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M I N N E A P O L IPSU B L I CL I B R A R Y

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FARSI A COMPLETE COURSE FOR BEGINNERS

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IRAQ

.----l3o;*n-L J-Tku,WAtr-. oiuwerr written by Nick Pendar, Ph.D., Iowa State University

edited by ".r -

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ZvjezdanaYrzi{

O ilt (t tI

.. ^MUSCAT

Ph.D., and Atousa Mirzaei

Tropic of Cancer

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S A U D IA R A B I A

OMAN

IRAN YEMEN

2OO

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100

4O0 kilomek.' 200 miles

LIVING TANGUAGE'&

ACKTOWTEDGMEilTS Copyright @ zcr'1 by Living Language, an imprint of Random House, Inc. Living Language is a member of the Random House InformationGroup Living Language and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Published in the United States by Living Language, an imprint of Random House, Inc. www.livinglanguage. com Editor : Zvlezdana Y rzi(. Production Editor: Lisbeth DYer Production Manager: Thomas Marshall Interior Design: Sophie Ye Chin First Edition I SBN : 978-r- 4ooo-z347-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request. This book is available at special discounts for bulk purchases for sales promotions or premiums. Special editions, including personalized covers, excerpts of existing books, and corporate imprints, can be created in large quantities for special needs' For more information, write to Special Markets/Premium Sales, 1745 Broadway, MD 6-2, New York, New York 1oor9 or email [email protected]. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATESOF AMERICA 1098765432r

Thanks to the Living Language team: Tom Russell, Nicole Benhabib, christopher warnasch, zviezdana verzich, suzanne Mceuade, shaina Malkin, Elham shabahat, Denise De Gennaro,Linda K. schmidt, Lisbeth Dyer, Alison skrabek, Tom Marshall, Fabrizio La Rocca,Tigist Getachew, and Sophie Ye Chin.

0utline Course List of Abbreviations Introduction

ix

x

How to Use This Course x Farsi or Persian

xiii

Farsi Writing System Farsi Alphabet

xiv

The Sounds of Farsi Reading Farsi Written vs. Spoken Farsi VOCABUTARY

GRAM MAR

Greetings and Introductions

Personal Pronouns

7

PossessiveForms

8

The Present Tense

8

PossessiveConstructions with PossessiveEndings

Lg

Plurals

zo

DefiniteNouns,Indefinite Nouns, and lralll

2L

Yes/No Questions

j2

Questions Using Question Words

33

Adjectives

33

Numerals and Partitives

34

Kinship Terms

Home Objects and Colors

Course 0utline

G RAM MAR

VOCABULARY

:1..

_-.tll,,,lJf.,'=$n r

Daily Routine

iftffir'$.,iit'r

D0tffi.'?-,.l l*,'

ffi

Verb Forms

45

Food and Restaurants

Numbers 11-2o

49

Telling Time

5o

Simple PastTense

5T 6z

Negation

63

PrepositionalPhrases

65

Numbers 2r-99

67

Hl$# ff-l# liffi tt$l,I',nA M U S E U M . Around the City and Giving Directions

77

Comparatives and Superlatives

79

Ordinal Numbers

8o

Numbers 1oo-t,ooo

8z

Travel, Months, and DaYsof the Week

Future Tense

94

Nationalities

95

vl tarsl

i;=|"=',1,il i,l.,-

D o u b l e . . .d i . . . e - : a n d + + Constructions

r2r

Using .4t i flSayred1,rnay, might)

r22

.

,i,rlial

PresentPerfect

ry3

Verbs after 0i-13s, (fxast-anf , to want)

135

Questionswith 'tr-i,r ry6 (l&qredrl, how much) and u r+ (/dend ta/, how many)

Hvt=E

Politics,Media, and the Internet

87 93

L E S S O I {8 DOE 5 T HI 5 F I T

rrg

T E S S O ] Ir r P A R L I A M ENTA

Counting Units

'

Clothing and Shopping

[:,'"1 ,F"'..-'1r'

Health and Doctors

fi

ExpressingLikes and Dislikes

Hlril ffirs'i#

?.'.,3

Imperatives and the Subjunctive Mood

'[:s=#$oifi i'#.i*ffi 'dfi lN'd p

iil*

6 RAM MAR

r #l ia;rM IGp r n $'fiN.rgr ff

, f

ff;'=f,'$$li$ f "f 5 I T Y

Education and Schools

VOCABULARY

Errands and Money

1.o':l

r48

Conditional Sentences

r+g

Embedded Clauseswith eS (/ke/, that)

r50

Polite Past

16o

PassiveVoice (Present Tense)

t6t

Middle Voice

L63

The Subjunctive Mood

105

Past Habitual

107

# $$o,m;fl. ft $i'nip;#/r=#ffi

Obfect Endings on Verbs

ro8

Work and the Office

C o u r sO e utline

ffi' wiiil

PastProgressive

iii[n

ffi

Temporal Clauseswith 45 flveqt-i ke/, when) "$r Expressing Manner

175

The Modal !"1+(&ayedi, must)

177

176

V O C A BLUA R Y

Interests and Recreation

LlsToF ABBREUIATIOlIS

6 RAM MAR

Adverbial Clauseswith d al+ Uja-V,ket/, where)

189

Using; (/por/, full), # (A*-/,little), and

c.l .0s+ I (hil,/bedun-e/, without) to MakeAdiectives Emphatic.S (4"0

Nature, Weather, and Sports

Farsi-English Glossary 2rr English-Farsi Glossary 247

;n{;;i

Reflexive Pronouns

192

20,4

Exclamatory Sentences

205

Impersonal Construction

zo6

adl

adjective

adv.

adverb

art.

article

aux.

auxiliary verb

colloq,

colloquial

conj.

conjunction

tut.

formal

inter.

interiection

inful.

informal

lit.

literally

n.

noun

nutn.

numeral

p.

preposition

pl.

plural

pro.

pronoun

sg.

singular

v.

verb

tltTROllucTloll So you've decidedto learn Farsi.Congratulations! Learning a new language is one of the best and most rewarding decisions you can make in your lifetime. It opens up a door to a whole new world and a window into the minds of the people in that world. There is no better way to understand a nation and communicate with its people than by studying their literature and culture in their native language. At the same time, learning any new language is also a major commitment. It takes time, practice, and a great deal of patience.You learned your native languageduring the first seven or so years of your life through constant exposure to and use of the language' You shouldn't expect to learn a new language fluently in any time shorter than that. However, you can learn the basics of a language, understand everyday conversations,and make yourself understood to a fair degree in a couple of years with consistent practice and the right kind of input. This course is designedto help you take that initial step toward mastering Farsi, the language of Iran. This course covers most major Farsi grammatical concepts and basic vocabulary used in everyday situations' It should give you the head start you need toward becoming a proficient speaker of Farsi.

HOW TO USETHIS COURSE This beginner-level course is designed to use both audio and visual instruction to help you master the basics of Farsi. No previous knowledge of Farsi at all is assumed.

llrc dialogue.Many will be relatedto the topic of the lesson;some will be rt'latedto the grammar you'll be learning in that particular lesson. I)iulogue 't'he dialogue in each lesson servesthe double purpose of allowing you to read and hear natural Farsi at work and teaching you about Farsi culture as well. Read these dialogues carefully; they'll contain the grammar and key phrasesthat you will be learning later in the lesson. Don't be afraid to read lhem several times, in fact, and to listen to them on the recordings a few times as well. Always go at your own pace,and stick with a section until you're comfortable with it. Vocabulary The vocabulary list contains new words from the dialogue as well as other words related to the overall topic of the lesson.You can refer to this list while reading through the dialogue, but of course the translation of the dialogue is also provided. use the vocabulary lists to build a good foundation for your Farsivocabulary one topic at a time. Experiment with different methods of learning vocabulary-spoken or written repetition, flash cards,practice sentences,web searches,etc. Be creative,and find what works for vou. Key Phrases The key phrases section contains more practical words or phrases related to the lesson topic. Don't worry if you don't grasp the grammar behind each phrase right away. Treat the phrasesas extended vocabulary lists; the grammar will be filled in as you progress,and the idiomatic and practical expressionsyou learn in the key phrasessection will come in handy.

Following this introduction, you'll find a sectionthat teachesyou everything you need to know about Farsi spelling and pronunciation. Use it in conjunction with the audio to become fully acquainted with the sounds of Farsi. Imitate the native speakersthat you hear,but don't be worried if you don't sound quite native yourself; after all, you're not. Good pronunciation will come in time. fust use the pronunciation section enough that you're familiar with the sounds and spelling of Farsi. Then you can begin the fifteen lessons,each of which is dedicated to a particular topic and to a

Each lesson contains two culture notes. These notes are intended to give you a window on Farsi culture. The notes cover such topics as food, clothing, manners, and etiquette, and they also offer practical advice for anyone traveling to the Farsi-speakingregion.

number of structural points.

Grammar

As a general piece of advice,fight the urge to skip ahead or rush over any part of this course. It's designed in a careful sequencerand each section iepresents a building block that adds to everything before it while at the same time preparing you for everything that comes after it. Always move aheadat your own pace; if you don't understand something, or if you don't feel quite comfortable with some point, simply go over it again. That's the best way to make sure your learning experience is painless and effective. Each lesson of this course contains the following sections: VocabularyWarmUp

Culture Notes

Each lesson contains a number of notes on particular aspectsof Farsi grammar. These notes are introduced in a careful sequence,so that they build on one another and explain the key structures you encounter in the lesson,particularly in the dialogue. Each point is explained in plain and simple language,and there are plenty of examplesto help you understand. (lrammar can be tricky for many beginning language learners, especially with a language that looks and sounds so different from English. But lake your time on the grammar notes. Grammar is the nuts-and-boltsof irny language learning; without it, you wouldn't know how to put words Iogether!

The vocabulary warm-up kicks off the lessonwith key words you'll hear in

**--*-x Farsi I

Howto UseThisCourse

ixi I i

Exercises

GIossary

The exercisesin each lessonwill give you more opportunities to practice the grammar and vocabulary you ve learned in each lesson.Each lesson includes an answer key at the end so that you can check your progress.

At the end of this book you'll find a Farsi-English/English-Farsi glossary. It includes all of the words from the vocabulary lists, plus any important vocabulary that's taught in the grammar notes. It also includes a wide range of common and practical words that may not come up in the context of this course. It's not meant as a complete dictionary but it certainly includes enough to be a valuable reference tool for the beginning student of Farsi.

Independent Challenge The most important part of learning a language is practice. These challengeactivities are designedto give you ideas for finding contexts in your life where you can practice your Farsi' They're meant as a guide; if you feel inspired to createyour own independent challengeactivities,go right ahead.The more contact you have with a language,the better you'll learn it. And don't forget about the internet. Language learners have an incredible tool at their disposal-they can find newspapers,blogs, online references,travel and tourism sites,and much, much more, all of which can be used to add depth and color to languagelessons.

As you use this course,keep this in mind: languagelearning is a gradual process; it won't happen overnight. still, with repeated exposure and practice, you'll find yourself becoming a better and better Farsi speaker each time you pick up this course. But languagesaren't used by books; they're used by people. so, if you can, seek out speakersof Farsi where you live or on the internet. That way, you can practice the languageand discover new people while you do.

Audio

I+$t-,,#?

