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. Wchstcr's Third New International Dictionary. Chicago: G. Glare,

&

C.

Memain.

Grant, Michael. 1970, Nero.

New York:

Dorset Press.

OraveSOIl, R. H. 1974 Conflict of Laws: Private International Law. London: Sweet and

Maxwell. (

internum, Norbert. 1966. The Anchor

New

/>\>A

of Latin Quotations with English Translations.

York: Doubleday, Anchor.

eslie. 1997a, Halliw ell s Film A Video Guide. Edited by John Walker. New York: larpcrCollins. 1997b. iialliwcli's Filmgoer's Companion, 12th ed. Edited by John Walker, New York: HarperCollins, llanhury, 11. G. 1962, Modem Equity* The Principles of Equity. London: Sweet and Maxwell. HarperCollins German Dictionary: German-English, English-German, 1990, ondon: Collins. New York: Harper & Row Hart, 11. A h> 7 S. Punishment and Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press. >70. Paideia: The Ideals ofGreek Culture, translated by Gilbert Highet. Jaeger, Werner.

Halliwell,

I

1

.

l

.

1

l

l

Oxford: Oxford University Press James, W. R. 1^82. Modem Land Law of Nigeria lle-lfe, Nigeria: Obatemi Awolowo University Press imited (Formerly University oflfo Press). Jeflares, A. Norman, and Martin Gray. 1995 1997. A Dictionary of Quotations. New York: HarperCollins, JolowicZ, H. F, 1965, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. Cambridge: I

ambridge University Press M. W, 1966, The Greater Roman Historians. Berkeley and I os Angeles: University of California Press. angan, St. J., and D. G. Law rence. 1976, Civil Procedure. ondon: Sw eet & Maxw ell. esky, A. 1966. A History of Greek I iterature. Translated by J. Willis and C. de Heer. C

I

I

1

I

i

aistner,

1

.

I

New York: Methuen & Co. C L 1962, A Latin Dictionaryfor Schools, ondon: Oxford University ewis, J R. 1976, Law/or the Construction industry, ondon: Macmillan, ewis,

I

Press.

i

QM

ed. Revised and augA Greek- English Lexicon, mented by Sir Henry s. Jones et al. ondon: Oxford University Press. loyd, Norman. 1968, Lhc Golden Encyclopedia ot'Music. Raeine, W ise.: Golden Press. MaCTOne, Michael. 1991. It's Greek to Me!: Brush up Your Classics. New York: HarperCollins, Cader Hooks. 1

iddell, H.

and R.

1)1,1

Seott. 1966.

I

I

xxvii

W.

Major,

Mansion,

J.

The

T. 1978.

Macdonald

Law of Contract.

Plymouth: Pitman Publishing (formerly

& Evans).

E. 1980.

Harrap 's New Standard French and English Dictionary. London:

Harrap.

Megarry, Sir Robert E. 1955. Miscellany-at-Law: A Diversion for Lawyers and Others. London: Sweet & Maxwell. 1973. A Second Miscellany-at-Law: A Further Diversion for Lawyers and Others. London: Sweet and Maxwell. Megrah, M., and F. Ryder. 1972. Byles on Bills ofExchange. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Messinger, H., and W. Rudenberg. 1969. Langenscheidt Concise German Dictionary. Berlin and Munich: Langenscheidt. th Morford, Mark P. O., and Robert J. Lenardon. 1999. Classical Mythology. 6 ed. New York: Longman. Morris, J. H. C. 1973. Dicey and Morris on the Conflict of Laws. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Morwood, James. 1998. A Dictionary ofLatin Words and Phrases. Oxford: Oxford Univer.

sity Press.

Newmark, Maxim.

1950. Dictionary ofForeign Words

and Phrases.

New York:

Barnes

& Noble. Newton, C. R. 1983. General Principles ofLaw. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Nwabueze, B. O. 1982. A Constitutional History ofNigeria. New York: Longman. Olawoyin, G. A. 1977. Status and Duties ofCompany Directors. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Obafemi

Awolowo University Press Limited (formerly University of Ife Press). The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. 1955. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press. The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. 1979. 3rd ed. London: Oxford University Press. Parry, Sir David. 1961. The Law of Succession. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Paxton, J., ed. 1975. Everyman 's Dictionary ofAbbreviations. London: J. M. Dent and Sons.

Quinn, Arthur. 1982. Figures of Speech: 60 Ways to Turn a Phrase. Salt Lake City: Gibbs M. Smith, Inc. Randel, Don Michael. 1978. Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Rees, Nigel. 1997. Cassell Companion to Quotations. London: Cassell. Robinson, C. E. 1974. A History ofRome. London: Methuen Co. Rogers, W. H. V. 1975. Winfield andJolowicz on Tort. London: Sweet

&

& Maxwell.

Sine nomine. 1915. Latin for Lawyers. London: Sweet and Maxwell. Speake, Jennifer, ed. 1997. Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

New York and London: Routledge. 97 1 French Colonialism in Tropical Africa 1900-1945. Translated by T. Gottheiner. London: C. Hurst & Co. Taylor, Elizabeth A. 1988. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 27th ed. PhiladelStone, Jon R. 1996. Latin for the Illiterate

Suret-Canale,

phia:

W.

J.

1

.

B. Sauders Co.

Thomas, Clayton phia: F. A.

L., ed. 1977.

Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 18 th ed. Philadel-

Davis Co.

Traupman, John Charles. 1995. The Bantam New College Latin & English Dictionary. Rev. ed. New York: Mass Market Paperbacks. Van Roey, Jacques, Sylviane Granger, and Helen Swallow. 1991/1993. Dictionary of faux amis. 2nd ed. Paris: Duculot.

xxviii

Vernoff, Edward, and

Biography.

Rima

Shore. 1987. The International Dictionary of 20th Century

New York: New American Library.

Warner, Carolyn. 1992. Treasury of Women

*s

Quotations.

Englewood

Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Weir, T. A. 1974. Casebook on Tort. London: Sweet

& Maxwell.

Magazines and Newspapers

News Service, Washington, D.C. The Economist, The Economist Newspaper Ltd, London. The Guardian, Guardian Newspapers, Oshodi, Lagos. New African, IC Magazines, London. Catholic

Newsweek International, Newsweek, New York. South, South Publications, London.

Sunday Tribune, African Newspapers of Nigeria, Ibadan. Time International, Time Inc., New York. West Africa, West Africa Publishing Co., London.

Cliffs,

New

World Dictionary

o/Foreign

Expressions A

Resource for Readers and Writers

A A.A.C. abbr.

for

A.A.C.N. abbr.

anno ante Christum (q.v.). anno ante Christum natum

for

a aver et tener [Obs.

and

Fr.

tener to hold

(3);

To keep

in

a to

(1);

(4): to

aver

to

have and

one's possession. Used

have

(2); et

to hold.]

in

of the proposed reconciliation be consented to ab ante was rejected by Adam. ab antiquo adv. [L. ab from, by (1); antiquo ancient

(q.v.).

Law.

(2):

former times

A.B. abbr. for Artium Baccalaureus

(q.v.).

ab absurdo adj. /adv.

1

a bas

ab from, by ( ); absurdo the absurd (2): from the absurd.] From absurdity. Based on absurdity. Logic. Used to describe an assertion rendered false by

its

[L.

absurdity.

bas

adj. I adv. [L.

a from, by

( 1 );

baculo rod

made, done

to force.

from appealing

eternal (2):

[L.

ab from, by (

1

);

with!

A

fit

ab from, by ( ); assuetis (2); non not (4); fit is injuria injury, wrong (3): From acinjuria. [L.

1

(5);

is

not done.] Law.

No

legal

which one has long

n., pi.

abattoirs [Fr. slaughterhouse.]

1.

A

place where goats, sheep, cattle, and other animals

The

are killed and their flesh processed. 2.

by

slaying of a large

number of living

seemed like an abattoir

things.

site

of the

The street

after the terrorist attack.

a bene placito adv. [L. a from, by

to reason, appeals

bene well

(1);

(3);

placito one pleased (2): by one well pleased.] At will.

At one's pleasure. ab extra adv. [L. ab from, by (1); extra outside of, beyond (2): from outside of.] From without. Not coming from the mind.

aeterno everlasting,

from everlasting.] From time immemorial.

a time in the past

Down

been accustomed. abattoir

The a baculo argument was unsuccessful.

ab aeterno adv.

From

far

by, with, until (1);

in,

toward below.]

injury arises from a situation to

conse-

(2):

(2):

customed things injury

the rod.] Relying on the stick. Logic. Applicable to an

argument which,

among mer-

accustomed, familiar (things)

quence from abuse to use is not valid.] An inference of the use of a thing from its abuse is invalid. a baculo

gifts

and despots!

all tyrants

ab assuetis non

her point by resorting to an ab absurdo argument. ab abusu ad usum non valet consequentia. [L. ab from, by (2); abusu an abuse (3); ad to, at, for, according to (4); usum use (5); non not (6); valet is

A

a to, toward,

interj. [Fr.

bas low, below

She attempted to prove

valid (7); consequentia consequence (1):

The custom of exchanging

chants has been in existence ab antiquo.

conveyance or the transfer of property.

for the

from the ancient.] From old times. From ancient

times.

which supposedly has no

beginning. This has been the custom in the village ab

and so the people are unlikely to abolish it. abandons [Fr. carelessness, neglect.] 1. Giving oneself to natural impulses. Freedom from inhibition or constraint. Absence of restraint. Though misfortune is unpleasant, when it does come, one should face it with fortitude and not succumb to it

a bientot interj. [Fr. a

with abandon.

ab imo pectore adv. [L. ab from, by ( ); imo the deepest, the bottom (2); pectore chest, heart (3): from the deepest heart.] With deepest affection. From the bottom of one's heart. / would like to thank you ab

aeterno

abandon

n., pi.

2.

(

rioters

ab from, by

before.] In advance.

Sam

's

(

1

);

(2):

(2): until

soon

ciao; hasta la vista; hasta luego;

1

was so intense and private,

ante before

by, with, until

in,

sayonara; and vale.

with abandon. adv. [L.

toward,

soon! Cf. adieu; adios; aloha; au revoir; auf

that they destroyed property, both public

ab ante

to,

bientot soon, shortly, before long

Wiedersehen;

Carefree freedom, usually with no

ofthe

);

or before long.] So long! Bye-bye! See you again

regard whatsoever for possible consequences. Exuberance. The indignation

1

imo pectore. ab inconvenienti

from

adj. /adv.

[L.

ab from, by

(1);

inconvenienti unsuitable, inconvenient (thing) (2): from

suggestion that the terms

3

ab incunabulis

4

an inconvenient thing.] From/based on unsuitability,

ab ovo adv.

[L.

ab from, by

(

1

);

ovo egg

from the

(2):

inconvenience, or hardship. An argument ab inconvenienti is based on the difficulties, disastrous

difficult to

consequences, or inconvenience involved

pursuing

discussed the issues haphazardly instead of treating

No legal system couldfail to take

the topic ab ovo. Cf. ab ovo usque ad mala. ab ovo usque ad mala Horace (65-8 B.C.). Satires 1,3,6-7. [L. ab from, by (1); ovo egg (2); usque all the way (3); ad to, at, for, according to (4); mala

of reasoning.

a line

in

cognizance ofthe argument ab inconvenienti to

avoid a result that might involve a

in

order

total destruction

of society (Nwabueze 1982:176). See argumentum

ab inconvenienti, etc. ab incunabulis adv. [L. ab from, by (1); incunabilis baby clothes, cradle (2): from the cradle.] From the beginning. From infancy. Cf. incunabulum. ab initio adv. [L. ab from, by ( ); initio beginning (2): from the beginning.] From the inception or outset. The investigator is assuming ab initio that the suspect is guilty. Since the court has no jurisdiction, the judgment is void ab initio. Cf. ex post facto and 1

ab

initio

a bras ouverts adv. [Fr. a to, toward, (I)

bras hands, arms

;

(3);

in,

by, with, until

ouverts open, free

with

(2):

open arms.] Gladly. Heartily. When the prodigal son returned home, hisfather welcomed him a bras ouverts.

absens haeres non person

(1);

erit [L.

absens absent, an absent

haeres heir (4); non not

from

absent (person)

mundi.

ab from, by

intestate.]

From an

who dies with no legal will,

( 1 );

intestato intestate

from someone

intestate,

a)

There are laws govern-

ing acquisition ofproperty ab intestato. b) [A heres is

all the way to the apples.] From soup to nuts. From the beginning to the end. All the way through. Cf. ab ovo.

apples (5): from the egg

(2); erit (3):

An

Someone who

1

intestato adv. [L.

(2):

it

understand the lecture, since the speaker

(2);

the situation

ab

found

mundi adv. [L. ab from, by ( ); initio begi:: is not present is unlikely to inherit. An absent person mundi of world (3). from the beginning of is not likely to be named as an heir. world.] From the very beginning. This has been absentem laedit cum ebrio qui litigat. [L. absentem

initio

ning the

the beginning. The audience

absent person will not be heir.] Law.

postea.

ab

From

egg.]

the] universal successor

of a deceased person

in

virtue of his rights under the jus civile. He might be appointed by will or take ab intestato (Burke

[L.

ab from, by

from within.] From

inside.

within (2):

(1); intra

The confusion which

rupted the court proceedings started ab

ab invito

adv. I adj. [L.

ab from, by

ing (2): by an unwilling.] party.

ab irato

By

(1

dis-

(5);

cum

who

(1); litigat disputes, quarrels,

Who

absent person.] Law.

Someone who

tion against a person

who

who

goes to law

(2):

goes to law with a drunken person harms an

is

is

brings legal ac-

drunk injures a person

not present.

absente reo abbr. abs.

re. adv. [L.

absente (with) being

an unwilling person/

by an angry.] By a person who

is

angry. Law.

made under the

Law. In the absence of The defendant/accused being

the accused being absent.] the accused/defendant. absent.

intra.

invito unwill-

;;

The transfer ofproperty was made ab invito. adv. I adj. [L. ab from, by (1); irato angry (2):

to describe a will or gift

harms

absent (2); reo (with) accused, defendant (1): with

1976:163). Cf. ex testamento.

ab intra adv.

(6); laedit injures,

with, together (3); ebrio drunken (person) (4); qui

Used

influence of

absentia ejus qui reipublicae causa abest neque

neque sence

alii

damnosa

ejus of him (2); qui

(1);

of the public (5);

abest

(II)

;

is

who (3);

affair, the state (6);

publicae

rei

causa for the sake

absent (4); neque neither (10);

neque nor

ei

esse debet. [L. absentia ab-

(12); alii to another (13);

ei to

him

damnosa

anger or hatred, and detrimental to the interests of

injurious (9); esse to be (8); debet ought, should (7):

relatives.

The absence of him who

a bon droit adv.

toward,

state

bon good (2); droit right (3): with good right.] With good reason. Rightly. Legitimately. Justly. ab origine adv. [L. ab from, by (1); origine begin-

Law.

in,

(1);

ning,

commencement (2): from

the beginning.]

the beginning or creation of the world.

//

From

can be said

with a reasonable degree ofjustification that human

nature has hardly changed ab origine.

aborigine

n.

[from L. ab origine, based upon a folk

etymology for the unknown ancestors of the Romans believed to have lived on the Apennines.]

The

in-

digenous inhabitants of a place, particularly those natives

who

lived there before the arrival of consettlers. The AbofAfrica, have black

quering invaders, colonizers, or origines

ofAustralia,

skin pigmentation.

like those

is

absent for the sake of the

should be injurious neither to him nor to another.]

by, with, until

[Fr. a to,

A

person's absence on a national assignment

should not have an adverse effect on his case or on that

absit

of another.

n. [L.

Let him/her be absent.] Permission for ab-

sence, especially from school.

omen inter/. [L. absit may it be away, absent (2); omen omen (1): May the omen be absent.] May it not happen! God forbid! The entirefamily is expecting

absit

Mr. Stone today and, ifhe does not come, absit omen, ignominy will be inevitable.

absolutum dominium

n. [L.

dominium ownership,

absolutum absolute (1); dominion (2): absolute

rule,

power.] Absolute power or sovereignty. The leader ofthe junta claimed that they removed the President because he was aiming at absolutum dominium.

accolade

5

characterized by the absence of instrumental or or-

abs. re. abbr. for absente reo (q.v.).

abstractum

abstracta

n., pi.

[L. abstract, diverted or

excluded thing.] Something which stract entity (e.g., a class

is

An ab-

abstract.

name, a universal,

etc.).

Cf.

abundans cautela non (1);

nocet. [L.

abundans abundant, (2); non

cautela caution, precaution

not (3); nocet does harm, hurt, injure (4): Excessive precaution does not hurt.] Abundant/excessive caution

does not do harm. One cannot be too careful.

;

of the

city

of Rome,

ogy. Ancient

i.e.,

753 B.C. Used for chronol-

Romans dated events ab urbe

condita,

from the traditional date ofthe foundation ofRome. See anno urbis conditae and post urbem conditam. Ab urbe condita From the Founding ofthe City, the

—

of a history of Rome by Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.).

title

abus de confiance

n. [Fr.

abus abuse, misuse

of (2); confiance confidence, fidence.]

i.e.,

trust (3):

(1);

de

abuse of con-

Law. Abuse/breach of confidence. Abuse/

breach of

trust.

Embezzlement. Fraudulent misuse,

of goods, funds, documents, contracts,

etc.,

given

detournement abusus non tollit usum [L. abusus abuse, ill-use (1); non not (2); tollit takes away (3); usum use (4): Abuse does not take away use.] Law. Misuse does for a specific purpose. Cf.

not, in itself, justify denial

ab

utili adv. [L.

from the

of use.

ab from, by (1); utili the useful (2): Based on usefulness. From

useful.] Logic.

]

governmental interference.

from the sky.] From heaven. a caelo ad

centrum

var.

of a caelo usque ad cen-

(q.v.).

centrum adv.ladj. [L. a from (1); (2); usque (3) all the way; ad to, at, for, according to (4); centrum center (5): from the sky all the way to the center.] From heaven all the way to the center of the earth. In former times it was maintained that ownership of landed propertyextends a caelo usque

ad centrum,

but this doctrine

obsolete, as evidenced by the flight

a capite ad calcem [L. a from,

ad

to, at, for,

according to

away (3);

of airplanes.

(1);

capite head

calcem

From head

(4):

from head

way

through. Cf. ab ovo usque ad mala.

to heal.]

a cappella or a capella adv. (

1

);

in,

1

98 1 ).

drift

—

adj.

music unaccom-

little

[It.

accelerating.] Music. Increas-

by

little.

principal (3):

An

increase accrues to the principal.]

Law. An accessory thing belongs

to the

owner of

the principal thing.

accessorium non ducit sed sequitur [L.

suum

ducit leads

(3);

sed but

(4);

principale.

non not

(2);

sequitur follows

(5);

accessorium accessory (thing)

(1);

suum its own (6); principale principal (thing) (7): An accessory does not lead but follows its own principal.] Law. An accessory thing does not lead but follows

principal.

its

See accessorium non trahit

principale; accessorius sequitur

etc.;

derivativa

quae accession urn etc.; res accessoria sequitur etc.; sublato fundamento etc.; sublato principali etc.; terra transit etc.; and ubi non est potestas

etc.;

principalis

etc.

accessorium non trahit principale. accessory

(

principal (4):

with

it

non not (2);

1 );

[L.

accessorium

trahit drags (3); principale

An accessory thing does not drag a prinAn accessory does not take along

Law.

a principal; e.g., the release of a surety does

not necessarily imply the release of a principal, latter

the former. See accessorium

implies the release of

non ducit

etc.

accessorius sequitur naturam sui principalis. [L. ac-

cessorius accessory (1); sequitur follows (2); naturam nature (3); sui of its own, one's own, his/her

own

(4);

principalis (of) principal (5):

follows the nature of

its

own

An

principal.]

accessory

An

Law.

than that of his/her principal. See accessorium

non

etc.

from Gk. akedia carelessness, indifAcedia (q.v.). accipere quid ut justitiam facias non est tarn accipere quam extorquere. [L. accipere to accept (1); quid

accidia

[L.

n.

ference.]

caelo sky, heaven

(2) ;

Int.

accessio cedit principali. [L. accessio increase, ad-

ducit

a caelo usque ad

is

Time

accessory to a crime cannot be guilty of a crime higher

a caelo adv. I adj. [L. a from (1); caelo sky, heaven (2):

trum

tempo

ing the

though the release of the

utility.

little

(

panied by instruments or orchestra.

accelerando adj. /adv.

cipal thing.]

A.C. abbr. for 1. Anno Christi (q.v.). 2. Ante Christum (q.v ). academia n. [L. from Gk. akademia 1. The Greek grove where Plato taught his students. 2. University. Academic environment. Academic life, pursuit, interests, etc. Academia thrives best when there is no or

into the metropolitan air

dition (1); cedit yields, accrues (2); principali to

ab urbe condita abbr. A.U.C. adv. [L. ab from, by ( ) urbe city (2); condita having been founded (3): from the city having been founded.] From the founding 1

up

Characterized by, or specializing

concretum. excessive

He passed a group singing

accompaniment.

chestral

a cappella, letting some high sweet harmonies

cappella chapel

[It.

a

at, in

(2): at chapel.]

heal, foot

to toe. All the

the

something

(2); ut in

(5); facias

you may do

tarn so (10); in

much

(8);

(4);

non not

accipere to accept

(7); est is (6); (9);

quam

to extort

(

1

1 ):

accept as to extort.] Law. Accepting something order to do justice

accolade 1

.

n., pi.

as

To accept something you may do justice is not so much to

extorquere

order that

order that (3); justitiam justice

is

in

extortion rather than acceptance.

accolades

[F.

embrace, bracket, hug.]

A manner of greeting, especially one which involves

embracing and kissing a person on both cheeks. Her

manner of

Music. In a style

father drew her near and gave her the accolade.

ceremony marking

2.

A

the bestowal or conferment of

accouchement

6

knighthood which consists of embracing, kissing, or tapping the shoulder with the

of a sword.

flat

ac etiam [L. ac and

Mark

3.

of recognition or acknowledgment. Award. Approval.

Michel

Praise, a)

Paris restaurant

's

.

.

which

won two

.

's sumptuous La Bonne was awarded three, the highest accolade {Newsweek Int. March 3 1980: ). b) Through hard work, dedication and altruism he won the accolade of his colleagues. Cf. kudos, accouchement n., pi. accouchements [Fr. delivery, .

.

.

1 ,

1

giving birth to a child. Law.

if

given

cause of a legal action when

[Fr.

a

toward,

to,

in,

chacun each, each one (2); son

1

);

his/her (3);

each one his/her

taste, liking (4): to

Achilles or Achilleus or Akhilleus

taste.]

[Gk. Akhilleus.]

by an eyewitness such as a medical practitioner or a

Greek Mythology. Son of Peleus and

midwife.

was

accoutrement or accouterment n. [Fr. equipment ] Accessories. Supplementary pieces of clothing or equipment, such as gloves and hat for someone in business or a canteen and compass for a soldiei/ Usually used in the plural. accoutrements or accouterments Superficial rather than real items of

tive girl with

it

He displayed only the accoutrements

to

of not

his invulnerability.

is

guilty. Also, a witness

is

nate himself/herself. See

tenetur edere

able or

Deo God

(7):

incorruptibility

entitled to

Achilles

make a plea

nisi se

1

);

nemo

(

1

An

alli-

'

was

Int.

Feb.

8,

that various

other local events might have taken place on that

other day, so that Michael

O 'Flaherty s funeral,

post after (5); rationabile reasonable (6);

as part of the tale of events which, occurring in fact

1

);

excusaverit he will have excused

on the Monday, were being sworn to Tuesday (Megarry 1973:86). acme n.,pl. acmes [Gk. akm£ highest point of anything, culmination.] The culminating point of anything.

not to be heard after a reasonable

Zenith. Highest stage of a thing's development. Peak.

not (3); est

except

is

accuser

1

3);

is

(2);

(8); se

de of, from, about, (

[L.

audiendus

to

himself (10);

for (12);

omissione

[Gk. akedia

a-

no

(1);

kedos care

(2):

no

marked acme of the power of the kingdom happened to be

Point of perfection. Apex. The very year which

Law. After a reasonable length of time, an

can satisfactorily explain the delay. n.

