present (2) ________ no obligation in the past didn’t have to prohibition (3) ________ advice (4) ____ and ought to Ability and permission in the past (5) ________ in the present (6) ________ in the future (7) ________

1

2

3

4

5

2 Choose the correct option.

Hi everyone! Well, today was my first day at my new school. It was OK, but there are a lot of rules! First, we have to / mustn’t ask before we can leave the classroom during a lesson. Also, we (1) are able to / mustn’t eat or drink in the classroom. Two good things: at my old school we (2) had / must to wear school uniform – we (3) weren’t allowed to / needed to wear our own clothes like I (4) should / can at my new school. Also at my new school, students (5) will be able to / ought to choose what sports they do in PE class next term – that will be cool! Are there a lot of rules at your school? Leave a comment!

6

Present simple and present continuous 5 Read the sentences. Then write questions and short answers.

1

Past simple and present perfect 3 Complete the sentences with the correct past simple or present perfect form of the verbs in brackets.

1 2 3 4 5

Grace watched (watch) a science fiction film yesterday. My team ____________ (not win) a match for months! ____________ (you / be) to the new café on Diamond Street? ____________ (your sister / visit) your grandmother last night? I _________ (not sit) an English exam last week. Tyler ____________ (live) in London, England since 2014.

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 Sarah went to the shops at 9 a.m. today.  Sarah didn’t go to the shops at 9 a.m. today. ? Did Sarah go to the shops at 9 a.m. today?  Mrs Hollis has worked at this school for years.  _____________________________________ ? _____________________________________ ? Did you and I meet Joseph three years ago?  ____________________________________  _____________________________________ ? Have you read the article about education?  ____________________________________  _____________________________________  I studied every evening last week.  _____________________________________ ? _____________________________________  We haven’t seen his Spanish cousins since 2013.  ____________________________________ ? _____________________________________  Your friends didn’t play tennis on Saturday.  ____________________________________ ? _____________________________________

2

3

4

5

It is raining today. ? Is it raining today?  Yes, it is. We are learning about modern technology this week. ? _____________________________________  _____________________________________ Our uncle visits us in Spain every year in the summer. ? _____________________________________  _____________________________________ Jack and Brittany are wearing Augmented Reality glasses at the moment. ? _____________________________________  ____________________________________ Millie uses the internet for an hour every night. ? _____________________________________  _____________________________________ You often buy pizza from that Italian restaurant. ? _____________________________________  ____________________________________

1

Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Vocabulary Starter unit Technology / instruction verbs 1 Complete the words in the dialogues.

1

A B A B

2

A

3

B A B

4

A B

Do you want to browse the internet? No, I can’t right now. What did you and Emma do last night? We s________ music videos and played computer games. I don’t know how to s________ on this lamp. Here, let me show you. OK, so what do I do first? First, you need to p________ this little black button. This new app is great! I know! It automatically u________ when new versions become available.

Technology adjectives 2 Are these opposites correct or wrong? Tick () the correct ones and correct the wrong ones. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

automatic convenient efficient heavy high quality practical reliable useful

inautomatic  manual inconvenient __________ unefficient __________ light __________ low quality __________ inpractical __________ unreliable __________ useless __________

Sports 3 Complete the words in the sentences.

1 2 3

4 5

Historically, the sport of archery was used for hunting animals and combat. When you go k__________ you sit in a long, thin boat. For r_______ c_______, you need to wear special heavy boots and a helmet. While my friends and I were t_______ b_______ in the countryside on Sunday, I fell and cut my leg. I don’t like w__________; I want to be in the boat, not behind it! I run really fast, so I do very well in sports like a__________.

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4 Choose the correct option. Three weeks ago, I decided I would take ____ a new sport. First, I tried (1) ____ judo, but I wasn’t really crazy about it. Then my friend asked me to play in his ice hockey team one afternoon. It was great! In ice hockey, you have to be really fast – (2) ____ is very important. You also have to have lots of (3) ____ in your arms and legs so you can hit the puck really hard and move around the ice quickly. Since my friend asked me to play that afternoon, I’ve practised a lot and I’ve really (4) ____. Tonight, we have a big match. I really think we will be able to (5) ____ the other team!

1 2 3 4 5

a a a a a a

out b in c up up b in c out accuracy b speed c flexibility coordination b balance c strength improved b taken c drawn win b beat c compete

Money verbs 5 Match the sentence halves 1–6 to A–F. 1 2 3 4 5 6

When you can afford something, B If you buy something and you feel it’s worth it, __ When you borrow money, __ Banks often lend __ When you save up money, __ When you’ve wasted money, __

A B C D E F

people and companies money. you are able to buy it if you want. you haven’t made the best use of it. you feel you didn’t spend too much money on it. you have to give it back. you don’t spend it.

Functional language 6 Complete the words in the sentences. Tick () the ones that ask for help with a specific problem. 1 2 3 4 5

Can you spell that for me?  I can help you _n an hour. __ Hi, Abi. _re you __sy? __ __uld you _ind ____slating that? __ I work __om 9 __ 5. __ H___ you got a ___ute? __

2

Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Grammar Unit 1 Past simple, past continuous and used to 1 Write the correct tenses. We use it for a past habit or state. used to 1 We use it for a completed action in the past. ____________ 2 We use it for an action that was interrupted by another action. ____________ 3 We use it for an action that happened immediately after another action. ____________ 4 We often use while before it. ____________ 2 Correct the mistakes in the sentences.

1

2

3

4

5

Did the film use to start at two o’clock yesterday? Did the film start at two o’clock yesterday? Jordan was lucky he didn’t sleep when the fire started. ____________________________________ We didn’t used to care about animals, but we do now. ____________________________________ Did used you to work in your parents’ shop when you were sixteen? ____________________________________ When the bully tried to hit me, a teacher came and was stopping him. ____________________________________ While Mariella walked along the street, she fell. ____________________________________

3 Choose the correct option and complete the text with the correct form of the verbs using the past simple, the past continuous or used to. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. When / While I (1) __________ (walk) to school on Monday morning, I (2) __________ (see) a girl, Grace, from my History class sitting on a bench at the bus stop. (3) When / While I (4) __________ (get) closer to her, I noticed that she (5) __________ (cry). When I was younger, I (6) __________ (not care) too much about other people’s problems, but I do now, so I had to find out why she was so sad. (7) While / When I asked her what the matter was, she said that a girl from school (8) __________ (send) her cruel messages on Facebook. I told her that we should tell a teacher about this and stop it. (9) __________ (you / have) problems with bullies when you were at school? I think we all have to make an effort to stop horrible cyber bullies.