The audio portion of this course is divided into two sets: Set A and Set B. SetAincludes the dialogue,vocabulary,keyphrases,and severalgrammar examplesfrom each lesson.This part of the audio course should be used along with the book, following the order of each lesson and allowing you to hear the words on the page in spoken Farsi. A good approach is to read each section first without the audio, so that you're prepared to get the most out of the audio when you do listen to it. Then, take it stepby-step and listen to each section at a time, always allowing yourself the time and repetition that you need. xHelpful Hint: once you've listened to the dialogue severaltimes while reading along in the book, try listening to it without the help of the book. This will help attune your ear to Farsi, and it will make understanding the spoken languageeasier down the line. Set B is intended to be used on the go to supplement your studies. It contains the dialogue from each lesson, broken down into easily digestible sentenceswith English translations. You'll hear pauses after each line of dialogue; use the pause to repeat the line and practice your pronunciation. Set B also includes several audio-only exercisesthat do not appear in the book but are based on exactly the same grammar points. A good way to make use of Set B is to listen to it following each lesson,once you've comfortably completed reading the text and listening to the Set A audio. Use Set B wherever it's convenient for you-in the car,on the train, at the gym, while you do dishes,in the garden-it's up to you. You can also use Set B as a review of lessonsyou completed long

/moveffeq baS-id!/ Good luck!

FARSIOR PERSIAl{? The languageyou are about to learn has two names-Farsi and persian. The reasonsfor this are historical. A long time ago,from about 64g BCE, the Persians (a tribe belonging to the people who called themselves Aryans) ruled a vast area including present-dayIran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkey, Syria, Armenia, and even parts of Egypt. They also had many battles with the Greeks.The Greekswould call these people perses.The word then traveled through Europe and ended up in English as persians. The word Persia was used throughout history by Europeans to refer to the country of the Persiansand their language. The people of Persia,however, called their country Iran (from an old Iranian word meaning the land of the Aryansl and their language parsi, and later, Farsi.In 1935,Reza shah, the ruling king of persia at the time, askedthe international community to call the country by its native name, Iran. Thus the words Persiaand persian gradually lost their popularity and gave way to Iran and,Farsi as the names of the country and its official language, respectively.some Iranians still prefer to call their language "Persian"rather than "Farsi"when they are speaking English in order to stay connected to their history. In this book we will call the languageby its native name, Farsi,but from time to time the word "persian" may be used to refer to the people, culture, and languageof Iran.

ago to keep you on your toes!

'i

x i l : Farsi 1

Farsior Persian?

1..............t... lI x l l l

i

F A R S IW R I T I l { G S Y S T E M The writing systemof modern Farsi is basedon the Arabic alphabet with a few extra symbols for sounds that do not exist in Standard Arabic. The script differs significantly in several ways from the English writing system.

END

First, the script goes from right to left, which means that Farsi books open from the left. This is something that you should definitely keep in mind, becausereading a mystery novel backwards is no fun. Second, many letters are connected to each other within words. This means that for each letter there could be more than one form, and the form used depends on the letter's position in the word and whether or not it can connect to the following letter. Third, some vowel sounds are not represented in the alphabet. These vowels are shown using diacritics (small markings above and below the letters) only in children's books, but they do not exist in writing for adults.

(-.1

JJ

I'l

lsel

& IJ

s J

lil

liiml

i*+

lrl ht

Itel

4s.

hel

4-s

/xl **''', ldt **_ lzl

l*el

4+

/daV

Jil

lzall lrel

lal tel u

hl lpl --l xiv

I

Farsi

la-lefI

h:l lp:l

a 4J*

**

(-i

€

5 n

S:

)

oj

sj

ei

)

\

J

cJli

\

;\

.)

J -;" )

J

)

)i ;- -l ) i .**.;

J

&

s

)

&i ti

)

!l rE

*I

&

& *lt

s

& ..- -'.-_t'_'"

_

s

Ital

IT

l;;l

TI

lqeynl '

lrel

Ut*,, ,'rr-.c

vt..

:^f

lg rl

Lltl

karl

LilS

T T

lla l lmiml

.ra

T T

t_e e)

-(---.;(IJ

* -**;-;;***-*-

_tr

lnl

lnunl

o9

l"l

lvavl

;l;

I

s I

gS .5.

5.

K rY

T T I'

3

le"rl

LETTER

I

-r.-

L,J'

f ,-ilj

+

.--;

There are 32letters in Farsi alphabet. The following table shows the Farsi alphabet.For eachletter, its different forms, its name, and the sound or sounds associatedwith it are also shown. BecauseFarsi is written from right to left, tables containing Farsi text are arranged from right to left, too. Remember to read the following table and other tables like it from the right.

i BEclll"rNg itl

I

J

77

lzel

l'eynl

NAMEOFTHELETTER

ee e _c_

l'"1

F A R S IA T P H A B E T

SOUND

ltu']"yr'

a a

Itel

This means that beginners may have difficulty figuring out the pronunciation of a word based on its written form alone. This might sound discouraging at first, but it isn't as hard as you might think, especially considering that the pronunciation of English words isn't exactly predictable from their written forms either. Remember how you learned to pronounce the first f in palient as a sh sound and how you learned not to pronounce the c in indigt, not to mention the difference between the i's in each?In order to facilitate learning the Farsi alphabet, you will be provided with phonetic alphabet pronunciations next to words where necessarv.

FARSI ALPHABET

MIDDLE

,I

(J

t: O

sl ) Cref*.! ,clt OJJ'"ij-r-tr Y "iJil;-+

(cis-r) .s-A q $j L ,+,i.'i.K-cJt-,.f (Or_t)0i$ L.,i a+p+ f.y . t

(J$lF) crJr.JS s" .o C. Turn the objects of verbs and objects of prepositions in these sentences into object pronouns. The first one is done as an example.

Since the ry79 revolution, however, the government has been trying to replace Western values with traditional Islamic ones. This clash of ideals has created a wide range of opinions among individuals about what people should wear. For example, wearing a tie may be considered a sign of etiquette, elegance,and professionalism by modernists, but it might be regarded as a sign of blind submission to Western values by fundamentalists. Wearing jeans and T-shirts may be viewed similarly. Younger, more liberal people like to dress in jeans and T-shirts, while traditionalists avoid that.

.pih .;L

Nowadays,many men wear a shirt, a pair of long pants, and, if it's cold, a sports jacket.Government officials wear suits, but they don't wear ties. Wearing short-sleevedshirts by men is frowned on by the government, but many men do it anyway.

.elilJi.

e.pl-,1Ll r-r.tiS 'd#

61'"it'il:

l++l -,1l4 lJ ,',oJ(.\ .P+.ll-l -rl.Y ,',.,r1Ll-) "F*l+l.Y

.o-,14 irsllk l 4+.t

cs- lJ a.cl.t-,;3-; . o

D. Fill in the blanks using the following words. ul3i

Women, by law, have to cover all their bodies and hair. Liberal and younger women wear tight and short manteaustogether with jeans and colorful scarves.Women who work for the government have to wear loose and long manteaus, and they must cover their hair with larger scaryesrcalled 4rii1 (frrrrcqnr-'ef), that fit around the face. More traditional women *"u. iu.g" ttact sheets called -!l; Ttudor/) and only show their faces.You can learn more about such cultural issues athttp:ll www. cultureofi ran.com.

,.lJ"-U

-is

;r,ai

G.itK

J.rl.r.c

dlt

-,rl:li +l . Y

.r

rbj .d!,1 ei+,i jl ; ot5.-,litl.l &ia iret* Jl . t

,',.?,-(

sj3,r,.i

qal o.JA ,',c1,^r1,'r.tl . o J q o Y a

.dts Lesson8

oE++ JJJJ+S . \

.,',..f dil.- 91-

I

Farsi

-{

' ' eli A: drtL-.'! Olji 4+(J'i+JUq. Y

(pI).-(Oi-l:')

What Do lranians Typically Wear?

I t

o rD

A. Use the subjunctive form of the verb in these sentences.

8 H . c u t r u R ET o P l c 2

110i

I

d

-

jl lJ t'iiS

t

6

f!

a+

= (D

A I I S W E RK E Y

SSO

9

ComprehensionPractice B .r

A.z

E.3

D.

C.z

Exercises

J i m i n a P e r s i a nR e s t a u r a n t

A. dJJ.O

eJ-+.f

e++.f

eri:.Y

dJJ+.\

B.

ifF

cy'.o

.rj raljri, .1

#-,, .* .f

.ri:*l . t

+-F .Y

C.

.oJ+oslJrrtii+ . f

.Uil-1i.f

.",i,-o.1.1 .Y .lrrJl

"FJl$.\

.rf,.-Slri

.Jt6.1

JIS .o

$lJA.f

OE6;.Y

ip.^fi.\

Make a list of **u articles of clothing that haven't been listed in this lesson. Try to look them up in the online Farsi dictionary vvww farsidic.com. Write the words and the Farsi equivalents:that you find in your language iournal. Another online dictionary you can use can be found at-www.aryarrpo,rr..o*. This is also a very good dicti'onary that you might want to bookmark.

Farsi

9 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M - U P

i5ro .o

D. *^'*.Y

In this lesson, you will learn about persian food and restaurants.you will also learn to expresslikes and dislikes, as well as the equivalents of both . . . and and neither . . . nor constructions in Farsi. Finally, you will also learn how to use the subiunctive mood with the auxiliary verb rj-S (l(ayedl, may).

to recommend

/pi5nehad krerd-en/

a (usually) meat sauce served over steamed rice

lxorell

fesenjan (a sauce made with chicken or beef, crushed walnuts, and pomegranate paste, served over rice)

/xore5-e fesenjan/

a drink made with yogurt, water, salt, and sometimes dried mint

ld"ql

salad

lsaladl

OIJS lta;.^iA cFr->

ubir,4 -cF"t_l-

tr'

JYL.r

How about you?

/5oma de-tor|

!r^L-L^',.?.

a rice dish with dill and broad beans, often served with beef

/Bevid baqela/

).i.11l"_yi

food

lqnzal

lii

yogurt

lmastl

Cl^lU

specialoccasion

/monasebet-e xass/

uroti f{,-l.i

ESSON

A ] I S W E RK E Y

9

ComprehensionPractice B .r

A.z

E.3

D.

C.z

Exercises

Jim

A. djj

.o

e J S + .{

eJ-l-lrr+. t

eri:.\

fi ;+ + .f

B. fllF

rj .uljrL .l

(4.o

#:

.f

.f

+Ji

JX'"A . \

.Y

C. .O-.11 il.l3 gtia;

.€

.Uil-,lX .f

.si-qr

.Y

.bll

"FJl4

.rt,.-Slf

c/

.\

JIS .o

.ulyA .t

-,,1'*.f

OE44.Y

Oi!,".i,.i . \

I N D E P E N D E NC TH A L L E N 6 E Make a list of some articles of clothing that haven't been listed in this lesson. Try to look them up in the online Farsi dictionary www. farsidic.com. Write the words and the Farsi equivalents that you find in your language journal. Another online dictionary you can use can This is also a very good dictionary be found ui*."ryunpour.com. that you might want to bookmark.

_--.--.. I.-..........

'nzi I

i I

Farsi

In this lesson, you will learn about persian food and restaurants. you will also learn to expresslikes and dislikes, as well as the equivalents of both . . . and and neither . . . nor constructions in Farsi. rinilly, you will also learn how to use the subjunctive mood with the auxiliaryveru rr.Li (litaya"dl,may).

9 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M - U P

.o

D.

,,.llis .1

a P e r s i a nR e s t a u r a n t

to recommend

/piSnehad kerd-en/

a (usually) meat sauce served over steamed rice

lxorell

fesenian (a sauce made with chicken or beef crushed walnuts, and pomegranate paste, served over rice)

/xored-e fesenian/

a drink made with yogurt, water, salt, and sometimes dried mint

ld"ql

salad

lsaladl

How about you?