The southern jlank of NATO has

1982: 18). c) The Achilles heel ofthis

audiendus

accuser should not be given a hearing unless he/she

acedia

inability to resist the allurements

between Turkey and Greece (Newsweek

time unless he will have excused himself well about the delay.]

an

sex. b)

which had taken place on the Monday, might emerge

delay, omission (9):

but,

accusator

(4); nisi unless,

bene well

a man of indisputable even so. he has his

is

'

nemo tenetur armare etc.; nemo tenetur prodere est

Jeko

and probity

ance, largely because ofthe unresolved Cyprus dispute

tenetur seipsum accusare.

tempus time (7); non be heard

Hector. According

long been regarded as the Achilles heel of the

etc.;

bene de omissione excusaverit.

accuser (

kill

of his body which was

— Achilles' heel One's vulner-

point, a)

heel:

'

of the fair

not obliged to give a

accusator post rationabile tempus non

weak

(5);

accuse himself/herself except before

An accused person

seipsum; and

part

was his heel, which was held by his mother when she plunged him into the River Styx to secure

response or submit a document which will incrimi-

nemo

one legend, the only

except

(2); nisi unless,

before, in the presence of (6);

No one should

was eventually placated and

vulnerable

debet ought, should

God.] Law.

making

possible for the Trojan prince, Hector, to perform

returned to the battlefield to

nemo se debet nisi coram Deo. [L. accusare accuse (3); nemo no one, nobody (1); se himself

coram

Thetis, Achilles

participated in the

Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of

heroic deeds. Achilles

of intelligence. to

who

the Greeks, and withdrew from battle, thus

accusare

(4);

a very brave warrior

Greek expedition against Troy, quarreled over a cap-

—

identification.

by, with, until

gout Each one or everyone to his/her taste/liking. "One man's meat is another man's poison." See chacun a son gout; de gustibus non etc.; homo mensura; homo mensura omnium; and panton chrematon etc. (

a very

It is

English

of a clause

purpose of establishing jurisdiction.

1

important evidence for proving parentage,

also.]

for the introduction

states the actual

a chacun son gout

Confinement. Childbirth. Labor. Parturition.

labor.]

A woman's

etiam also (2): and

);

1

a fictitious cause had previously been alleged for the

stars, while his lather Joseph

Auherge

(

Law. Formerly used

the

a turning point in its fortunes. See apogee. A.C.N, abbr. for Ante Christum natum (q.v.). a coelo var. of a caelo

(q.v.).

care, carelessness, indifference.] Spiritual indiffer-

a coelo ad centrum var. of a caelo ad centrum

ence and apathy. See accidia.

a coelo usque ad centrum var. of a caelo usque ad

acephalia

n.

[L.

kephale head

from Gk. akephalos: a- no (1); no head, headless, without head.]

(2):

Medicine. Headlessness. Applicable to a

acephalus

no

(

1

);

fetus.

pi acephali [L. from Gk. akephalos: akephale head (2): no head, headless, without n.,

head.] Medicine.

and amorphus.

A

fetus with

no head. Cf. amelus

centrum a

(q.v.).

(q.v.).

communi observantia non est recedendum. [L. a from (1); communi common (2); observantia observance to

(3);

non

not (5); est

be departed, withdrawn

vance

it

is

(6):

is (4); recedendum From common obser-

it

not to be departed.] There should be no

departure from

common

observance.

7

a contrario adv. [L. a from, by trary (2):

(

1

);

contrario the con-

from the contrary.] From, by, or based on

contraries or opposite points of view. Cf. au

a contrario sensu adv.

[L.

a from, by (1); contrario

contrary, opposite (2); sensu sense (3): from the contrary sense.]

On

accused person or,

the other hand. The statement

of the

ambiguous, for it could exonerate

is

n.

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. akromanes on the

verge of madness.] Medicine. Violent madness which is

n.

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. akro(n) height, peak

phob(os) fear

(2);

of height.] Abnormal or

(1): fear

excessive fear of being

very high point,

at a

e.g.,

on

the roof of a high building. (1);

cruce cross

(2);

salus safety, salvation (3): from the cross, salvation.] Christianity. Salvation

comes from

the Cross. Cf.

pi. n.[L.

actions.

things done, deeds.] Official acts. Trans-

Recorded proceedings. The secretary informed

the delegates that the acta

ofthe conference would be

published soon.

done (3); est is, has been (2); fabula story, play (1): The play has been done.] The play is finished. According to Suetonius, these were some of the last words of the emperor Augustus. Cf. La com media and

La

farce

(1);

deeds, actions (2); exteriora outward, external

indicant show, disclose, indicate

inner, interior,

things (5):

);

n., pi.

actes d' heritier [Fr. acte action,

d' of (2); heritier heir, inheritor (3): act of

deeper

(3);

interiora

secreta secrets, hidden

(4);

Outward actions show inner

secrets.]

A

person's actions indicate hidden intentions. For this

which indicates his intention

to accept the inheritance.

(2) ; gratuit gratuitous, uncalled for act.]

An act which

act with

actio

n., pi.

A legal

uncalled for.

A

impulsive

A

bonae fidei [L. actio bonae of /for good (2);

legal action in

which the

good trial

faith.]

judge

Roman

is

given

considerable discretion to take into consideration

all

Cf. actio stricti juris.

calumniae

actio

n., pi.

action, deed, legal suit

actiones calumniae [L. actio (

1

);

calumniae of/for trickery,

An

Law.

suit for misrepresentation.]

action against

misrepresentation or malicious prosecution. actio civilis

n.,

pi actiones

civiles [L. actio action,

deed, legal suit (2); civilis civil (1): a civil action.]

Law.

A

An

civil suit.

was commenced damage to property.

actio civilis

Cf. actio criminalis.

communi dividundo

actio

dividundo

communi to

actiones

n., pi.

common (thing) (2); dividundo (for) common thing to Roman Law. A legal action for secur-

for

be divided

be divided.]

(3): legal suit for a

owned

acta jure gestionis

acta acts, deeds

(

n., 1

);

of managing, doing

actum jure

sing,

jure by

right,

(3): acts

by

law

right

jointly. Similar to

gestionis [L.

actio confessoria n.,pl. actiones confessoriae [L. actio

(2); gestionis

action, deed, legal suit (2); confessoria confessing,

of managing.]

Acts by right of business or commerce. Cf. acta jure imperii.

acknowledging (

Law.

A

1

):

acknowledging

legal suit.]

sing,

actum jure imperii

[L.

acta

deeds, acts (1); jure by right, law (2); imperii of sovereignty, authority (3): acts by right of sover-

by

Roman

legal action for establishing one's right to a

thing, such as usufruct or servitude. n.,

communi

[L. actio action, deed, legal suit (1);

for partition.

See vindicatio

servitutis and vindicatio ususfructus. Cf. actio

negatoria. actio criminalis

/?.,

pi.

actiones criminales [L. actio

right

of government. Cf. acta jure

action, deed, legal suit (2); criminalis criminal (1):

n., pi.

actes authentiques [Fr. acte

another can invite an actio criminalis. Cf. actio

criminal act.] Law.

gestionis.

deed, act (2); authentique legal, authentic (1): authentic or legal deed.]

French Law.

accordance with some

in the

law.

fldei n., pi. actiones

ing division of property

in

act.

Law.

suit.]

A suit at

of action.

right

modern judicial process

acte authentique

a gratuitous

):

1

rational motive.

fidei (of/for) faith (3): legal suit for

Law.

(

An

actiones [L. action, deed, legal

action.

bonae

actio

no

is

person's former intention from subsequent acts.

eignty.] Acts

action,

on the part of an heir

implicit,

reason, sometimes the law permits an inference of a

acta jure imperii

An

French Law. Act of inheritance.

whether explicit or

against the driver for causing

etc.

acta exteriora indicant interiora secreta. [L. acta acts,

heir.]

1

misrepresentation, malicious prosecution (2): a legal

acta est fabula Suetonius. Augustus XCIX,1. [L. acta

etc.

(

aspects of good faith, equity, and conscience.

nullu salus extra ecclesiam. acta

deed

action, deed, legal suit (1);

a cruce salus [L. a from, away

document of regis-

(3):

French ship.] French Law. Certificate of

registration as a French ship.

An

usually incurable.

acrophobia

French ship

malo

acte gratuit n.,pl. actes gratuits [Fr. acte action, deed

a contrario sensu, incriminate him.

acromania

registration as a tration as a

acte d'heritier

contraire.

him

actio de dolo

laid

A deed executed

down

formalities and

presence of a duly authorized official such as

a mayor, notary, or huissier.

acte de francisation

n., pi.

acte certificate, document

1

);

malo

de of (2); francisation

n.pl.

Unlawful harm

actiones de dolo

actio action, deed, legal suit

(

1

);

de

of,

for (2); dolo fraud, deceit (4);

malo

(3) legal suit for criminal fraud.]

Law.

:

for criminal fraud.

actes de francisation [Fr. (

actio de dolo

A criminal suit.

A

legal suit

to

civilis.

malo

[L.

from, about,

bad, criminal

A

legal action

brought by a person

defrauded against the individual

who committed

fraud and this individual's heirs. See dolus malus.

8

actio doli

actio doli

n., pi.

actiones doli [L. actio action, deed,

of /for fraud, deceit

legal suit (1); doli

for fraud.] deceit.

It

Roman Law. A

may,

A

it,

thus frustrating the

of the other party to perform

for purchase.]

Law.

for contract

A

legal action for i.e.,

to fulfill his obligations or

purchase or

a suit to force a seller

compensate the buyer.

actio ex contractu pi.

actiones ex contractu [L.

n.

actio action, deed, legal suit

( 1);

ex from, arising from

contractu drawing together, shrinking, contract,

agreement

Law.

(3): a legal suit arising

A legal

delicto offense,

wrongs, trespasses

A

injuriarum of /for

(2)! legal suit for

legal action respecting

(

wrong

);

1

ex from, arising from

(3): legal suit arising

Law. Action of tort.

A

(2);

from

legal action arising

from misconduct or malfeasance. The actio ex delicto instituted against the police officer

by Mr. Edet

in

injuries,

wrongs.] Law.

wanton interference with

the right of another person. actio in jus n.,pl. actiones in jus [L. actio action, deed,

suit against right.]

Law.

law

(3): legal

A legal action against a right

or principle based on a recognized law.

personam

actio in

n., pi.

actiones in

personam

[L.

actio action, deed, legal suit (1); in against (2); per-

sonam person

actiones ex delicto [L actio

n., pi.

action, deed, legal suit

offense.]

from a contract.]

action based on a contract.

actio ex delicto

actiones injuriarum [L. actio

n., pi.

action, deed, legal suit (1);

legal suit (1); in against (2); jus right,

Cf. actio venditi

(2);

adapted for the needs of a specific

legal action

case.

actio injuriarum

it.

of/for purchase (2): legal suit

of purchase,

factum

be brought when a party

actio empti n.,pl. actiones empti [L. actio action, deed,

empti

actiones in factum [L. actio

n., pi.

action, deed, legal suit (1); in against (2);

deed, act, fact (3): legal suit against a deed.] Law.

for instance,

legal suit (1);

factum

actio in

legal action for fraud or

to a contract interfered with

efforts

(2): legal suit

A

(3): legal suit

legal action arising

against a person.] Law.

from a personal

liability.

Non-payment ofa debt can provide the subject-matter of an actio in personam. Cf. actio in rem.

rem n„

actio in

pi.

deed, legal suit

actiones in

rem [L. actio action, rem matter, thing,

in against (2);

( 1 );

property, business, affair (3): legal suit against a

A

connection with his arrest and detention was dismissed

thing.]

on the ground that the act was legally justified.

session of another. Action to enforce a right. Whereas

actio ex stipulatu n.,pl. actiones ex stipulatu [L. actio action, deed, legal suit

stipulatu agreement

an agreement.] Law.

(

1);

ex from, arising from

(3): a legal

(2);

action arising from

A suit for enforcing a stipulation.

an actio

legal action to recover a thing in the pos-

in personam is for the

enforcement ofa right

against an individual violating that right, an actio in

rem

is for

a right

to

a

thing,

which right

is

enforce-

able against the whole world. See in rem; in

rem

The heavy damages awarded against the defendant

actio etc.; jus in re and jus in rem. Cf. actio in per-

resultedfrom actio ex stipulatu.

sonam;

actio familiae erciscundae var. of actio familiae

herciscundae (q.v n.,pl.

personam; jus ad rem; jus in personam;

actio negativa

).

actio familiae herciscundae or actio familiae

erciscundae

in

and personalis

actiones familiae herciscundae

actio.

n., pi.

actiones negativae See actio

negatoria. actio negatoria

n., pi.

actiones negatoriae [L. actio

or actiones familiae erciscundae [L. actio action,

action, deed, legal suit (2); negatoria

deed, legal suit (1); familiae of /for estate, family

denying legal

property (2); herciscundae (of/for) to be divided legal suit for family property to

Law.

A

be divided.]

(3):

Roman

legal action for dividing family property or

an inheritance

among

members of the family

the

or

regundorum

regundorum actio n. pl. actiones finium regundorum or finium regundorum actiones [L. actio action, deed, legal suit ( 1 ); finium of /for boundaries (2); regundorum

(of) to to

be determined

or finium

(3): legal suit for

be determined.] Law.

A

boundaries

legal action for the de-

termination of boundaries. Action for redefining or regulating boundaries, disputes. The

i.e.,

settling

boundary

owner of the adjoining land

is

con-

templating bringing an actio finium regundorum. actio furti

n., pi.

actiones furti [L. actio action, deed,

legal suit ( 1 ); furti

of /for theft (2):

legal suit for theft.]

Law. A legal action arising from theft. The accused person was imprisoned when he pleaded guilty to the actio furti brought against him.

Roman Law.

denying

(1):

A legal action deny-

ing a right to something, such as usufruct or servitude. Cf. actio confessoria.

actio

negotiorum gestorum

rum gestorum negotiorum

heirs, respectively.

actio finium

suit.]

done (3):

actiones negotio-

n., pi.

[L. actio action, deed, legal suit (1);

of/for businesses (2);

gestorum

legal suit for businesses done.]

(of/for)

Roman Law.

Legal action for claiming remuneration for work done.

could include claiming funeral expenses from

It

a husband for burying his wife.

non datur non damnificato. [L. actio action, non not (2); datur is given (3) non not (4); damnificato to an injured, wronged (person) (5): A legal suit is not given to an unwronged

actio

deed, legal suit (1);

person.] Law.

who

is

A legal action is not given to a person

not wronged/injured;

i.e.,

the injury suffered

should be deemed actionable; otherwise the doctrine

damnum sine injuria becomes applicable. damnum absque injuria; damnum sine injuria; damnum sine injuria esse potest; injuria absque damno; and non omne damnum etc. Cf. lex of

See

9 semper dabit remedium; ubi jus ibi remedium; and ubicunque est injuria etc. actio non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea. [L. actio action, deed, legal suit ( ); non not (2); facit makes (3); reum guilty (4); nisi unless (5); mens mind, intention (6); sit be, is (7); rea guilty (8): A deed does not make 1

guilty unless the intention be guilty.]

Law.

An action

does not make a person guilty unless the intention be evil/criminal.

See actus non

actio noxalis or noxalis actio

actiones noxales

or noxales actiones [L. actio action, deed, legal suit (

1

to

);

noxalis relating to

damage.]

Roman

Law.

sale, i.e.,

an action to force the purchaser to

legal action for sale or contract

his obligations. Cf. actio empti.

probante (with) proving dant

(4);

absolvitur

is

If the prosecutor/plaintiff fails to

the accused/defendant

is

actiones personates [L. actio

action, deed, legal suit (2); personalis personal (1):

Common Law. A perAn action in personam (q.v.), i.e.,

onus burden

See actore non probante

an action against a person.

persona.

[L. actio

to

cum with (4); persona person

legal suit dies with the person.]

The

(5):

right

pursue a personal legal action dies with the person.

Law. The maxim was originally applicable forms of action, but

it

longer applicable to a

to

has been modified and

number of actions;

e.g.,

many is

no

actions

based on contract or misappropriation of property. is,

however,

still

pro socio

tion,

necessitas

libel.

( 1 );

pro

for, as (2);

associate (3): legal suit as partner.]

brought

in the

socio partner,

Roman Law.

A

capacity of a partner. Action

bur-

Law. The

plaintiff or prosecutor.

affirmanti, non

etc.; ei

incumbit probatio

factum negantis etc.; in etc.; probandi

etc.;

etc.;

semper necessitas

etc.;

and semper

etc.

actor qui contra regulam quid adduxit non est audiendus. (2) ;

[L.

actor plaintiff, prosecutor ( 1 ); qui

contra against, opposite

quid something, anything

(9):

actiones pro socio [L. actio ac-

The

(2):

plaintiff.]

per rerum naturam

etc.;

praesumitur

applicable to actions such as false

n., pi.

qui affirmat

re dubia

(3) ;

deed, legal suit

legal action

etc.; ei

It

imprisonment, slander, or actio

on the

lies

affirmantis est probare;

etc.;

action, deed, legal suit (2); personalis personal (1); (3);

[L. actori plaintiff,

probandi of proving

(1);

den of proving weighs upon the burden of proof

moritur dies

prove his case,

acquitted. See actori

onus probandi.

sonal legal action.

A personal

With

acquitted.]

etc.

actori incumbit

a personal legal suit.] Civil and

cum

is

prosecutor (4); incumbit weighs upon, oppresses (3);

the slave or animal to the complainant.

actio personalis moritur

not (2);

acquitted, discharged (5):

Law.

incumbit

non

(1);

reus accused, defen-

(3);

A legal action arising The

of

fulfill

actore non probante reus absolvitur. [L. actore with

Law.

pay for the damage or hand over

n., pi.

venditi of /for sale (2): legal suit

( 1 );

A

for sale.]

the plaintiff not proving, the defendant

or animal to the person or property of another.

actio personalis

deed, legal suit

fidei.

actiones venditi [L. actio action,

n., pi.

(2): legal suit relating

Civil

either

bonae

strictum. Cf. actio actio venditi

damage

from damage or injury caused by somebody's slave

owner could

without reference to considerations of equity. See jus

prosecutor, plaintiff, complainant

facit etc.

n., pi.

neminem

actus curiae

non not

(4);

(8); est is (7);

regulam

(5);

who

rule (6);

adduxit has adduced

audiendus

to

be heard

A plaintiff who has adduced something against the rule is not to be heard.] Law. A prosecutor/ plaintiff who

challenges a rule must not be given a hearing.

actor sequitur forum

quitur follows

(2);

rei. [L.

forum

actor plaintiff

(1); se-

court (3); rei of the matter,

thing, property, business, affair (4):

The plaintiff fol-

brought by a partner against the remaining members

lows the court of the thing.] Law. The plaintiff goes

of a partnership.

to the court

actio rei uxoricae n.,pl. actiones rei uxoricae [L. actio action, deed, legal suit

uxoricae of /for wife

of the wife.] Law.

A

( 1 );

rei (of/for) property (2);

(3): legal suit for the

which

legal action

property

asserts the

property of the wife.

rerum amotarum n., pi. actiones rerum amotarum [L. actio action, deed, legal suit (1); rerum of /for matters, things, property (2); amotarum Law.

A

removed

actum fideabbr. done good

a.f. adj. [L.

actum done, having been done in faith.] Done in

(1); fide in faith (2): faith.

actus n.,pl. actus [L. a driving, a setting

actio

(of/for)

which has jurisdiction over the disputed

object.

(3): legal suit for

legal action for things

things removed.]

removed. In cases of

act.]

1.

Law.

A

An

act or action.

right

in

motion, an

Something done.

Roman

2.

of way, specifically the right

to drive

animals or a carriage over another's landed property. actus curiae (2):

n. [L.

actus

an act of court.]

act,

An

deed

act

(

1

);

curiae of court

of the court,

i.e.,

an act

divorce, an action instituted by a husband against the

such as delay caused by the court. As a general

wife for removing property

neither party in a suit can be inconvenienced or preju-

in anticipation

of divorce,

or vice versa. actio stricti juris

ride,

diced by an actus curiae. n., pi.

actiones stricti juris [L. actio

action, deed, legal suit (1); stricti

of /for

tight, strict

actus curiae (1);

neminem

curiae of court

gravabit. [L. actus act, deed

(2);

neminem no

one,

nobody

An act

(2) ; juris of/for right, law (3): legal suit of strict law.]

(4) ; gravabit will oppress, inconvenience (3):

Roman Law. A legal action in which the judge is to make a decision in accordance with strict legal rules

of the court will inconvenience no one.] Law. No-

body should

suffer from an act of the court.

An

act

actus Dei

10

of the court should prejudice nobody. See actus

legis;

actus legis nemini facit injuriam; actus legis

nemini nemini

damnosus; executio

est

juris etc.; lex

injuriam; and lex nemini operatur

facit

iniquum. actus Dei

actus

[L.

deed

act,

(

Dei of God

);

1

Law. An extraordinary

act of God.]

(2):

an

natural act of

me

being unwilling

is

my act.] Law. An act of my will is not my act.

not

mine which is contrary to See nihil consensui tarn

etc. and non videtur consensum etc. actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. [L. actus act, deed ( ); non not (2); facit makes (3); reum answerable, guilty (4); nisi unless (5); mens mind, intention 1

An

violence such as an earthquake, flood, or storm, which

(6); sit be, is (7);

can be neither predicted nor prevented. The nonper-

does not make one guilty unless the intention be

formance of an obligation is

attributable to actus

Dei

excusable. See actus Dei nemini est damnosus. ? c.t

actus Dei nemini

Dei of God

(1);

est

damnosus. [L. actus act, deed nemini to nobody, no one (5);

(2);

damnosus

is (3);

injurious to

An

No

in atrocioribus etc.; in

and vis major. deed

act.

nobody, no one

to

injuriam injury

(3);

An

(4):

(5);

act

of

does injury to nobody.] Law. Nobody's case

should be prejudiced by an act of God. See actus

God

nemini

(2);

[L.

actus

deed

nobody, no one

to

harm, hurts, injures

An

(3):

(4);

( 1 );

Dei of

nocet does

act of God does

Nobody should

nobody.] Law.

act.

harm

to

suffer legally from

an act of God. See actus Dei nemini est damnosus. actus legis act

actus

n. [L.

of law.]

An

act

act,

of law,

deed

(1); legis

of law

(2):

a change in a person's

i.e.,

swerable for guilty.]

A

actus legis nemini est damnosus. [L. actus

of law

(1); legis

est

is (3);

law

is

nemini

(2);

damnosus

to

act,

injurious, hurtful (4):

Law. An

hurtful to nobody.]

rious or does injury to nobody; to fulfill an obligation

and the

deed

no one, nobody act

i.e., if

(5);

Act of

of law

is

one

unable

inability

is

is

inju-

caused by

the operation of law or supported by judicial authority,

then one should suffer no legal harm. See actus curiae

neminem

gravabit.

actus legis nemini facit injuriam. [L. actus (

1

);

legis

of law

(2);

nemini

to

no one

act,

deed

(5); facit

does

An act of law does injury to no one.] See actus curiae neminem gravabit. actus legitimi non recipiunt modum. [L. actus acts, (3);

injuriam injury

deeds

(4):

(2); legitimi legal (1);

admit,

welcome

(4);

non not

modum

Legal acts do not admit

(3);

recipiunt

limit, restriction (5):

restriction.]

Legal acts are

act,

me

invito factus

deed

(1);

me

non

with

est

me

meus

actus. [L. actus

(3); invito (with

unwilling (4); factus done (2); non not (5);

meus my

(7);

reus guilty, an-

(1);

n.,pl.

acumina

actus act

(8):

An

act

being)

to

[L. a point, acuteness, sharp-

Acuteness of the mind. Sharpness

ness, keenness.]

ofjudgment. Keen perception or discernment. Ability to

comprehend or understand

clearly.

Shrewdness,

especially in practical affairs, a) mental

acumen;

b) critical d)

commercial acumen;

only one of Lee

talents

's

e) (

Time

Anno Domini

a.d. abbr. for

ad absurdum adv.

ad

Int.

1

982).

(q.v.).

ante diem

[L.

acumen;

acumen; Financial acumen was

c) intellectual

(q.v.).

to, at, for,

according to

( 1 );

or silly (thing) (2): to an absurd

or silly thing.] Logic.

To

the point of silliness or

As a precaution against the abuse of

absurdity, a)

—

omens by obstructive magistrates a practice which Caesar 's colleague Bibulus had recently carried ad the democratic (Cary 1970:390); b) absurdum principle was bound to develop ad absurdum whenreally became the ever the democratic state .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

domination of the masses (Jaeger 1970:290). ad abundantiorem cauteiam adv. [L. to, at, for, according to ( 1 ); abundantiorem fuller, more abundant (2);

cauteiam caution

For greater caution.