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Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous 4 Complete the rules. continuous finished for simple since unfinished We use the present perfect continuous to focus on an action which is (1) _______. We use the present perfect (2) _______ to focus on the present result of an action which is (3) _______. We use (4) _______ to talk about how long something has lasted and (5) _______ to talk about when something started. 5 Complete the dialogues with the correct present perfect simple or continuous form of the verbs in brackets. A My friend has started (start) writing a blog. B Really? I haven’t seen (not see) it. 1 A Where’s Fin? I __________ (not have) time to talk to him all evening. B He’s in his room. He __________ (study) since six. 2 A Meg _________ (plan) the campaign for days. B I know, but she __________ (not finish) yet. 3 A We _________ (know) Mrs Rae for five years. B I don’t know her well, but I _________ (meet) her once on a school trip. 4 A Ethan _________ (repair) his car all morning. B Yes, and he still __________ (not fix) it. 5 A __________ (the boys / go) to bed? B Yes, they __________ (sleep) for hours.

Present perfect with already, still, yet, just, ever and never 6 Choose the correct option.

1 2 3 4 5

Lauren has ____ had an argument with me. a never b ever c yet Jacob hasn’t found any sponsors ____. a just b ever c yet I ____ haven’t made any new friends. a already b still c yet Have you ____ had to wear a uniform? a ever b just c still Mum and Dad have ____ left for work. a just b still c ever Sorry, we’ve ____ had lunch. a still b ever c already

1

Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Vocabulary Unit 1 Adjectives: personality

Collocations: get and make

1 Find eight adjectives in the wordsearch.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of get or make.

T D E P E N D A B L E I

D I C B Z H S B C H M C

E N S I F J U X Z I O R

D T Y P T A P E N G P U

I Q L J T L P O P Y T E

C H O U T G O I N G I L

A F Z F M F R F U A M F

T S Y M P A T H E T I C

E Q Y U T S I C A T S H

D U O U H L V D G Q T R

E M Z V W Z E K E I I S

U W B I T T E R R Y C K

2 Complete the sentences with the adjectives from exercise 1.

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

I know you’ve fallen out with your best friend, but don’t be bitter about it. You should apologise because you know you were wrong. Don’t hit the dog, Jonathan! That’s horrible! Why are you being so __________? Please tell me what I can do here in the old people’s home – I’m __________ to help in any way I can. I think many teenagers are __________ about the future; they think things will be better in twenty years from now. Matt loves parties and having fun with his friends at the weekends. He’s a very __________ person. When I don’t know what to do about a bad situation, I go to my friend, Rajesh. He always helps me and gives me good advice – he’s very __________. Jasmine always does what she says she’ll do when she says she’ll do it – she’s a really __________ person. Hannah lied to her parents about hanging out in the city centre. Now they won’t let her go out at weekends, but I don’t feel at all __________ because she caused this problem by not telling the truth! Dad works ten hours a day, six days a week – he’s very __________ to his job.

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Did you get the feeling that he’s angry with me? 1 He ____ a good impression on his teachers because he always did his homework on time. 2 She ____ better at chess because she practised. 3 We ____ the most of the day by going for a walk. 4 I’ve ____ my decision. I’m going to university.

Extra vocabulary 4 Complete the words in the text. The New Forest National Park in England is the (1) ___itat of many species, including the famous New Forest ponies – animals like small horses – that are free to walk around the park. It didn’t really have one (2) ___nder – several people and organizations worked to (3) ___ng change to the area so that it is now one of the largest protected areas in southern England. Over four million tourists visit the park every year, coming to hike, cycle, or simply sit in the (4) ___de of one of the park’s many trees and enjoy a day out in the (5) __ld landscape of Hampshire.

used to, be used to, get used to 5 Complete the sentences with the words. getting used to cleaning is used to cleaning used to clean 1 He _____ his flat. He’s been doing it for years. 2 He _____ his flat, but now someone else does it. 3 He’s been living in his flat for two weeks, so he’s _____ it.

Functional language 6 Complete the dialogues with the words. about good how like see what would 1 A Hello. I’d like some information ________ your organization. B Sure. ________ you like me to tell you ______ it works? 2 A Could you explain ________ working at the old people’s home involves? B Have a look on our website to ________ what it’s all about. A OK, ________ idea, thanks!

2

Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Grammar Unit 2 Past simple and past perfect simple 1 Complete the rules with the words. There are two words you do not need.

enough, (a) few, (a) little, lots of, plenty of, too much, too many 4 Choose the correct option.

first important main past perfect simple modal past simple recent relationship We use the past simple and the past perfect simple to show the relationship between two past actions. The (1) ____ is used for the action which happened (2) ____. We use the (3) ____ to describe the more (4) ____ action. We form the past perfect simple with had and the past participle of the (5) ____ verb. 2 Match the beginnings of the sentences 1–6 with the endings A–F. 1 2 3 4 5 6

We only knew about the website E By the time I got to the auction, __ I had forgotten to go to the shops after school, __ All the shoppers had left the Viking Store __ Olivia went to the police station __ Muhammad hadn’t been to a fundraising event __

A B C D E F

so Mum was angry with me. until his uncle took him to one. they had sold all the paintings. after she had lost her bag. because a friend had told us about it. before it closed for the day.

3 Correct the mistake in each underlined part of the story. On Friday, Amber got up early to go shopping. She heard the day before that there was a huge sale at the shop, Games Are Us! (1) She set her alarm clock for 6 a.m. the night before because (2) she didn’t want to miss the chance to find a special game that she played with a friend at the weekend. (3) After she had had breakfast, Amber had left for the shop. (4) By the time Amber arrived at the shop, it had already opened and had been full of shoppers. Amber had been worried she was too late to get the game that she wanted until she saw one at the back of the shop. (5) It was the last one and Amber didn’t get there in time to purchase it! Amber was very happy! had heard 1 __________ 2 __________

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2

3

4

5

6

Attitudinal adverbs certainly, maybe, obviously, simply 5 The bold adverbs are in the wrong sentences. Write them next to the correct sentence. Look at that cool sports car! Certainly, it’s expensive. Obviously 1 The teacher didn’t shout at me; she maybe told me to leave the classroom. ________ 2 Obviously I’ll go with you, but I’m not sure. ________ 3 ‘Can you help me?’ ‘Simply! I’m always eager to help!’ ________

Intensifiers 6 Complete the words in the rules. We use words like really, (1) v________ and (2) e________ to make adjectives stronger, or intensify them. With adjectives which are already strong, e.g. terrified (= really scared), we use (3) c________, (4) t________ or (5) a________.