/5oma lr_tor?l

a rice dish with dill and broad beans, often served with beef

/5evidbaqela/

food

lqazal

yogurt

lmastl

special occasion

/monasebet-exass/

OIJS lta:-4 ci",r-n

OLrird-cF.,r-n

i-r'

JYl*,, frtL-Loli

Xt++_#

lin ,',uuL 1;roti g++.U:

Listen to their conversashabnam has taken |im to a Persianrestaurant' menu' tion as they choose food from the

iJ#J+.b+l $j \^^i I,rtLXi -cll-l-f--2 €

ziyad inia mi-ya/de resturan-e qaSeng-i! Soma in (miYa-id)|

.b.lA Lrta d+r"Li. ^9li

J+

.+l lUj

monasebetI ziyadne. bi5ter bera-ye ha-Ye xass'/

l\;fu,r;lr;9

'+r

mi-kon-if /xob, de qeza-yipi5-nehad .ni. ;\:-;;

U*l3l Ul+i,"g .,-F-l-l'ji'Jf

ewelin pi5/elbette xoreS-efesenian nehad-e men-e'/

r4r (u"i-i) di .o-;1.:3.r-,13 *

"i-1l,

.drif

:ljiml

d,;J+ J';L

.l

''.lS

:d+-

.t

fdJlJ d.tr.r3J JJ-S :/Sebnem/

:liiml

/nu5-id-ren-i di mi-xa-hiI f'tr-;l': f-lr b4l .pJlJ ,"'"'J: '.rl+;. L:J c,t

f &ramen

'\ , '

hem serd-em-e. be-rim un teref be-5in-im (be-ne5in-im)./

:lllml

[im:

What a pretty restaurant! Do you come here often?

Shabnam:

Not often. Mostly for special occasions.

fim:

Okay, what (food) do You recommend?

Shabnam:

Fesenjan is my first recommendation, of course'

fim:

What's in it?

Shabnam:

It's a sort of sauce with meat. It also has walnuts in it. Do you like walnuts?

fim:

Of course. What are You having?

Shabnam:

I may have shevid baqela.

fim:

That's good too. I like both walnuts and broad beans.

Shabnam:

What drink would You like?

|im:

Do they have duqhere? I like duq very much'

:liiml

Shabnam:

They must. I also want salad. How about you? Do you want salad or Yogurt?

fim:

I want neither salad nor Yogurt.

Shabnam:

I'm cold here. Aren't You cold?

. i

:tt+:/Sebnem/ 't-15' .l r.

)im: Lesson9

Farsl

'lLs

.$

:eri-

.rrJs

fu+l-n t/ cf .r+$-il

:/5rebnam/

.(lltl'xi'i)

:#+

:/Sebnem/ /men SayedSevidbaqelabe-xor-em'/ 'tl} . \, . pa .p-,llr,','r:l )[i! * iJ- .4+F # OJ baqela dust dar/un hem xub-e. men hem em, hem gerdu'/

:liiml .* :t'+-

:/Sebnem/

Ll a.,,$-r-rJF t

/elbettel Somadi mi-xor-if .pJ++ )!la 'rr.-Yi' +Le iF

.D ttr r+ OJ c o, :t

't.ls'

O:l d-x .a,.ci-.,1'*" rA iF .l-l+

:ljiml

:d+-

:/Sebnem/

/men ne salad mi-xah-em, ne mast'/ 'r !' ' ".ti d.l;-.p.',r1--i .a-i-)'^" b4l i nist?/ /men inia serd-em-e. Soma serd-et

10 (D

9. CU 5

.dr-,|^ +r cp l-9n' .r- .:YL 4r iJ.

:iSebnam/

:lliml

fcgJ3- cr^ c+ l^i^i !45+11

mi-xam /hetmen dar-end. m€n salad hem (mi-xah-em)' Soma de-tor?salad ya mast mi-xah-in (mi-xah-id) ?/

.&

'^lS

clJ

:t'+"'

t1+*l:- c+)

:e'+-

di-Ye/ /tu-5(tu-Ye5)

hem /Yek iur xor-e5-eba guSt'tu-S gerdu dar-e.gerdu dust dar-if

.(*t-n '

J

5' .&

L{.s' .f) el:- c/ * rYL- '-'- .rrlb i1r,Al:= .f dr*rl,cl; r)t- f-,, 4 C

:eJ+

f(+u4)

f#.+

:/iim

/inja duq darand?men duq xt'ylitltrstdar am./

9 B. DIAIOGUE

t,a.:l! "":_

too,Let'sgo sit on

otherside l_|e

**+*--*.ii 1 1 5

UsageNote: The word l-€ ft.erafi here means yes,but the difference betweenl;p and al.r(lUetei)ii tnat lJF is usedas a response to a negative q u e s t i o nN . o t i c et h a t S h a b n a ma s k sJ i m , !r'r,,$i g)! 1-'$ /5oma serd-et nist| Aren't you cold? This is a negative question, to which |im responds, .AJ.p,' 3t cfo el-> f(era, men hem serd-em-e./ Yes,I'm cold, too.

cool (not warm)

lxonekl

hot

lduql

napkin

/dest-maf

to like

/dust da5t-en/

restaurant

/resturan/

sandwich

/sandevid/

cold

lserdl

J}

ol.l.f-; C;$l*,.

lEayredl

lJ"t i

dill

/5evid/

+d

spoon

lqaiod

Comprehension

knife

lkardl

walnut

lger&tl

warm

lgerml

meat

lgu(;tl

glass

flivanl

fish

lmahil

chicken, hen

lmorql

L-n

fruit

lmivel

UJ,A

soft drink

/nu5-id-en-i/

Practice

ci*;nl.rl _cglf .t crl.s. rgtA

liii

-.,1rl.l

B. What food does Shabnam recommend to |im?

Xl+ +_ry.Y

-cF::- .r Ot+i,.,g

JYI*,,

C. Which one of these items is in fesenjan? dl$U

rrJs

.f

D. How does |im ask what's in fesenjan?

fu+

fc.g_,;ji .,- c+ .f

E. Which of the following does |im like?

Xt++ 6rri rA .r

lbaqelal

plate

lboiqabl

JJ.6 -, EF dr^tJ olril ,31-

.+i*'?'-r

pD. KEYPHRASES

"F-l.t

,u!.y

broad bean

dlit-{ l-,;ls

fs9_;1.: !+ . \

rr-f . \

cook

lai-pnzl

Are you ready to order?

/amadehest-id sefareSbe-dehid?1,famadehastin sefareSbe-d-idI

9c. uocABUIARY

recommendation

/pi5-nehad/

yes (answer to a negative question)

l&ral

)jl+

Ita,ngall

certainly

lha-trn-a,nl

rii"'-t git'i

,f+a+ "i_tti*"

U$-'A oJLI fq"rl UiJU^,

/be-bax5-id,dest- rs+J-$3-i 5 rJ'ii'-.r-r 5u-yi koja-st?f, fbe- ccf*&ig efcr^.,L.S bax5-in,drest-5u- !d-,l+S ,r.rjr$i-.t yi koia-stf

rice

lberenil

$ti.ii

.k;fu l_r+

jFi^i1

Excuse me, where's the restroom?

waiter, waitress

fork

Farsi

3

=' rU E rD

:?.

,lr.j,,ilr C&rJJ

perhaps, maybe, may

crs*A+l .1"

j

dul.,,i

If Shabnam had asked,f4$P L .i flioma serd-et-ef, Are you cold?), a positive question, then |im would have answered with +I+ (iuete/).

A. How often does Shabnam come to this restaurant?

I

tl.

=

q,

:'

F (D g o, c o f d

Now answer the following questions based on the dialogue you iust practiced.

'n6i

.5ri:.

,iK+ Li'Lesson9

/pi5 xedmat/, fgarsonf

e..H sdj,o.:-i,. v . l , ti.r.r

UJ",,JK

What appetizer would you like?

/pi5 qeza di meyl dar-id/, lpii qeza di meyl dar-inf

a dish made with steamed rice, beef kabob, and often grilled tomatoes

/delo kebab/

How many people are you?, Party of how many?

/dend neferid?l,ldrend nefrer-inI

What would you like?

/di meyl dar-idf

dessert

ldeserl

chef

lser al-pezl

to order

/sefareS dad-en/

to take an order

/sefareS gereft-en/

main course

fqeza-ye eslif

Can you bring the bill, please?

/momken est lotfen suret hesab ra bi-yavaridf, /momken-e lotfan suret hesab ro biar-idf

Can you bring the menu, please?

/momken est lotfen suret qe.za ra bi-yaver-id?f , /momken-e lotfen suret-e qe,zaro bi-ar-idf

I'll have a chelo-kabob and a soda.

/men yek delokebab mi-xor-rem ba yek nu5abe./

bread

lnanl

ice

lvr.-*l

trdS""s

their elders and gueststoo, but they rriay do so differently. This also applies to etiquette at the dining table.When they want to sit at a dining table to eat, Iranians usually wait for the oldest person in the group or for any gueststo (/be-ferma-id/, after you). sit first. You might hear a lot of q;LA

fcJiJl.r,J,.o.+ ,-rt-r3 "LJ

/4i

Except for restaurantswhere the food comesin portions, the food is usually set in the middle of the table in large dishes, and everyone serves himself or herself the desired amount. Here, again, everyone waits for the oldest person or the gueststo serve their food and start.

=

3 5' OJ E .D

:3. q, f F .D r+ Ot c o, J

+

When people compliment the person who has made the food, that person usually responds by sayng, OL+ -s$jlr (/nu5-ejan/), which can roughly be translated as bon appdtit.If you want to thank the person who has made (/mersi/, thanks) or OJi^ (''l*i the food, you can use the usual tdy (/*eyli memnun/, much appreciated). You can also use the more formal I am ^thankfulI Alternaterm for thanking, ?:-#'1t3t flmoto5ekk "rEryt/, tively, you can.m" ih" very common idiom 4j5i .:-,1iL& fi^'!J (/dest-e Somaderd nekon-e/). This idiom literally means May your hand not hurt, but it is just another way of sayrng thank you. This way, you are wishing someone well who has just done something for you. The expression is most suitable in the context of manual work, but it's by no means limited to such a situation. You can use the term in almost all situations.

fq_;l.r,Jy u+ j+lt eT JhlJ:t_t*,

gil.r ,j.,;ti.*,, c#-S ci.lti+ ,J^-l -calt; [iXl ,",,,.t05,(-3'r c^.a

I J JrJ c-i."r

4jl;

P F . G R A MM A R

cf.u r J:r oJJ

..

[il.'l

d.t;-o.o

ExpressingLikesand Dislikes

f+:l+ 3_,y c-r. t ";

To say that they like or dislike something, Farsi speakersoften use the verb rJi.i'|.1,',, t J (/dust dabt-en/).This is a phrasalverb; that is, it is made up of a noun plus a "light" verb (seelesson r). The noun part i5 dr*l3J (/dust/ friend, fondness), and the verb part is OSll flda5t-en/, to have). ,ii,,ilr is an irregular verb, and the present stem of this verb is -.1l.l(ldarl, have). Therefore, O;til.: r'r. rJJ literally means to have a fondnessfor. This verb does not appear in the habitual or progressiveforms, but it can come in all other tenses.Here are two examples of the verb 0i^ll.: dru-9J, conjugated for all personsand for the present and past tenses.

ffi,',."1 aJS-l-,1ls fi_l_l4if-L.f .t*-l:h l.r; gi_13H-tiLl f+-,,h l-l ,rt.l3

^l - .S-r,'i.o

J . l - o v

.t; ltJF

cr'

T H EV E R B , . . l ' i , r, i' rl ..t, . J J( / d u s td a i t - a n / , t o l i k e ) l N T H EP R E S E N T T E N S E

.4r.t.i3,t

Ju

I like rice.