(3): for

more abundant caution.]

By way of being more

cautious.

See ad cauteiam ex superabundant!; ad majorem

cauteiam; ex abundanti cautela; in majorem cauteiam; ob majorem cauteiam; per majorem cauteiam; and pro majori cautela.

adagio adv.ladj.

[It.

ad

at (1);

agio ease

Music. In an easy manner or tempo.

not subject to limitation.

actus

deed

liable.

absurdum absurd

gravabit.

etc.

act,

deed or an act answerable for or

(2): a

be criminally

A.D. or

neminem

actus

voluntas in

etc. Cf. les lois

wrongful deed. Actus reus must be com-

which

solely attributable to the operation of law or

etc.;

non

voluntatem

bined with mens rea before a person can be said

A.D. abbr. for

is

conatus

n. [L.

legal status; e.g., an inability to fulfill an obligation

an act backed by judicial authority. See actus curiae

etc.; tolle

and voluntas reputatur

officit

actus reus

acumen

Dei nemini est damnosus. actus Dei nemini nocet.

and

etc.

actus

[L.

omne actum

voluntas et propositum

vis divina;

actus Dei nemini facit injuriam.

makes

etc.;

est reus etc.;

delictis etc.;

God

se etc.;

in

etc.;

facit does,

animus ad

one should suffer

injuriam; actus Dei nemini nocet;

nemini

etc.;

criminalibus sufficit

in criminalibus, voluntas etc.; in maleficiis etc.;

facit

(2);

punitur

facit etc.; affectus

Dei nemini

Dei of God

act by itself does not make a person done with evil intent. See actio non

is

act

act

An

Law.

guilty, unless

consequence of an act of God. See actus Dei; actus

(1);

(8):

of God

injurious (4):

no one.] Law.

guilty.]

rea answerable, guilty

gios

1.

Music.

A

(2): at ease.]

—

n., pi.

ada-

section or piece of music played in

an easy manner, faster than a largo

(6); est is

That portion of a pas de deux

done with

great control and skill in

(q.v.). 2. Ballet.

(q.v.)

movement.

which requires

11

ad aliud examen

ad

adj. [L.

aliud another (2);

(1);

bona

according to

to. at. for,

able goods, when the normal administration cannot

ad

be approved immediately.

ad colligendum according to

to. at. for.

diem day

(2):

(

another day.]

(3): to

1

To

arbitrium

At

will.

ad

(2):

ad astra per ardua astra stars

(2);

ad

[L.

remand

signed to appeal to the audience's preoccupation with

to

(3);

ardua

To

the stars through difficulties.

steep things,

Cf ad

addendum added.]

astra

(4): to

according

to. at. for.

astra stars (2): per through

to

( 1 );

To

the stars

Mono of the State of Kansas.

Cf.

ad

A.D.C. or .ADC or

aide-de-camp

a.d.c. abbr. for

de Re Publica Oratio

to. at. for.

according to

senem

man

(4): of.

ad

Caesarem Caesar

(2):

from, about for

an old

man

as an Old

speech

to

Caesar

occur

ad

[L.

to. for (1):

captandum

enticed.] Logic.

crowd

Designed

to

to

be

to

be

to please the

crowd.

See

rather

to (1);

To

adj. [L.

prehension, capacity

ad

(2);

for. to

(

1

):

cautelam caution

(2):

ad

to.

way of being more cautious. See ad abundantiorem

definite (2): date. In

[L.

ad

to. for

(

1

);

certum

(3): for a fixed day.]

A

(

bona

to

be collected

to

be collected.] Law. In order to collect the goods.

To

effectum effect

collect the goods.

An

the

goods

(2): for the

goods

administrator ad colligenda

adaptantur are

[L.

ad

according

to. at. for.

(2): to effect.]

[L.

(3):

following effect.] laeti [L.

Christmas

gradum

To

the effect.

ad to. at. for. according to sequentem following (2):

To

the following end.

triumphantes venite. venite

adeste be present

happy

(3

( 1 ):

in

fideles faithful

triumphantes triumphant

);

carol.

for

ad eundem gradum (q.v

according

ad same (2): same degree or class.] Used

to (1

rank (3 ): to the

).

):

adj. adv. [L.

eundem

the

particularly for the granting of an honorary degree

set

hearing of the murder case was set ad certum diem. ad colligenda bona adj. [L. ad to. for 1 ); colligenda

(1):

ad eundem gradum or ad eundem

fixed,

For a

quae which

accidunt happen,

(7);

laws

rights,

effectum effect

ad eund. abbr.

view of the impending transfer of the judge,

(3);

ad diem.

Laws are adapted to cases which occur often.] Laws are adapted to usual rather than

to. at. for.

diem day

diem

come (5): venite come (6); in into, to. against for (7); Bethlehem Bethlehem (8): Be present O faithful, joyful, triumphant (ones). Come, come to Bethlehem.] O come, all ye faithful, joyful and triumphant. O come ye. O come ye. to Bethlehem.

cautelam ad certum diem adv.

jura

;

for

By

):

victorious (4): venite

for caution

out of a superabundant thing.] For greater caution.

1

(2):

(2) laeti joyful,

ex from, out of (3):

superabundant! superabundant (thing) (4):

(6):

Bethlehem.

captum com-

[L.

:

to the

comprehension of the crowd.] To be understood by anybody with ordinary intelligence.

(1);

(

the appointed day. The meeting

for (3); ea those (things) (4):

adeste. fideles

vulgi of crowd (3): for the

ad cautelam ex superabundant! adv.

defending.]

according to

to. at. for.

At

according to

(2): for

the end. Until effective.

(1)

argumentum ad captandum.

ad captum vulgi

ad

ad effectum sequentem

An

argument ad captandum \~ulgus is an argument in which the speaker principally aims at arousing emotions.

[L.

the day.]

ad effectum abbr. ad effect

crowd

An

unusal circumstances.

adj. adv.

be allured,

(2): for the

to.

adapted

(as)

historian Sallust (86-35 B.C.).

ad captandum vulgus or ad captandum

to. at. for.

frequentius rather often

(5):

affair.] Speech to Caesar Concerning the Republic, a w ork by

enticed (3); vulgus

ad

[L.

(3):

about the public

Man

Roman

the

( 1 ):

ad

[L.

will certainly take place

thing, property, business, affair (7); publica public

oratio speech, oration

added.

ad ea quae frequentius accidunt jura adaptantur.

re matter,

(5);

(2): at

is

submitted a fifteen-page

to his original petition.

To defend. ad diem adv.

(q. v.).

[L.

He

defendendum defending

(1):

day

Ad Caesarem Senem

be added or

to

is

appendix.

ad defendendum adv.

astra per ardua.

(6):

thing that

An

addition.

aspera rough things,

(3);

the stars through dangers.]

through dangers.

old

n..

A

addendum ad

[L.

argumentum ad crumenam addendum pi addenda [L. that which must be

add. abbr. for addenda See

per aspera

ad astra per aspera dangers

( 1 ):

monetary matters. See

( 1 );

through difficult

difficult things (4): to the stars things.]

the ac-

according to

to. at, for.

per through

for describing trust-

according to pleasure.]

custody w as taken ad arbitrium.

in

Used

the purpose of collecting.

( 1 ):

Law. For

crumenam adj. [L. ad to. at. for. according to crumenam money-bag. purse (2): for the money-bag.] Logic. To the purse. Applicable to an argument de-

The decision of the judge

cused person

according to

ees and administrators.

for according to (1);

to. at.

pleasure

will,

to. at. for.

(2): for collecting.]

ad

was deferred ad alium diem. [L.

ad

adj. [L.

colligendum collecting

);

another day. Consideration of the rest of the matter

ad arbitrium adv.

to collect the

Law. For

court, tribunal, or jurisdiction.

alium another

one who has been permitted

property of a deceased person, particularly perish-

another court or tribunal. Belonging to another

[L.

is

deux

examen examination, con-

sideration (3): for another consideration.]

ad alium diem adv.

a

a university to a person

a

deux

adj. [Fr. a to.

by

who actually studied elsewhere.

toward,

in.

by. with, until

( 1 ):

deux

by two.] For only two persons. Done intimately or privately between two persons. Applicable two

to

(2):

meals, discussions, meetings,

the presence

etc. a)

Oblivious to

of others, the lovers devoted the whole

.

ad extremum

evening

12

to conversation

a deux, b) John and Mary

settled their differences during a quiet dinner a deux.

—

among only two perJohn and Mary had a nice evening, dining and dancing a deux. Cf. a trois. ad extremum adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); adv. Intimately or privately

sons.

extremum

the

last,

extreme

(2): to the last.]

To

the

At the meeting a special number of investigators were appointed ad hoc to consider the matter. adj. Made, appointed, established, conparticular occasion.

—

stituted for, or dealing with, a particular purpose.

urged the need rather than

ad hominem

very end. In the court, counsel for the accused

hominem

dragged the same argument ad extremum.

to arouse

Cf. in

ad filum aquae adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1 ); filum thread (2); aquae of water (3): to the thread of the water.] Law. To the middle or central line of the stream. When the boundary between the lands of land-owners is formed by a non-tidal stream or river, it is presumed that the boundary is an imaginary line along the center of the stream or river. See ad medium filum aquae; filum aquae; usque ad filum aquae; and usque ad medium filum aquae. Cf. ad filum viae; ad medium filum viae; filum viae; and usque ad filum viae. ad filum viae adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); filum thread

viae of way, road

(2);

(3): to

the thread

of the way.] Law. To the middle of the way/road. To the central line of the way/road.

When the boundary

between the lands of land-owners

presumed

that the

boundary

is

is

(1);

fin.

or a.

adv. [L.

f.

finem end

ad

to, at, for,

(2): to the end.]

Used

in

should continue from a point to the end of a section.

ad fundandam jurisdictionem (1);

adv. [L.

fundandam

jurisdictionem jurisdiction to

in

An

which the

on exploiting the audience's prejudices instead

of dwelling on issues or his opponent's contentions.

No doubt,

of the courts in the application of of disputes would be seriously whittled down if ad hominem legislation were to be made the general practice (Nwabueze 1982:212). See argumentum ad hominem. ad hunc locum abbr. ad h. 1. or a. h. I. adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); hunc this (2); locum place law

the role

in the settlement

(3): at this place.]

On

this passage.

ad idem adj. I adv. [L. to, at, for, according to (1); idem the same (2): to the same.] Of the same mind. Agreed. In agreement. The expression is used with reference to the making of contracts, a) The two sides were not that the parties

bibliographical citations to indicate that the reader

to be

ad

to, at, for,

founded

(3);

(2): for the jurisdiction

be founded.] In order to establish the basis of

jurisdiction.

an argument

;

the negotiation failed, b) The court held

were never ad idem as

to the subject

matter of the proposed sale, and that the contract was therefore void (Ezejiofor et al. 1982:54). See assensio mentium; consensus ad idem; and idem.

ad finem abbr. ad

according to

trates

ad idem so

filum aquae.

according to

is

(1);

Logic. Designed

speaker attacks his opponent's character and concen-

formed by a road,

of the local authorities and the public. Cf. ad

according to

at, for,

(2): to the person.]

emotions, or directed against a person.

an imaginary line

along the center of the road, subject, of course, to the rights

ad hoc plans. adj. [L. ad to,

person

He

adopt a well considered policy

ad hominem argument

extremis.

it is

to

Counselfor the plaintiffadvanced a pre-

liminary point

adfundandam jurisdictionem.

adieu

interj. [Fr.

ad Graecas Kalendas soluturos Augustus Caesar (63

ad

Graecas Greek

to, at, for,

according to

Kalendas Calends

by, with, until (1);

—

an emotional scene

in

which the final-year students

made their adieus, b) ... he bade adieu to film-making to work with video in 1972 (Newsweek Int. Nov. 12, 1979: 59). 2. Law. Used for final and complete disad impossibilia adv. (1);

(2);

[L.

ad

sible things.]

To the

according to

to, at, for,

impossibilia impossible (things)

(2): to

impos-

impossible. Generally, children

should be encouraged to work hard, but they should not be urged on

soluturos.

[L.

in,

missal from court. See a bientdt. Cf. adios.

ad Graecas Kalendas [L. ad to, at, for, according to (2); Graecas Greek (3); Kalendas Calends (4): on the Greek Calends.] Never. // will come to pass ad Graecas Kalendas. Cf. ad Graecas Kalendas

B.C.- 14 A.D.).

a to, toward,

Dieu God: with God.] I entrust you to God. Go with n., pi. God. Goodbye! Farewell! Adieu, Jamesl adieux or adieus 1. Farewell. Leave-taking, a) The memorable but painful ceremony was climaxed by

ad infinitum

ad impossibilia.

adv.ladj. [L.

infinitum the infinite

ad

to, at, for,

(2): to

according to

( 1);

the infinite.] Without end.

(4);

Endlessly. Indefinitely, a) The speaker kept talking

soluturos those about to pay

(1):

those about to pay

on the Greek Calends.] They

will

pay

ad infinitum, b) Theoretically, the consequences ofany conduct may be endless, but no defendant is responsible ad infinitum for all the consequences of his wrongful

the

(3);

Greek Calends;

i.e.,

their debts

on

they will never pay their

Greek calendar there was no Roman month and the traditional day for making debt payments. ad h. 1. abbr. for ad hunc locum (q.v.). ad hoc adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); hoc debts, since in the

Calends, the

first

this (2): for this.]

day of the

For this particular purpose. For this

conduct

.

.

(Rogers 1975:88). Cf. in infinitum.

ad initium abbr. ad

init.

adv. [L.

ad

to, at, for,

accord-

ing to (1); initium beginning (2): at the beginning.]

At the beginning, from the start. ad inquirendum n. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( ); inquirendum inquiring (2): for inquiring.] For 1

13

Law.

investigation or inquiry.

A

writ ordering that

ad melius

inquiry be conducted into a matter. Cf.

inquirendum,

ad interim abbr. A.

or a.

I.

according to

at, for,

meantime

interim meanwhile,

(1);

(2): for the

or ad int. adv. [L. ad

i.

to,

the

in

meanwhile.] Provisionally.

Temporarily. In the meantime. The committee served

ad

—

interim.

adj.

Temporary. Effective, pending a

permanent arrangement. An ad interim committee was

God.

adios from a

at, for,

God

adv. [L.

lib.

libitum pleasure (2):

desires.

—

adj.

An ad lib.

Done,

ad

to, at, for,

as

according

accordance

at pleasure.] In

one pleases or

said, devised, etc. spontaneously.

—

discussion.

n., pi.

ad

libs

Things done,

The ad

said, devised, etc. spontaneously.

libs in the

—

v. To act spontacomedy routine were hilarious. neously. He ad libbed the response. ad limina [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); limina

thresholds (2): to the thresholds.]

pilgrimage to the tombs of

Rome.

2. Christianity.

St.

1.

Christianity.

Peter and

St.

Paul

diocese. 3.

high authority

some

an organization. The district

in

manager 's appeal ad limina led by the board of directors. adj. Iadv. [L.

suit,

in his

A trip to company headquarters or a report

or appeal to the board of directors, president, or

ad litem

A in

A trip to Rome by a bishop to

provide the Pope with a report on conditions

ad

to

a policy change

Society of Jesus (the Jesuits). ad majorem patriae gloriam adv.

according to

according to

(1);

action (2): for the suit.] Law. For the legal

A guardian ad litem is usually appointed to act for a minor who is sued. See administrator ad litem. ad litem decidendam adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to

( 1 );

litem

suit,

action (2);

be determined

decidendam

(3): for the suit to

Law. For the determination of the

ad

litis

(1);

majorem

of the country. Victory

[L.

ad

to, at, for,

greater (2); patriae of

gloriam glory

(3 ): for the

.

.

.

the family

decisionem adv.

to (1); litis

of

suit,

[L.

ad

manum adj. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); manum hand (2): at hand.] Handy. Ready to be used. ad manum mortuam adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); manum hand (3); mortuam dead (2): to a dead hand.] In mortmain.

ad medium filum aquae

[L.

medium middle

(2);

to (1);

of water (4):

To

to

be decided,

be determined.] according

action (3); decisionem determi-

according

to, at, for,

filum thread

aquae

(3);

middle thread of the water.] Law.

the middle line of the stream. Applicable to

when

own-

a running

owned by two persons. Each owner owns the soil up to the middle of the stream. See ad filum aquae. ad medium filum viae [L. ad to, at, for, according to stream separates lands

(1);

medium

middle

way, road, path

(2);

(4): to the

filum thread

(3);

viae of

middle thread of the way.]

To the middle of the road. Cf. ad filum aquae. ad melius inquirendum n. [L. ad to, at, for, according melius better

(3);

inquirendum examining,

investigating (2): for examining better.] For better investigation or inquiry. to

Law.

A writ asking a coroner

conduct an inquest again. Cf. ad inquirendum. //.. pi adminisThe Latin masc.

administrator oxfern, administratrix trators or fern, administratrices pi.

administratores

manager, conductor.]

is 1

.

not

common

Law. A person

in

English. [L.

legally appointed

manage the estate of a deceased person. in administrative work as a) a person empowered to govern a colony; b) an official by a court

legal suit.

to, at, for,

to the

ad

ership of the soil of a river's bed

to (1);

to, at, for,

suit.

to

glory of

(3): for the greater

ad

As much

with a person's wishes.

litem

gloriam glory

to,

greater (2); Dei of

1970:108).

abbr. for ad libitum (q.v.).

( 1 );

majorem

had once glorified only of the winner: but now, as the whole citizen community felt itself to be one family, victory served ad majorem patriae gloriam (Jaeger

1

ad libitum abbr. ad to

);

1

( ); Dios God (2): with God.] I entrust Go with God. Goodbye! Farewell! See a

aditus or adituses [L. entrance, passage.]

n., pi.

lib.

(4);

(

God.] For the greater glory of God. Motto of the

Entry.

ad

according to

greater glory of the fatherland.] For the greater glory

toward,

to,

bientot. Cf. adieu.

aditus

abundantiorem cautelam. ad majorem Dei gloriam abbr. A.M.D.G. [L. ad

in,

inter/. [Sp.

by, with, until to

security (3): for greater caution.] For greater caution

or security. See ad

fatherland, native land (4);

appointed.

adios or adios

you

administrator ad colligendum

2.

A

to

person engaged

nation, settlement (2): for determination of the suit.]

who

Law. For the settlement/determination of the

organization, a government agency, etc.; c) a priest

legal

authorized to

suit.

ad

litis

to

(

1

ordinationem adv.

[L.

of suit, action

(3);

); litis

ment, disposition

(2): for the

ad to, at, for, according ordinationem arrangearrangement of the

suit.]

Law. For the disposition of the legal suit. ad locum abbr. ad loc. [L. ad to, at, for, according ( 1 );

directs the affairs

locum place (2):

to the place.]

At the

place.

Used

to indicate location in a book.

ad majorem cautelam adv. ing to (1);

majorem

[L.

ad

greater (2);

to, at, for,

accord-

cautelam caution,

institution, a

manage temporarily

business

the affairs of a

church.

administrator ad colligendum bona defuncti administrator manager, conductor ( 1 ); ad according to

to

of an

(2);

goods, property

colligendum collecting (3);

n. [L.

to, at, for,

(5);

bona

defuncti of the deceased

(4):

manager for collecting the goods of the deceased.] Law. One who supervises the collection of the property of a deceased person. Between the burial and the final obsequies, a period

of two

to three

weeks

administrator ad litem

14

normally elapses. The head of the appropriate extended family acts as a sort of administrator ad colligendum bona defuncti

who supervises the proper

custody and preservation ofthe goods ofthe deceased until

a successor is appointed duly authorised to ad-

minister them (Bentsi-Enchill 1964:164).

administrator ad litem conductor

action, suit

who

n. [L.

administrator manager,

ad to, at, for, according to (2); litem (3): manager for the action.] Law. One

(1);

supervises a legal

suit.

Applicable to one ap-

pointed a special administrator to represent an estate in

an action because either there

the executor

is

no executor or

is

incapable of acting. See ad litem.

administrator pendente

lite n.

administrator

[L.

manager, conductor (1); pendente (with) pending

(3);

manager with a suit pending.] Law. An administrator appointed to manage the estate of lite

with suit

(2):

when

a decedent temporarily

a suit on intestacy has

not been determined. (q.v.

ingly (1); reverendus reverend (2): very reverend.] Title applied to a

member of

the

clergy.

nauseam

[L.

ad

to, at, for,

according to

disgust, seasickness (2): to disgust.]

(1);

To the He

point of sickness. In a disgusting/sickening manner.

kept harping on one aspect ofthe matter

ad nauseam.

ad non executa adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1 ); non not (2); ex(s)ecuta (things) executed (3): for the things not executed.] Law. For the things which have not been executed by an executor. The Administrator of Estates was appointed ad non executa in regard to the estate of the deceased. ad officium justiciariorum spectat. unicuique coram eis placitanti justitiam exhibere. [L. to, at, for, ac-

cording to

(2);

officium duty

(3);

justi(t)iariorum

of justices (4); spectat it pertains, relates (1); unicuique to each individual, everyone (7); coram

1

.

Greek and Roman Mythology.

that

A youth

he captured the love of Aphrodite

(Venus), goddess of love. Very few

Ademola 's sex appeal. He has

women can

resist

ofAdonis and the strength ofHercules. 2. A very handsome young man. Mustapha, the Adonis ofthe campus, is pursued by beautiful young ladies to such an extent that he theface

hardly gets time for his studies.

adoptio

n. [L.

adoption.] Law. Legal process in

which a

child transfers his legal rights and duties from his natural is

parents to adoptive parents. Adoption in England

entirely the creature

of statute.

No provision

for

it

was made until 1926. English law thus differs sharply from civil law systems which, inheriting the Roman concepts of adoptio and adrogatio, recognise legal transfers from one family group to another (Cretney 1976:383). See adrogatio.

ad personam

adj. /adv. [L.

personam person

hominem

).

ad misericordiam adj. Iadv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); misericordiam pity, compassion, mercy (2): for pity.] Applicable to an argument or a plea for mercy. The defense attorney 's arguments ad misericordiam had no effect whatsoever on the judge. Admodum Reverendus or Reverendus Admodum abbr. Adm. Rev. adj. [L. admodum very, exceed-

ad nauseam adv.

handsome

so

(1);

administratrix fern, of administrator

Very Reverend.

Adonis n. [Gk.]

(q.v.).

ad

to, at, for,

according to

(2): to the person.]

Designed

to excite

Ad

Logic.

emotions and

appealing to personal prejudices and sentiments, instead of concentrating on issues. Applicable to an

argument.

ad pios usus

adv. [L.

ad

to, at, for,

according to

pios religious (2); usus uses, benefits (3): for

(1); reli-

gious uses.] For religious purposes. For charitable or pious purposes. Applicable to donations, bequests, etc.

The Deacon donated the sum of $500,000 ad

pios usus.

ad prosequendam adv., short form for ad litem prosequendam [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); litem suit, case (2); prosequendam to be prosecuted (3): for a suit to

ecute a

suit.

be prosecuted.] Law. In order to pros-

To prosecute.

that the Attorney

//

was such a crucial case

General himselfappeared in court

with a team ad prosequendam. ad punctum temporis adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1 ); punctum point (2); temporis of time (3): at the point of time.] At an instant. At a moment. At the smallest portion of time. ad quaestionem facti non respondent judices; ad quaestionem juris non respondent juratores. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (4); quaestionem question (5); facti of fact, deed (6); non not (2); respondent

pertains to the

( 1 ); ad to, at, for, according quaestionem question (11); juris of right, law (12); non not (8); respondent answer, respond (9); juratores jurors (7): Judges do not respond to a

duty ofjustices to deliver justice to everyone pleading

question of fact; jurors do not respond to a question

before them.] Law.

of law.] Law. Judges do not answer to a question of

before, in the presence of (9); eis them (10); placitanti pleading (8); justitiam justice (6);

exhibere

to deliver, administer (5):

It is

the duty of justices to deliver

justice to every individual

See justitia nemini

ad omnia tempora (1);

omnia

It

who

pleads before them.

ad to, at, for, according to tempora times (3): at all times.]