3 __________ 4 __________ 5 __________

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45

1

There isn’t ____ space in here for another chair. a plenty b few c enough My brother spends too ____ money on clothes. a many b few c much I have very ____ money, so we can’t go shopping. a plenty b enough c little Emily’s only got ____ friends, but they’re all great! a enough b a few c a little There were ____ of paintings at the auction, but I didn’t really like any of them. a lots b few c many It was a good party, but there were ____ people there. a too much b a little c too many There are ____ sandwiches on the table – help yourself! a plenty of b few c lots

1

Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Vocabulary Unit 2 Advertising

Extra vocabulary

1 Find nine more words connected with advertising in the word snake.

4 Match words 1–6 to definitions A–F.

1 2 3 4

promote __________ __________ __________ __________

5 6 7 8 9

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________

2 Complete the text with the correct form of five of the words from exercise 2. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer. Most people have heard of Greenland, but not many people know how it got its name. People claim that Eric the Red, a famous Viking from Iceland, was sent to Greenland because he had killed someone. He wanted to (1) ________ the country so that people would go there, so he named it in a way that might (2) ________ to people. Of course, by calling it ‘Greenland’ Eric (3) ________ a little, because Greenland is a land of snow, ice and very cold temperatures – there isn’t really anything about it that is green! To be truthful, if you don’t like extreme weather, Greenland isn’t a place that I’d (4) ________ that you visit, despite what Eric the Red said!

3 Complete the sentences with the words. bargain bid charge purchase refund selection

2 3 4 5

Let’s go into that shop – it’s got a huge selection of computer games. The advert says that if you __________ one Tshirt, you get another one free! The hotel has a gym, but you have to pay a small __________ to use it. These boots are too big for me. Can I get a __________, please? You liked the painting at the auction, so why didn’t you __________ on it? In some countries, you can __________ with the sellers in the shops so that you get a discount.

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habitable E stunning __ old-fashioned __ media __ ordinary __ terraced __

A usual, not strange B TV, newspapers and the internet, for example C used to describe a house that is one of a row of houses that are joined together on each side D not modern E used to describe something that can be lived in F extremely beautiful 5 Complete the words in the sentences.

1 2 3 4 5

My family lives in a semi-detached house – it’s joined to another house by a wall that we share. We have a huge si____________ house, so there is lots of space for all six of us to sleep. Unique im_________ of rare animals decorate the walls of the café. If you want to buy one of our amazing pr_________, please visit our website. Our company sl_________ is ‘The customer is always right!’. My favourite comedian has a regular sl_________ on Saturday-night TV.

Functional language

Shopping

1

1 2 3 4 5 6

6 Complete the dialogue with the words. consider kidding passion shame think unbelievable A So, Jordan, tell me a bit about yourself. B Sure! Firstly, I like to think I’m hard-working and efficient, so I (1) __________ myself to be suitable for the job. A Have you worked as a chef before? B Yes, in London. I loved my job, but I had to leave it when I moved here to Leeds. A That’s a (2) __________, but I’m sure you picked up really valuable experience there. B Oh, yes! And I love food, it’s my (3) __________! A Great! If you want the job, it’s yours! B You’re (4) __________? That’s (5) __________! Thank you!

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Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Grammar Unit 3 The passive – past, present and future 1 Write sentences in the correct passive form. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer. MAN SAVED FROM BEAR ATTACK YESTERDAY A man was saved from a bear attack yesterday. CITY COUNCIL: NO SWIMMING ALLOWED IN LOCAL POOL AFTER TRAGIC ACCIDENT 1

______________________________________ TWO THIEVES CAUGHT BY POLICE LAST NIGHT

2

______________________________________ THREE-DAY MEETING TO BE HELD BY WORLD’S TOP SCIENTISTS

3

______________________________________ ALTERNATIVE ENERGY CONFERENCE VISITED BY PRINCE CHARLES YESTERDAY

4

______________________________________ NEW SCHOOLS TO BE OPENED NEXT YEAR

5

______________________________________

2 Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive form of the verbs in brackets. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer.

1 2 3 4 5

6 7

A lot of tickets were sold after people saw the advert for the concert. (sell) Next month, we ____________ to find a more efficient way to heat our home. (try) Unfortunately, many rare animals ____________ every year. (kill) My family ____________ the planet by cycling to work and school every day. (help) An electronics factory ____________ in Newport next year. (close) Unfortunately, the company’s new computer ____________ by many consumers last year. (buy) ____________ by a mechanic tomorrow? (your car / fix) The students ____________ the end-of-year party by themselves last year. (organize)

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Reflexive pronouns, emphatic pronouns, each other, one another 3 Complete the text with the words. another herself himself itself myself other ourselves yourself My friends and I love to invent things. We have a club that we organized by ourselves, and we meet once a week to talk to each (1) _____ about new ideas for innovative gadgets. Last week, Ibrahim showed us a machine that he had designed (2) ____ – it creates energy from the wind! Then Jasmine asked us to try out a gadget that she had invented (3) _____ – a piece of plastic that you can attach to a knife so that you don’t cut (4) ____ when you’re preparing meals. I showed everyone what I had made by (5) _____ – a lamp that turns (6) _____ on and off when someone enters or leaves a room. In our club we’re all supportive of one (7) _____ and we enjoy discussing what we’re going to make next.

have something done 4 Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of have something done. Someone took my photo. I had my photo taken. 1 A famous chef is preparing a meal for us. ______________________________________ 2 Someone washes Dad’s car every week. ______________________________________ 3 Uncle Dan isn’t going to fix my bike. ______________________________________ 4 Will the doctor take your temperature? ______________________________________

It is said / thought / well known / believed / accepted that 5 Put the words in the correct order. he / said / it / a great inventor / is / that / is . It is said that he is a great inventor. 1 that / get / thought / it / will / hotter / the Earth / is . ______________________________________ 2 must / it / use / is / we / that / less energy / accepted . ______________________________________ 3 well known / is / that / very clever / Einstein / it was . ______________________________________

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Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Vocabulary Unit 3 Technology adjectives

Extra vocabulary

1 Choose the correct option.

3 Complete the news stories with the correct form of the words in bold at the end of each story.

1

2 3

4

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6

Can you believe that these beautiful images were computer-generated / solar-powered / adaptable? This little device is very wireless / mechanical / adaptable; you can use it as a knife, fork or spoon! I have a sustainable / wireless / chemical computer mouse. It is thought that if we use sustainable / electronic / solar-powered fishing methods, the number of fish will increase. If the sun isn’t shining, will the inside of a(n) solar-powered / innovative / alternative home be cold? Cycling is a popular wireless / electronic / alternative form of transport – it’s better than using a car. This is a(n) energy-saving / sustainable / chemical lamp – it uses less power than normal lamps.

Function verbs 2 Complete the sentences with the verbs. absorb boost crash perform process release repair rest transport

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My grandmother is old and she needs to rest for an hour every afternoon. Oh, no! I’ve knocked my cup over! Quick! Let’s use these tissues to try and __________ the coffee. Be careful that your computer doesn’t get too hot or it might __________. You won’t __________ well in the exam unless you get plenty of sleep and eat healthy food. How long does it take for our brains to __________ new information? Most cars __________ pollution into the air while we are driving them. When we sleep, our bodies __________ themselves. Here, eat this piece of chocolate. It will __________ your energy levels. Many companies use huge boats to __________ their products to the USA.