*t

/man bereni dust dar-em./

g* .p-,ll.t,-,"'-lJ er-,,14

i-^-

it

t 9 E . C U T T U RTEO P T C P er s ian T ab l e Ma n n e rs Youlearnedearlierthat Persiansarevery particularabouthow they show respecttowardeldersandguests.Peopleof othernations,of course,respect

I t'".:: "*oul:g] 1

Farsi

rice,

d.u.'r3rq*t dustd11i/ :.9J1. ftg_berenj

He/She/It likes 1' i rice.

/u berenj dust dar-ad./

We like rice.

/ma bereni dust dar-im./

i

-----'-t^-I

r r8|

S"

Lesson9

.tlJ r*,."jJ er

.d:lr

r'r..,JJ

e:

, rt . L

f

.tra r rlJ ,',v! J qJ zrj r,r [.o.ri \ : J .

You (p/. or sg. f*I.l like rice.

/5oma berenj dust dar-id./

They (pl. or sg. f^l.l like rice.

/an-haberenjdust .Jj[

.

ilri

e:

W

I liked rice.

fmelnbereni da5t-rem./ $3st

.ij.,il.t r*r..,JJ AUj r.1.c

You (sg.)liked rice.

/to bereni dust daSt-i./

..j,el.r.",.Ut eJ .lr

He/She/It liked rice.

/u bereni d u s t d a i i .I

.Cdlr

We liked rice.

/ma bereni dust daSt-im./

l.^ .e$.'Xlr r'r.,,JeJ e.r-.;; 'r' \i'

r'ru' JeJ 25l-.1; e J ' J Jl

/5oma bereni dust daSt-id./

.!i.th

in"y (pI. or sg. fml) liked rice.

/un-nr bereni dust daSt- a:nd.l

'. ri;i.113i'r..JJ J FJ_.;; \: r 1.6;l

r'r.',JJ

eJ

L-&

To negateCfil.: r'r' "JJ, as with all other verbs, we only add the negative prefix : (lna-ll to the verb. For example, to say I dtdn't like rice, you say r'r."3J O^ (/men berenj dust na-dait-em/). #l.j ej There are two other commonly used terms to express likes and dislikes, namely, uil . . . jl (lnt .. . xob amed-en/, to like) and dF dJJ-l .+ . . . 1l (lez. . . bed amed-en/, to dislike, to hate). The best way to explain these terms is through examples:

*--t_1 2 0|

jl

.' =' J

OJ (D

!1.

.+l .r Cr+e:

OJ

Jl rr

n

(D

* -

OJ

dr-,L jl Jl .r"Ff+bed-eb mi-aY-ad'/ mast ez fr He/She/It hates yogurt. .lj

+

.+l .r O14+X14-11L"

You (pl. or sg.frnl.l liked rice.

ej

In order to expressdislikes,one can either negateOJ.l g'iF or use O!"1 + -,;1,as in the fbllowing examples: fmen ez berenj bed-em mi-aY-ed'/ I hate rice.

T H EV E R B O i , , i l . tr ' r . U J ( / d u s td a i t - a n / , t o l i k e ) t N T H EP A S T T E N S E

..rj cr #r-

(which means nice or Pleasantl.

Jl rJ^

fma ez baqla bred-emanmi-aY-ad./ We hate broad beans.

Doubleil . .. i3 llna . . . naf) and (fhem . . . heml) Constructions

r" .. r"

"hem/) Thedouble4-j . . . aj(/ne... ne/) andpa . . . *(&-rn. constructions in Farsi are equivalent to neither . . . nor and both . . . and in English, respectively.For example, we heard fim say in the dialogue that he liked both walnuts and broad beans; he said cp-,ll'r dru3J )!! e-l .l^ .JUS i /mren hem baqela dust dar-am, hem gerdu./ I like both broad beans and walnuts. We also heard him say that he wanted neither salad nor yogurt; he said .dr.,,,t-ed eelyi i; r)lt,. 4.l O^ /men ne saladmi-xam, ne mast./ I want neither salad nor Yogurt. As in English neither. . . nor construction,the verb usedwith a 4j . . . 4j construction is not negated' Look at the examplesbelow:

..s+-tr pa dr.$lr-.p.r*:l+J aAaj.$-,;o

/mren ez berenjxoS-em mi-ay-ed./ I like rice.

/fere5te hem riyazi bar daSthem fizik'/ Fereshtehtook both math and physics.

.+l .r- Ury.,Ui dr-,l- jt Jl fu ez mast xo5-e5mi-ay-red./ He/She/It likes yogurt.

.jlJ#i 4+fA siiJ Uki^-l 4+* d+ -l r.:rL

.+l .+ Ol-#F )!l+ jl l-

.+-J9 d p r$lF c/ c#Jti p H

/mani vre jim hem be esfehan raft-and, hem be Siraz'f Mani and |im went to both Esfahan and Shiraz.

fma ez baqela xo5-emanmi-ay-ed./ We like broad beans.

/5oma hem farsi mi-xan-id hem mi-nevis-id./ You both read and write Farsi.

As you can see,the expression 6-J,ol dF . . . jl is used to express likes, just like Oi-,ilr'*'',rJJ. ttre difference is that we have to use the ,|ti ,OLs cgi' edr ,i-after personal endings-Ol4 the word dF

.OU+l riUF

.i!S 4j e$ , e+

/jim vre Sebnem nre kebab xord-end ne nan./ |im and Shabnam had neither kabob nor bread' I

Farsi

Lesson9

| 121 II

= .l.p +r .rrq_p ,-.tiS +: k l /an-ha ne ketab xer-id-end na-.qa..za.f They bought neither books nor food. .lt .'rL +i 6{.t l_; p5 +i L /ma ne jim ra did-im ne mani ra./ We saw neither fim nor Mani.

3

9 G. READII|G

='

rice' The following passageis a simple recipe for cooking Persian-style

2.

CU

Fi# e>t th :p;Y ")13-

I

(jt3 rr crl-x cu\+ii rJ) e.x

Usingi$J (l5ayedr, niV, might)

/u Sayad kebab be-xor-ed./ He/She/It may eat kabob. r-tl;S qLi L

.dJJs+ /ma Sayad kebab be-xor-im./ We may eat kabob.

.'r-+U

.D r+ cu E o, :l r+

,-i-l+4+,J.i E 6-,llK cr^6l+16il1)

ory\u*.r;"f ,g-o+r.r

;;"':*T.* 3r::

How to Cook Rice Ingredients:

l Rice (two cups, for two PeoPIe) Oil (two tablespoons) Salt (two teaspoons) Before cooking the rice, we first rinse it'

.*-rA +l$ +1,$l-.S

Then we put it in a medium pot yith- water' We put the pot "i :l]" stoveuntil the water starts to boil. After a few minutes, we put the lid on. Ten to fifteen minutes later, the rice is ready.Bon app6tit.

/5oma Sayed kebab be-xor-id./ You (p/. or sg.fml.l may eat kabob.

material, materials

/madde/, /mevadd/

.$JJi+ +!S +t i Le.l

necessary required

flazeml

cup

lfenjanl

person

lna:ferl

/an-ha Sayed kabab be-xor-end./ They may eat kabob.

n

.d^isc/ sJ l-; 6i qJjl,ej -_03+jl,J*, j q.ril'. '?ri d.y.-l:t 4^tr.l-i .drli3 *W*,e ' "lf Y i

.fJJ-+,-r. !6 -tJ.i O. fman Sayed kebab be-xor-em./ I may eat kabob.

.UJi+ r.pLS.r;t-& _el

=

(.gJr=t.i 6lili rr) arerJ (c-s-rAb -dlil'i 3':) Jl-''i

The word.uJ.i liSayad/) is a modal auxiliary verb that means maybe, perhaps,may, or might.It is used before the verb, and when it is present, the verb comes in the subjunctive mood (seeLesson8). This modal auxiliary isn't inflected for tense or person; only the main verb is. Look at these examples:

.1.9JJr+ qJtS qLi -i /to Sayed kebab be-xor-i./ You (sg.)may eat kabob.

o) '9 rD

tablespoon (/it., meal-eating sPoon)

/qa5oq-e qaza-xor-if

teaspoon (Iit., teadrinking spoon)

/qaSoq-e daY-xor-i/

to rinse

/ab ke5-id-en/

cooking pot

lqablnmel

medium

/motevesset/

ready prepared

lamadel

Lesson9

3l3neoiL TJY obii

_# gJrilr-;

.6lit!

caJr!"b -6:ili

'-J u-+ss 4^-lr.13 t

]"-l,t o

o.rLi

I

C. Answer these questions with double t' structions.

2 $ H . C U T T U RTEO P T C Persian Food

t'andt

. ..

4jcon-

(* . . . p) f'-r*" ! +;b r.lrusJLe-t- u !i . \

Persian food is heavily rice-based.Most dishes consist of a rich sauce called.4-$ (xor-e5)served on a bed of steamed white long-grain rice. The gF-)JF almost always contains red meat or chicken togelher with vegetables.Fesenjan(Ot+-'l;, which was mentioned in the opening dialogue of this lesson,is very popular, especiallyamong westerners. There are also some dishes in which meat and vegetablesare mixed directly into the rice, and therefore, no cF-t_li is served with them. The most popular Persianside dishes are plain yogurt, bread, and fresh vegetables. The blend of fresh vegetablesthat Persianshave alongside theii food is called ui-rF (sabzi xord-en/, lit., eating.r"j"t"bl"r) tjjand consists of red and green basil, radish, green onions, leek, mint, tarragon, and sometimes pennyroyal. It tastesgreat and is very healthy.

(4i . . . 4j) f4jtiJ.ES+1! .:i_l_,r g. 4*,.,Jroa.1t.61lLi .t f6lai^-l Jr ! rrs .""," :tJ-j uit^ .\ (.eJJ,r. Llki.-l q l.r-;iipv "''i( &J#i .Y (f . d # u"3all) :+-+ U^ OI .f

C U T T U R ET O P I C 2

Uoting in lran Any Iranian citizen, male or female, over the age of fifteen can vote in Iran. In order to vote, voters need to take their birth certificate to a ballot station near their residenceand cast their vote in a ballot box. Iranian birth certificatesare little booklets with multiple pages,a couple of pages of which are reserved for election stamps. When people vote, they get a stamp in their birth certificate to record that they have voted. The Iranian parliament and the president are elected every four years. The president can hold office for up to two terms. Elections at the municipal level are also held in Iran.

(.Jj

3

rD a+ OJ

Pl:-

l.ly;

',",i(

E

rD at d.

p.r.sJr$^a .o

)

"ps

l

.p.:l.rLrlJ el_lia; & 4-i.5- rJ--

i

(O1J5 '',-.,-i ; OJiJJJ. -;.:,r+lgr

OJ

D. Match the sentencesin the first column with those in the second column to form a dialogue. You will need to rearrange the lines in both columns.

:

A. Complete the sentencesbelow using the past progressive form of the verb in parentheses.

=

U jl rtAJi . t .,^ b3 ! l; e-eU+l> :.r+--,1g

(f.\g*y

j,

Exercises

! q,

--

^rlz

f6.rl.: 6lJ .,S a4 -f .'\

.-ill

laj-i .q,

JJ JirU !+.ii.l 3ri c.jL .Y fLerJS "F-6

.J$K: j$it*.t+. .L.t

i{i;.-,l;-;.r-l

4

.\

. .9 +;;ii d ,'l.r+ p.r"t:= G^ .t r:s G+ ceJ.c++g;!-; +LiAiil

fJA,o-,;i.c!