For all times. Always. Judicial precedents are established to assist the courts

to (10);

fact;

jurors

do not answer

to a question

of law;

i.e.,

jurors decide questions of fact, while judges decide

etc.

adv. [L.

all (2);

answer (3); judices judges

ad omnia tempora.

questions of law. See ad quaestiones legis

jure judices

etc.;

juratores sunt judices

quemadmodum ad quaestionem habenda

etc.

etc.;

facti;

etc. Cf.

de

and

Veritas

ad vitam aut culpam

15

ad quaestiones dent. [L. ad

legis judices, et

questions (4); legis of law

and

(6);

non not

non juratores, respon-

according to

to, at, for,

(3);

judices judges

(5);

juratores jurors

(7);

quaestiones

dent answer, respond (2): Judges respond to questions

of law, and not

Law. Judges, not

jurors.]

jurors, de-

cide questions of law. See ad quaestionem facti

ad quern

ad

adj. /adv. [L.

quern whom, which

according to

to, at, for,

To which

which.]

(2): to

etc.

(1);

date or

torney General

rem

ad referendum. ad

adv. I adj. [L.

To

the point. Without digression.

purpose. Relevant to the matter being discussed.

His shallow-mindedness to

—

speak ad rem.

(1);

To

the

—adv.

suggested by his inability

is

adj. It is

a very convincing ad

rem argument. adrogatio

n. [L.

of a person

who

is

is

less than fourteen years old

and a

girl

under

twelve years of age. See adoptio. adroit adj. (1);

[Fr.

from a

to,

toward,

ad sectam adscriptus glebae n., ads. abbr. for

adscripti glebae [L.

pi.

An

assigned to the land.] to, cultivating,

and

(1);

glebae to land

ancient to

Roman

(2):

slave at-

be transferred with, the

name appears

first (e. g.,

Smith ads. Jones, instead

v. Jones).

ad

at

(2);

summam

adv. [L. the top,

[L.

adstante (with) being

febre with fever

( 1 ):

When

is

hand.] Medicine.

sum mam

there

with fever

fever.

ad to, at, for, according to (1); summit (2): at the top.] On the

whole. Generally. In short. In a word. In conclusion.

He submitted, ad summam,

that he

would not defend

the action.

ad terminum annorum adv. ing to (1);

terminum

[L.

ad

to, at, for,

term, end (2);

of years. A lease

is

usually granted

accord-

number

ad terminum

annorum. son.]

Not

An

all

):

to

(2);

one per-

be taken internally.

to

ad val. abbr. for ad valorem (q.v.). ad valorem abbr. adv. or ad val. adj. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( ); valorem strength (2): according to strength.] According to, based on, or in proportion to the value. Used with respect to taxation (1) of goods on the basis of the value declared in the invoice and (2) of property on the basis of the assessed value. The purchase tax

adventitia bona

pi. n.

bona goods

(2):

on cars [L.

is

ad valorem.

usually

adventi(c)ia accidental

Roman Law.

accidental goods.]

Applicable to goods which one acquires by one's

own

exertions, as distinct from

goods obtained by

inheritance. n., pi.

adventitiae dotes [L. adventi(c)ia

dowry (2): Roman Law. Dowry which is not

foreign, accidental (1); dos

foreign

dowry.]

derived

estate

of the wife herself or of the wife's mother.

See dos.

ad ventrem inspiciendum [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); ventrem belly, womb (2); inspiciendum to inspected. For

a jury

of experienced elderly

womb

(3): for a

examining a womb.

to

be

A writ summoning

women

to

determine a

pregnancy.

ad verbum

adj. /adv. [L.

verbum word

ad

to, at, for,

(2): to a

according to

word.] Verbatim.

Word

for word.

ad verecundiam adj. /adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); verecundiam modesty, bashfulness (2): for modesty.] Applicable to an argument for the sake of modesty.

ad vitam adj. /adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); vitam life (2): for life.] For the duration of one's life. The privileges were conferred on her ad vitam. Cf. autre vie.

annorum of ad vitam

years (3): for a term of years.] For a specific

adulterinus

1

son.] Everyone.

(1);

adstante febre abbr. adst feb.

hand, existing

according to

ad us. ext. abbr. for ad usum externum (q.v ). ad usum externum abbr. ad us. ext. adj. [L. ad for, to (1); usum use (3); externum external, outward (2):

be inspected, to be examined

land.

ad sectam abbr. ads. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); sectam side, party (2): at the side.] Law. At the suit of. Used in the title of a case when the defendant's

being

(

grandfather, but from any other source such as the

(q.v.).

adscriptus added, assigned

at

unum omnes n. [L. ad to, at, for, unum one (person) (3); omnes all

from the property of the wife's father or paternal

Skillful. Clever.

of Smith

(2),

1974:373).

adventitia dos by, with, until

in,

droit right (2): toward the right.] Right-handed.

tached

subsection

Its

deals with adulterini (Graveson

ad

(1);

The adoption under age (impubes), i.e., a boy

adrogation.] Civil Law.

who

.

1

according to

to, at, for,

matter, thing, property, business, affair (2): to

the thing.]

.

.

for external use.] Medicine. For external application.

time. Cf. dies a quo.

ad referendum adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1); referendum referring (2): for referring.] For further consideration. The docket was sent back to the Atad rem

therefore

(1); et

respon-

(8);

of the issue of adulterous unions.

aut culpam

cording to

(1);

blame, fault

adj. /adv. [L.

vitam

life (2);

(4): for life

or

ad

to, at, for, ac-

aut or

fault.]

For

(3); life

culpam or until

terminated on account of misconduct. Originally used n.,pl.

adulterini [L. false, not genuine per-

adulterine person.

A person

who are not legally married to each the Legitimacy Act

born to parents

other. Section I

1959 applies only

of

to legitimation

to qualify a feudal tenure and, subsequently, tenure

of office. Dictators who assume the dent for

make

it

life

"

title

of "Presi-

could at least be gracious enough to

"President

ad vitam

aut culpam.

"

ad vivum

ad vivum

16 ad

adj. [L.

according to

to, at, for,

alive, living (person) (2):

(

);

1

vivum

used by his divine daughter Athena (Minerva).

according to a living person.]

Painting. Lifelike. Based on a living model.

advocatus Dei

advocati Dei

Favorable circumstances.

advocatus

Some criminals perpetrate

advocate of

under the unholy aegis of highly placed members ofthe community. 3. Leadership. Direction.

of the

Control. Guidance. Optimists have been hoping that

Catholic Church entrusted with the duty of

under the aegis of the President the economy will

n., pi.

advocate, pleader

Dei of God

( 1 );

[L.

(2):

God.] God's advocate. Specifically, an

Roman

Pro-

2.

tection. Patronage. Sponsorship. Auspices. Shield.

official

by the advocatus diaboli

refuting arguments brought

promotor

advocatus diaboli

improve.

of a

(q.v.) against the canonization or beatification

person. Cf.

atrocities

aegrotat

n., pi.

aegrotats [L.

certificate indicating that

fidei.

He

is sick.]

1.

A

medical

a student cannot attend lec-

A

advocati diaboli

[L.

tures or

advocatus advocate, pleader ( 1 ); diaboli of devil

(2):

degree awarded to a candidate by a university when the

«., pi.

advocate of the devil.]

person

who

I.

The

devil's advocate.

looks for faults.

who

Church. The advocate

2.

Roman

A

promotor

consent of the lord, master, or owner.

adyton (Gk.)

(L.) or

Gk. aduton: a- no, not

adyta

n., pi.

duO

(1);

[L.

from

enter (2): not to be

The innermost recess of a temple, sanctuary, or shrine which was accessible only to priests, and from which oracles were pronounced. 2. A private entered.]

neighbor

1.

chamber.

A

(2): rivalry

Law. Exercising a

ad voluntatem [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); voluntatem will, consent (2): at will.] At the consent. ad voluntatem domini adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1); voluntatem will, consent (2); domini of lord, master (3): at the will of the master.] At the will or

adytum

student fails to take examinations for medical reasons.

advocatus Dei.

Fidei. Cf.

place of retreat.

An

inner sanctum.

A

2.

aemulatio vicini n., pi. aemulationes vicinorum [L. aemulatio rivalry, competition (1); vicini of

Catholic

argues against the can-

onization or beatification of a person. See

perform any duty because of sickness.

of neighbor.] Civil and Scots

legal right with the sole intention

of annoying or harming another person. *

aenigma

var.

aeon or eon

of enigma

eration, long space

of time,

a)

(q.v.).

aeons or eons [Gk. aion age, gen-

n., pi.

of time.] Age.

Mr Mensah

A

very long span

waited for what seemed

like

an aeon before the good news of the birth of a baby boy was brought to him. b) He still remembers that

day eons ago when he first met

her.

aequam servare mentem Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 11,3,1-2. [L. aequam even, level (2); servare to keep, preserve ( ); mentem mind (3): to keep an even mind.] To be level-headed. To remain undisturbed. Life can 1

nice to have an adytum, where one

be very tempestuous but, whatever happens, one should

and enjoy solitude, far away from the insanity of the crowd. See sanctum and sanctum

golden rule ofaequam servare mentem. aequior est dispositio legis quam hominis. [L. aequior more equitable, fairer (4); est is (3);

holy place.

can

// is

retire

sanctorum. A.E.D. abbr.

for

Artium Elegantium Doctor (q.v.). quod alteri

aedificare in tuo proprio solo non licet

noceat. [L. aedificare to build erect (4);

tuo your

ground (2); ( 1

(7);

quod

0);

(5);

proprio own

non not

(that)

(1); licet

which, what

noceat would do harm,

lawful to build on your to another.]

erect

Law.

own

It is

it

is

(3); in on, in

solo

(6);

soil, land,

allowed, lawful

(8); alteri to

hurt, injure (9):

land what

another It is

not

would do harm

unlawful for a landowner to

on his/her land a structure which infringes on

the rights of others. See sic utere tuo etc.

ground, land

been

built

(1);

solo on ground, land (2); solo to

(4); cedit

accrues

on the land accrues

That which has

(3):

to the land.]

dispositio disposition, arrangement (2);

quam

(6):

Disposition of law

Law. Any

equitable than

aequitas

n. [L.

equity, fairness, humanity.] Civil

See

aequum

bonum; aequum

et

legum; ex aequitate; ex aequo

dum aequum

et

bonum. and

(2):

Buildings accrue to the land.] Law. Buildings

of

Law.

Cf.

bonum

et

et

est lex

bono; and secun-

apex

juris; ex rigore

summum jus.

aequitas est correctio justae legis qua parte deficit

quod generatim est

is (2);

lata est. [L. aequitas equity (1);

correctio improvement, correction (3);

justae of just

(4); legis (of)

cient, falls short (8);

cedunt accrue

fairer than (disposition)

Equity. Justice which conforms to natural law or right.

See quicquid plantatur

tures (1); solo to the land, soil (3);

of law

The disposition of the law is more that made by an individual person.

(6);

etc.

is

legis

human being

a person.] Law.

building erected on the land belongs to the land.

aedificia solo cedunt. [L. aedificia buildings, struc-

( 1 );

than (5); hominis of person,

juris; strictum jus

aedifica turn solo solo cedit. [L. aedificatum that which

has been built

stick to the

parte

law

(in) part (7); deficit

qua

(5); it

is

in

which

wanting, defi-

quod because (9); generatim it was passed ( 0):

generally, in general (11); lata est

Equity

is

1

a correction of just law in

wanting because

it

which

part

it

is

was passed generally.] Law. Equity

belong to the owner of the land. See quicquid

serves the purpose of correcting deficiencies in a law

plantatur

which, though just, becomes deficient

etc.

aegis or aigis

n., pi.

The goatskin

aegises or aigises [Gk. aigis.]

shield of the

god Zeus

1.

(Jupiter) usually

situation, since ation.

it

was passed

to

in a particular

cover a general

See aequitas est correctio

legis etc.

situ-

17 aequitas est correctio legis generaliter latae, qua

parte deficit. [L. aequitas equity

(1); est is (2);

correctio correction (3); legis of law (4); generaliter

qua

generally (6); latae (of) passed (5);

parte

(7);

(in) part (8); deficit

a correction of the law

cient, falls short (9):

Equity

passed generally

which part

in

which

wanting, defi-

is

it

in

is

wanting.] Law.

is

it

Equity serves the purpose of correcting deficiencies

law passed

in a

to

cover a general situation.

aequitas est perfecta

quaedam

turn interpretatur et

ratio quae jus scripemendat; nulla scriptura

comprehensa, sed sola ratione consistens. aequitas equity, fairness fect,

to

right,

1

est

);

quaedam

excellent (3);

speak

(

[L.

perfecta per-

a certain, a kind of, so

reason (4); quae which (6); jus

(5); ratio

law (11); scriptum written

interprets (7); et

is (2);

and

(

1

0);

interpretatur

emendat emends,

(8);

corrects

nulla in no (13); scriptura (in) writing (14);

(9);

comprehensa comprehended, perceived

(12); sed

but (15); sola alone (18); ratione (with) reason

consistens consisting ness

is

in,

(

1

7);

consistent with (16): Fair-

a perfect reason, so to speak, which interprets

and emends the written law; perceived

in

no writing

but consistent with reason alone.] Law. Equity perfect kind of reason

written law;

it

which

is

a

and corrects

interprets

comprehended by no writing but

is

consists in reason alone.

equity, fairness

law

(4);

( 1 );

sed but

non not (2);

(5); juri right,

facit

law

Law. Equity does not make law, but

numquam

aequitas

makes (3); jus

(7);

auxiliatur

does not make law, but assists law.]

assists (6): Fairness

it

aids the law.

contravenit leges.

[L.

aequitas

numquam never (2); contravenit

equity, fairness (1);

uity,

i.e.,

laws. See aequitas.

Aesculapius

Roman

medical practitioner.

suae

aetatis

law by, for instance, giving

full relief in

cases where

the law merely gives relief partially.

aequitas sequitur legem, or equitas sequitur legem. [L. (2);

aequitas equity, fairness

legem law

(3):

(1);

sequitur follows

Fairness follows law.] Law. Eq-

uity follows the law. Applicable to interpretation statutes

Cf. lex

and the construction of

aliquando

of

legal instruments.

[L. aetatis (of)

abbr. for

I.

aequo animo adv. [L. aequo (with) fair, impartial (1); animo with mind (2): with fair mind.] With an equable mind. With equanimity. He arbitrated the dispute

of medicine.

father

age

suae

(2);

own

of one's

(1):

actum

love affair or affaire

2.

A

(of)

one's

age.]

ad finem

fide (q.v.). 2.

(q.v.). 1.

d'amour (q.v.). Ever since

A

the

traumatic end ofher engagement to William, Comfort

has been flitting from one affaire

to another. 2.

A

An affair, episode, or matter which

scandalous matter.

arouses general dispute, anxiety, speculation,

etc.

Usually used with names of persons, a) theAli affaire;

Jones

b) the

of

love.]

man

pi.

to a

A

love

woman

affaire; d) the

See

I'affaire.

affaires

d'amour

affaire.

affair.

A

[Fr.

amour love (3):

matter (1); d' of (2);

affair,

Ajadu

affaire; c) the

Monica Lewinsky affaire d'amour n.,

affaire

a matter

romantic attachment of a

or vice versa, which

An immoral

usually of a

is

sexual relationship.

de coeur. de coeur n., pi. affaires de coeur [Fr. affaire affair, matter (1); de of (2); coeur heart, soul (3): Cf. affaire

affaire

of

affair

heart.]

A

romantic affair or a love

affair,

d'amour (q.v.). affaires d'honneur [Fr. d' of (2); honneur honor

usually of a short duration. Affaire

affaire

d'honneur

n., pi.

affaire affair, matter (1);

matter or affair of honor.]

A

duel.

An

affaire

A matter which involves

d'honneur led

to the

pre-

mature death of Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) at the hands ofAaron Burr (1756-1836). affectus punitur licet non sequatur effectus. [L. affectus disposition

even

if,

although

(3);

(6); effectus result,

sition is

( 1 );

punitur is punished (2);

is

if the result

may

punished, even

not follow.]

if

the desired

accomplished. See actus non facit

afficionado var. of aficionado affidavit n.,pl. affidavits [L.

has pledged his

licet

non not (5); sequatur may follow accomplishment (4): The dispo-

punished even

Law. The intention result is not

etc.

The

A physician.

affaire n.,pl. affaires [Fr. affair, matter, scandal.]

honor.

supplements the

Greek and

aetatis suae. a.f.

(3):

equity,

1.

At the age of. Used to indicate the age of the deceased on tombstones or the age of the subject on artwork. Cf. anno

never opposes laws.] Law. Equity never contravenes i.e.,

from Gk. Asklepios.]

n. [L.

Mythology. Mortal son of the god Apollo by

the unfaithful Koronis.

contravenes, opposes (3); leges laws (4): Fairness

or counteracts the laws;

law (5); legum of laws (6): The good thing is the law of laws.] Eqwhat is equitable and good, is the law of

equitable and the

short duration.

aequitas non facit jus sed juri auxiliatur. [L. aequitas

i

(3); est is (4); lex

own, his/her

est correctio justae legis etc.

See aequitas

affirm ant

faith.]

A

etc.

(q.v.).

He has made an oath. He

written statement, signed

between his wife and a neighbor aequo animo and

and sworn

adjudged his wife blameworthy.

authorized officer, such as a commissioner for oaths

aequum (1); et

et

bonum n. [L. aequum the equitable (thing) (2); bonum the good (thing) (3): The eq-

and

uitable and the

good

thing.] Equity. Fairness.

et

bonum

uitable (thing)

or magistrate.

by the deponent

It

usually

shows

in the

the

presence of an

name and address

of the deponent as well as the statement. The President provided evidence

in the

case by means ofaffidavit.

affirmanti, non neganti, incumbit probatio. [L.

See aequitas.

aequum

to

(

1

est lex

);

et

legum.

and (2);

[L.

bonum

aequum

the eq-

affirmanti (on, to) the one affirming, asserting

(3);

good

(thing)

non not

(5);

the

(4);

neganti (on,

to) the

one denying

affirmantis est probare

18

incumbit weighs upon, oppresses (2); probatio proof (1):

Proof weighs on the one affirming, not on the

one denying.] The burden of proof

who

prove

who makes

i.e.,

it

is

an allegation

by adducing relevant evidence. See actori

it

incumbit

on the one

one who denies;

affirms, not on the

incumbent upon a person to

lies

asserting, affirming (2); est :

it

of the one asserting

It is

gation of the one

is (

1

);

probare

to prove.]

See actori incumbit

(4) est ;

of one tion

(

is

(2);

afTirmatio

exclusio exclusion

alterius of the other (5): Affirmation

or implies the exclusion of the other.

is

See designatio unius n..

pi

fraternal love

among Christians.

be derived nor the merit of the one loved.

ad

to. at)

to

God's

4.

love for man. See caritas.

agapemones [Neo-Gk. from Gk.

n., pi.

agape love

mone

(1);

at

free love

name given

rived from the

c.1849

station (2): love-station.]

where

institution or place

Spaxton

in

is

to a settlement

An De-

practiced.

founded

England which was notorious of free love. Stella

brought infamy to the respectable Drobu clan by converting the mansion inherited from her father into

an agapemone.

agenda is

n.. pi.

agendas (Agenda

is

plural in Latin but

often used as a singular in English.) [L. things that

A

must be done.]

etc.

afflatus or afflatuses [L. from

Genuine

Spontaneous and

3.

which considers neither the benefit

altruistic love,

for immorality or the practice [L.

exclusion of the other.] Law: The affirma-

of the one

afflatus

it.

etc.

unius of one

);

1

is (3);

the obli-

who makes an assertion to prove

affirmatio unius exclusio est alterius. affirmation

It is

prove

to

included prayers, songs, readings from

It

the Scripture, and donations for the poor. 2.

agapemone

etc.

affirmantis est probare. [L. affirmantis of the one

(3)

Christians.

of matters

list

to

be discussed or

things to be done, especially at a meeting. Program.

for,

according to (2) and flatus blowing, breathing

Memorandum book. Before each meeting the secretary

(1)

blowing

despatches copies of the agenda to members.

or

:

Strength, knowledge,

to.] Inspiration.

power supematurally imparted. Divine impulse or

He

agenesia

n.

[Gk. a- no, not (1); genesis creation, begin-

rarely contributes to discussions but,

ning (2): no creation.] Medicine. Inability to reproduce,

w henever he does, his contribution seems to be fired

whether in man or woman. See impotentia generandi.

revelation.

by an inexplicable

afflatus.

aficionado or afficionado or afficionada fern.

Cf anaphrodisia.

See inflatus. fern,

aficionada or

aficionados or afficionados or

n.. pi.

aficionadasorafficionadas[Sp. amateur

enthusiastic admirer of bullfighting. 2.

]

1.

An

A fan. An en-

thusiastic admirer, supporter, follower, or

champion.

Michael Jackson aficionados, b) Diana Ross aficionados, c) Felix Liberty aficionados, d) Though the soccer match was scheduled to begin at 4.00 p.m.. a)

afficionados ofthe sport started entering the stadium

as early as 10:00 a.m. e) For the aficionados, disco fever isfar

{Newsweek

more than a Saturday night phenomenon Int.

Jan.

a fond adv. [Ft. a

fond bottom (2):

to,

1,

1979:56).

toward,

to bottom.]

in,

He

is

To the bottom. Thoroughly.

such a dedicated leader that his follow ers

support him a fond.

:

from the stronger.]

Much

more. With a stronger

more

or greater reason. All the

certainly. If a

prejudiced, afortiori, his mental vision

More

certain or conclusiv

fortiori argument. See a

e, a)

is limited.

man

—

is

adj.

a fortiori proof, b) a

multo

[Fr.

Afrique Africa (3); Occidentale West (2); Francaise nies in

(1):

French West Africa.] The French colo-

West Africa

or the areas of Africa once under

French colonial control.

agape

love,

or

agapae or agapai or agapes [Gk. agape love of God for man. love feast.] 1. Love feast

/;..

pi.

common

feast

agents de change

n.. pi.

de of (2); change exchange

of fellowship observed by the early

agent

[Fr.

(3):

agent of

A stockbroker. An exchange broker. A licensed broker who, in some European countries, exchange.]

1.

especially in France, stituting the official

a

is

member of the board

bourse

(q.v.). 2.

con-

A dealer in the

exchange of currency. agentes et consentientes pari poena plectentur.

agentes acting

(1); et

and

(2);

[L.

consentientes con-

poena

senting, agreeing (3); pari with/by equal (5);

(with/by) punishment (6); plectentur shall be punished

Acting and consenting shall be punished with

equal punishment.] Law: Acting and consenting parties suffer the

same

penalty. See qui

non improbat,

approbat. agent provocateur agent agent

n.. pi.

agents provocateurs

A

hired agitator.

[Fr.

provocateur provocative; provok-

(2);

undercover man.

A

secret agent.

A

person employed to

A

spy.

An

professional or infiltrate

an or-

ganization or to associate with suspected persons and,

by pretending against

would

fortiori.

Afrique Occidentale Francaise abbr. A.O.F. French

(1);

ing (1): provocative or provoking agent.]

a fortiori adv. [L. a from, by (1); fortiori the stronger (2)

agent

(4):

by, with, until (1);

Through and through. To the utmost. Up to the hilt. Exhaustively, a) The lecturer knows his field a fond. b)

agent de change

be sympathetic, to collect evidence

to

them or

to incite

them

result in their arrest

to illegal action

and punishment,

which a)

One

of the reign of tyrants is the covert appointment of agents provocateurs who. characteristic feature

pretending to be friends, collect incriminating information from unwary citizens and report to the authorities, b)

.

.

.

overeager investigators can become

agents provocateurs inciting crimes that otherw ise

w ould not have been committed (Newsw eek 18, 1980:26).

Int.

Feb.

19

aggiornamento n.,pl. aggiornamentos [It. updating ] The bringing up to date or modernization of an institution or an organization, especially applied to the

Roman

Catholic Church during the Second Vatican

Council (1962-1965). i

propagandy

[Russ. (otdeJ) agency (3); agit(atsii) agitation

and

(1)

prop(agandy) propaganda

(2);

and propaganda agency.]

1

);

propaganda.

Political

I.

(

(3): agitation

Communist propaganda in particular. 2. The government agency which disseminates such propaganda. agnomen n., pi. agnomina [L. from ad to, at, for, according to (2) and nomen name (1): a name for, an additional name.]

names of

a

1.

An

Roman,

addition to the three normal

Africanus

e.g.,

Cornelius Scipio Africanus.

An

2.

Publius

in

epithet.