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Today’s top stories … Inuk, the world-famous polar bear, turned twelve years old today. Lots of visitors came to the zoo for Inuk’s birthday celebration. It didn’t take long for the furry (1) ‘__________’ to eat his cake, which was made from his favourite food – fish! celebrate A local wildlife charity held its yearly sponsored run today. More than one hundred (2) __________ ran ten kilometres to help raise money for endangered animals. Charity organizers want to thank all those involved for their (3) __________ – it made the run a great success. participate And in the world of sport … West Ham fans were not happy today as they watched their team lose 2– 1 to Sheffield United. One of the (4) __________ for the team says that the players will simply have to try harder in next week’s match. He also said that the level of (5) __________ needed to be increased. train

Functional language 4 Complete the words in the sentences. Tick () the sentences which are suitable for giving a presentation.

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I’d now like to discuss an alternative form of public transport.  I’m qu____ intere____ in things like science and maths.  Ri____, let’s mo___ on to our next topic, which is chemical energy.  Sports don’t app____ to me in the ____htest.  I’m very ____sed with myself. I couldn’t have done bet____.  Let me sum______ what I’ve just said.  I’m a bit ____ppointed wi___ my exam results this year.  I’m running in a charity race. It’d be gre___ if you wou___ sponsor me.  Today, we’re ___ing to talk to you ___out the Dance Warriors of Africa. 

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Grammar Unit 4 The first and second conditional

The third conditional

1 Choose the correct option.

3 Rewrite the story in the third conditional.

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The first conditional is formed by: If / Unless + ______, will / won’t + infinitive. a past simple b present simple c past continuous Conditional sentences ______ contain commas. a always b sometimes c never The second conditional is formed by: If + past simple, ______ + infinitive. a would b will c be Unless means the same as ______ + a negative verb. a infinitive b will c if The second conditional talks about the result of a(n) ______ situation. a past b possible future c imaginary The first conditional talks about the result of a(n) ______ situation. a past b possible future c imaginary

2 Complete the sentences with the correct first or second conditional form of the verbs.

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We will help (help) you paint your room at the weekend unless we’re busy. If they __________ (not work out) at the gym more often, they won’t get fit. If we had lots of money, we __________ (buy) a new car. Your parents would give you more pocket money if you __________ (not waste) it on computer games. He __________ (visit) the doctor if he has any aches and pains, but he says he feels OK. If I __________ (not have) a lot of homework, I would invite my friends for a sleepover. __________ (you / send) Megan a text message if you find her keys? Unless I __________ (not catch) the 8 o’clock bus, I will meet you at the sports centre at 9 o’clock. __________ (you / be) a professional actress if you had the opportunity to go to drama school? Julia would go to university and study to be a doctor if she __________ (be) so afraid of blood! If I _________ (be) King for a day, I __________ (give) everyone in Spain more holiday. What __________ (you / do) if it __________ (rain) tomorrow?

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Nadia moved into the house next to Dylan’s. They became friends. Dylan offered to help Nadia paint her kitchen, so they bought some tins of orange paint. Dylan fell over one of the paint tins and sprained his ankle. Nadia took him to hospital. By chance, Dylan met an old friend called Rachel there. He asked Rachel out and they went to the cinema together two weeks later.

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If Nadia hadn’t moved into the house next to Dylan’s, they wouldn’t have become friends. If they hadn’t b__________________________ ______________________________________ If Dylan hadn’t o_________________________ ______________________________________ If Nadia hadn’t b_________________________ ______________________________________ If Dylan hadn’t s_________________________ ______________________________________ If Nadia hadn’t t_________________________ ______________________________________ If Dylan hadn’t m________________________ ______________________________________

The zero conditional 4 Write zero conditional sentences. you / get the most points / you win. If / When you get the most points, you win. 1 meat go bad / you not put it in fridge. _______________________________________ 2 you / sit in the sun for hours / you get sunburned. _______________________________________ 3 you not get blue / you / mix red and white paint together. _______________________________________

wish / if only 5 Complete the words in the text. If only and I wish mean the same thing. We use I wish with the (1) p________ simple to talk about regrets expressed in the (2) p________. We use if only with the (3) p________ p________ simple to talk about (4) p________ regrets.

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Vocabulary Unit 4 Phrasal verbs

Extra vocabulary

1 Complete the dialogues with down, out or up.

3 Match words 1–7 to definitions A–G.

A B 1 A B 2 A B 3 A B 4 A B 5 A B

I hate going to the dentist! Calm down, and tell me why you don’t like it. I painted my room and it looks awful! Cheer ______, Sophia. I’ll help you paint your room again. Do you think I’m getting fat? No, but if I were you, I’d cut ______ on chocolate. Do you want to go to the water park? No, I think I’ll stay home and chill ______. I have got a lot of problems. Open ______ and tell me about them. Where are you going? To the gym to work ______.

Aches and pains 2 Choose the correct options, then match the labels to the pictures. A B C D E F

broken / stiff neck __ dislocated / broken leg __ sprained / allergic wrist __ aching / itchy skin __ bruised / swollen ankle __ aching / allergic muscles __

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anxious E parka __ dynamic __ avalanche __ grumpy __ cheerful __ snowshoes __

A B C D

in a bad mood worn on your feet in winter weather happy and optimistic snow, ice and rock that suddenly falls down the side of a mountain E very nervous F a long warm jacket with a hood G very energetic 4 Complete the text with the endings. -al -ble -ous

Sledding might not be the national sport of Canada, but it is a very popular one. This is a sport that is done in cold weather and there are (1) vari____ ways you can stay warm while you’re doing it – try a few of them and you’ll really enjoy flying down the snowy hills! Remember, though, that some hills are not (2) accessi____ to sledders, so always ask before you go onto someone’s land to go sledding. the first time you try sledding, but if you’re always (4) cauti____ and (5) sensi____, you’ll have the time of your life!

Functional language 5 Complete the words in the sentences. Tick () the sentences which show agreement. I know what you mean.  1 Wh___ do you think I sho___ do about my poor exam results?  2 What ___uld you do if you w___ me?  3 H___ you thought ___out asking your teacher?



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You ___ght to wear warm clothes in winter.  Defin___!  That’s ___ht.  I’m not conv____ about that. 

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Grammar Unit 5 Question forms

Verbs with -ing and to

1 Correct the underlined mistakes in the text.

3 Choose the correct meanings.

Hi Olivia, How are you? Are you enjoying your holiday? You knew that I’m staying at my grandma’s house for a week, you did? I’m having a great time – Gran’s brilliant. You’ve met her, (1) hasn’t she? Something funny happened last night when I was using my tablet. Gran said to me, ‘What (2) for is that little gadget?’ She’d never seen a tablet before! I showed her how it works and now she wants to get one! That’s cool, (3) it is? So, you said that you had gone to the cinema last week to see Will Smith’s new film. Who (4) you go with? Was the film good? I’ve seen the advert for it, but I haven’t actually seen the film. What (5) did happen at the end of it? I’m really excited about meeting you after I get home from Gran’s, by the way. Which bus (6) does stop at Riverloo Station? That’s where we’re meeting, (7) it is? Let me know! Miss you, Liam didn’t you 1 ________________ 2 ________________ 3 ________________

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5 A B 6 A B 7 A B

Which film are you going to see? I’m going to see the one about pirates. ________ did you ________? I bought some things to make lunch. ________ ________ the car accident? Wet roads caused the car accident. ________ ________ you about the festival? Andrew told me about it. ________ article are you ________? I’m reading the one about manners in the past. ________ ________ the party? Jamie and Sam organized it. ________ was the book ________? It was written for my auntie. There’s a dedication to her in the front. ________ did you last ________ a tweet? I last sent a tweet this morning.

