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‘‘Non-violence in the Civil Rights struggle has meant not relying on arms and weapons. It has meant non-cooperation with customs and laws which are institutional aspects of a regime of discrimination and enslavement’’, said Martin Luther King in his 1965 speech. He added saying‘‘ Non-violence has also meant we do not want to instil fear to others or into the society of which we are part. it has meant that we don’t seek to win victory over anyone. We seek to liberate our society and share in the self-liberation of all the people’’. Sure that violence often brings momentary results. Nations have frequently won their independence in battle. But in spite of temporary victories , violence never brings permanent peace. It solves no social problems : it merely creates new and more complicated ones. ‘‘violence is immoral,’’ he said ‘‘It destroys community and makes brotherhood impossible.’’ According to Martin Luther King, practising non-violence shows that we have reached a superior level, that we have escaped the blind fear that arouses panic and violence. Non-violence, for him, requires courage and self-denial. Martin Luther King exposes how useless and harmful violence is. It is impratical and immoral because it develops hatred and ends in destruction for all. He pointed out that violence has come to be taken for granted as a means of solving problems. There ensue looting, pillaging, killing and setting fire everywhere. They might feel happy and victorious. But this violence engenders violence and it will never bring permanent peace. He also declared that we have to exchange ideas and opinions in peaceful dialogues. We have to set an atmosphere of understanding and tolerance, an atmosphere of brotherhood and love. Reading comprehension 2- What do the underlined words refer to ? which §1 their §2 it §2 him §3 3- Here are anwers to some questions in the text. Write the questions. a- momentary results §2 b- happy and victorious §4 c- exchange ideas and opinions. §4 5- Find in the text words that are closest in meaning to damages arrived at stealing fight inequality to set free to trust look for 6- Find words that are opposite in meaning to necessary love temporary seldom always cowardice reconstruction misunderstanding 7- Answer the following questions according to the text : ( 1,5 pt ) aDid Martin Luther King believe in non-violence to get one’s rights ? bWhy is violence useless and harmful ? cWhat should we do to live in harmony with others ?

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The European Union (EU) is a family of democratic European countries, committed to working together for peace and prosperity. It is not a State intended to replace existing states, but it is more than any other international organisation. The EU is, in fact, unique. The historical roots of the European Union lie in the Second World War . The idea of European integration was conceived to prevent such killing and destruction from ever happening again. It was first proposed by the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman in a speech on 9 May 1950. This date, the "birthday" of what is now the EU, is celebrated annually as Europe Day. Initially, the EU consisted of just six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined in 1973, Greece in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1986, Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995. In 2004 the biggest ever enlargement took place with 10 new countries joining. In the early years, much of the co-operation between EU countries was about trade and the economy, but now the EU also deals with many other subjects of direct importance for our everyday life, such as citizens' rights; ensuring freedom, security and justice; job creation; regional development; environmental protection; making globalisation work for everyone. The European Union has delivered half a century of stability, peace and prosperity. It has helped to raise living standards, built a single Europe-wide market, launched the single European currency, the euro, and strengthened Europe's voice in the world. Unity in diversity: Europe is a continent with many different traditions and languages, but also with shared values. The EU defends these values. It fosters co-operation among the peoples of Europe, promoting unity while preserving diversity and ensuring that decisions are taken as close as possible to the citizens. Answer the following questions. 1 – Why can’t we say the EU is a State? 2 – When and why did the idea of an European institution appear? 3 – What countries became a part of the EU before the year 2004? 4 – In what ways did the first EU members cooperate? 5 – How do they cooperate nowadays? 6 – Over the past 50 years what advantages has the EU brought to its members? 7 – Does the UE promote unity or diversity? Justify your answer in your own words. 8 – In your opinion, how will the EU be important in the years to come?

Written expression : (6 pts ) Choose one of the following topics : -Topic one : using the following ideas, write a compositon on violence in the world and suggest solutions. -violence every where : in the family, neighbourhood, community. -civil wars and wars between countries. -riots, crimes, racial discrimination. -solution : justice, tolerance, dialogue, unity… -Topic two : Is non-violence more efficient at solving racial and social problems than violence ? Give your arguments. Mastery of language : ( 7 pts ) 1-Supply capitals and punctuation where necessary : (1pt) racial prejudice is perhaps the strongest prejudice to be felt in the world many examples of discrimination racial riots and racial tension may be found in america britain and in france as well 2- Copy the odd one outon your anwer sheet : (0,25pt) - victory -struggle - fight -battle 3-Which adjectives can be derived from these nouns ? (1pt) a- victory b- violence c- democracy d- destruction 4- Divide these words into roots and affixes : (1pt) a- independence b- impractical 5- Complete sentence (b) so that it means the same as (a) : (1,5pt) a-‘‘We don’t seek to win victory over anyone.We seek to liberate our society,’’King said. b-King said …………………………………….. a-Violence doesn’t preserve brotherhood.Violence doesn’t bring peace. b- Violence………………………. a- Violence destroys both community and brotherhood. b- Both community……………………… 6- Reorder the following to get a coherent sentence : (1pt) maintenance -and -Organisation -the -security -objective - is -Nations -the -internal -of -United -primary -the -of -peace 7- Classify the following words according to the pronunciation of their final ‘s’ (1,25pt) -victories -results -exposes -reaches -customs /s/

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