A

nick-

name. Margaret Thatcher 's agnomen was the Iron Lady. Cf. nomen. n. [Gk. a- no, not (1); gnosis knowledge (2): no knowledge, ignorance, lack of acquaintance.]

agnosia

Medicine. Inability, either complete or partial, to rec-

ognize things through the senses of sight, hearing, or touching.

Agnus Dei of God.]

usually caused by brain damage.

It is

agnus lamb (

n. [L. 1

Lamb of God. A

.

for

1

mercy and peace

in

Dei of God

);

(2):

lamb

many

words of a prayer

first

Christian liturgies. 2.

A

musical composition based upon this prayer.

agora

camp or aides [Fr. aide aide, assistant ( ); de of (2); camp camp (3): assistant of the camp.] A military or naval officer who serves as a superior 'officer's 1

of assembly, a marketplace.]

An

1.

intrusion

who

ancient Greek

quickly becoming an electronic

n.

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. agora market-place

phob(os) fear ( 1 ): fear of the market-place.] Psy-

chology. Abnormal fear of being

in,

or crossing, open

no, not (1); written, un-

written things.] Sayings of Jesus Christ

which are

not recorded in the canonical gospels but can be found

other Christian writings. Cf. apocrypha.

a gratia adj. /adv. [L. a by, from

by grace.] Not by

June

Hegirae

right.

gratia grace

(1);

(2):

The tenant occupies the house

1.

Anno Hebraico

(q.v.). 2.

.

.

down

sits

.

to

a

(Newsweek Int.

aide-memoires

n., pi.

memoire memory

[Fr.

aide aide,

memory aid.] 1. Something which aids the memory. A mnemonic device. An aid or help to the memory. 2. An outline or summary of significant aspects of a proposal or assistant (2);

(1):

A memorandum. All that

diplomatic communication.

seems

an aide-memoire prepared by

to exist is

Crocker which has been seen and approved, but not by Pretoria and Angola (New African

initialled,

1984). Cf.

memoria

technica.

Aide-toi, le Ciel t'aidera. Jean de

la

Fontaine (1621-

1695). [Fr. aide help (1); toi yourself (2); le the (3);

Ciel heaven; sky (4);

you

t'

(6);

Help yourself; heaven

helps those

who

aidera will help, aid

Heaven

will help you.]

help themselves. Cf. audentis

fortuna juvat; fortis fortuna adjuvat; and

On

dit

etc.

[Japan, ai mutual

n.

mutual

spirit art.]

A

(

1

);

do

ki spirit (2);

art (3):

Japanese form of self defense

body weight. ailurophobia

n.

phob(os) fear

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. ailuro(s) cat

(2);

of cats.] Psychology. Inordi-

(1): fear

a justitia (quasi a

emanant. as

if,

quodam

a from, by

(

1

as though (3); a from (4);

laws

(8);

(6);

quodam

omnia

a certain

jura

all (7);

emanant proceed, emanate, flow out

From justice, as though from

flow.] All rights

omnia jura

fonte)

justitia justice (2); quasi

);

fonte fountain, spring

(5);

(9):

[L.

a fountain,

all

rights

emanate from justice as from a spring

hunc locum

Anno humanae to,

toward,

(q.v.).

salutis (q.v

toward,

huis door (3); clos closed

in,

(2): in

a closed door.]

Behind a closed door. Secretly. In camera Huis Clos.

anno inventionis ad interim

abbr. for

aid-de-camp

var.

(q.v.).

(q.v.).

of aide-de-camp

of)-]

).

by, with, un-

Cf.

A.I. abbr. for

A.L. abbr. for anno lucis a la or a la short form of a

a huis clos adv. /adj. [Fr. a

a.i.

Anno

(q.v.).

A.H.S. abbr. for

A.I. or

.

.

or fountain. for

abbr. for ad

til ( 1 );

.

11, 1979:10).

aide-memoire

rights,

a gratia.

A.H. abbr. a.h.l.

he

.

nate fear of cats.

places or spaces. Cf. claustrophobia.

agrapha pi. n. (sing, agraphon) [Gk. agrapha written, things written (2): not

in

.

.

which takes advantage of an opponent's strength and

agora.

agoraphobia (2) ;

Each morning

working breakfast with his aides

aikido

is

A person

such as a President, Prime Minister, Minister,

or diplomat.

people meet for social or political functions. The

World Wide Web

2.

serves as the confidential assistant of a higher

officer,

que

2.

Fobo resents the constant upon the privacy of her family by her

husband's aide-de-camp. Captain Sawu.

A place of assembly. A place where

marketplace.

.

assistant or attendant. Mrs.

(5):

agorae or agoras [Gk. assembly, a place

n., pi.

(q.v.).

aide-de-camp or aid-de-camp abbr. A.D.C. or ADC or a.d.c. or aide n., pi. aides-de-camp or aids-de-

even

reference to Jesus as the

lamb and the

sacrificial Pascal

aide abbr. for aide-de-camp

1

agitprop short form of otdel agitatsii n.

a la or a la

(q.v.).

(q.v.).

in,

by, with, until

After the manner

(q.v.).

la (

of.

1

mode de (q.v.).

);

la the (2): in the

[Fr.

Following the style

accordance with the fashion

of. In the

a

to,

(manner of. In

fashion of.

As

done by. a) The chefprepares dishes in a variety of national styles, including a la chinoise, a la polonaise, a la russe, and a la florentine. b) She wore a suit a la Chanel and her hair a la Marie A ntoinette. c)

a

The computers were programmed to produce music la

Mozart and art a

la Picasso, d) ...

it

appears

"

20

a la carte

more

the fireworks are "generating

Dutch

light than heat

a la Chinweizu (The Guardian 1986). Cf. a la

Holland elected the first government ofMr. Ruud Lubbers [ 939- ], who set out

francaise.

la the (2);

( 1 );

By

the menu.]

carte card,

By

the card.

bill,

to give the

menu (3): by

or from the

of

bill

hollandaise (The Economist 1987).

side.]

by course, each of which

a

priced separately, a) Terry

is

and Sarah went to a restaurant where they celebrated her birthday with an a

form of

francaise

[Fr. a to,

toward,

in,

mode way, manner

prepared the sauce a [ 1

906-

]

.

.

had indeed always said

.

should be a commonwealth a

.

.

West

(

.

alameda n.,pl. alamedas is

alameda

[Sp.

—the Alamo A

mission

site

of a major

battle in the

Santa Fe,

war

—Los Alamos

1836.

in

mode

An

area north of

New Mexico, where the first atomic bombs

were created during World War a la

Texas indepen-

for

pi.

adj. [Fr. a to,

mode

la the (2);

toward,

in,

by, with, until (1);

fashion (3): in the fashion.] Fash-

ionable. In fashion. In vogue. Chic. Stylish.

dashing young man who always wears a

French

suits.

—

adv.

dance with, the 2.

According

1.

latest fashion,

American. With

to,

He

is

a

mode

la

or in accor-

conventions,or ideas.

ice cream. Pie

a

la

mode. 1

of] After the manner

Following the style

of.

accordance with the fashion

done i.e.,

of. In

the fashion of. As mode de Bretagne;

of. In

by. They are cousins a la

they are distant or "kissing " cousins.

A la Recherche du temps perdu [Fr. du of the

temps

(4);

perdu lost, passed (6): in Remembrance of Things

a to, toward, in,

time, weather (5);

the search of the time lost.]

Past, the collected novels

of Marcel Proust (1871-1 922). Cf. fugit irreparibile

tempus and temps perdu. (1); la the (2);

a la

by the

With

full

(

1

);

(3):

with

application of the rules.

la the (2);

al

[Fr. a to,

and Rubicon.

00-44

B.C.). [L. alea

jacta thrown, cast (3); est

Let the die be

Music.

To

the end of the piece. Cf.

alfresco or al fresco adj.

2.

1.

A

Open-air. Outdoor.

air

or outdoors, a)

The

cast.]

die

is

[It.

da capo.

in the open.]

Done

in

made outdoors.

painting

Done or performed

in the

open

We traveled to Lagos yesterday to

watch an alfresco dramatic performance, b) After a

we retiredfor an alfresco lunch.

tiring session, 1

.

In the fresco style. 2. In the

open

air. a)

—

adv.

People are

clamoringfor the performance ofthe drama alfresco.

We found the

tourists as they

were having lunch

alfresco.

algesia

n.

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. algeO

feel pain:

sense of

pain.] Sensitivity to pain.

algolagnia

n.

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. algo(s) pain

gneia coition, sexual intercourse

from experiencing pain

toward,

in,

by,

sauce sauce (4); hollandaise

(i.e.,

treating one's partner cruelly

algophilia

n.

(1); la-

(2): painful

sexual

fondness

(

masochism) or from (i.e.,

sadism).

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. algo(s) pain 1 ):

mal pleasure

(2); philia

fondness of pain.] Psychology. Abnorin the

pain suffered by either oneself or

another person. n.

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. algo(s) pain

phob(os) fear

(1): fear

(2);

of pain.] Abnormal or exces-

sive fear of pain. alias short form

of alias dictus adv.

time, at other times,

rules.

sauce hollandaise adv.

with, until

by, with, until

rigueur harshness, strictness

the strictness.] Strictly

in,

1

Quoted by Suetonius (born c. 69 A.D.) at I, 32. fine adv. [It. al to the (1); fine end (2): to the end.]

algophobia

a la rigueur adv. [Fr. a to, toward,

(2):

(1);

(

intercourse.] Psychology. Deriving sexual pleasure

by, with, until (1); la the (2) recherche search, re-

search (3);

be

let he/she/it

b)

mode de [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until ( ); la the (2); mode way, manner (3); de of (4): in the manner

a la

B.C.). [L. alea a

cast.

fresco (q.v.).

II.

00-44

esto, jacta alea est,

game

a die in a dice

The

after 1744.

1

alea jacta esto. Julius Caesar

religious building constructed

San Antonio, Texas,

in

(

1

See alea jacta

at a

dence

abbr. for a la carte (q.v.).

die in a dice

tree-shaded.

U.S.A.

being or

game ( ); jacta thrown, cast (3); est is, has been (2): The die has been cast.] The die is cast.

a grove of pop-

alamo n.,pl. alamos [Sp. alamo a poplar tree.] A popular or cottonwood tree, common in the southwestern

A human

albinos [Port, white.]

n., pi.

skin and hair being whitish, the eyes pink. a.l.c.

A boulevard or park, especially one which

lar trees.]

Roman who is sent by the Pope on a particular

alea jacta est. Julius Caesar

Africa 1986).

Represent-

3.

legate a latere

an animal which does not have natural pigment, the

thai there

la francaise

—

mission. Cf. de latere.

albino

Leopold Senghor

lafrancaise. b)

(Appli-

line.

Casual. Incidentally.

Not following the legitimate or regular course.

Catholic Church

style,

or fashion. After the French fashion or manner, a) She

2. Incidental.

a very high-ranking confidential legate in the

francaise French

French way.] In the French manner,

(3): in the

Descended from

on the same

ing with full powers. Plenipotentiary.

by, with, until (1); la

(4);

ancestor, but not

(Applicable to a proceeding or process.)

mode

a la

latere side (2): from the

(1);

Collateral. Collaterally.

1.

common

Casually. ,

a la francaise adj /adv., short

Law.

cable to inheritance.)

They dined

la carte dinner, b)

a la carte.

country a dose ofThatcherism a la sauce

a latere adj. Iadv. [L. a from

fare.

Applicable to a meal ordered dish by dish or course

the (2);

.

.

.

1

a la carte abbr. a.l.c. adj. /adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by,

with, until

way

with the Dutch sauce.] In the Dutch

(3):

or manner. In 1982

(2): at as.

[L. alias at

some other time (

1 );

another

dictus called

other times called.] Otherwise called or

The word

is

known

usually used in legal proceedings to

21

between the various names n., Adamu, alias Tough Guy. pi. aliases A false or assumed name. The notorious criminal, who has been using many aliases, was establish a connection

which a person

—

bears.

Elsewhere.

another place. The accused person secured his

acquittal principally by proving himself alibi.

—

n.,

The plea that at the time the crime was committed one was not at the place of commission but elsewhere. The accused person pleaded alibi when the charge was read and explained to him. 2. An excuse. This is the usual alibi which lecturers make

pi. alibis

1.

for their failure

to publish articles.

alieni generis adj. [L. alieni

Of another

(2):

of another kind or

to,

or

under, the authority of another person. Controlled

by another person. Used with reference

to those

are not legally qualified to act on their

Timpossible nul n'est tenu. by, with, until (1); (3);

V

[Fr.

who

behalf

is

To

a

to,

toward,

in,

the (2); impossible impossible

nul ... n' no one, nobody

held (6):

one

own

minors). Cf. sui juris.

(e.g.,

A

(4); est is (5);

the impossible no one

under obligation

is

held.]

tenu

Law.

No

do the impossible.

to

See impotentia excusat legem. alio intuitu adv. [L. alio with another, different (1);

intuitu (with) intuition, consideration (2): with a dif-

With a motive different from With a different object or view. aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Ars Poetica 359. [L. aliquando sometimes, occasionally (1); bonus good (2); dormitat sleeps, nods (4); Homerus Homer (3): Sometimes good ferent consideration.]

the ostensible one.

Homer nods. aliquis

sleeps.] Occasionally

Homer

even the good

Even the best sometimes err. non debet esse judex in propria causa quia

non potest esse judex et pars. [L. aliquis anyone, someone (1); non not (3); debet ought, should (2); esse to be (4); judex judge (5); in in, on (6); propria one's (8);

own

personal (7); causa cause, case, reason

quia because

(9);

non not

(11); potest he/she

is able ( 0); esse to be ( 1 2); judex judge ( 1 3); and (14); pars party (15): Someone should not be judge in one's own cause because he/she cannot be

can,

1

et

judge and his/her

party.]

own

party at the

Law. One should not be a judge

in

cause, because one cannot be judge and

same

time.

See

nemo debet

aliquot adj. [L. some, several.]

number of times

in

1

some other

aliquot part of twenty seven.

.

esse etc.

is (1);

one

aliud est possidere, aliud esse in possessione. [L. aliud

one (thing)

(3); est

it

is

(2);

possidere to possess

( 1 );

on

(5);

aliud another (thing) (7); esse to be (4); in

possessione possession to

be

in

(6):

To possess

is

in,

one

possession another.] Law. Possession

thing, is

one

thing, being in possession another.

aliunde adv.ladj.

from another source, from else-

[L.

From elsewhere. From another person or a) The witness who produced the document

where.]

was requested by

the court to explain the contents

by evidence aliunde, b) The party propounding a

bound to

call

one of the attesting witnesses, if ofdue

available, to prove execution, even ifevidence is forthcoming

execution aliyah

ascent.]

aliunde (Parry 1961:67).

aliyot or aliyoth or aliyahs [Heb. 'aliya

n., pi.

Ascending the platform

1.

gogue

in

order to say a blessings

Torah.

2.

Jewish immigration to

Allahu akbar

The Motto of the

[Ar.

Allahu God

God (is) great.] God

is

great.

reading of the

Israel.

Alki or Al-ki [Chinook by and by.] for the future.

Jewish syna-

in a

at a

By and

by.

Hope

State of Washington.

akbar

(1);

When

great (2):

the chartered Air

France 747 jetliner appeared in the pink haze of Teheran 's morning sky, the rhythmic chant of "Allahu

akbar"

spread from the airport throughout the {Newsweek Int. Feb. 12, 1979:8). allegans contraria non est audiendus. [L. allegans .

.

.

city

one alleging

non not

One

(1);

contraria conflicting (things)

(4); est is (3);

audiendus

alleging conflicting things

Law.

A

person

who makes

must not be heard. Applicable

is

be heard

to

(2); (5):

not to be heard.]

conflicting allegations to a witness

who during

cross-examination contradicts himself/herself or

blows "hot and cold."

suam turpitudinem non est audiendus. [L. suam his/her own (2);

allegans

allegans one alleging (1);

turpitudinem base not (5); est

heard

(6):

is (4);

Someone

not be heard.] Law. turpitude

is

infamy, turpitude

act,

audiendus

to

alleging his

(3);

non

be heard, must be

own

base act must

A person who alleges his/her own

not to be heard;

i.e.,

a person

may

testify to

his/her own infamy, but not as a basis for a claim or right.

non debuit quod probatum non relevat. [L. non not (6); debuit should, ought to have been (5); quod (that) which, what ( ); probatum having been proved (2); non not (3);

allegari

allegari to be alleged (7);

1

relevat relieves, alleviates (4): That which, having

an

been proved, does not alleviate, should not have been

2. Fractional.

is

Each of

aliud est celare, aliud tacere. [L. aliud one (thing) it

It is

(5):

Contained a definite quantity. Three

the co-heirs received an aliquot part ofthe inheritance.

(2); est

tacere to be silent

Concealment and silence are two different things. Concealment is one thing, silence another. See unum

will is

of another (2); juris of right,

of the law of another.] Law. Subject

(1):

(1);

sort.

alieni juris adj. [L. alieni

law

(4);

thing to conceal, another thing to be silent.] Law.

place,

of another, another's

generis of kind, class, group class.]

another (thing)

est tacere etc.

arrested yesterday. alibi adv. [L. elsewhere, in/at another place.]

In/at

allegata et probata

celare to hide, conceal (3); aliud

alleged.] is

Law.

An

allegation, which,

irrelevant, should not

allegata et probata pi. (1); et

and

(2);

when proved,

have been made.

n. [L.

allegata alleged (things)

probata proved (things)

(3):

alleged

and proved of a party

22

factum

allegatio contra

Law. Allegations and proofs,

things.]

See secundum allegata

to a suit.

i.e.,

pro-

et

bata.

allegatio allegation

admittenda.

est

[L.

contra against, opposite (2);

( 1 );

factum deed, act, fact (3); non not (5); est is admittenda to be admitted, must be admitted

(4); (6):

An allegation against a deed/fact is not to be admitted.] Law. An allegation which is contrary to a deed/fact

A rule of evidence excluding all false

inadmissible.

statements.

Lively.

—

glad, merry.] Music. Brisk.

[It.

adv. In a lively and brisk

In quick time.

—

n.

manner or

time.

A piece, passage, dance, or ballet

ego

Yah God (2):

pi. alleluias.

A

allemande fern.

—

Praise God.] Hallelujah (q.v.).

n.,

allemandes

[Fr.

German.]

1.

A

6th-century dance "in the German style" in 2/2 time

or the music written to accompany such a dance.

A

A

n.,

ego

I

egos

pi. alter

another

(2):

I,

a second

Adebayo

trusted friend.

second

[L. alter another, the

is

confidential representative.

Musa

Second

1.

I.]

self.

alter ego. 2.

's

A

Law. The doctrine of alter

corporation responsible, and not the corporation, for

any unlawful

done

act

in the

name of the corporation,

but in reality to promote his/her or their

cry of "Praise God."

n.,pl.

(1);

ego holds the individual member or members of a

step performed in a lively and brisk manner. alleluia inter/. [Gk. allelouia from Heb. hallellu praise

1

dieb. abbr. for alternis diebus (q.v.).

alt.

alter

allegro abbr. alio adj

(1);

Cf.

1

factum non

allegatio contra

is

Alpha and the Omega (Revelations 1:8). omega. Also sprach Zarathustra [Ger. also thus ( ); sprach spoke (2); Zarathustra Zarathustra (3): thus spoke Zarathustra.] Thus Spoke Zarathustra, a four volume treatise (1883) about the Ubermensch (q.v.) or superman by Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). 2. A 1896 tone poem by Richard' Strauss (1864-1949) based upon Nietzsche's work. the

2.

A

interests, a)

.

.

.

if a

company wanted

own

private

appoint an

to

its members, regarded as the alter ego of the company, could rightly make the appointment

agent,

or contradance where dancers advance through the

(Olawoyin 1977:18). b) If the servant does not act bona fide, presumably he is liable on the ground that

groups by taking the hand of

he has ceased to be his employer 's alter ego (Rogers

19th-century dance in 3/4 time.

3.

first

step in square

one and then

another partner.

1975:452).

alternatim adv.

alio. abbr. for allegro (q.v.).

allocatur

pi allocaturs

n.,

[L.

allowed.] Law. In

It is

former times, a writ or order granting or allowing a request, such as an appeal or assessment of damages.

allocutus

[L.

n.

he having spoken, the speaker.] The

right given to a convicted person as to

has to say before judgment

When

what he/she

passed on him/her.

is

was timefor allocutus, the convict informed the judge that he had nothing to say. A.1

locution.

allonge

it

allonges

n., pi.

[Fr.

extension piece.]

paper affixed to a promissory note,

bill

A slip of

of exchange,

or any such document to facilitate more endorsements.

alma mater n., pi. almae matres or alma maters [L. alma fostering, nourishing (1); mater mother (2): nourishing or fostering mother.]

A

school, college,

or university where one was educated and from which

one graduated,

a)

According

to

records at her alma

Lady 's celebration was two years overdue (Newsweek Int. July 18, 1 983: 1 5). b) he came to Ibadan to deliver a lecture early this year at his alma mater the University of mater, Smith College, the First

.

.

.

Ibadan (Sunday Tribune 1986). n.

alogia

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. a- no,

[Heb.

'almemar

pulpit

]

Bema (q.v.).

not; logos

word,

speech: no speech, speechlessness.] Medicine. Inabilspeak, particularly

ity to

when

it

is

the result of a

interj.

[Hawaiian love, affection.] Greetings!

Goodbye! Farewell! Usual form of greeting in Hawaii. The first letter of the Greek n. pi. alphas [Gk.]

alpha

1

,

alphabet which first in

is

one

[L.

after another.] In alternation.

composition, especially ecclesiastical,

which there is an alternation of choirs, of musical of voice and instrumentation. 2. Any alternation of style or form. The writer used prose and in

styles, or

poetry alternatim. alternativa petitio

non

a different, alternative

non not

is

audienda.

est (

(4); est is (3);

different claim

1 );

[L. alternativa

petitio petition, claim (2);

audienda

to

be heard

not to be heard.] Law.

tive petition/claim

must not

to

An

(5):

A

alterna-

be heard.

alternis diebus abbr. alt. dieb. [L. alternis on alter-

nate (1); diebus (on) days (2): on alternate days.]

Medicine. Every other day. See diebus alternis. alternis horis abbr. alt. hor. [L. alternis in alternate (1);

horis (in) hours (2): in alternate hours.] Medi-

cine.

Every two hours. Every other hour. The drugs

prescribed by the medical practitioner are to be taken alternis horis.

alternis noctibus abbr. alt. noc. [L. alternis on alter-

nate

( 1 );

noctibus (on) nights (2): on alternate nights.]

alt.

hor. abbr. for alternis horis (q.v.).

alt.

noc. abbr. for alternis noctibus (q.v

alto

n., pi.

.

the equivalent of "A" or "a." 2.

an order or sequence. The beginning.

/

The

am

altos

[It.

high,

female singing voice. or man.

brain lesion.

aloha

A

Medicine. Every other night.

almemar n.

Music.

1.

3.

2,

).

The lower The highest voice of a boy tall.]

Music.

1.

A person who sings or an instrument which

plays such a part.

alumnus nae 1.

orfern,

alumna n.,

pi.

[L. foster son/daughter,

alumni orfern, alumward, pupil, disciple.]

A graduate of a particular school, college,

tion, or university.

institu-

A meeting of the alumni of the

23 University 2.

A

of Ghana, Legon,

be held on Friday.

will

former member, employee, contributor, or

in-

mate. Woodstock alumni were eager to participate in

A

an anniversary experience.

luta continua. [Port, a the (1); luta struggle (2);

continua continues political

The

(3):

and military slogan

struggle continues.]

A

Portuguese colonies

in

in Africa.

A

do povo e justa. [Port, a the (1); luta struggle do of the (3); povo people (4); e is (5); justa just The struggle of the people is just.] A political

luta (2); (6):

and military slogan Cf.

A.M.

in

Portuguese colonies

in Africa.

O povo etc. abbr. for

I.

Anno mundi

and do whatever you wish.

Annus

(q.v.). 2.

A

variation of dilige et

quod vis fac (q.v.). amantium irae amoris integratio est. Terence (c. 185159 B.C.). Andria 555. [L. amantium of those loving (2); irae angers, indignations

(

1

);

amoris of love

integratio renewing, restoring (4); est

angers of those loving

who is devoted to,

is

is (3).

2.

1

fond

[Fr. lover, fancier.]

of,

1.

A person

or an admirer of something.

2.

A

person

a pursuit, study, etc. as a pastime

in

ment. Circumstances. Surroundings. Cf. ambiente.

ambidexter n.,pl. ambidexters

[L.

from ambi on both

sides (2) and dexter right, skillful (1): skillful with

both (hands).]