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________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

2 Read the answers in the dialogues. Then complete the questions. Use the same verb as in the answer. A B A B A B A B A B

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We remember travelling on a plane for the first time quite well. We were about six years old. a We remember something we did in the past. b We remember that we have to do something. She showed us a video and then went on to discuss it. a She continued with an action. b She changed her activity. I regret not asking my cousins to go with us. a I’m sorry about something I didn’t do in the past. b I’m sorry to say that something is true. Nick stopped to visit me on his way home. a Nick doesn’t do an action anymore. b Nick interrupted an action and did something else briefly. He remembered to buy a present for Mum. a He remembered that he had to do something. b He remembers something he did in the past. I tried going to the gym and I actually lost weight! a You did an experiment to see if something works and it did. b You made an effort to do something that was difficult and it failed.

Modals of deduction and possibility 4 What do the underlined modals in the sentences express? Write D (deduction) or P (possibility). 1 2 3 4 5

We might launch a new website. P Michelle can’t be home – her car is gone. __ Somebody may comment on your blog. __ I could upload the photos to the internet. __ He can’t be a student here – he’s too old. __ Simon must be rich – he’s got a huge house. __

Infinitives of purpose 5 Tick () the sentences which contain infinitives of purpose. 1 2 3 4 5

We went to the zoo to see the animals.  I want to host a website.  She used my phone to send an email.  They waited until noon to eat lunch.  Dad phoned to tell me the news.  I’m looking forward to seeing your new laptop! 

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Vocabulary Unit 5 Technology verbs

Extra vocabulary

1 Complete the words in the text.

3 Choose the correct option.

The Internet for Beginners:  A Guide for Grandparents  So, you’ve finally bought yourself a computer –  welcome to the digital world!  The first thing you need to do is to turn your  computer on and then log on to the internet with  two things – a user name and a password.   Once, you’ve (1) ____ssed the net, the digital world  is at your fingertips!  Here are just a few things that you can do while  you’re online:    (2) ____oad your favourite videos to the  internet so all your family and friends can see  them too.    (3) ____nsfer photos from your phone to your  computer and email them to other people to  enjoy.       (4) ____st a blog on a subject that really  interests you. You’ll enjoy (5) ____onding to  the comments that you get on it.      (6) ____kmark your favourite sites so that they  are always easy to find when you want to look  at them. 

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Manners nouns 2 Answer the questions with the words. appreciation consideration netiquette politeness rank tradition

English Vocabulary Quiz What is the opposite of rudeness? politeness 1 What do we call the set of rules we should follow when we are online? __________ 2 What’s the word for the pleasure we have when we recognize the good qualities of something? __________ 3 What do we call the quality of being kind to others and thinking about their feelings? __________ 4 What’s another word for a belief, custom or way of doing something? __________ 5 What’s the word for the position somebody has in society? __________

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Some patients ____ got worse after receiving the medicine! a current b actually c currently Sue isn’t keen on ____ communication with people – she prefers talking with people online. a face-to-face b global c multiple What do most of the people in your ____ circle do in their free time? a respectful b face-to-face c social Why are you so grumpy today, Nicole? ____ up and let’s go for pizza. a Cheer b Split c Own Somebody should help the people in the world who are living in ____. a circles b poverty c upbringing Harry and his girlfriend have been arguing a lot – I think they might ____ up. a put b bring c split The people in the ____ classes were always quite wealthy. a virtual b upper c multiple I didn’t get the idea for my new business from a real friend – I got it from a ____ friend on Facebook. a multiple b virtual c global What am I doing these days? ____, I’m at university studying to be a lawyer. a Actually b Current c Currently

Functional language 4 Complete the sentences with the words. There are two words you do not need. bound consider doubt great had mean unlikely well

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You shouldn’t spend so much time online. I mean, you should do other things too. I have an idea! We could _____ going to London on the train for a day out. What do you think? We ______ better send a text message to Mum and Dad. I ______ that Ethan has commented on my blog – he never goes online. It’s looking _____ that my computer will be fixed by next Friday. I’m so annoyed. I want it fixed! There are ______ to be lots of people you know at the party. Don’t be so worried.

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Grammar Unit 6 Reported speech 1 Read the direct speech and look carefully at the underlined words. Then complete the reported speech with one or two words.

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‘I will help you with your report,’ David said. David said that he would help me with my report. ‘His computer game is more entertaining than mine,’ Grace said. Grace said that his computer game was more interesting than ________. ‘Some animals can bite you,’ the zookeeper said to me. The zookeeper said that some animals ________ bite ________. ‘Ethan had a good time yesterday,’ Lisa said. Lisa said that Ethan ________ a good time the _____________. ‘Your cousin is sleeping,’ my aunt said. My aunt said that _____ cousin _____ sleeping. ‘We are going to the theme park,’ Mum said. Mum said that we ______ going to the theme park. ‘I have bought the Diggerland tickets,’ Olivia said. Olivia said that ______ ______ bought the Diggerland tickets.

2 Rewrite the direct speech in reported speech.

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‘Tyler is going to take us out,’ Alexis said. Alexis said that Tyler was going to take them out. ‘You can be a zookeeper for a day,’ my parents said to me. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ‘The boys are playing in the garden,’ she said. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ‘I’ll take them to the theme park,’ Josh said. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ‘James has walked the dog,’ Sarah said. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ‘Going to the theatre is better than watching TV,’ Auntie Liz said. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ‘Lauren visited Zip 2000 yesterday,’ he said. ______________________________________ ______________________________________

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Reported questions, requests, commands, suggestions and offers 3 Read the text. Then complete the reported speech. Good morning. I want to welcome all of you to the museum. There are a few things I need to tell you before we begin our tour. First, have you bought your tickets? Are they the correct tickets for this tour? Good! So, which exhibit interests you most? May I suggest the Picasso exhibit for the art-buffs? Now, let me give you all a map of the museum. Keep hold of it … or you might get lost! OK, could you listen to a few rules, please? Please show consideration for the other museum visitors – don’t run or make too much noise. Right, let’s go to the exhibit on the art of Malta. I went on a school trip to a museum yesterday. The museum guide discussed a few things with us before we began our tour. First, he asked us (1) _______ we (2) __________ our tickets. Then he asked us (3) _______ they (4) _______ the correct tickets for that tour. Finally, he asked us (5) _______ exhibit (6) _______ us most and suggested (7) _______ artbuffs see the Picasso exhibit. Next, he offered (8) _______ us all a map of the museum and told us (9) ____________ it. Then he asked us to listen to a few rules. He asked us (10) _______ consideration for the other museum visitors and told us (11) ____________ or make too much noise. Then the tour started.