(Oi-t' O+r) oki^-l jl Jrre++r)+J . Y (d)-^,9)oltL'l; ir .r

(ustF) c!.rl + uil- t (O.t-l:-) -1taEL

.o

A ] I S W E RK E Y ComprehensionPractice

B. Complete the following sentencesusing the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.Remember that in conditional sentencesreferring to possible situations in the present or at a future time, the verb in the fclause is in the subiunctive mood, and the verb in the then-clauseis in the present tense.

(dIK) ;l r ,

(..,+t;l-2aLU st .\

(Os) cJt.',$ri.+L ,

1cr-l) ,J+^ 4+-rl-61 -r l-,l-,r!al; -St .r (or$ "i-6)

(o+S; l-1+gii e

(og) u,:+-r 6-(Osu;

A.3

B .r

C.z

D.3

E.z

Exerclses A. .r-F af ,','J-''

l_lS cf g.r;.r Cr,il.t .Y $lJi .',c ,",'il.t . {

#;,"-

Ol-j+-Jrj td -St .t

eiJ-,1-lt,r.' \-:-$.r.c .. . .t-l;

+-# d...

$,Lor.t

Turn these sentencesinto reported speechconstructions with aS (/t "/), as in the example.

*i-S:l'rl-l a+*l-P si u'> :cK # $l3i .,- 45cri< p;^t .ra+ d-6 :+rl_,1a;

,",,Ll.1 .\

ii,$l.r.Y o d3"il'l .

.Y

6*i'.icr'...

s-l5.r

r o

(.*+

C.

Fa

oj_r ! \'+l jl J-lLi 45 r+-Ji uil- .\

--+

--___f.__-15zl i

.r:j

Lesson tt

lrsr

-l .J, d Uki^al e+l.ly 4! ,',i( &J#i .Y .rrj .r cr-*-fl 45 ti*-,11r-JFe Oi .f "5 .firr^.,.F.,. t+S ! l-,lerE OJI45 f;-Ji U jl rtaJi . { 4! ,',i( p;; .l*.{.a .o .r-.f .ul-5i ,jll l.l-,1o

LESSON

12 Mailing a Package

fJJtn

;

.o-;-i..:.,

-*-::*-^----

i -

.nKi

Jl5I .;',r?!J.i-r

'.

't;;rL-r$-i:;

-

i"- --*:;

i-.fitJJr etJi,q6,*..iti

In your language journal, write about the last time you or somgone you know voted. Try to use as many of the words you learned in this lesson as possible l

In this lesson,you will learn some common terms used at post offices and banks. You will also learn to use the polite past construction, as well as the passive and middle voices. But first, let's practice a few new words.

I 2 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M . U P 6ih o'f;l

to let, to allow

leiazedad-an/

extra,addition

lezafel

express

/eksperes/

package

lbest-el

insurance

lbimel

local,domestic

/daxeli/

to last,to take (time)

/tul keS-id-en/

employee,clerk

/kar-mand/

gram (o.o353 ounces)

lgereml

e>

weight

lvaznf

,li:

4d-.:! , t l4'1.4"l:-r .,j .i;

/kodam semfoni ro ejra mi-kon-en (mikon-rend)|

. !

e+j.r

/mi-tun-im (mi-tevan-im) ya be-r-im sinema ya be-r-im te'atr.f

't3j .j$-d f J:t+

t( rr-r'lrrlr

stone,rock

f sa'r-ltf

adi.

lsanginl

heavy

n.

/sa'et-ekar-i/

working hour

nUm.

lsel

three

n.

fsa'edl

forearm

lsaq-epal

shin

lsall

year

lsaladl

salad

/salon-epauzirayil

entertaining room

/salon-e/otaq-e naharxori/

dining room

n.

/sandevid/

sandwich

adi.

lsebzl

green

t'

lsebz-il(lsebzr-iatl)

vegetable (vegetables)

_dEltgtl.,, n. 6 t.s_.;lal-r

crj+* n. (c.,t++j+*) adi.

lsextl

hard, difficult

'l-tt

n.

-t

lsacrl

head

p.

lser-el

at

.r_,f_;.

n.

/ser derd/

headache

J#

n.

/ser o seda/

noise

adi.

lsacrdl

cold

Jl-rr- t!

/selam resandren/ to send regards (/resan/)

n.

,;f-)g* -dJ'll*.' n.

OiJS 4iJi*

hello

dJi.*

CJt*, n. JYI*., n.

r!

lselaml

/sonnet-i/

! -ou n.

lt.

coin

adi.

JgLu

t-,{,'*

/sekke/

dig

CAJTSt'''l*.,

't;

white

building

dG.tt.,

J .

lsefidl

/saxteman/

i1l-jt-,,..' n.

v.

/sorfe kerd-en/

to cough

n.

/serma xord-egi/

common cold

4r,

qili r.^ n.

/se-5anbe/

Tuesday

n.

lsutiyanl

bra

v.

/suxt-en/(lsuzl)

to burn

6lJBrt

num.

fsevv-omf , /sew-omin/

third

(#

num.

/sv

thirty

ol;-

adi.

lsiyahl

black

num.

lsizdnhl

thirteen

num.

/si-sred/

three hundred

L-l*

n'

/sinema,sinema/

cinema, movies

4ii$

n'

lsinel

chest,breast

CS-* (j-r.^^) ,fi-* .60

UJ.J+'I

oi-l** **

Lfi

-Tl

:o, 6

travel, trip

question

Ul-jiL

@-lfiL*

.c.l

lsa;fa;rl

level

v.

(U*J,

ISI

lsethl

T'

rTt

g

t5t lr i,r.rt

n.

ftiaml

dinner

6s,rF pti v.

/5am xord aen/

to have dinner

Oi-+rdrl-i

v.

/5amel bud-an/

to include

num.

/Eanzdehl

sixteen

lEaya,dl

perhaps,maybe, may

lia.bl

night

oi;t^i

+t i aux. q$ n.

Farsi

Glossary

^**^----i '231 i

e (-r) o.lll d,sJi

n.

/Sebnem/

dew, female name

v.

/5od-an/ (/5o/)

to become

n.

/Serket/

company

OiJS dlSJFi

/Serket kard-en/

gJ-.l g_r-$

v.

, ' , . , , -1 1 . n.

(,s$),j-l

v. &F

L!.,r.^| num.

\'. '?.rt num. ,',.

-

. ? , num.

diiLi;^ ,cli-,.i

n.

/5est/

thumb

/5ost-an/ (/5"yi)

to wash

/ses/

six

/5e5-sed/

six hundred

JJ-;F

liastl

sixty

OiJS

t$

n.

/5ekem/

Jlrti

n.

lielvarl

Pants

arLl

adj.

/5oluq/

busY,crowded, noisY

lSomal

You (P1.,sg.fml.)

/5oma detor|

How about You?

fiomaref

number

i5omaf

north

/Semord-ren/

to count

n.

llenal

swimming

v.

/Senakrerd-en/

to swim

v.

/Senaxt-en/ (/5enasfi to recognize

9J.+ l-li o-,f-.3 Jt^:i oi-).j t' IJJI

i

drUs uj .-...|. s L|sLrtrt

idiom n. n. v.

,.ji*\^i

to begin

occupation, occupations

Saturday

/5enid-en/

to hear

liehrl

city

n.

/5ehr-dar/

mayor

n.

/Sehriver/

sixth month of the Persiancalendar

liortl

shorts

lioharl

husband

O'+ti+,iiV. J.i -,;f.lx-i jt:e

n.

C,_,rF n. JAJ-

n.

rice dish with broad beans

adj., n.

/5irin/

sweet,female name

n.

/5imi/

chemistry

ef-

n'

/sobh/

morning

+.rL.rL

n.

/sobhane/

breakfast

4jl-sr^-

v.

/sobhane xord-en/

to have breakfast

,',-.,^'ra

v.

/sohbret kerd-an/

to talk

t' lJ.S-\.4

n.

lsa,hral

desert

jr-

num.

lsndl

hundred

lrr.

n.

lsedal

sound, voice

, i-,

n.

lsa-fl

line, queue

num'

lsefrl

zero

adv.

/semim-ane/

in a friendly manner

/sremimii

friendly

/samimi-yyat/

friendliness

/sendali/

chair

n'

/sendud

box, chest

i..

/srenduq-epost/

mailbox

-JJ.:r..a

n.

/senduq-e post-i/

P.O.box

rru -r9J"'

n'

/srenduq-era'y/

ballot box

3'_SSl.a

n.

/suret/

face

*' tJJ

n.

/suret hesab/

bill

'Pt it^J^.ra

.,t'J,n'..r.a adi.

, . , 1 *- . J-rL ti: tl-' t

.

...-...; .

*

,:'

-Oj-a' t

C#l

lSa-nbel

n.

/5evid baqela/

'Tl o, g. I rfl l

qs

ISI

oa

t

- . 2

t-

(.ls) 4$

dill

6

iJtj}^i

/5oru'5od-en/

lloqll,/mabaqef

/5evid/

n.

x-! +:j

to take part, to participate

stomach,abdomen

\-.$ pro.

+-l'S n'

| \+trr>

cr.a

n. n.

UF

IZI

.L

,tl Yl+ .194i+t Cl+""!-cSai+t

Glossary

n., adv. /tebeqe-ye bala/

upstairs

n', adv' /tabeqe-ye payinl

downstairs

iztt

,_iJbt n. e,r^rt qt adi. li C9-JF3^'S-

oi*.*.,l_r n.

dtj*l

eighty

num.

IUI JIJ

num.

/hebtad/

rEii

/nu5-e jan!/

4^i

J

num.

lE.&i

=

6

IHI dlA n. ..J$ n.

h^U

hall,living room

lhotell

hotel

num.

/hejdeh/

eighteen

num.

fhezarf

thousand

hntl

each, every

4+Ja n.

lhazinel

cost

r*,.Li num.

l}l'a;Y;tl

eight

o ttA Jl-)l

-tA art.

6

IYI gill .tla v.

/yad gereft-ren/ O3-6 .t+ v. num. lyazdrehl "ijU .! num. lyekl

-;K;s+

Farsi

/yek-diger/

eleven one each other, one another

t--**

***---"i"----i

244i I

Pro'

to learn

Glossary

1245 I

4+lr.i5* n.

/yek-5mnbe/

Sunday

i.J+

/yek-sed/

one hundred

lyek-hezarl

one thousand

num.

Jlj,CS+ num.

English-Farsi GlossarY .

An irregular present stem of a verb is given in parenthesesafter the infinitive form of the verb.

.

An irregular plural form of a noun is given in parentheses after the singular form of the noun.

'

Alternative pronunciations of the same word are separated by a comma and appear within a single set of forward slashes.The formal pronunciation precedesthe informal pronunciation'

A

trj

abdomen accept (to) accommodation

(;+) os!+ c;ti! .:,J'^ r;t

account accountant

address

.ftlj

fpezir-oft-enf (lpnzirll

v.

/mehell-e eqamet/ n.

/hesab-dar/

n.

lderdl

n.

49L:!

lezafel

n.

eurnJli

f adresf,/neSan-i/

n.

.r_!

addition

n.

/h"t"b/

";

-,1lql*^;

ache

/5ekem/

advice

,r.rJ-Ul_l

/rahnema-yi/

n.

a few of

jl E+

/dend ta rezf

art.

lomurl

n.

fbe,'d ezf

p.

affairs after

)-r^l jl r+

.{'+l'.^i5+n.