A

lawyer (or jury)

who

takes remu-

viz. after he was retained by one side he was retained on the other side; ..." (Megarry 1973:49).

ambiente

n., pi.

ambientes

[It.

and Sp. atmosphere,

environment.] Surroundings. Circumstances. Milieu (q.v.).

Children should be brought up

in

a good social

ambiente. Cf. ambiance.

ambigua responsio contra proferentem accipienda. [L.

response, answer (2); contra against, opposite (5);

sponse

Law.

is

to

(6); est is (3);

An ambiguous

re-

be accepted against the one uttering

it.]

(4):

An ambiguous response must be

interpreted to

the detriment of the respondent. Cf. quaelibet

concessio

etc.

ambiguitas contra stipulatorem

est. [L.

ambiguitas

ambiguity ( 1 ); contra against, opposite (3); stipulatorem

one making

stipulation (4); est

is (2):

against the one making the stipulation.]

Ambiguity

sports, plays

artist, etc.

for plea-

sure and not for financial remuneration. To boost

competition the Tour also allowed amateurs to race

for the first time

A

1983:49). 4.

this year.

person

superficially or without tence. is

the

A glance

in

Int.

July 25,

any activity

due experience or compe-

at the painting clearly

work of an amateur.

of, relating to,

{Newsweek

who engages

—

shows

that

it

adj. Of, characteristic

or having the position of, an amateur

or a nonprofessional person, a)

amateur boxers;

Amateur

wrestling;

amateur athletes; d) amateur actors; e) in Japanese homes, bars and night clubs where amateur singers are not the least bit shy about b)

.

.

c)

.

picking up a microphone to belt out a song

.

.

.

(Newsweek Int. July 11, 1983:3). Cf. dilettante 2. maximis ad minima [L. a from, by (1); maximis greatest (things) (2); ad to, at, for, according to (3); minima smallest, least (things) (4): from the greatest to the least.] From the most important to the least important. All-inclusive.

is

Law. Ambiguity

is

A person who engages in

est

ambigua ambiguous (1); responsio

the stipulation. See quaelibet concessio etc.

river. 3.

was

been an ambidexter,

brought a skull and some objects found at the bank a game, or performs as a musician,

it

established that one Simon Mason, an attorney, "had

could not conceal his excitement when an amateur

of a

.

woman. A virago (q.v.). ambiance or ambience n. [Fr. atmosphere.] Environ-

accipienda to be accepted

and not a profession. The celebrated archaeologist

a

— amazon A A tall, vigorous, manly

wars with the Greeks.

in

female soldier or warrior.

The

renewing of love.] Quarrels

reappeared on the newsstand.

who engages

engaged

proferentem the one uttering

Amateurs ofthe proscribed magazine were overjoyed it

]

(5);

lovers tend to renew or strengthen their love.

amateur n.,pl. amateurs

when

Amazon n., pi. Amazons [Gk. Amazon Greek and Roman Mythology. A member of a mythological race of female warriors who were believed to live on the borders of the then known world and who frequently

neration (or bribes) from both parties. In 1673

mirabilis (q.v ). 3. Artium Magister (q.v ). 4. Ave Maria (q.v.). A.M. or a.m. abbr. for ante meridiem (q.v.). ama et fac quod vis. [L. ama love (1); et and (2); fac do, make (3); quod that which, what (4); vis you want, wish (5): Love, and do what you want.] Love

among

ambrosia

interpreted to the disadvantage of the party that

makes

ambiguum pactum contra venditorem interpretandum est. [L. ambiguum ambiguous (1); pactum agreement, contract (2); contra against, opposite (5); venditorem seller, vendor (6); interpretandum to be interpreted (4); est is (3): An ambiguous contract is to be interpreted against the seller.] Law. An ambiguous contract must be interpreted to the detriment of the seller. Cf. quaelibet

concessio

etc.

ambiguum placitum proferentem.

[L.

interpretari debet contra

ambiguum ambiguous

placitum plea, pleading

(2);

(1);

interpretari to be in-

terpreted (4); debet ought, should (3); contra against,

opposite (5); proferentem the one uttering (6):

An

ambiguous plea should be interpreted against the one uttering it.] Law. An ambiguous plea should be interpreted to the detriment of the party making it. Cf. quaelibet concessio etc.

ambrosia

n.

[Gk. from a- no, not (1); brotos mortal,

human (2): not mortal.] Greek and Roman Mythology. The elixir of life used as food by the gods. Also, 1

.

'

ambulatoria

est

the perfume used

24

voluntas

by the gods.

2.

Something with a

very pleasant taste or scent. The bride was very

charming; she must have sprayed her clothes with the best ambrosia on earth.

ambulatoria

usque ad vitae

est voluntas defuncti

supremum exitum. [L. ambulatoria ambulatory (4); est

is (3);

usque

(2); (6);

voluntas will

( 1 );

as far as (5);

vitae of life (9);

will

tory as far as to the last is

ad

to, at, for,

according to

supremum last (7); exitum end,

The

termination (8):

defuncti of the deceased

of the deceased

end of life.]

capable of alteration until the

is

ambula-

A person's will point of

last

life.

See Legatum morte etc. am. cur. abbr. for amicus curiae (q.v.). A.M.D.G. abbr. for ad majorem Dei gloriam (q.v.). ame damnee/? .,pl. amesdamnees [Fr. ame soul, spirit (2); damnee damned, condemned (1 ): a condemned or damned soul.] A person who willingly and devotedly serves as another's slave, stooge, instrument, or

Blado

tool.

is

a principled man who,

in

be the ame damnee of the powers that be. amelus n., pi. ameli [L. from Gk. a- without (1) and to

without limb.] Medicine.

(2):

A

fetus

which has no limbs. Cf. acephalus and amorphus. amende honorable n., pi. amendes honorables [Fr.

amende amends, apology (2); honorable honorable,

ofconscription and taxed the Roman empire a

merci (Cary 1970:430).

amicus curiae abbr. am. cur. n., pi. amici curiae [L. amicus friend (1); curiae of court (2): friend of court.] Law. A friend of the court. 1 General. A bystander who makes a suggestion or statement on a .

A person

legal matter to assist the court. 2. Specific.

(or government)

who

a brief or argues orally

files

before an appellate court on behalf of a party with

pending case which, generally, concerns

interest in a

matters of wide public interest.

amicus medicorum

n.,pl. amici medicorum [L. ammedicorum of physicians, medical

icus friend (1);

of physicians.] Physicians'

practitioners (2): a friend

Thanks

friend.

of modern medicine,

to the efficacy

gout, which used to be opprobrium medicorum, mainly

because doctors could not treat

has become amicus

it,

medicorum. Cf. opprobrium medicorum.

all

the

way

ad

(2);

n. [L.

friend (1);

according to

way

altars (4): a friend all the in all

amicus

to, at, for,

usque aras

(3);

to the altars.]

A friend

matters but religion.

amnesia

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. a- no, not

n.

memory

(2):

no memory,

(1);

forgetfulness.]

mneme

Medicine

and Law. Loss of memory which could be the

result

of injury to the brain, fatigue, hysteria, epilepsy, or

Am-

or could be caused by anesthesia (q.v.).

respectable (1): honorable apology or amends.] Full

illness,

acknowledgment

nesia generally involves loss of memory of personal

of,

and apology

for,

an error, of-

fense or insult.

amen

identity.

[Hebrew, 'amen

interj.

truly, verily.

So be

it.]

The end of a prayer or a sign of approval. Forever n., pi. amens A statement of asand ever. Amen.

—

sent or approval. At the end ofthe speech amens resounded throughout the hall.

amens is

n. [L.

idiot.

mensa et

mindless, insane, frantic]

completely insane.

An a

The triumvirs exercised unlimited

discretion.

a world of amicus usque ad aras

sycophants andpraise singers, has resolutely refused

melos limb

At

rights

and

et

A

enthusiastic

(3);

adj. [L.

t(h)oro bed

(4):

(1);

mensa

table (2);

from table and bed.] Law.

reference to a kind of divorce or separation in which the couple, though remaining husband and wife, can-

was one of the grounds

for such

divorce or separation.

amens amans

amentes amantes or amantes amentes Plautus (c.50-184 B.C.). Mercator 81. [L.

amens

n., pi.

mindless, insane,

insane lover.]

Anyone

mad

(1);

love

is

in

amans

lover (2):

insane.

amentia n. [L. ab from, away from, out of (1); mens mind (2): out of mind, senselessness, want of reason, insanity.] Insanity. Mental deficiency. Idiocy.

Inadequate development of the

intellect.

See amens,

anoesia, anoia, and demens.

a merci adv.

mercy,

[Fr.

a

to,

toward,

in,

by, with, until

pity, discretion (2): at

periods of his/her

(2):

life.

First, the patient,

previous experi-

recall

remember only some

(

1 );

merci

mercy.] Mercilessly.

love

(

1

);

conquers else. Cf.

all

trial.

nummi coin, cash

Love of money.

vincit [L.

amor

love (1);

(things), everything (3); vincit

amor

usu-

Generally, amnesia does not

amor

[L.

love of coin.]

amor omnia

From bed and board. From board and bed. Used with

not cohabit. Cruelty

Second, the patient cannot

ences. Third, the patient can

A person who amor nummi n.

mentally deficient person.

a from

There are three kinds.

an aged person, easily forgets new impressions.

render a person incapable of standing

See amentia Cf. demens. thoro

ally

things.]

Love

is

conquers

omnia (2):

all

Love

stronger than everything

labor vincit omnia.

patriae

n. [L.

amor

love (1); patriae country,

fatherland (2): love of country.]

Love of one's own

country.

amorphus n.,pl. amorphi or amorphuses [L. from Gk. amorphos: a- no ( ) and morphe shape (2): no shape, 1

shapeless, without form.] Medicine.

no

heart,

A fetus which has

head or limbs. Cf. acephalus and amelus.

amor sceleratus habendi Ovid (43 B.C.-l 7 A.D.). Metamorphoses 1, 3 [L. amor love (2); sceleratus wicked, 1

hated

(

1 );

1

.

habendi of having, of possessing (3): wicked

love of having.]

The accursed

desire for acquisitions.

amor vincit omnia. Cf. amor omnia vincit. amour n., pi. amours [Fr. love, affection, passion.] 1

.

Courtship.

illicit.

2.

Love

one which is ofamours, Semo

affair, especially

After wading through a series

anathema

25 down and is now a

settled

respectable husband

and

father. 3. Sexual love. Love-making. Film-making 4. A lover. A A mistress. When will Bart put

has desecrated the sanctity of amour.

who

person

loved.

is

1

affair, a

An ephemeral or transient love

.

A woman who

affair. 2.

is

engaged

an ephemeral

in

or transient love affair.

amour propre

[Fr.

n.

amour propre

self-love.]

Self-esteem. Self-respect. Self-pride. Vanity. Egotism. Pride. Desire for admiration, a) In

a second

swipe at Soviet amour-propre Carter encouraged speculation that the U.S. might boycott the

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. an- no, not ( 1 ); alg(os)

n.

pain (2): no pain, insensibility, want of feeling.] Insensitivity to pain at a time

Summer

when

a person retains

his/her consciousness.

analysandum

an end to his habit of changing amours? amourette n.,pl. amourettes [Fr. a little love passing love affair.]

analgesia

analysanda

n., pi.

which must

[L. that

be analyzed.] Something to be analyzed. Something to

be defined.

n.,pl. analysans [L. analyzing.] Something which serves the purpose of analyzing or defining.

analysans

analysis n„ pi. analyses [Gk. analusis releasing, dis-

of a problem. Breaking

solving.] Resolution or solution

up or separating a whole thing into parts as well as it.

A

constituent

its

commenting on and assessing or judging

thorough, detailed, or comprehensive study of

Olympics in Moscow (Newsweek Int. Jan. 21,1 980:7).

something that

The chiefs amour propre was severely wounded when most of his subjects refused to acknowledge

enough informed historical analysis (Newsweek Int. May 16, 1983:16). b) Devil on the Cross is a striking piece of writing which combines simplicity ofstory and theme with an extreme richness

b)

what he regarded as a great achievement.

amparo n., pi. amparos

A

Law.

[Sp. protection, refuge.]

Spanish

certificate issued, as protection, to a

person

claiming land, pending the surveying of the land and the actual vesting of the full

title.

a multo fortiori adj. Iadv. [L. a from far (2); fortiori stronger (3):

(1);

multo much,

from much the stronger.]

With a much stronger reason. Much more certainly. Much more certain/conclusive. A more emphatic form of a fortiori anabasis

(2); basis

going up, an expedition up from the

going

(1): a

coast.]

Marching

—Anabasis

up.

They did not subject

a)

of texture and depth of analysis (Nicholas

Owen

in

West Africa 1982).

anamnesis n., pi. anamneseis or anamneses [Gk. anamnesis: ana up, back, again (2); mneme remembering ( ): remembering back, calling to mind, reminiscence.] 1. Reminiscence. Recalling to mind 1

a previous experience. 2. Medicine. Information on

a patient's background used for analysis of his/her

(q.v.).

anabases [Gk. ana up, back

n., pi.

complex,

is

the diaries to

An advance by a military force.

The March Upcountry, an eye-witness

condition.

anaphora

anaphorae or anaphoras [Gk. ana up, phora coming, rising (1): coming up, Rhetoric. Using the same word or phrase at

n., pi.

back, again (2); repetition.]

account by Xenophon (c.430-c.355 B.C.) of the jour-

the beginning of a series of phrases or sentences; e.g.,

ney upcountry,

"Thou

i.e.,

back to the

Greek mercenaries stranded empire battle

after their

of Cunaxa

anacoluthon an- no, not

n., pi.

(1);

sea,

by a group of

in the heart

of the Persian

employer Cyrus was

in

killed at the

akolouthon following

An

(2);

not fol-

inconsistency in

sentence

grammar caused by a sudden change of con-

struction

from one phrase

to the next; e.g., "All

face troubles in the distant future is

—

of us

the intervening

advantageous."

ana up, back (2); krisis judgment ( 1 ): judgment back, examination or inquiry,

anacrisis n.,pl. anacrises [Gk.

particularly prior examination of parties to a suit.] Civil

Law. Investigation of truth

in

which

torture

is

usually applied.

anaemia

var.

n.,

(1): birth

up, back (2);

back, regeneration.] Regen-

[Gk. selections.]

pi. n.

ary extracts,

i.e.,

work or from

A

liter-

pieces chosen from a single literary

An

Ten Commandments or

." in

.

.

the Beatitudes. Cf.

n.

[Gk. an- no, not (1); Aphrodisia be-

longing to Aphrodite (2): not belonging to Aphrodite, insensibility to love, inability to inspire love.]

anthology.

Medi-

engage in sexual intercourse, whether of a man or a woman. See dyspareunia and

cine. Inability to

impotentia coeundi. Cf. agenesia. anastrophe n., pi. anastrophae or anastrophes [Gk. anastrophe: ana up, back, again (2); strophe turning (1): turning back.] Rhetoric.

mal word order;

anathema

n., pi.

anathema: ana (

e.g.,

"A song

A

reversal of nor-

sing."

anathemata or anathemas [Gk. thema something

up, back, again (2);

something placed up, anything dedicated, an

1 ):

the culprit from

members.

I

1

.

Christianity.

authorities all

A punishment,

of a church, which bans

intercourse with the church and

A person cursed by a church. 2.

its

Denouncing

something as accursed. Curse. Imprecation.

collection of

several different works.

the

epistrophe.

imposed by the

(q.v.).

eration or reproduction (e.g., of tissue).

analecta

.

accursed person or thing.]

(q.v.).

pi anageneses [Gk. ana

genesis birth

who

placed

of anemia

anaesthesia British var. of anesthesia

anagenesis

." in

shalt not

anaphrodisia

401.

anacolutha or anacoluthons [Gk.

lowing, inconsistent.] Rhetoric.

time

.

"Blessed are they

3.

A person

or something intensely hated, disliked, abhorred or detested.

.

populism

is

.

those northern businessmen for whom anathema (The Economist 1987). .

anathema anathema

26

sit

[Gk.

sit

him/her/it be

( 1):

anathema accursed

(2); L. sit let

Let this person or this belief be damned.

tianity.

(3):

Let him/her/it be accursed.] Chris-

male-slaying madness.] Law. Homicidal madness

or insanity.

A

anemia

or

anaemia

n.

[Gk. from an- no, not (1);

forumula used by ecclesiastical authorities to exclude

(h)aim(a) blood

a person from the church community. Cf. anathema.

1. Medicine. Lack of adequate blood. 2. Absence or want of vitality. Emptiness, debility, or lifelessness. The erudite professor complained that academia was

ancienne cuisine

n. [Fr.

(1) ; cuisine cooking,

The old

ancienne ancient, cookery

(2):

former

old,

ancient or old

no blood, want or lack of blood.]

(2):

400th birthday ... a

dying slowly from the peculiar disease of intellectual anemia.

down forfive memo-

anesthesia or anaesthesia (British) n.,pl. anesthesias

rable meals ofancienne cuisine {Newsweek Int. Oct.

or anaesthesias [Gk. anaisthesia: an- no, not (1);

cooking.] celebrate

.

the restaurant

.

.

or outdated style of cooking. To

star-studded cast ofdiners

's

sits

See cuisine.

18, 1982:1).

ancien regime

aisthesis feeling (2):

anciens regimes

no

feeling, unconsciousness,

ancien

insensibility to pleasure or pain.]

regime system, government (2) old government.] I. The old or ancient system of government, i.e., before a particular significant

as a result of some abnormality or

nervous system.

period. Specifically, in France, the socio-political

the patient

n., pi.

ancient, old, former

[Fr.

( 1 );

:

system which preceded the Revolution of 1 789.

Loss of feeling

1.

some

injury to the

Medicine. Loss of feeling and,

2.

sometimes, consciousness induced by drugs so that

a) And

would not experience

pain, especially

during surgery. '

vulnerable fledgling democracy

in Spain, the

seeking a popular mandate at a time when threatened

.

.

.

it

by entrenched partisans ofFranco

ancien regime (Newsweek

Int.

is is 's

Feb. 19, 1979:37).

was carried out partly on a volunbut mainly by conscription. As in France ancien regime lots were drawn (Suret-

b) Recruitment

teer basis,

under the Canale 1971:337). ancilla 1

.

n., pi.

An

n.

from Gk. aggelos messenger.]

[L. angel

Christianity.

1

.

The

first

word of a prayer celebrating

the annunciation and traditionally recited three times

a day, at 6 A.M., at noon, and at 6 P.M. itself. 3.

The

bell

2.

The prayer

rung to remind the faithful to recite

this prayer.

angina pectoris

n. [L.

angina strangling

(1);

pectoris

obsolete system or mode.

of breast, chest (2): strangling of the chest.] Medicine.

ancillae [L. a maidservant, handmaid.]

A heart disease, characterized by spasm or sharp pain

2.

Accessory. Something which

something

ticularly, to

which

Angelus

is

an adjunct, par-

big. 2. Helper.

Something

assists in achieving or understanding

some-

Knowledge of a

thing complicated or difficult.

in the chest

and apprehension of imminent death. The

drugs offer their greatest promise in the treatment of the crushing, disabling chest pains ofangina pectoris

(Newsweek Int. March

30, 1981:44).

an indispensable ancilla to meaningful research on their culture, history, etc. ancipitis usus adj. [L. ancipitis of twofold, double ( 1 );

Anglomania

of twofold or double use.] Interna-

attachment

to,

tional Law. Applicable to something (e.g., coal)

institutions

on the part of a non-English person. Some

people's language

usus

(of)

use

(2):

is

which can be used for civil or military purposes. andante adj. /adv. [It. walking.] Music. In a walking tempo. At a slow pace. n., pi. andantes A section of a composition played at a slow pace. androgynus /;.,/;/. androgyni [L. from Gk. androgunos:

—

andr(os) male,

woman.]

A

man

(1);

gune woman

hermaphrodite.

An

(2):

man-

androgyne.

An

effeminate man. Cf. virago.

for males.] Excessive desire

woman

by a

for sexual

and pleasure. See aphrodisia, erotomania,

nymphomania, and uteromania.

Cf.

androphobia

and satyriasis.

androphobia

man

(2);

n.

phob(os) fear

(1): fear

sive fear of males, especially a

of males.] Exces-

woman's dread of

sexual relationship with a man. Cf. andromania.

androphonomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. andr(os) male, man (1); phono(s) slaying (2); mania madness

Gk. mania enthusiasm

(1):

enthusiasm

English things, practices, customs and

ofcountries which areformer British colonies away by their Anglomania that they travel often to Britain for shopping, medical attention, etc. See Anglophilia and Francophilia. Cf. Anglophobia, Francophobia, Gallophobia and citizens

are so carried

Germanophobia. Anglophilia

n.

(2);

[Neo-L. and Gk. from L. Angl(us)

Gk. philia fondness, liking for ( 1 ): fond-

ness or liking for English.] Excessive fondness, liking,

or admiration for England as well as English things, practices, customs, institutions, etc.,

on the part of a

non-English person. See Anglomania.

Anglophobia English

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. andr(os) male,

(2);

for English.] Excessive desire for, fondness for, or

English

andromania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. andr(os) male, man (2); mania fondness, enthusiasm for (1): fondness activity

English

[Neo-L. and Gk. from L. Angl(us)

n.

(2);

n.

[Neo-L. and Gk. from L. Angl(us)

Gk. phob(os)

fear,

dread

(1): fear

or

dread of English.] Excessive fear or hatred of England as well as English things, practices, customs, institu-

on the part of a non-English person. Anglomania. Angst or angst n., pi. Angste or angsts [Ger. Angst fear, dread, anguish.] A feeling of anxiety. Lack of tions, etc.

Cf.

27 paternal attention and the conspicuous hostility of their stepmother

have combined to set upfor the mis-

erable children an angst.

anguis

on

herba

in

(2);

n. [L.

herba grass

anguis snake, serpent snake

(3):

An

back or defect.

( 1 );

in in,

A draw-

in the grass.]

unsuspected danger. See latet

anguis in herba.

angulus corner, angle (1); (2): corner of the

[L.

n.

terrarum of the world, lands

A

Law. With criminal nies the offense,

corner or angle

the world,

in

a place

i.e.,

it is

se

omne

Although the suspect de-

intent.

clear that he acted animofelonico

and actually caused harm to the complainant. animo furandi adv. [L. animo with mind, intention ); furandi of/for stealing (2): with a mind for steal( 1

Law. With the intention of stealing. With

ing.]

intent to

The accusedperson clearly entered the premises

steal.

angulus terrarum world.]

animus ad

animo furandi. See animus furandi.

animo lucrandi (

1

);

adv. [L.

animo with mind,

lucrandi of/for gaining, making profit

intention

(2):

with a

Friday evening the Jacksons departfrom the

mind for making profit.] With the intention of gaining or making profit. With intent to gain or make profit. It

their angulus terrarum, a village

goes without saying that a trader engages

where one

most comfortable or

feels

at ease.

Every

cityfor about twenty miles

animo

away.

anhedonia n. [Gk. an- no, not ( 1 ); hedone pleasure (2): no pleasure, lack of pleasure.] Inability to experience pleasure or happiness. Insensitivity to pleasure or happiness. Peter 's anhedonia

is

such that his relatives

andfriends hesitate to invite him to parties. anima n.,pl. animae or animas [L. soul, person, life, The animal soul, i.e., the soul which a living being.] man shares with all animals. 2. Psychology. The inward 1

.

personality or true inner self of an individual.

anima mind, soul (1); mundi of mind of the world.] World soul. An organizing principle or power of the universe. Cf. atman. anima vagula n. [L. anima soul, mind, spirit (2);

anima mundi

n. [L.

the world (2):

vagula small wandering

My

little

animo cancellandi (

1

);

1

):

a small wandering soul.]

wandering soul! Attributed

emperor Hadrian as tion

(

his

to the

Roman

dying words. inten-

cancellandi of/for destroying, canceling

(2):

with a mind for destroying.] Law. With the intention will. For, in an affair at where for some time their quarters were, the lady appears to have torn it [i.e., the will] piecemeal animo (as lawyers say) cancellandi (L. J. Knight Bruce quoted in Megarry 1955:114). See animus

of destroying or canceling a Pisa,

cancellandi.

By physical

act

and intention. Deliberately

and physically. Used of an offense committed both

by

intent

and by physical

mits an offense

criminal

animo

factum; and facto

(2);

act.