Prepositions 4 Complete the words in the table. Location

(2) M_______

Distance

(5) ____gin

(1) bel____ on top of at

away from (3) tow_____ across

(4) aw___ near

of from

Adverb phrases 5 Complete the adverb phrases with as, at, in, on or very. in secret 1 _____ silence 2 _____ home 3 _____ much

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_____ soon as _____ bed _____ a hurry _____ foot

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Vocabulary Unit 6 Reporting verbs

Extra vocabulary

1 Read the direct speech. What are the people doing? Complete the sentences with the words. admitting agreeing boasting complaining denying recommending Yasmine: My friend and I went to see a film at the local cinema last night. It was amazing – if you like adventure films you have to see this one! Yasmine is recommending something. Rafael: I play in the school football team. I score at least three goals in every match. My team would never win without me! 1 Rafael is ________ about something. Emma: I went to a restaurant last night. It was terrible! The food was awful and the waiters were rude. I’ll never go there again! 2 Emma is ________ about something. Leon: My cousin thinks that Beyoncé has a great voice – he believes she’s the best singer on the planet! He’s right! I think she’s amazing too!

Will doesn’t earn money singing; he’s still an amateur. The comedian’s a________ consisted of five humorous s________ about life as a teenager. We couldn’t hear the performer because her m________ hadn’t been turned on. The actress looked beautiful as she stood alone on s________ in the s________. Has the v________ for next week’s concert been announced yet?

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O E K N Z D O H C G B

W R C F C V C P N X A

I D M O D L K C C V C

J H H R S Q B X L A K

Z A F G C Q U Q O B G

A T F E E F S F C L R

P O R T N S T U A Y O

P E A T E I E D T J U

R U M A G Z R N I W N

D N E B C T T Y O H D

N A J L S L N O N O J

V S H E X Z C X F X M

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Did you know that this film was shot on location in Australia? Glastonbury is a(n) __________ festival – it’s held every year. Who’s that in the __________ of this photo? In the final __________ of the film, the star gets married. His new film is a(n) __________; it’s made lots of money and has been very successful all over the world. I’ll always remember this wonderful day – it’s been a(n) __________ experience! It must be __________ being a professional singer – I’d never have the energy to do it. A(n) __________ is one of the many pictures that a video is made from.

Functional language 5 Complete the words in the dialogue.

2 Complete the words in the sentences.

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Entertainment nouns

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A N N U A L L T Q H A

4 Complete the sentences with the words from exercise 3.

Eloise: I didn’t take any money from your room. I can’t believe that you think I would ever do anything like that!

5 Sanjay is ________ something.

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Sanjay: It was me that broke the mirror on the car door, Dad. I wasn’t looking where I was going and I hit a post box.

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E X H A U S T I N G X

3 Leon is ______ with somebody about something.

4 Eloise is ________ something.

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3 Find seven more words connected to entertainment in the word puzzle.

A According to this online article, teens watch too much TV. What’s your (1) op______? B In my (2) ____ew, that’s not true. I (3) al____t never watch TV. And most of my friends only watch TV a (4) co______ of times a week. A I agree with you up to a (5) po_____, but (6) ____r the writer of the article, young people waste a lot of their time in front of the television. B Well, to my (7) m_____, the writer is wrong. As far as I’m (8) con________, he hasn’t done enough research on the subject.

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Grammar Unit 7 Future continuous and future perfect

Future tenses

1 Complete the rules with the words.

4 Correct the underlined mistakes in the rules.

at be by completed happening have participle The future continuous is formed by: will be + -ing. We use it to talk about actions that will be (1) ________ at a certain time in the future. We often introduce time expressions with (2) ________, in and this time. The future perfect is formed by: will (3) ________ + past (4) ________. We use it to talk about actions that will be (5) ________ by a certain time in the future. We often introduce time expressions with (6) ________. 2 Write the verbs in the correct form of the tense in brackets.

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This time next winter, we will be skiing (ski) in the Swiss Alps! (future continuous) _____ all the tourists ____________ (leave) the city by this time next month? (future perfect) Man ________________ (not walk) on Mars by this time next year. (future perfect) What ____ you and your friends ___________ (do) at this time tomorrow night? (future continuous) Cyclists ________________ (not use) the new cycle path in January. (future continuous) Scientists _____________ (invent) many alternative means of transport by 2025. (future perfect)

3 Complete the dialogues with the correct future continuous or future perfect form of the verbs in brackets.

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A What will we be studying (study) this time next week? B I don’t know. Let’s ask the teacher. A You look upset, Pernille. What’s wrong? B My flight’s been cancelled, so I _____________ (not travel) to Denmark today after all. A Why are you cleaning the house, Bertie? B Because my relatives ________________ (arrive) here in two hours’ time! A By this time next month, I ________________ (work) here for ten years. B Really? That’s a long time! A I’m afraid I ________________ (not fix) your car by Friday. B Oh, no! That’s bad news. A ____ you ________ (finish) cooking by 5 p.m.? B Yes, I think so.

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We use be going to for promises. will future 1 We use the present continuous for timetables. _______ 2 We use the present simple for spontaneous decisions. _______ 3 We use be going to for fixed future plans. ______ 4 We use will future for future intentions. ______ 5 We use the present simple for predictions based on what we believe. _______ 6 We use the present continuous for predictions based on external evidence. _______

Comparatives and superlatives 5 Complete the text with the correct comparative or superlative form of the words in brackets. Add words where necessary.

Hi Valeria, How are you? Sorry I haven’t emailed in a while, but I’ve been getting ready to move house on the 4th – it’s going to be the busiest (busy) day of the year for our family! I hate moving, but our new apartment is (1) ________ ________ (big) our old one and it isn’t (2) ________ ________ (expensive) to rent (3) ________ our old one, thankfully. Our new apartment also has all (4) ________ ________ (late) home comforts too, like high-tech air conditioning and lights that switch themselves off if you’re not in the room. The past two weeks have been (5) ________ ________ ________ (stressful) of my life – I’ve been packing like crazy! The boxes seem to get (6) ________ (heavy) and (7) ________ (heavy), but the apartment seems full of stuff! ;-) I’ll just keep going! Talk soon, Mason

Future expressions 6 Complete the text with the words. about due just likely to (x2) Mum is just (1) _______ to leave for work. She’s got a meeting that is (2) _______ (3) _______ start at 9.30 a.m. She is (4) _______ (5) _______ be on time if there isn’t too much traffic on the roads.