/yek-5enbe/

Sunday

i.J+

num.

/yek-sed/

one hundred

Jlj*f+

num.

lyek-hezal

one thousand

English-FarsiGlossary .

An irregular present stem of a verb is given in parenthesesafter the infinitive form of the verb.

'

An irregular plural form of a noun is given in parentheses after the singular form of the noun.

'

Alternative pronunciations of the same word are separated by a comma and appear within a single set of forward slashes.The formal pronunciation precedesthe informal pronunciation.

A abdomen accept (to) accommodation

irj

(*+) os!\ d;li! .:t; er.lr";

account accountant

tl+t"> .r-li

ache

4il.:!

addition address

.Cl,ij er.lJ.li

/5ekem/

n.

fpezir-oft-enf (lpazirll

v.

/mehell-e eqamat/

n.

&esaV

n.

/hesab-dar/

n.

ldardl

n.

lezafel

n.

f adresf,/neSan-i/

n.

advice

sJ-ialJ

/rahnema-yi/

n.

a few of

if [i ri'-

/dend ta azf

art.

lomurl

n.

fbe'd ezf

p.

affairs after

1 €

)vl jl r+

After you.

again adv.

,+l-J+ .cl+J-Y: oj+-r'l

/befermayid, befermayin./

idiom

art student lai,ansl

n.

/mes'uf

n.

lhreval

n.

lll'r;va-yil

adj.

airline

GJIJA 5r

/xett-e hreva-yi/

n.

airmail

."+lrAi'4

/post-e heva-yi/

n.

/heva-peyma/

n.

liebrl

n.

lkem-il

adv.

lhemel

art., pro.

lejazedad-en/

V.

aSency agent air air

airplane algebra a little all allow (to) all right a lot

"riljl

dril lJ:*

IJFA rs+lJ-a

[r.*.4 ,lr ;A

-rr+ ./S 4^i 6it.r o_,!;l gr.-lA -!.r"+

"J*i

AS

l*"VIil

adj., adv.

back

P

bank

lievab dad-en/

V.

bank clerk/teller

/aparteman/

n.

JJI+

/teiviq kard-ren/ v.

banknote

/der-xast/

n.

/der xast kerda-nl

V.

n.

lbazul

n.

ltr !t

ui}"s .i5 t' ct)

lLgt) . -.' -J.J.r'l-..a

.Sjt+ .Sjl+ $;K

u*tjt-'! lL"-

bazaar

J'J-

be (to) be able to (to)

lbayganil

lJrlll

bathroom

n.

(/motaqazi-an/)

r. e ta tr"JE

qJ-

back

n.

arm

e,v t ri*t''fl g*llt

inter.

lmo6e pal

.iq!

n.

n.

ballot box

archive

lhengaml

flisans/, /karSenasi/

conj.

O1JS d!,^,lJE -.,1o

adv.

dtuA

bachelor's degree

lva-l,lol

apply (tolfor)

la,sla,nl

B

srs

dJ.,,,lJ6.Ji

p.

n.

ballot

application

f srer-el

')r-o1

lxalel

/besiyarxob/

lmote,qazil

n.

dti

n.

.r;ti:1" (o!Gli{")

fmo'avenf

aunt (mother's sister)

lamrikal

applicant (applicants)

tjt\'l.-l'

n.

15+_*l

OiJS ,-hJ^il

v.

I TI cu vr

f'emmef

America

applaud (to)

/pors-id-en/

t

1.e

bug

ot4-ir.l

orr*}i

qg

aunt (father's sister)

adv.

apartment

p.

at the time of

/hemiSe/

gil.r 913,;

/be onvan-e/

at all

always

answer (to)

n.

.t

backache (lower)

h.e

/honer-ju/

r+j.i\ .ol:ri q

at

adv.

ankle

/honar-mend/

n.

assistant

ha.l

and

n.

It-Jl.li

ask (to)

* 4$J^3

also

lme.qalel

d1{^

artist

=

n.

article

ldobarel

lt1

lhonerl

J$

art

beat (to)

6lossary

,l il'

(C-,1 cCr,"-l) r-lif

(ol;) o'r-tl3i (Ol) Oi;

l'aqabl

n.

/pobt/

p.

/kemar dard/

n.

k'rl

n.

lra'yl

n.

/senduq-e ra'Y/

n.

lbankl

n.

/kar-mend-e bank/

n.

/eskenas/

n.

/hremmam/

n.

lbazarl

n.

/bud-ren/ (/hest, est/)

v.

/tavan-est-en/ (ftnvanll

lzed-anl (lzenl\

v'

hj oJ?

beautiful because become (to) bed

(-r) ott' grr-l

ed.lri

+lF bedroom be fond of (to) before begin (to)

r;l3i $El ,.li.il.r 4il-e jl d$ 6jl ui+i

be interested in (to) be in working condition (to) be late (to)

blouse blue body boot

bra

/elaqe dabt-an/

v.

breakfast

/sandud

n.

boy

lpeserl

n.

cS-r 4itr+L

/sutiyen/

n.

/sobhane/

n.

4+.r

lsinel

n.

4

lpoU

n.

.is

lkifl

n.

d1i-91d-,'Ji

/dorost bud-ren/

V.

broad bean

)l'-E\

lbaqelal

n.

O;l'lt 4il-c ui-l+ c-]3

v.

brother

lberada;l

n.

lalaqedaSt-en/ Tdorostbud-en/

v.

brown

lqehve:il

adi.

v.

/mesvak kard-en/, /mesvak za,d-enl

v.

/dir krerd-an/

brush (one'steeth) (t")

lzir+l

p.

building

fxarabbud-an/

V.

burn (to)

fkenar-el

p.

bus

lbozoryl

adi.

bush

/suret hesab/

n.

busy

/pul-e doroSt/

n.

but

/pul-e xord/

n.

buttocks

/kelasor/

n.

buy (to)

Oi_lS ;r .))) ,-lr-rf qrl-A

-rus t.t

6Jj

cr.1,*"; e'Sta

l-r-.cJ*

blanket

n.

6J$.-r€

briefcase

bills (small)

blackboard

lotaqxabl

box

p.

crll3..J*

black

n.

boutique

I o,

/po5t/

r il (JrJll

bills (large)

biology

ftextf,ltexte xab/

/butik/

n.

.t$r

bridge

't

biologist

v.

n.

'#:

v.

big

binder

/sod-en/ (/5o/)

fra.'isl

"f-g

qg

/5oru'5od-an/

u.r-it:fi

beside

bill

boss

=

n.

breast

below be out of order (to)

ldonl

conj.

m

/bosni/

lpii ezl,lqebl azl p.

behind be in order (to)

lzibal

adi.

Bosnia

JJ-)5 Ur,l.r.i'''*ij s-'ti.&

'''"!j o!-

o!- 4ii'i

jq JA c,+l ,clr+ cF cl+*

Jilj crl o xj t,OJj .SlJ*^t gr; .51 .^^r (i-r)

UL.ifLoii-ll-

n.

/zist Senasi/

n.

lsiyahl

adi.

/taxte siyaV

n.

lpetul

n.

by (in Passive sentences)

/suxt-ren/ (lsuzl\

LP,JP.-if /otobus/ +33a lburel i- .Li /5otuq/ 1-J

J: i.r-! o+-F 1d

/zist Senas/

/saxteman/

"o

Frat)

n' v' n. n. adi.

lvel\l

coni.

lbasa;nl

n.

/xar-id-aen/

v.

/tavessot-e/

by the waY

d-,lJ

lrast-il

call (to)

orru

/nam-id-en/

lboluzl

n.

l^bil

adj.

calm

lbada:nl,ltenl

n.

calmness

/putin/

n.

can

p. inter'

C

6lossary

trj 6rli Ul'+lJI

(oli) or"iljr

f aram,arum/ /aram-e5/ /tavan-est-an/ (/tevan/)

v' adi' n' v'

buls

Canada candidate

JJl.tj el.1.rrtS

n.

clothes store

/kandida/, fnam-zedf

n.

coat

/kanada/

coin

cap

o)3

lkolahl

n.

car

/ma5in/

n.

card

O*,its-ltS

lkartl

n.

care

Cirr

ldeqqetl

n.

lferll

n.

carpet

"F-rs

coins cold collection college color

celebration

o',si

liasnl

n.

come (to)

certainly

L3-*

lhatma,nl

adv.

common cold

/sendeli/

n.

company

lftkl

n.

comPuter

/deste eek/ /hesab-ejari/

n. n.

concert

'.r4l.ri

liimil

n.

conductor (orchestra)

4it!r

/sine/

n.

/srendud

n.

lmoryl

n.

fra'isf

n.

lbettel,/kudak/

n.

flebas-ebeddegane/

n.

ldinl

n'

chair

J]L

+

check checkbook checking account

t.5:;' 43-J g;Jb sL">

chemistry chest chest (container)

ri: ti-'

7-n

chicken

tr$J

chief child children's clothes China

.si-6,4i +ll3 +Li

. a . 2 Y

, rrbl t'€

U-'t,,, /sinema,sinema/ n.

circle

ol+*r

lmeydanl

n.

city

Jd

lSahrl

n.

class

(})5

/kelas/

n.

/kar-mend/

n.

/mobteri/

n.

/payin racft-alnf

v.

f sa'etf

n.

flebas/

n.

.L_j5

client

L, 'i^fl^

climb down (to) clock clothes

+tl-l,*! d;L* Lp,l+!

continue (to) cook cook (to) cooking

45*,

sji,r.J*

flebas foruS-i/ lkotl

lrl :J

n'

g t, 5 I al o,

n'

/sekke/

n'

/pul-e xord/

n.

lserdl

adi'

4eJ.+4

/mejmu'e/

n'

oiLiigl-:

/dane5-kede/

J-,;rr

.5;J

() orn J;-,,r'\.o-,;L drsJ,ri -/-r+K e+1!l-1 gJt,'iS

lrnngl

n'

lamed-enl \lal\

v'

/serma xord-egi/

n'

/Serkat/

n'

lrayanef, /kamPiYuter/

n'

/konsert/

s-6-lf j+'t

/rreh-brer-e orkestr/

-6is gilr a-cl.t! jt^t'i

(iiJ i'3+ Leja,5J

n'

n' n'

&ongo/

n'

/edame dad-an/

v'

lalpezl

n'

/poxt-en/ (lParll

v'

lalpa,z-il

n' n'

4.lr.tj

lqablemel, /qableme/

cool

.S-3:'

/xonak/

adi.

coppersmith

#

/mes-ger/

n.

corridor

-r-Fl-l 4+-,rl

lnhrol

n'

cooking Pot

cinema

clerk

Congo

.Fr-PcAl d-ds

cost cough (to) count (to)

.r'l

OijS 4i-i"

oi-ij JJiS (}Ji

country course cousin (father's brother's daughter)

GlossarY

j"ce

ir.t

lhezinel /sorfe kerd-en/ /Semord-en/ /keSver/ ldarsl /doxter'remu/

n' v' v' n' n' n'

cousin (father's brother's son) cousin (father's sister'sdaughter) cousin (father's sister'sson) cousin (mother's brother's daughter)

Jte

.}urr

Arc

/doxter'emme/

xlrl

,r;lr -xi

/peser dayi/

cousin (mother's sister'sdaughter)

aJE -,FJ

/doxtrer xale/

cul-de-sac

alli *^t r>l_l

aJl}' dr*i di O .+ii cul++i

eJ.' crJS^i:

'!_i:

dining room n. dining table

/peser xale/

daughter duy day after tomorrow deaf dear decide (to)

decision deep

+j'al

lvahedl

n.

director

/5olud

adj.

discount

/bon-best/

n.

dishwasher

ff.enian, fenjun/

n.

lpiY

n.