When a person com-

corpore, he cannot escape

See animo et facto; animus

liability.

animo et facto adv.

et

et

[L.

in/with

mind

By

(

1

);

et

and

mind and

design and deed. Investigations re-

vealed that the crime was committed animo et facto.

See animo et corpore. animo felonico adv. [L. animo felonico with felonious

( 1 ):

reasonable. See

animus

animo manendi adv. [L. animo with mind, intention (1); manendi of/for remaining (2): with a mind for remaining.] With the intention of remaining. With

See animus morandi.

intent to remain.

animo morandi

adv. [L.

animo with mind,

intention

morandi of/for staying, remaining (2): with a mind for staying.] With the intention of staying/remaining. With intent to stay/remain. After a sojourn of thirty years in the U.S.A. he has returned home animo morandi. See animus morandi. ( 1 );

animo revertendi.

animo with mind,

adv. [L.

tion (1); revertendi of/for returning (2): with for returning.]

inten-

mind

With the intention of returning. With

He went to Lagos yesterday animo animus non revertendi. animo revocandi adv. [L. animo with mind, intention (1); revocandi of/for summoning again, recovering, revoking (2): with a mind for summoning again.] With the intention of summoning again/recovering/ intent to return.

revoking.

(with) intention (2);

with felonious intention.]

With

intent to

summon again/recover/revoke.

See animus revocandi. Cf. sine animo revocandi.

animo ( 1 );

testandi adv. [L.

animo with mind,

intention

testandi of/for making a will, testifying (2): with

mind

for

making a

will.]

Law. With the intention

With intent to make a For a will to be valid, the testator must have made it animo testandi. See animus testandi. animus n., pi. animi or animuses [L. mind, intention.] 1. Mind. Spirit. Feeling. Objective. His animus was not to murder the deceased but to defend himself. of making a will or

testifying.

will or testify.

2.

Animosity.

Ill

will.

Grudge. Malice. Hostility, usu-

ally latent but deeply- rooted.

clearly

facto in/with deed, act, fact (3): in

deed.] Law.

et

animo.

animo

whatever

lucrandi.

a

animo et corpore or corpore et animo adv. [L. animo with/by mind (1); et and (2); corpore with/by body (3): with mind and body.] Law. By the mind and by the body.

made should be

is

business

in

that

revertendi. Cf.

animo with mind,

adv. [L.

profit

demands

lucrandi, but equity

shows

teacher. 3. Psychology. in a

The principal 's attitude

animus against the The inner male drive, especially

that he bears

female.

animus ad

se

omne jus ducit.

tion (1);

ad

omne all

(3);

to, at, for,

tion leads all

jus right, law

law to

[L.

animus mind,

according to (4);

ducit leads

(2): Inten-

The law pays particular See actus non facit etc.

itself]

attention to the intention.

inten-

(5); se itself (6);

animus cancellandi

animus cancellandi

//.

28

[L.

animus mind,

intention

(

1

);

animus hominis

cancellandi of/for canceling (2): a mind for canceling.]

intention (1);

Law. Intention of canceling or destroying a

(3);

will. Intent

animo cancellandi. animus mind, intention (1); capiendi of/for capturing, seizing (2): a mind for seizto cancel or destroy a will. Cf.

animus capiendi ing.] Intention

n.

[L.

of taking or capturing. Intent

to take

anima

n. [L.

animus mind,

intention (1);

a mind

anima

Law. i.e.,

animus mind,

scripti. [L.

soul (4); scripti of

The intention of a person

is

what

is

(2); est is

written (5):

the soul of what

is

written.]

A party's intention is the soul of the instrument;

the intention of the person

ment

is

animus

or capture.

animus dedicandi

est

hominis of a human, person

the basis of

irritandi

n.

its

who executes an

instru-

validity.

animus mind,

[L.

intention (1);

irritandi of/for irritating, provoking (2): a

mind

for

Law. Intention of dedicating, conse-

Law. Intention of irritating or provoking. Intention of causing irritation or provocation. It was

crating, or donating. Intent to dedicate, consecrate,

only an animus irritandi, which, happening to be exer-

or donate. Applicable to land used for highway.

cised upon a genus irritabile,

dedicandi of/for dedicating, consecrating for dedicating.]

(2):

animus defamandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); defamandi of/for defaming (2): mind for defaming.] Law. Intention of defaming. Intent false statement he

made about

defame. The

to

his friend indicates

had animus defamandi. animus deferendi n. [L. animus mind, that he

intention (1

)';

a

n. [L.

animus mind,

for abandoning.]

intention (2):

Law. Intention of deserting

or abandoning. Intent to desert or abandon.

A husband

who willingly absents himselffrom his matrimonial home for a very long time clearly has animus deranimus deserendi. animus deserendi n. [L. animus mind,

intention (1);

deserendi of/for abandoning, deserting for abandoning.]

(2): a

mind

Law. Intention of deserting. Intent

to desert. Applicable, especially, to desertion

of a

husband or wife. Cf. animus derelinquendi.

animus differendi

n. [L.

animus mind,

intention (1);

differendi of/for postponing, delaying

(2):

a

mind

Law. Intention of delaying or secur-

animus deferendi. animus donandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); donandi of/for giving (2): a mind for giving.] Law. Intention of giving. Intent to give. A gift is not valid if the donor has no animus donandi. animus et factum n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); et and (2); factum deed, act, fact (3): the mind and the deed.] Law. The intention and the act. Intention combined with the act. If one wants to change his ing postponement. Cf.

domicile, there must be animus et factum before the

exercise could be considered to be legally completed.

See animo et corpore. animus furandi or furandi animus mind, intention (2) a :

mind

making

profit.]

or gaining. Intent to

(2): a

mind

Law. Intention of making

profit

make profit or gain. He had animus

(1);

n.

Law. Intention of remaining. Intent intent to establish domicile or

[L.

animus

to remain;

i.e.,

permanent residence.

See animus morandi. animus morandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); morandi of/for delaying, remaining (2): a mind for delaying.] Law. Intention of remaining or delaying. Intent to remain or delay;

elinquendi. Cf.

for postponing.]

intention (1);

the carriage of the goods. See animo lucrandi. animus manendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); manendi of/for remaining (2): a mind for remaining.]

derelinquendi of/for abandoning, deserting

mind

animus mind,

[L.

Law. Intention of securing postpone-

differendi.

);

n.

Iucrandi of/for gaining, making profit

lucrandi and this accounts for his full participation in

animus derelinquendi 1

1973:340). See genus irritabile.

animus lucrandi

a mind

(2):

ment. Intent to secure postponement. Cf. animus

(

produced unexpected in Megarry

violence of resentment (Ben Jonson

for

deferendi of/for postponing, delaying for postponing.]

irritating.]

i.e.,

intention to establish

domicile or permanent residence. See animo manendi; animo morandi; animus manendi; and

animus residendi. animus non revertendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); non not (2); revertendi of/for returning (3): a mind

for not returning.]

Law. Intention of not

Intent not to return. Applicable to the loss

returning.

of animals

such as homing pigeons which usually go out and return

home. See sine animo revertendi. Cf. animo

revertendi and animus revertendi.

animus possidendi

n. [L.

animus mind, intention (1); (2): a mind for possess-

possidendi of/for possessing ing.]

Law. Intention of possessing. Intent

to possess.

Any person claiming ownership ofproperty must have animus possidendi.

animus mind, intention (1); quo mind with which.] Law. The intention with which. The intent with which. animus recipiendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); recipiendi of/for receiving (2): mind for receiving.] animus quo

with which

n.

[L.

(2):

Law. Intention of receiving.

Intent to receive. In the

furandi of/for stealing, pilfering

bribery case, the prosecution proved that the accused

Law. Intention of stealing.

had animus recipiendi and did receive the bribefrom

for stealing.]

The concealment of the money in his socks clearly suggests that Bob had animus furandi. Intent to steal.

See animo furandi.

the applicant.

animus recuperandi n.

[L.

animus mind,

intention

(

1

);

recuperandi of/for recovering (2): mind for recovering.]

29 Law. Intention of recovering. Intent

to recover.

The

plaintiffbrought the action after informing the squatters

animus mind, intention (1); residendi of/for residing, abiding (2): mind for residing.]

n. [L.

Law. Intention of residing

reside in a country.

A person

's

in

try as

a country. Intent to

state

relevant to the issue [whether] he

of mind may be

is present in

a traveler or as an inhabitant;

this point,

residence

a coun-

but, subject to

may be established without any

no requirement of animus residendi (Morris 1973:96). See animus morandi. mental element. There

is

animus mind, intention (1); restoring (2): mind for restoring.]

animus restituendi

n. [L.

restituendi of/for

Law. Intention of restoring. Intent

animus revertendi

animus mind, intention (1); returning (2): mind for returning.]

Law. Intention of returning.

Intent to return. Appli-

cable, especially, to domesticated animals

which have

the habit of going out and returning

animus non revertendi. animus revocandi n. [L. animus mind,

home.

revocandi of/for recalling.]

intention (1);

recalling, revoking (2):

mind

for

Law. Intention of recalling or revoking.

orbis world

(8);

how

son, with

little/small (5);

little

(7):

Do you

is

prudentia ruled,

gov-

not know,

intelligence the world

is

my

ruled?]

not know, my son, with what little sagacity wisdom) the world is governed? annexe n., pi. annexes [Fr. building attached to or

Do you (or

adjoining a larger one.]

1.

Annex. Outlying building

The man seems to have an annexe in the State House (The Guardian 1986). 2. A rider; i.e., to a .

bill.

.

.

Schedule;

ment;

i.e.,

i.e.,

to

an

to a report or

act. 3.

Appendix. Supple-

book. With 320 articles

and

nine annexes, the draft treaty for an international

"Law of the Sea " is a bewilderingly complex docu(Newsweek Int. March 23, 1981:22). .

.

.

anni nubiles pi.

n. [L.

anni years

able (1): marriageable years.]

(2);

of a woman. Ordinarily, a

i.e.,

nubiles marriage-

The age of marriage,

woman who

has not

reached anni nubiles must obtain the consent of her parents before contracting marriage.

anno

Cf.

how

(with) sagacity, intelligence (6); regitur

ment

to restore.

n. [L.

revertendi of/for

quantilla with

(4);

erned

about his animus recuperandi.

animus residendi

anno Hegirae

aetatis suae adv. [L.

(of)

age

(3);

suae

year of one's

own

anno

(of) one's

age.]

in the

year (

own, his/her

At the age

of.

1

);

aetatis

(2): in the

Used

to indi-

cate the age of the deceased on tombstones or the age

of the subject on artwork. Cf. aetatis suae. a will. After the execution of had animus revocandi and he anno ante Christum abbr. A.A.C. adv. [L. anno in invited his lawyer to prepare another. See animo the year (1); ante before (2); Christum Christ (3): revocandi. Cf. sine animo revocandi. in the year before Christ.] In the year before the birth animus signandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); of Jesus Christ. B.C. See anno ante Christum signandi of/for affixing a seal to (2): mind for affixing natum, ante Christum, and ante Christum natum. a seal to.] Law. The intention to sign an instrument. Cf. anno Christi and anno post Christum natum. animus testandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); anno ante Christum natum abbr. A.A.C.N. adv. [L. testandi of/for making a will, testifying (2): mind anno in the year (1); ante before (2); Christum for making a will.] Law. Intention of making a will Christ (3); natum having been born (4): in the year or testifying. Intent to make a will or testify. // is before Christ having been born.] In the year before very unfortunate that he died intestate, for he declared Jesus Christ's birth. B.C. See anno ante Christum. his animus testandi only three days before the incident. anno Christi abbr. A.C. adv. [L. anno in the year ( 1 ); See animo testandi. Christi of Christ (2): in the year of Christ.] In the animus vicino nocendi n. [L. animus mind, intention year of the birth of Jesus Christ. A.D. Cf. anno ante Intent to revoke,

i.e.,

the will, the testator

(1) ; vicino

neighbor (3); nocendi of/fordoing harm,

hurting, injuring (2):

mind

to hurt

presents us with no

year of the birth of the Lord (Jesus Christ), as opposed

Law. Intention of harming a neighbor. Intent a neighbor. The English

law

.

.

.

of the degree to which the intent the language ofthe civil law, the animus

scientific analysis to

harm

or, in

vicino nocendi,

may enter into or affect the conception

(Weir 1974:479). of a personal wrong an nee terrible n., pi. annees terribles [Fr. an nee year .

.

.

(2) ; terrible terrible, dreadful (1): terrible year.]

dreadful year.

It

A

many which came in

will take a long time before

Nigerians forget the annees terribles the

wake of the fall of the

First Republic. Cf.

annus

to B. C. or Before Christ. Christian chronology, is

based on the date of the birth of Christ.

—

which n.

The

approach or advance of old age. Anno Domini has a

way ofinstilling sobriety and sanity in even

the

most

reckless man.

anno Hebraico abbr. A.H. adv. [L. anno in year (2); Hebraico in Hebrew ( ): in the Hebrew year.] In the 1

Jewish year, calculated from the year of creation,

3761 B.C. abbr. A.H. adv. [L. anno in the year Hegirae from Ar. Hijrah migration (2): in the year of the migration.] In the year of the Hegira.

anno Hegirae

terribilis.

an nescis, mi fili, quantilla prudentia regitur orbis? Swedish Count Oxenstierna (1583-1654). [L. an or (1); nescis

Christum.

anno Domini abbr. A.D. adv. [L. anno in the year (1); Domini of Lord (2): in the year of the Lord.] In the

harming a neighbor.]

for

do you not know

(2);

mi

my

(3); fili

son

(1);

Muslim chronology which

is

based on the Hijrah,

anno humanae

30

salutis

Mohammed

the migration of the prophet

Mecca

followers from

to

Medina,

in

and

annuit coeptis

his

A.D. 622.

approves

He approves

See Hegira.

anno humanae year (1);

salutis abbr. A.H.S. adv. [L.

humanae of human (2);

anno

[L.

annuit he/she signifies approval,

coeptis things begun, undertakings (2):

(1);

salutis (of) safety,

seal

the back of the one-dollar

year of the salvation of humankind (by Jesus Christ).

on Vergil's Georgics

abbr. A.I. adv. [L.

anno

inventionis of invention, discovery

in

year

(2): in the

annus horribilis

(1);

year

horrible

A.L. adv.

lucis abbr.

of light

lucis

(2): in the

light or creation.

sons

[L.

anno

in the

year (1);

C. as the year of the creation

of the world, roughly following the Book of Genesis. computation, therefore, A.D.

1989 should be anno

lucis 5989. Cf.

anno mundi

is

and anno orbis conditi.

anno mundi abbr. A.M. adv. [L. anno in the year (1); mundi of the world (2): in the year of the world.]

n.

I,

bill.

This phrase

annus year

[L.

is

based

40.

horrible year.]

(2); horribilis

A disastrous year. A year

tribulation. Because ofall herfamily queen described 1992 as an annus

horribilis. Cf. annee terrible. annus inceptus pro completo habetur. [L. annus year (1); inceptus begun (2); pro as (4); completo completed (5); habetur is had, held, regarded (3): A year begun is held as completed.] Law. A year begun

year of light.] In the year of

By their chronological

( 1 ):

difficulties the

Chronology used by many Freema-

who take 4,000 B.

God) approves

of great trial and

of discovery.] In the year of the invention or discovery.

anno

(i.e.,

of the United States of America, reproduced on

salvation (3): in the year of human salvation.] In the

anno inventionis

He

undertakings.]

our undertakings. Motto on the reverse of the great

in

"

considered completed. Cf. dies inceptus

etc.

annus luctus n. [L. annus year (1); luctus of grief, mourning (2): year of mourning.] Roman Law. A

widow should

not remarry during the year of

mourning. This was to obviate the possibility of

Chronology based on the date the world is supposed to have been created, e.g., 4,004 B.C. Cf. anno lucis

the birth of a child with disputed parentage.

and anno orbis conditi.

practice

anno orbis conditi year

abbr. A.O.C. adv. [L.

orbis of the world

(1);

been founded, founded

(2);

anno

in the

conditi (of) having

(3): in the

year of the world

having been founded.] In the year of the creation (or foundation) of the world. In the year of the creation. Cf. anno lucis and anno mundi. anno post Christum natum abbr. A.P.C. adv. [L. anno in the year (1); post after (2); Christum Christ (3); natum having been born (4): in the year after

Christ having been born.] In the year after Christ's birth.

A.D.

anno regni

(q.v.). Cf.

regni of reign

the

(2): in the

followed by the

ally

anno ante Christum. anno in the year

abbr. A.R. adv. [L.

number of years of the in the

i.e.,

or queen and

anno regni 6, See anno regni

reign; e.g.,

6th year of the reign.

reginae and anno regni regis. year ( 1 ); regni of the reign (3): in the

adv. [L.

anno

in the

reginae of the queen

(2);

year of the reign of the queen.] See anno

anno regni ( 1 );

in the

anno

The some African

societies.

:

the quality

of life

annuus reditus

ofthe occasion by improving

in the country.

n. [L.

annuus

yearly (1); reditus rev-

enue, income, return (2): yearly revenue.]

revenue, income, or return.

anoesia :

n.

A

A

yearly

yearly rent.

[Gk. a- no, not (1); noesis understanding

no understanding, want of understanding.] Idiocy.

Mental deficiency. See amentia and anoia. anoia

n.

[Gk. a- no, not (1); nous mind (2): no mind,

want of understanding,

folly.]

Deficiency of the mind,

amentia and anoesia. [Gk. a- no, not (1); nom(os) law (2): no

especially idiocy. See

regni.

year

in

annus mirabilis abbr. A.M. n.,pl. anni mirabiles [L. annus year (2); mirabilis wonderful, extraordinary ( 1 ) wonderful year.] A particularly notable year, a) For the U.S.A., an annus mirabilis is 1 776. b) Nigeria 's annus mirabilis is I960, while Ghana 's is 1957. c) For Britain, 1666, the year ofthe greatfire in London as well as of the defeat of the Dutch fleet, is regarded as an annus mirabilis. d) As we celebrate our annus mirabilis year by year, our leaders should endeavor

(2)

anno regni reginae abbr. A.R.R.

observed with variations

to justijj' the significance (1);

year of the reign.] Gener-

name of the king

is

regis abbr. A.R.R. adv. [L.

regni of the reign

(2); regis

anno

in the

of the king

(3):

year of the reign of the king.] See anno regni.

anno

salutis abbr. A.S. adv. [L.

in the

year

(1);

salutis of safety, deliverance (2): in the year of safety.] In the

year of redemption or salvation.

anno urbis conditae the year

(1);

abbr. A.U.C. adv. [L.

urbis of the city

(2);

anno

anomia

n.

law, lawlessness, lawless conduct, anomy.]

A

societal

belief, behavior, conduct, etc.

or weakened. in

conditae (of) having

1

.

A situ-

which no laws or norms are observed. situation in which accepted standards of

ation or state in

2.

have been undermined

A state of normlessness

vidual, principally manifested

in

by anxiety,

an indiisolation

from society, and disorientation.

of the

anomie n., pi. anomies [Fr. from Gk. anomia lawlessness.] Anomy. Anomia (q.v.). Both the police and the underworld are the involuntary victims of the

foundation of Rome. See ab urbe condita and post

glaring contradictions in the unfolding Nigerian so-

urbem conditam.

ciocultural

been founded

(3): in the

year of the city having been

founded.] In the year of the foundation (or founding)

of the

city; i.e.,

753 B.C., the

traditional date

anomie {The Guardian 1986).

31 anorexia

no

[Gk. an- no, not (1); orexis appetite

n.

want of desire or

appetite,

Prolonged loss of appetite.

(2):

appetite.] Medicine.

And the

convicted bomber Dolours Price

.

.

.

British released

because she was

imminent danger ofsudden collapse and death

"in

from anorexia (Newsweek Int. May anorexia nervosa

n.

4,

198

1

"

:9).

[Neo-Gk./L. from Gk. anorexia

want of appetite (2);

L.

nervosa nervous

want of appetite.] Medicine. Morbid

(I):

nervous

of appetite

loss

due to psychological reasons, and usually accompanied by emaciation of the body. Growing despondent, she

began

show

to

weight plunged from 137 pounds to three months

Anschluss

(1):

(Newsweek Int. July

n., pi.

AnschluS close

:

an

in,

and her 87 pounds in

signs of anorexia nervosa,

1

1,

1983:

in,

close to (2); Schlufe close, end

An

are admissible to prove matters offamily pedigree or legitimacy (Burke 1976:28). Cf. post litem

motam. ante meridiem abbr. A.M. or a.m.

alli-

A political or economic union of one

should meet at nine o 'clock ante meridiem. Cf. post

meridiem.

mortem

ante

adj. [L.

ante before

mortem diagnosis; mortem.

b) ante

ante natus or ante-natus ante before

mortem

itself (2): in itself]

essential or true nature. Cf.

Ding

sich.

Used Prior

—

adv.

ante

Mentioned previously. Above. Supra.

for bibliographical reference.

—pref.

Preceding. Earlier than. In front

to.

ante-bellum

adj. [L.

before the war.]

of. a)

Prior.

ante-

litical ills

1.

ante before

(1);

bellum war

(2):

Existing or occurring before the

to rectify the

legal status

A person

$3 million (Time

born before.]

1

.

A

2. Britain.

A

U.S.A.

3.

A person born before the marriage

ante-partum

4.

adj. [L.

ante before

partum

(1);

birth,

taining to the period before the birth of a child.

The

baby 's sickness is probably attributable to ante-partum

Int.

2.

American. Pre-Civil War.

anno ante Christum.

before the day.] Before the day

appointed. Early. The loan payments were completed

motam adv. [L. ante before (1); litem motam having been moved, set in motion

before a suit having been set in

1

in

motion.] Before

suit (3):

litiga-

contemplation. Before the controversy

arose, a) There

is

ample evidence

lived under the same

rem

);

matter,

Philosophy. Existing before something else, especially a general or universal

concept existing before

anti pref. [Gk. opposite, over against.]

disputing or challenging the claims

that the parties

roofante litem motam. b) Decla-

rations by deceased relatives

1

Opposing,

.

of. Antichrist.

a) anticlimax; b) antigravity.

to.

in

sentiment, opinion, sym-

pathy, act, etc. a) antiapartheid; b). anti-communist; c) antisocial; d) anti-democratic. 4. Fighting against.

Attacking, a) antiballistic; b) antiaircraft; bacterial.

—

Against or opposed

adj.

anti side

who

is

was very vociferous.

opposed or

in

to,

c) anti-

especially a

—

n.,pl. antis

made ante litem motam

A person

opposition to something. The

matter generated considerable emotional controversy, as the pros and antis seemed ready to resort to physical violence.

antichresis

antichreses [Gk. antichresis: anti

n., pi.

against, opposite (1); chresis use,

employment

(2):

opposite use, substitution of usufruct for interest.]

Law.

A kind of mortgage contract whereby the debtor

pledges his/her property, and the creditor takes the

income from the mortgaged property

ante diem.

ante litem

was

(

proposal, motion, policy, etc. During the debate the

1982). Cf. post-bellum.

ante diem abbr. A.D. or a.d. adj. I adv. [L. ante before (2):

ante before

Opposite

the birth of Christ. B.C. See

diem day

[L.

thing, property, business, affairs (2): before the thing.]

Hostile or opposed to

before Christ having been born.] Before

(3):

ante rem adv. /adj.

3.

1

tion

):

born before the signing of the Declaration

2.

Ante Christum abbr. A.C. adv. [L. ante before (1); Christum Christ (2): before Christ.] (In the year) before Christ. B.C. See anno ante Christum. Ante Christum natum abbr. A.C.N, adv. [L. ante before ( ); Christum Christ (2); natum having been

;

1

affected by that event.

is

war

of the ante-bellum period, which continue

plague the nation.

(2)

(

person born before the union with Scotland.

socio-economic and po-

Alabama refurbished the entire exterior of its antebellum capitol in Montgomery in 1981 for roughly

( 1 );

post

a particular one. Cf. post rem.

war. Nigeria should learn a lesson from the civil

and take steps

born

interest. Cf.

infection. (e.g.,

natal, b) ante-bellum.

to

death

an ante

delivery (2): before birth.] Preceding childbirth. Per-

ante prep. [L. before.] Used for chronology 1960).

mortem

person born before a momentous event and whose

of the parents. Cf. post natus.

an

);

ante nati or ante-nati

n.,pl.

natus born

(2);

German-Austrian union of 1938. The SenegalGambia Anschluss, called Senegambia, seems to be

its

1

:

of Independence.