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Vocabulary Unit 7 Travel phrasal verbs 1 Complete the sentences with the words. across away back off over up

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While I was cleaning my room, I came across my keys, which I had lost the week before! You’ve been working too hard; you should try and get ________ for a short holiday. Do you want to come to the airport with me? My dad is going to the USA and I want to see him ________. Why are you walking so slowly? Speed ________ or we’ll be late for school. The weather is getting worse. I think we’ll have to turn ________ and return to camp. On our way to Wales, we stopped ________ for the night at a lovely little B and B.

Weather nouns 2 Complete the words with the vowels a, e, i, o, u. Then label the pictures. h_ _lst_rm t_rn_d_

h_rr_c_n_

h_ _tw_v_ sh_w_r bl_zz_rd

3 Complete the text with the words. There is one word you do not need. battle commuting got line match opponents pedalled put runner-ups tackle Until last weekend, when I was a participant in a charity cycling race, the only cycling I had ever really done was commuting to work every day! Because I travelled back and forth to work on my bike, I actually thought I was quite fit and I believed that I could (1) __________ up a good fight against my (2) __________ in the race. I was in for a surprise! I (3) __________ off to a good start and because I (4) __________ as fast as I could, I managed to stay close to the other cyclists. The problem was that I got tired very quickly and it wasn’t long before I realized that I was fighting a losing (5) __________. As we got closer and closer to the finish (6) __________, I knew that I was no (7) __________ for the cyclists in front of me. In the end, my friend Janine won the race and her sisters, Nicky and Rebecca, were the (8) __________. I wasn’t too disappointed, though – true, I didn’t win the race, but I did raise lots of money for charity.

Functional language 4 Complete the words in the sentences. Tick () the sentences that compare or contrast something. 1 ______________

2 ______________ 1 2

3 ______________

4 ______________

3 4

5 5 ______________

6 ______________

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There’s never been a better way to get away than with EazyPlane!  You didn’t win a prize for your new invention … how very dis____inting fo__ you, Victoria!  This hotel m____ be bigger, but it ___n’t as nice as the one we stayed in last year.  Obviously, th___ are not as m____ tourists using the beaches during the colder winter months.  At the moment, scientists are experimenting with trains that will be able to travel at 4,000 km/h … h___ very int__________!  Many experts have pointed out that the planet is g_________ hotter and hotter.  You and your family are setting off on a holiday to Bermuda next month … ___at exciting ___ws!

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7 Michael will not ____y earn lots more money in his new job, but he’ll ___so get the chance to do lots of travelling. 

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Grammar Unit 8 Defining and non-defining relative clauses 1 Read sentences A and B. Are sentences 1–5 true (T) or false (F)? A The chef, who has been cooking for years, is from Spain. B Any food which I prepare tastes amazing.

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In sentence A, the relative pronoun cannot be replaced with that. T Sentence A contains a defining relative clause. __ In sentence B, the relative pronoun can be replaced with that. __ Sentence A contains extra information. __ In sentence B, the clause gives us information necessary to know what we’re talking about. __ In sentence B, extra information comes between commas. __

5 Choose the correct option.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Is this / the one / another the book you were looking for yesterday? Look at these / those / any monkeys over there – I think they’re talking to each other! Do you believe what / these / – aggression is a natural feeling? I’ll give you her / another / which chance to be my friend if you promise to be nicer to me. What / Which / His is that boy’s name? Steve has got two dogs; the ones / their / the one he got first is called Leo. Could you pass me that / this / those knife?

Indefinite pronouns 6 Complete the words in the dialogue with any-, every-, no- or some-. Alyssa

2 Match 1–7 to the relative clauses A–G. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I met a French chef C The meal, __ That’s the office building __ The nurse, __ Shakespeare, __ Alexander Graham Bell is the man __ 2014 was the year __

A B C D E F G

where my dad works. who invented the telephone. whose first name was Jacques. who took my temperature, was very kind. which we had at Dans le Noir, was delicious. whose plays are very well-known, was English. when Amanda finished university.

3 Which of the sentences 1–7 in exercise 2 contain non-defining relative clauses? _________________________________________

7 Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences. One sentence is correct. It was such cold that I turned on the heating. It was so cold that I turned on the heating. 1 The chef is such a good cook the restaurant is always full.

4 Complete the table with the determiners.

2 It was so a cute monkey that I took a photo.

General a ________ ________ ________ ________

Specific ________ ________ ________ ________ ________

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so … that and such … that

Determiners

a another any his no article the the one these this what

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Noah Alyssa

So what’s new? Have you been doing anything cool or been out (1) ______where interesting recently? No, not really. What about you? Erm … I went (2) ______where nice last Friday – Luigi’s Pizzeria. It was really good – there was (3) ______thing I didn’t like about it. The food was nice and the music was great – (4) ______one seemed to be having a good time. I asked (5) ______body sitting at the table next to me if they’d been there before and they said ‘no’, but that they’d definitely be back. We should go.

________________________________

________________________________

3 It’s such an easy puzzle that anyone will be able to do it.

________________________________

4 The cave is so dark we can’t go into it.

________________________________

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Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Vocabulary Unit 8 have and take idioms

Extra vocabulary

1 Complete the words in the idioms and add the verbs have or take.

4 Complete the adjectives in the text.

1 2 3 4 5

have a ball _____ it fr____ us _____ an e____ for _____ no id____ _____ your m____ off

6 _____ a good n____ for 7 _____ n____ of 8 _____ an o____ mi____ 9 _____ it e____ 10 _____ your b____ aw___

2 Match six of the idioms from exercise 1 to the meanings A–F. A B C D E F

have good skills in finding things 6 enjoy yourself __ accept new ideas __ relax __ help you forget __ really surprise you __ know nothing __

Abstract nouns 3 Choose the correct option.

1

2

3

4

5

Do you believe that there is any stronger feeling than the ____ a mother feels for her child? a affection b loneliness c bravery Why do you always throw things when you’re angry, Stella? You must control your ____! a trust b aggression c sympathy The newspaper article said that the firefighter had showed a lot of ____ when he rescued the man from the burning building. a grief b affection c bravery Martin couldn’t hide his feeling of ____ when he found out that he had won an award for his new book. a friendship b joy c compassion Daniel is a humorous man with great ____. These qualities mean that he is great company. a intelligence b apprehension c trust Have you ever experienced feelings of ____? If you have, you should join a club so that you will meet new friends and have people to hang out with. a friendship b sympathy c loneliness

Hi all! In today’s post I’m talking about food – well, actually I’m talking about a peculiar, but cool, restaurant I went to with some friends at the weekend. The restaurant has been built to look like a huge cave. When you first walk in the entrance, there’s a (1) life-_____ed ‘caveman’ waiting to greet you! On the walls of the restaurant are (2) p_____tive paintings of wild animals and hunters – amazing! And the food, at least most of it, was really good too. Two of my friends and I had a (3) sa_____y dish made from meat and vegetables … it was (4) m_____-watering and delicious! My friend, Jack, decided to try a fish dish. When it arrived at our table, it had a very strong (5) ar_____ic smell and it looked rather strange. After one bite, Jack complained that his food was (6) in_____le. He sent it back to the kitchen and ordered something else. Have you had any interesting restaurant experiences recently? 5 Complete the sentences with the words. around back flock herd into pride We’ve just seen a(n) herd of elephants! 1 Experts are looking ______ new forms of energy. 2 Looking ______, I realize that I should have gone to university when I was younger. 3 What a huge ______ of birds in that field! 4 Let’s go into that shop and have a look ______. 5 A(n) ______ of lions can be very dangerous.