/moSteri/

n.

do (to) do a task/job (to)

doctor's office

lian,junl

n.

domestic

Itarixl

n.

door

ldoxtarl

n.

downstairs

lruzl

n.

la-,",1+

lpes fa-rdal

adv.

l-i:$ti ji

/na-5en-ava/

adi.

f'ezizf

adj.

z.l

l__J

l*

!u

-JFii )J)

Oli-S iJ^.^l '* fi^l.a.l

&';e

6JFJLaU

drive around (to)

Itesmiml

n.

dry

lremid

adj.

dry (to)

I -Tl o,

fmo'avenf

n.

lsahral

n.

/iebnem/

n.

lsextl

adi.

/5evid/

n.

/salon-enahar xori/, /otaq-e nahar xori/

n'

llaml

n.

JHi^

/modir/

n.

, i.rii.-i

ltexfifl

n.

-O$\ sJJ",

/maSin-e zerf suYV

n'

lJ53 "\;I;-,,3S'r \, -l l,r

lkerd-nnl(&o"/) f eniam dad-en/ /doktor/

n.

/doktora/

n.

/matrebb-e doktor/

n.

ldaxel-il

adi.

ldarl

n.

Ite.beqe-ye payinl

n., adv.

/kre5-id-en/

v.

/nu5-id-eni/

n.

O+li.r

/nu5id-an/

v.

c.ri-r-r=

fxord-rl,nf(lxorll

v.

/gerdeb kerd-en/

v.

/xo5k/

adi.

/xoSk kerd-ren/

v'

Ji Cl+,\,csa+ oit'x-< .r+Fi-d (-l:-)

=

lLi

-.,3si

drink (to)

qg 6'

fmiz-e nahar xori/ n.

gilr pgl

drink

/dendan pezebk/ n. n. lbr;xYtl

jH^

(os) oiJs

draw (to)

drink (to) (colloq.)

/tesmim gereft-en/

,-iJE

doctor

adj.

tJJ+ 3Ub

JLAII .Ct.6Ul cLgJJtr cSJJs,:LAU

dinner

Itartkl

.

date

i:;-1' ,',i.-v.

difficult

doctorate

darling

O;ti | .;

deputy desert

D dark

,Jiri

dill

:::. customer

OIJIJ

dew

cousin (mother's brother's son)

crowded

n.

/pesar,emme/ /doxtar dayi/

credit unit

6.ijEl

department 4-ca JiiJ

,r;l.l _)ii.t

cousin (mother's sister'sson)

dentist

/peser'emu/

OiJS,-6lj3 .S.il Oi-S.5-,11'

_."---_....,....t". I

254i I

Farsi

Glossary

i255 I

during

etfu

lhensaml

encourage (to) errd

E each each other

JA

,'31s*

,-if

ear

art.

lhrerl lyek-digarl

pro.

lsuxl

n.

earth

6j

lzeminl

n.

east

6&

/meSreq/

n.

/asan, asun/

adi.

lxord-enlU**ll

v.

/eqtesad-i/

adi.

/eqtesad/

n.

easy eat (to) economic economy

Oj'.,l sgL-i (-l-l=)oi-rF q9d-^4i! .tL-ril!

eight

,'r.?.i

lhaitl

num.

eighteen

olrti

lheidahl

num.

labanl

n.

eighth month of the Persiancalendar eight hundred eighty elbow elect (to) elections electricity elementary

ol+l t,.

f.i.i

lE ii

dJi OiJS tJtiiij drL'.l3.jiJ

,3i cr+lTd

/he5t-sed/

num.

/heStad/

num.

laranil

n.

/entexab kerd-en/

v.

/entexabat/

n.

h*tql

n.

lebteda-yil

adi.

eleven

o:-ll+

lyazdehl

num.

eleventh month of the Persian calendar

d,{;

/brehmen/

n.

e-mail

f.r^4 6d[.ff .S+_pj5-I

e-mail (to)

Oij dJ/Jf

employ (to)

OrJS.l ,ri..,1

employee

ri._ltS

engineer engineering England English

Enioy your meal! enter (to) entertaining room enthusiasm enthusiastic enthusiastically envelope

n.

/imeyl zad-enf

v.

ol+!.k$!,;i {J,-\rii ,r-+lii ,J+64 ,s"+I5,1! lob.d.l, s.r1i r-;l_e ,rclj+ -OIt.r 6SI

/teSviq kerd-an/

v.

faxerf , fentehaf, lpayanl

n.

/mohandes/

n.

/rrrohendesi/

n.

/engelis/

n.

/engelis-i/

n., adi.

/nu5-e ian!/

idiom

/vared 5od-en/

v.

leitiyaql

n.

/moStad

adi.

/mobtaq-ane/

adv.

/pakat-e name/

n. n.

olo

t ,t {l n Lrr

+ltiE i'1' 4-U gts! 4lli.

lmaqalel

evening

-u;

f'esrf

every examine (to) excursion excuse(to) Excuseme.

exercise (physical) express expressway

eye

t O.JS4-iJ,1 .il-S O!'?'-'j .cHnii+f etl$'Llr

ci^itt

(}J+''s! 'li-r} {it^:!

r&:t

halil

art.

/mo'ayene kerd-ren/

v.

/gard-e5/

n.

/bax5-id-ary'

v.

/bebexSid, bebaxiin./

idiom

lvarzell

n.

/eksperes/

n.

lbozorgtahl

n.

lezafel

n.

/daSm/

n.

/surat/

n.

lpaVt4

n.

kerd_ f;;I:rd"/kar-mand/

face fall

d,;-ra

j#h

tll

3

g 3tr 5 I OJ

/salon-e pa:zirayrl n.

essay

extra

limeytl,/post-e elekteronik/

OiJS 6r"J.ii

fall (to) (rain or snow) fall down (to) family

Oru! Oi-r:: U"j o.:19.Li.

lbar-id-renl

five hundred

f za-minxord-en/

fix (to)

/xanevade/

flight

ldurl

flower

far

JJJ

fare

4+lJ5

lkerayel

flowerpot

Farsi

,r*rr-;ti

lfars-il

flower shop

fzebano redebiyat-efars-i/

fluid (fluids)

Farsi languageand literature father father-inlaw (husband'sfather) father-inlaw (wife's father) fax fesenjan (meat dish) fever

crt+il r Ot+j ,r*r-.;ti

J+ -P-r-lt OJ J+

fiy (to)

lpederl

n.

/pedrer Soher/

n.

fpeder zenf

n.

rri! olJs d-,]i ll:st

(.J< orJS .+_l-,"tJK

/xore5-efesenjan/ n.

foreign

9J

Ita-bl

n. n.

fork

n.

form

fianc6(e)

U"Li

f nam-za..df

field

d!$i

ldestl

forgive (to)

lbara-yel

p.

lPt-l

f sa'edf

n.

c+Jl-

lxarej-il

adi.

giJ.?.:.-i x4.' CJDU-s.

r} . ..1..!r rrrrut 4lr ol

fifteen

lpanzdr-hl

num.

forty

cJ,e+

fifth month of the Persiancalendar

.tl.l-.;l

/mordad/

n.

four

Jk+

fifty

o$5

lpeniahl

num.

four hundred

file

o-fr-l-fi

lpa-wendel

n.

fourteen

/por kard-en/

V.

lfiiml

n.

lengoltl

n.

fourth month of the Persiancalendar

f exrai kerd-en/

v.

France

fire (to) first first month of the Persiancalendar

cr.XKil OIJSclFi

idil'..JiI cll-,r:-ll

i.,--lki

.i_rki r.l,J J.

ul-Fg

num.

fresh

ferverdin/

n.

Friday

4-4

friend

r.r^.3J

.,ALo

lrl:'al;ril

n.

five

i

lpa,"il

num.

friendliness

oJu

''{

l

friendly

Glossary

Ita,ngall

n.

lforml

n.

/xo5-brext-ane/

adv.

Itehell

num.

/drehaa dehar, dahar/

num.

/dehar-sed/

num.

/dehardah, dehardah, dahardah/

num.

Itirl

n.

/feranse/

n.

Itazel

adj.

ljom'el

n.

/dust/

n.

/sremimi-yyret/

n.

/samimi/

adj.

-'

"5+|^.lFarsi

/bax5-id-en/

.l *

f evvalf ,la'vvalinl

fish

n.

n.

fortunately

finger

/gol foruS-i/

lpal

\ .elt

n.

#

n.

n.

lreltel

film

lgol-danl

lqa,zal

li-e,

4i.&J

oi-,rs-l+

n.

n.

o.:';l-r

fill (to)

leoV

lpu(el

J€

field of study

J l

n.

fpawazkard-en/ v.

q.i cr

for

O1+!4."F1-n

lpewazl

fmaye'f(/maye'at/)n.

foot

forearm

/dorostkrerd-en/ v.

OlJs jl_r*

food

lfeksl, fnama-berf n.

num.

(&b-"u)c/-

folder

-1+.tl,U.,5.i

/pan-sed/

lTl :J

q96

:t -ttI o,

jl

from

OJJ'

fruit

OJJ^ FJ

fruit juice

lerl

p.

lmivel

n.

/ab-emive/

n.

lporl

adi.

go away (to)

-}I ,cj_r-.ejlJ

furniture

I

..

e ilt

6(JJll^

9JLrl

4iti &til oJ-,tj

future

go down (to)

Gjs jt-
+

lteracll

n.

d1t^j di$

lzeminl

n.

lku&l

n.

OL.j l_13

lzebanl

n.

lbozorgl

adi.

lpi6l /tul keb-id-an/

adi. v.

, .,-.?,JJ

/di-feb/

adv.

.UlE

/qanun/, /qevanin/ n.

.4 jil

learn (to)

O3j

leave of absence

Lr;Aji,

V.

adi.

i$lJl

leader

lesson

z64i

ldekkel,/kiyuski

n.

Oil,i5 d-+L

lawn

l"g

""**"""'--t---^-.

n.

/xanom, xanum/

(Jh

last night

,'t fulS

,tLi

last last (to)

iacket

q

/kilu/

.

J J €

I o,

n.

/mosahebe krerda-nl

feraq,'eraqf

kiosk

/negeh-dar-i krerd-an/

JS

kilogram

knowledge

it

itself

O1JScrJl{s;

adv.

internet

.

keep (to)

/semim-ane/

lbimel

rL d)-.c .,ll,ollip e,r-r.;Lr

rrl 3

qg

.t+

h gr"Ji

ltremenl

n.

lreh-barl

n.

/yad gereft-ren/

v.

/morxes-i/

n.

lpd

n.

ldarsl

n.

gil.r oj;l

let (to)

4..U

letter

ef'

level

-ll+liS 4jt3".t5

librarian library

lelazedad-en/

V.

lnamel

n.

lsethl

n.

/ketab-dar/

n.

/ketab-xane/

n.

gir.t-< _,11_,1) fderaz ke5-id-an/

lie down (to) light like (to)

Ciih -Li.

line

lmantol

n.

/tolid kerd-en/

v.

manufacturer

ori'it +l d

/tolid kon-ande/

n.

lbazarl

n.

/foqe lisans/, /karSenasi-ye erSad/

n.

/mosabeqe/

n.

lmaddel (/mevadd/)

n.

s.:l+J Ctl+.:t+-l

lriyazil

n.

lriyaziyatl

n.