Functional language 6 Complete the words in the sentences. Tick () the sentences that show agreement. Underline the sentences that continue instructions. Nor does the researcher.  1 Sta___ b__ taking the pieces out of the box and putting them on the table.  2 I ha___ t__o!  3 Aft___ that, you ___uld cut up the vegetables.  4 The la___ ___ep is to paint the model car the colour that you’ve chosen.  5 Wh___ the meat is cook___, prep___ the sauce.



6 Me neit____! 

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Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Grammar Unit 9 Revision 1

Revision 2

1 Choose the correct option.

3 Look at the underlined words. What kind of grammar item are they? Choose from the items in the box.

1

2

3

4

5

We use the present __ to talk about present habits. a perfect simple b simple c continuous We use the past __ to talk about an action in progress at a certain time in the past. a simple b continuous c perfect We use __ to talk about past habits or situations which are different now. a used to b will future c the past perfect We use the __ simple to talk about an action or situation which started in the past and has continued until now. a past b present c present perfect We use __ to talk about an action in the past which happened before another action in the past. a the past perfect b be going to c used to We use __ to talk about future intentions and predictions based on evidence. a will future b future perfect c be going to

determiner non-defining relative clause question tag question with a preposition reported question reported statement subject question third conditional verb + -ing / to

1 2 3 4 5

6

2 Correct the underlined mistakes in the sentences.

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2

3

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5

6

7

Deborah cooked in the kitchen for hours now, but dinner still isn’t ready. has been cooking Paul had broken his ankle yesterday while he was playing football at the local sports centre. _______________________________________ My parents usually had been taking the bus to work, but this morning they’ve decided to walk. _______________________________________ This time next June we will travel around South Africa and I think we’ll visit Europe after that. _______________________________________ Did your friends used to enjoy reading books about animals when they used to be younger? _______________________________________ Angela and I will paint our bedroom by next Saturday and then we are going to paint the living room – that’s the plan anyway! _______________________________________ Look at that little girl! She has been falling into the swimming pool if she isn’t careful! _______________________________________ At the moment, the teacher talks about avalanches. _______________________________________

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7 8

Lizzie pointed out that we would be late for class if we didn’t hurry. reported statement What is this little black button on the mechanical device for? ____________ Mr Hollis, who is a famous scientist, specializes in alternative forms of energy. ____________ We’ve already watched two films – I don’t want to watch another one. ____________ Zach really has an eye for the latest trends, doesn’t he? ____________ We’re out of milk and bread, so don’t forget to stop at the shops on your way home from the gym. ____________ My grandad would have gone into that little shop to look around if he had known that it sold rare silver coins. ____________ Who is going to organize the annual charity run this year? ____________ Jake asked us whether we had ever been to the restaurant Dans le Noir. ____________

Plural nouns 4 Correct the spelling mistakes in the sentences.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Our company is looking for someone who has the different kinds of abilitys which are needed for working in a busy office. abilities A couple of foxs managed to get into the barn and kill some of the chickens. ________ I’m thinking about working in a restaurant – do waitress make very much money? ________ The coachs from the two rugby teams are arguing about the last goal. ________ At the moment, our planet is facing several crisis, global warming being one of them. ________ From my point of view, you shouldn’t believe everything that you read in the medias. _______ Cut the potatoes into halfs and add them to the other vegetables. ________ Can you put those forks and knifes on the table for me, Grace? ________

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Grammar & vocabulary WORKSHEETS

Vocabulary Unit 9 Education verbs and prepositions

Extra vocabulary

1 Complete the phrases with prepositions.

5 Complete the words in the text.

for (x2) from in (x4) of on (x2) 1 2 3 4

approve of comment ____ graduate from / ____ prepare ____ specialize ____

5 6 7 8 9

benefit ____ concentrate ____ participate ____ search ____ succeed ____

2 Complete the text with the correct form of some of the phrases from exercise 1. Learning different languages is very important to me. I believe that people benefit from speaking several languages for lots of reasons, so at the moment I am (1) __________ my FCE exam, which I will sit in June, by taking English lessons three times a week. If I (2) ________ passing that, I’m going to (3) _________ an exchange programme in London, England next summer. My parents (4) __________ this plan and they are also very excited that after I (5) ___________ university I am going to go on to do further studies and (6) ___________ modern foreign languages.

Careers adjectives

Functional language

3 Find eight more careers adjectives in the word puzzle.

6 Complete the dialogue with the words. There is one word you don’t need.

Y N O Z G S Q T N S Q R

X W X A C I U B C X R W R C Z U M T H W V E E A P N O F A M E L P D G S C A L O V L E E L O G H L T A P T M G C M V E I R A I I J I R T N V I I T C V A H R G A E D I Q P B U T I T D A V M J L L N N I L L E H R E F C G N E W A R D I N G Z G

E L U N S K I L L E D V

4 Which adjectives from exercise 3 are positive? academic, ________________________________ _________________________________________

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Walking on the moon, by Gareth Jones  This term, we’ve been learning about the ‘final  (1) fro________’ – space. As a science buff, I find  the topic really thrilling. During one of my free  (2) pe________ today, I went online and found out  about the Apollo 11 space (3) mi________. Back in  1969, three astronauts, Armstrong, Aldrin and  Collins, accepted the (4) ult________ challenge –  they (5) int________ to walk on the moon! The  (6) la________ took place on 16 July and after  travelling for three days, Apollo 11 landed on the  moon on 20 July. Six hours later, on 21 July,  Armstrong became the first man to ever walk on  the moon’s (7) su________! This amazing moment  was broadcast live back on earth, so people saw  and heard Armstrong as he said the famous words,  ‘One small step for man, one giant leap for  mankind.’ I can’t imagine how exciting that would  have been … wow!  

essential hey hurry if might otherwise ouch panic really should wow A Hey, Amy! Wait for me! I’ve been looking for you. Have you started studying for half-term exams yet? I haven’t, and I need some advice. B Hi, Liam. You know, it’s (1) __________ that you concentrate on your exams this week. (2) _________ you don’t, you won’t pass! But don’t (3) _________. I’ll give you a few hints to help you. A (4) _________? You’d do that for me? Thanks, Amy. B It’s OK. You (5) __________ make a timetable of what you are going to study and when, (6) __________ you (7) __________ end up wasting time. A (8) _________! I see what you mean! What else? B We’ll talk more later on. We’re going to be late for our next class. Come on, Liam. (9) __________!

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