.S:i3

/tobek/

n.

market master's degree

n.

drr.rjJ

/dust da5t-an/

v.

match

e,-jt-o

lsafl,lxattl

n.

material (materials)

/guS dad-en/, /gu5 kard-en/

v.

ledebiyatl

n.

mathematics

math

Jljl+ ,u'i$.dJ .c#t+S-ltS .l.i-ll 4ir-.1"; (3lrn) Dit

#

ka,l

adi.

mattress

living room

dl^

haV

n.

may

nj..i

lSaya,dl

aux.

/daxel-i/

adi.

maybe

+Li

lsaya,dl

aux.

/negah kard-ren/

v.

mayor

-;l't-:t'i

/5ahr-dar/

n.

lnaharl

n.

meadow

JIJT+

f (aman-zarf

n.

.#lr OUS "lKi

look (to)

JLatj

lunch

M machine magazine (magazines)

,

OpSt^o6.3-i 6ta{l+-.) 4:l--/o

\l'

\-.-+

.'4

mail mail (to) mailbox major make a phone call (to) Malaysia mall man managing director

OiJS a.."i t '-'vi-

o

..'

4iiJ

3iriJS o'iB

oii or!; .tr L9 jv

jL-k .r-2. &te;.r-.

meat

d$i:
i jL*3-,1l.r

fdaru-sazf

n.

pharmacy

dl,r3-.;l.l

/daru-xane/

n.

leksl

n.

/eks gereft-ren/

v.

/hal e iesmi/

n.

lpezeikl

n.

lfizikl

n.

/ber da5t-an/

v.

/piknik/

n.

person Peru

photograph photograph (to) physical condition physician physics pick up (to) picnic

-:iij

cr-t*S

,Jlulr

,fr-S Ur'5Ic s-'"+ dlt-..(*i

q-*

r-l

.U*q #"il.r_.; .$.5+

price

,'i +!

lqeymatl

n.

principal

;J-"

/modir/

n.

/tolid kerd-en/

v.

/tolid kon-ende/

n.

/mahsuf flmahsulat/)

n.

lostadl

n.

fbarnamef

n.

/ostan/

n.

Oil$3

/kreB_id_en/

v.

6F.ilg

lsozalt-anl (lgozarll

V.

Ite'dadl

n.

eJ

lrob'l

n.

dri-,

f so'alf

n.

layal

adv.

producer product (products)

n.

province

n.

pull (to) put (to)

&obq"V

n.

play player (players) (music)

4iE.$+lj o.rr-il c.r

(otLr.li

-Fuu dlit!

q9_ 5 I -Tl

g.

/olum-eeitema'i/ n.

tuu-d

n.

4-: cS 4 J

n.

n.

fbimarf,lmrerizl

side street

/Sehrivrer/

ljurabl

Spain speak (to)

Farsi

O+lF

n.

/d"V

n.

jl

irl.l

qrA l$h*l

Itara:fl

since

'.i

south

,-iJE

el-,:.j

,.,.

l\r.

V.

side

signature

JJIJF^i

sound

/neian dad-en/

t v

num.

sheet (linen)

shoe store

6

lianzdahl

num.

ka-fll

LPt+,t

n.

/Se5_sad/

/i5an, isun/

uifi ,s-i153

&

lxaharl

o.r;it i

Or+l ,oLfol

shoe

i

n.

num.

lheftl

Itandinl

.pfF

rYt 5

l^q l

r-. .?,,i.

sixteen

lheftadl

t^il

six hundred

she (fml.l

shirt

t

r;i

seventh month of the Persiancalendar

several

276i

i.

sir

i--

1 zt7 i

sport spouse

cili:

fva,rzeif

n.

-;rt.oil

/hemser/

n.

lbeharl

n.

Itambrl

n.

/ist-ad-an/

v.

take (a course) (to)

/eqamat kerd -a,nl

v.

take (time) (to)

liurabl

n.

spring

Jh

-#

stamp stand (to) stay (to)

stocking

(dr.,JD O$i-Jl O1JS d'^li! 'r'lJJ+

tablespoon

take (to)

#

/5ekem/

n.

stone

.ff-,

lsengl

n.

/foru5-gah/

n.

loiaql

n.

/mostaqim/

adi., adv.

stove straight street street line stroll (to) success successful suggestion suit suitcase summer

Sunday

ilf-irJ:i 6l'+f dfiJ O_*l+=euL.l+i ,r.iS J*i

c.rij es ,.,i;"Go -U" t c-c Ol

rk:-,fi Jl-tLi 3 '''t

6l-rq OA.ll roE-alE 4ii.iS+

take a bath (to)

/xet keSi/

n.

/qadrem zacd-anf v. /moveffeq-iyyatl

n.

lmova,ffacd

adj.

/pi5-nahad/

n.

/kot o Selvar/

n.

/demedan/

n.

/tabestan, tabestun/

n.

/yek-5enbe/

n.

a;:

lzremin-il

adi.

sweet

OJJ*-t

lEirinl

adi., n,

/5ena kerd-en/

v.

lSenal

n.

/semfoni/

n.

OiJs tij l! I ll^r

swimming symphony

.,. dJf.*.

u^

take a picture (to) take a shortcut (to)

19 'Jihi

.6lil!

,Fil,r;x Oil'x,1. c_ll r tt'lgJ\-l-l--l^

t'

d.-1,9ti,j1, e+ili u' O+Fr-i \i'i.,.1

/mesvak/

n.

Itrnl

n.

/turist/

n.

/sonnet-i/

adj.

/deraq-e rahnema-yi/

n.

lqretarl

n.

fse,fa.lrf, /mosaferret/

n.

/mosaferet karden/, /mosaferet ra,ftalnf

v.

/mosafer/

n.

/dek-e mosafer-i/

n.

lderextl

n.

/mosallresat/

n.

fsa'ferf, /mosaferet/

n.

/se-5renbe/

n.

/pid-id-ren/

v.

lesfendl

=

qg I

/dendan, drendun/n.

o6 'l

OliJd.,-.1r,s1','x traveler

throat

Thursday

ha-'dl

.ta

Ut J# 3l +u

fzamanf

time

toilet

that

m

n.

today

/moto5akkeraJm.l

.tc! / d+l+ ot"j

lbelitl

ticket

twelve

o.l_11_9.r fievazdehl r'r,v+i lbistl

twenty two

yJ

two hundred

drrll.g)

num.

very well

num.

video

ldol

num.

view

/devist/

num.

village visit (to)

u

voice uncle (father's brother)

_*

f'emuf

n.

vote

uncle (mother's brother)

csJlJ

ldayil

n.

vote (to)

under

)t)

lzir-el

p.

fzir-gozerf

n.

lzir-piraha'n-il

n.

waiting

n.

wake up (to)

underpass

_lK-r..-.1

undershirt

sJ-tfJHdJHj

underwear

ci_lr.+i

lzir-puil

unfortunately

4jti!9.

/mote'essef.-anefadv.

university

ol3.gl.l

/dane5-gah/

n.

university student

_n,il.ll.t

/dane5-ju/

n.

It^l

p.

u

until upstairs

Yl+ -,g ai.'t

Itabeqe-yebalal n.,

use (to)

OiJS,-!J.lltr: OijS,-iJd.

/teSviq kard-en/ v. /mesref karda-nl

/besiyar xob/

inter.

lvidiyol

n'

o_;Li.

fmanzeref

n.

B--l-l

/rusta/

n.

/did-ren kard-en/

v'

lsedal

n.

lra-'yl

n'

fra'y dad-anl

v.

fmontnzerf

adi.

f ezxab bolend 5od-an/

v.

:*.1*-l

Oi_rSO+r l9a

,sl,s gilr s1-1

walk (to) walk around (to) walnut want (to) warm wash (to)

V.

washing machine

l' *" -J5Jl.

O$ $li qrlF jl 1..lji-,1'l-l

O1JS,-6tj3 JJ.6 ("lri) Oi-,lF

?i3 (crts) C-3 o"U,OJ.tltr+J_

U

watch vacation (vacations) valley vase

vast vegetable(vegetables)

dJl"'-l (s\tt.l) OJJ

Ita'till flte'til-at/) n.

watch (to)

sal*,, ,gi-.f 'K; O1J5 t,iti

lrahraft-nnl

v.

/gerdeS kerd-en/

v.

lgerdul

n.

/xast-mn/ (/*aU

aux., v.

lgarml

adi.

/5ost-an/ (/5"Y/)

v.

/maSin-elebas Suyi/

n.

f sa'r'ltf

n.

/negah kerd-en/, /temaSa kerda-nl

v.

ldarrel

n.

water

,-rj

l^bl

n.

ohK

lgol-danl

n.

way

olJ

lrahl

n.

e".lr

fva'si'f

adi.

we

t

lmal

pro.

lsabz-il(lsnbzi-jatll

n.

wear (to) (clothes)

/pu5-id-en/

v.

cgji(.:rl+""-,11-)

vehicle

Cbr$t-

/ma5in/

n.

very

,J+r

lxeylil

adi., adv.

weave (to)

oil$:i

(.i!) o31+

lbaf-t-enl(hatfl

website

C+L- *"1

lveb saytl

n.

WednesdaY

4+fiJt{"

/dahar-5anbe/

n.

6lossary

m J

B

-nI o g.

W

adv. urge (to)

..+FJb*l

4ii-6

week weekend

4$i JFri

,li:

weight west

+JiJ

what

€'q+ .;

when when

"Si l+3

where

drl'+

which (in order) white who why wife

+tt+^, +; .-5 ,aS e "."S l-rr+ ,P;ll- tiLi Uu,lA

c;)

wife (infml.l wilderness

O-lr.t+,OL.l+i

window winter winter coat

woman women's clothes work work (to) workday working hours world wound wounded wrist write (to)

yard

lvaznl

n.

yeah (yes)

lmeqrebl

n.

lli, &l

oj

larel

ilrl.'l

year

d*,t

lsall

il

pro.

yellow

r-li

lzerdl

arl;

kyl

adv.

yes

4!i

lbelel

arlv.

lva,qtil

conj.

yes (to a negative question)

l_lq

Iteral

inter.

koial

adv.

yesterdaY

JJJiJ

ldi-ruzl

adv.

/dend-om-in/

adi.

yogurt

dJ-tU

/mast/

n.

/sefid/

adi.

yogurt drink

L-r

ld"ql

n.

l&ka'sil, k",kil

pro.

you (p/.)

L.i

/5oma/

pro.

l&ral

adv.

you (sg.)

Itol

pro.

/xahe5mi-kona,m,l

idiom

/xanom,xanum/, n. /hemsrer/ lzanl

n.

fbiyaban,biyabun/n.

lpaltol

n.

! 0')

h^l

p.

lzenl

n.

l+3 FJ cfJ (J.uJ _e.e

$ ;,

ll

.]lL

dreL^.r

.Ll+-

lheyarl

n.

4iuj _uqJ _,f5 oi-,r3-iS csJsJ-r-) 6JlS

n.

fzemestanf

J €

with

f axrer-ehefte/

n.

OE""4j

t

n.

lpenjerel

".t++

Y

l}lra'lftel

You'rewelcome.

-i .tis

cr' oi'.tlF driJi

yourself

yourself(sg.fut)

O-frF ,UUfui

yourselves

o-frF

6OB)Ji

t-

tI

lxod-etl

pro.

/xod-etan,xodetun/

pro.

/xod-etan,xodetun/

lsefrl

num.

/ebas-ezan-anef n. kurl

n.

/kar krerden/

V.

fnv-e kar-i/

n.

/sa'et-ekar-i/

n.

ldonyal

n.

lzexml

n.

lzexm-il

adj.

/mod-edest/

n.

(o-":,.) o*U ,ilffi;i"

-t-*** Glossary

i 285 I