Potentially. In

(

(2) before death.] Occurring before death, a)

country with another. Used especially of the

a union of two unequal parties. an sich adj. [Ger. an in (1); sich

ante before

adj. [L.

meridiem noon, midday (2): before noon.] Before noon. In the morning. // was agreed that the parties

(1) ;

[L.

1).

Anschliisse or Anschlusses [Ger.

connection, political union.]

ance or union.

1

antiphrasis

est

on the debt.

In

income exceeded the

the excess, if the

antiphrasis

n., pi.

in lieu

of inter-

French law, the debtor could claim interest,

antiphrases [Gk. anti against, op-

posite (2); phrasis saying, speaking (1): saying the opposite.] Rhetoric. Using a word, either ironically

or humorously, connotation;

in

e. g.,

a connotation contrary to the usual

"a mountain 100

ft.

high."

32

antithesis

antithesis

antitheses [Gk. anti against, oppo-

n., pi.

site (2); thesis putting, 1

placing

( 1 ):

putting opposite.]

Opposition. Counter-proposition. Substitution of

.

Union of South

Nadine Gordimer,

Africa.

portrayals of South African

life

(Newsweek

most gullible and naive person would expect a regime which came to power through means that are

ing

separate elections the coloured and Indian

the very antithesis ofdemocracy to be always preoccupied with legal niceties {The Guardian 1987).

system (South 1984). b) Critics ofPretoria

Rhetoric. Balanced contrast of ideas, concepts,

3.

which are

directly opposite to each other; e.g.,

etc.,

"The

regime, which promised democracy, has instituted a

antonomasia opposite

n., pi.

"We

want deeds, not words." antonomasias [Gk. anti against,

reign of terror" and

onoma name

(2);

(1):

name

opposite, the

.

Nov.

1982:56).

8,

—adj. Of,

.

to blacks

's

apartheid

's

indifference

education perpetuates their second-class

'

(Newsweek Int. Nov.

apatheia

no

and commu-

have confirmed their rejection ofthe apartheid

.

policies charge that the government

status

24, 1980:22).

[Gk. a- no, not (1); path(os) feeling

n.

feeling.]

excitement.

proper name, and vice versa.] Rhetoric.

apercu

other designation in place of one which or normal;

e.g.,

Using an-

is

common

"Chief executive" for the "President"

or "Vice-Chancellor." cial title instead

2.

Using an epithet or an

of a proper name;

e.g.,

offi-"-

"his honor"

instead of "Judge Anas." 3. Using a characteristic

proper

name

people;

e.g.,

for a

member of

a class or group of

"a Methuselah" for "a very old man."

Forming a verb or a common noun from a proper name; e.g., "The government has Shugabaed a promi-

4.

A.O.C. abbr. for anno orbis conditi (q.v.). A.O.F. abbr. for Afrique Occidentale Francaise (q.v.).

outrance or

a 1'outrance adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in,

by, with, until (1); outrance excess (2): to excess.]

To

To

the bitter end. In an exaggerated manner.

utmost.

To

the death.

To

a finish. Unsparingly.

remittingly. Unmercifully.

who persecutes

the

Un-

He is an evil-minded man

his rivals a outrance. Cf.

guerre a

outrance and outrance.

apanage or appanage

n., pi.

apanages or appanages

member of

etc.,

1.

Property,

given to a prince or

the royal family for his/her support.

apercus

[Fr.

(q.v.).

glimpse, idea, brief account,

standing.

1 A glimpse. An intuitive insight or underAn immediate impression. From the outside,

celebrity

means receiving

statement]

Int.

.

invitations to all the best

swapping apercus with the noterati

parties,

.

.

(Time

.

An outline. A summary. A brief sketch

1980). 2.

or survey. She reduced her doctoral dissertation of

300 pages to an apercu offour pages. apex n.,pl. apices or apexes [L. extreme end or point, summit, top, a projecting point the highest ornaTop. Summit. Peak. The apex ofMt. Everest.

1.

The apex of the tongue. 3. The culmination; climax. He reached the apex of his career in 1982 2. Tip.

when he was appointed ChiefJustice. The edge of a vein of mineral. apex juris of

n. [L.

right,

law

4.

Mining Law.

apex summit, extreme point

(2):

( 1 );

juris

summit or extreme point of

law.]

Extreme application of a rule of law; i.e., a stricter application of a rule of law than that of summum jus. Cf. aequitas.

aphasia

[Fr. attribute, prerogative, lot, portion.]

allowance, revenue, office, a

n.,pl.

ment]

nent lecturer."

(2):

Freedom from emotion. Freedom from

A.P.C.N. abbr. for anno post Christum natum

.

relat-

characteristic of apartheid, a) In recent

to,

nities

Int.

use of an epithet, patronymic or appellation for a 1

58,

under apartheid

the contradictory. 2. Contrary. Direct opposite. Only the

a

the

has won international acclaim for her sharp-edged

n.

[Gk. a- no (1); phasis speaking

speaking, speechlessness.]

caused by perplexity or

1.

fear. 2.

(2):

no

Inability to speak

Medicine.

A disease

of the brain which involves the loss of the power to speak articulately.

It

may

take the form of inability

Something which naturally or necessarily accompanies something else. John 's main defect is lack of

to vocalize

good

whether written or spoken (sensory aphasia). Cf.

2.

3.

character, the apanage of good upbringing.

A territory which is a principality or a dependency,

a part entiere adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1);

part part

(3);

entiere entire, whole

entire part.] Entirely. all

Wholly. Completely. Fully. In

The French schoolchild or elector

respects.

by the

(2):

.

.

.

was

given to believe that the policy ofdirect administration

was aimed at gradually raising to the condition

the blacks ofAfrica of the French a part entiere (Suret-

Canale 1971:83). apartheid

n.

[Afr. apartness, separateness, separation,

segregation.] Racial separation or segregation, particularly the

system of political, social and economic

words and

to write

(motor aphasia) or inability

to

words as one desires understand language,

aphonia.

aphonia

n.

voicing

[Gk. aphonia: a- no

(2):

Inability to

(

1 );

phOn(e) sounding,

no sounding.] Speechlessness. Medicine. speak articulately as a result of defects in

the vocal organs.

When

partial, the patient is

able to

whisper. Cf. aphasia,

aphrodisia

n.

[Gk. belonging to Aphrodite (Venus),

the goddess of love, sexual pleasures.] Violent sexual desire.

See andromania

apices juris non sunt jura. [L. apices extreme points (1); juris

jura

of right, law

(2);

non not

(4);

sunt are

(3);

Extreme points of law are not Extremes of law (or mere subtleties of law)

rights,

laws

(5):

segregation and discrimination between Europeans

laws.]

and non-Europeans practiced by the government of

are bad rules of law.

33 apices litigandi

[L. apices extreme points (1); which must be disputed, of litiga-

n.

litigandi of that

extreme points of litigation.] Subtle or very

tion (2):

fine points

aplomb

aplombs

a

[Fr.

plomb nerve,

based on deriving cause from

Throughout the interview he spoke and conducted

himselfwith remarkable aplomb, b) With a deft com-

of diplomatic finesse and public

relations

aplomb, he has managed to focus the camera on himself {Newsweek Int. Aug. 9, 1982:1 1). sometimes used as sing. [Gk. apo from, apocrypha pi. away (2); krupt(O) hide, conceal (1): things hidden

away or concealed.] 1 Statements, sayings, or writings whose authorship or authenticity is doubtful. Among .

the apocrypha attributed to the author is a collection

of

Books of Holy Scripture

2. Christianity.

whose authorship and

were considered

authenticity

doubtful by the Jews and are, therefore, not included in the canon;

apodosis

Book of Tobit.

the

e.g.,

Cf.

agrapha.

apodoses [Gk. apo from, away

n., pi.

(2);

dosis giving (1): giving away.] Rhetoric. Clause

The main clause or concluconditional sentence; e. g., "I would have

answering to the sion of a

protasis.

bought a pair of shoes

[if

my father had given me the

money]." Cf. hypothesis 3 and protasis

1

moon

the orbit of the

from the center of the apologia

away

Astronomy. The position

2.

when

or any planet

it

(2); log(os)

earth.

word, speech

(

1 ):

apologia, but a clear

a speech away, a

1

);

pro

for,

vita life (4);

own

life.]

one's

life

not an

is

n. [L.

on behalf of,

apologia apology, defense in

sua one's own

accordance with, as (3): a

(2);

defense for one's

A formal defense, either written or oral, of and principles, such as those of Socrates

and John Henry Newman.

A

messengers.] Civil Law. Apostles, ters

from an inferior

party

who makes

apostrophe from,

n., pi.

away

(2);

strophe turning

or an inanimate object;

apotheosis

I

e,g,

"His

say it?"

to be,

being

ad

(4):

to, at, for,

according to

(3); esse

to being.]

From

posteriori the

latter,

from possibility

possibility to reality.

a posteriori adj. [L. a from later (2):

from the

(

1

);

latter/later.]

"O death, where is thy sting?" 1

being to the status of a god.

A

person's or thing's

mundane existence to celestial glory. The apotheosis ofAlexander the Great. 2. The highest form or development of a thing. The quintessential form. A glorified ideal. A perfect form, a) All communist regimes cling to power by relying on variations of the coercive methods and totalitarian ascension from

.

.

.

precepts that have attained their apotheosis in the

For years the chief of Broadway has been British imports; in "Nickleby " that trend reaches its apotheosis (Newsweek Int. Oct. 12, 1981:57). app. abbr. for 1. apparatus 2. appendix (q.v.). appanage var. of apanage (q.v.). apparat n., pi. apparats [Russ. from L. apparatus U.S.S.R. (Time Int. 1982). b)

that

A bureaucracy or political machine, especially House Military least known modern Presidency (Newsweek Int.

of the U.S.S.R.

Office,

.

.

.

the White

one of the most powerful and

apparats of the

May 26,

1980:29).

apparatchiki or apparatchiks

n., pi.

A Soviet A secret agent of the Communists. apparatus abbr. app.

n., pi.

Logic. Empirical.

bureaucrat.

apparatus or appara-

tuses [L. preparation, equipment, tools, instruments.] 1

.

to

A set of instruments, tools, machines, etc. designed be used for a particular purpose (e.g., research). 2. A

purpose.

3.

that unite to serve a specific

A combination of processes which ensure

the functioning of an organization such as a govern-

turmoil

a posse ad esse [L. a from, by (1); posse to be able, possibility (2);

e.g.,

from, away (2); theOsis making a god ( ): making a god from.] Deification. Raising or elevating a human

ment or a political

but need

a turning away.]

apotheoses [Gk. apotheosis: apo

n., pi.

has finally begun

.

(1):

Rhetoric. Direct address of an absent person, an animal,

speaker breaks off the sentence abruptly; .

let-

an appeal.

group of physical organs silent.]

figure whereby, for emphasis, because

.

dimissory

apostrophes [Gk. apostrophe: apo

of modesty, or for some other reason, the writer or conduct was,

i.e.,

to a superior court, granted to a

[Russ. agent of the apparat.]

aposiopesis n.,pl. aposiopeses [Gk. becoming Rhetoric.

apostoli pi. n. [L. from Gk. apostoloi those sent away,

and unequivocal statement of apparatchik

apologia pro vita sua.

apologia pro vita sua

effect. Inductively.

Empirically. Cf. a priori.

(q.v.).]

of a person's deeds or views. This speech

(

in

farthest

A defense. A written or oral defense

defense speech.]

facts. Cf.

is

apologiae or apologias [Gk. apo from,

n., pi.

—

staple

3.

apogee or apogee n.,pl. apogees or apogees [Fr. from Gk. apo from, away ( ); ge earth (2): from the earth.] I. Climax. Apex. Zenith. Culmination. Peak. The highest point. See acme.

Relating to inductive rea-

(1);

Self-assurance. Poise. Assurance of manner,

risque poems.

effect.

i.e.,

toward

to,

toward lead;

self-possession.] Self-possession. Self-confidence.

bination

arguments based on observation.

to

Deriving cause from soning.

lead, lead-weight (2):

a)

Inductive. Deriving propositions from the observation

of facts. Relating

He attempted to prove his point by resorting to an a posteriori demonstration. adv. By argument

of litigation.

n., pi.

apparatus criticus

it

party.

to

China

's

security apparatus

recoverfrom the organizational

suffered during the Cultural Revolution

(Newsweek Int. July 25, 1983:23). apparatus belli n.. pi. apparatus belli [L. apparatus equipment (1); belli of/for war (2): equipment for war.] The tools of war. apparatus criticus n., pi. apparatus critici [L. apparatus equipment

(2); criticus critical (1): critical

34

appendix

equipment.] Variant readings added to a main text to

show etc.

treatment in manuscripts, earlier editions,

its

The professor showed the students how

advantage ofthe apparatus criticus lish the text

in

to take

order to estab-

more firmly. n., pi.

appendices

or appendixes [L. addition, continuation, supple-

else.

1

);

priori the previous, former

cause.

From

the cause to the effect. Relating to de-

ductive reasoning. Based on assumption. Presumptive. in

demonstrating the necessary

agreement ofanything with a rational or social nature

appendage.

Presumptively. Deductively. Intuitively.

the text. 3.

2. Material,

Tube

such as the tables

bottom of a balloon which

at the

used for inflating or deflating

Medicine.

4.

it.

is

A

supplementary part or appendage of a bodily organ, particularly the

vermiform appendix,

i.e.,

an append-

age of the large intestine which resembles a

worm

in

prions Something such as a trine,

or proposition which

appetitus eager desire, pas-

n. [L.

sion (1); societalis for/of association; community,

fellowship

(2):

eager desire for fellowship.] Passion

time.

—

adv.

1

or not

it is

By

A propos,

connection with. Regarding.

.

.

with

is

the

life

of a

rule.]

(4):

Appli-

A rule has meaning in the

applied to particular situations and cases.

it is

applique n..pl. appliques

A

regulae of rule

technique

in

in

which

pieces cut from one material are attached on the surface

of another material.

—

v.

To use such [It.

other note, usually just above or below

apports en nature pi.

sing,

n.,

apports contributions

(1);

Law. Water goes with the water on

it is

in (2);

land;

included

cedit accrues (2);

i.e.,

in

when

land

is

the transaction.

aqua currit et debet currere, ut currere solebat. [L. aqua water (1); currit runs (2); et and (3); debet ought

(4);

currere to run (5) ut as it was accustomed

Water flows and should flow as past;

i.e., if a

it

currere

(6);

to

Water runs was accustomed to run.] Law.

leaning on.]

running stream

is

it

(7):

has flowed

in the

common property,

its

course should not be diverted.

it.

apport en nature

en

aqua water (1);

cedit solo. [L.

run (8); solebat

A note which leans on or is supported by an-

Music.

the matter.

(q.v.).

solo to land, ground (3): Water accrues to the land.]

and should run as

appoggiaturas

n., pi.

make a propos

to. In

He said that he had no

a technique,

especially for decorative purposes.

appoggiatura

aqua

sold, the

[Fr. applied, fastened, attached.]

needlework or woodwork,

to

2. Inci-

have you heard the

—prep. Concerning. With respect

apx. abbr. for appendix

applicatio est vita regulae. [L. applicatio application (1); est is (2); vita life (3);

comment

good

not clear whether

It is

whenever he is impecunious.

the way.

good news?

.

by, with,

(2): to the

a mere coincidence, but his father always

arrives a propos

believed that man was distinguishedfrom the animals

1979:64).

in,

Pertinently. Just in time. In

.

To the purpose or point.

by his appetitus societalis, a "domestic instinct" which

own kind" (Curzon

a

doc-

purpose or matter.] Pertinent. Relevant. Ifyou do not have a propos comments, it would be wise for you to

dentally.

those of his

toward,

to,

propos purpose, matter, subject

until (1);

n., pi.

a priori. Cf. a posteriori.

is

or eager desire for association/fellowship. Grotius

led him to desire "peaceful organised society

—

belief, conception,

a propos or apropos adj. [Fr. a

keep quiet.

shape.

appetitus societalis

ways

By argument

adv.

based on deriving effect from cause, or on assumption.

or bibliography added to a book, particularly after

cation

—

(quoted by Curzon 1979:64).

Something added or appended to something

1.

An

(

from the former.] Logic. Deriving effect from

(2):

Proofa priori consists

appendix abbr. app. or appx. or apx. ment.]

a priori adj. [L. a from

[Fr.

nature kind,

A

nature (3): contributions in kind.] French Law.

partner's contributions to the partnership apart from

aqua destillata n.,pl. aquae destillatae

[L.

aqua water

(2) ; destillata distilled, trickled (1): distilled water.]

Purified water.

aqua

et igne interdictus adj. [L.

aqua water (2);

et

and

cash; these include securities, stock, and personal ex-

(3) ; igne fire (4); interdictus forbidden (1): forbidden

pertise.

water and

appx. abbr. for appendix apres prep. Italy

[Fr. after.]

(Newsweek

Following. After. Apres Thoeni,

homegrown and foreign, doubled

skiers,

's

(q.v.).

Int.

Feb. 19, 1979:56).

.

— apres-ski

.

.

A

clothing style in winter holiday lodges. That which

one wears apres moi

after a

le

le the (3);

deluge

[Fr.

apres after

deluge deluge, flood

uge.] After me

nous,

day of skiing.

(4):

(1);

moi me

After

(2);

me the del-

comes the flood, the disaster.

Cf. apres

An

aqua

le

deluge

Mme

1764). [Fr. apres after (1);

de Pompadour (1721-

nous us

(2); le the (3);

deluge deluge, flood (4): After us the deluge.] After we are gone, there will

come disaster.

Cf. apres moi, etc.

ancient formula for banishment

fortis or aquafortis n. [L.

aqua water (2);

fortis

strong (1): strong water.] Nitric acid,

aqua pura n., pi. aquae purae [L. aqua water (2); pura pure, clean, unstained (1): clean water.] Pure water.

aqua regia

n., pi.

aquae regiae

regia royal, kingly

duced by mixing

etc.

apres nous

fire.]

by denying the individual the basic elements of communal life, i.e., shared sources of water and fire.

[L.

aqua water

(1): royal water.]

nitric acid

A

and hydrochloric

and used for dissolving gold, platinum,

aquarium rier.] 1.

n.,pl.

A

artificial

aquaria or aquariums

(2);

liquid proacid,

etc.

[L.

water car-

container, usually with glass sides, or an

pond

in

which

living fishes or other aquatic

35 animals are kept and displayed.

A building where

2.

the water carrier.]

n. [L.

constellation located just

and Aquila.

The eleventh

sign of the

zodiac dominant from January 20 through February 3.

A

Astronomy.

below the equator near Pisces

Astrology.

2.

1.

1

8.

A person born when this constellation is dominant,

aqua of

vitae life.]

the vine.

quo

category of arcana imperii.

n., pi.

arcana

2.

Strong alcoholic drink such as brandy or

(

1

);

quo which

to indicate a court or

a case

is

removed,

(2):

from which.]

judge from which/

a) the court

a quo; b) the

arabesque n., pi. arabesques [Fr. Arabian, in the manner of an Arab.] 1. Ballet. A position in which the dancer extends one foot behind and balances on the other. 2. Music.

A very

short, capricious piece,

usually written for the piano.

3.

A

complicated or

complex pattern or design. n., pi.

1

.

parties or a court

A judge or arbitrator appointed on behalf of the parties

cide a dispute between them.

entrusted with absolute

2.

n.

arcanum

[L.

secret (1);

secrets (2): secret of secrets.]

ultimate secret which, supposedly,

(

is

1

);

to de-

A person or an agency

power to determine or judge

a dispute. This consortium ofAmerican Universities

n.,pl.

arcs de triomphe

de of (2); triomphe triumph (3): arch of triumph.]

Architecturae Magister abbr. Ar.M. architecturae of architecture (1)

:

Master of Architecture.]

A predoctoral graduate

(2);

close (1); et

in

salva (in) safe (3); custodia (in) custody,

imprisonment

close and safe custody.]

(4): in

satisfaciendum (q.v

arena

n.,pl.

arenas

[L.

).

See in arcta

etc.

harena sand, sandy

place,

and unchallenged arbiter of

is

the fortunes

of everybody

the sole

arbiter bibendi n.,pl. arbitri bibendi [L. arbiter judge ( 1 );

bibendi of drinking

(2): judge

of drinking.] Master

of ceremonies. elegantiarum or arbitri elegantiae (1);

ters

[L.

n.,pl. arbitri

arbiter judge

elegantiarum of tastes, refinements, elegance

judge of tastes.] of

taste

(2):

A judge or supreme authority in mat-

and social behavior,

attendant at the court ofthe

a)

Gaius Petronius,

Roman emperor Nero and

author of the Satyricon, set the standards by which

all

subsequent arbitri elegantiarum must bejudged, b) Mr. Applegate has become a leading arbiter elegantiae, and there

is

hardly a socialite

in the city

who has

not con-

sulted him on one thing or the other.

arboretum of

trees.]

n.,pl.

A

shows and other forms of entertainment.

atorial

for entertainment. 3.

activity.

a)

When

Simon

arbiter elegantiarum or arbiter elegantiae

arboreta or arboretums

[L. a place

cultivated and displayed or used for research and

other educational purposes.

Arcadia [Gk. Arkadia.]

I.

The

is

mountainous

region of the Peloponnesus noted especially for the

A

field

of

interest or

it

comes

second

to astuteness in the political arena,

to none, b) //

[i.e.,

the U.N.] has be-

politicking

(Newsweek Int. Nov. 3, 1980:10). a rendre adj. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, rendre to

The used

building containing an area or

come nothing more than an arena for

until (1);

to yield, render (2): to yield or render.]

What

is

be paid or rendered. Law. Used to describe "profits,"

and these cover services and rents. Areopagus n.,pl. Areopaguses [L. from Gk. Areiopagos: Areo(s) of Ares (2); pagos rock, hill (1): the hill of Ares.] 1. -The hill of the god Ares in Athens. 2. The council which met on this

but

was

for the

most

hill

was

influential

originally Athens'

governmental body,

ultimately reduced to the status of a court

trial

of homicides.

3.

A

tribunal or

group of

persons whose decisions are authoritative. arete

central,

A

2. is

Scene of contest, struggle or competition,

principal and

garden where rare trees and shrubs are

.

area in the middle of the amphitheater used for gladi-

areas used for entertainment. 4.

in the family.

1

sandy

Ancient Rome. The

area in the middle of an enclosed place which

a tyrant; he

The

type of custody for people arrested on a capias ad

plete control over something. His father

virtually

[L.

in architecture.

arcta et salva custodia adv. [L. arcta

and

n.

magister master

(2);

ground used for entertainment.]

is

built.

arc arch

[Fr.

accustomed to a situation where their Supreme Court is the final arbiter of law in the land (The Guardian 1986). 3. A person who exercises com-

is

The

the foundation

Triumphal arch.

degree

arbitri or arbiters [L. judge, arbitrator,

umpire, mediator.]

arcanorum of

arc de triomphe

(q.v.).

Most

an arcanum.

arcanum arcanorum

on which alchemy, astrology, and magic are

judge a quo. See dies a quo. A.R. abbr. for anno regni

to the uninitiated.

African traditional medical practitioners regard their art as

a from

A secret.

[L. a secret, mystery.]

Confidential knowledge. Mysterious information

which should not be divulged

vie.

A constellation near Aquarius and

of

frustrate journalists by putting even ordinary inforin the

Law. Used

by

(2): secrets

Some civil servants

empire/sovereignty.] State secrets.

mation

adj. [L.

arbiter

arcana imperii pi. n. (1); imperii of empire, sovereignty

arcanum

);

1

Rustic

life.

Arcadia ego. [L. arcana secrets, mysteries

tranquillity. Cf. et in

Alcohol, particularly one distilled from

n. [L. eagle.]

whom

place represent-

1.

aqua water (

Pisces.

a

Any

2.

vitae of life (2): water

n. [L.

whisky. Cf. eau de

Aquila

rearing of sheep and goats.

ing the peace and simplicity of pastoral

aquatic items are kept and displayed.

Aquarius

argentum Dei

n.

[Gk. arete excellence.] Excellence. Virtue.

argentum Dei (2) ;

n.,pl.

argenta Dei

Dei God's, of God

(1):

[L.

God's

argentum

silver.]

silver

Law. God's

36

argot

penny. God's money;

sum of money

a small

i.e.,

given as a token of good

faith

during or after the

conclusion of a bargain. See denarius Dei and denier a Dieu. Cf. pot-de-vin.

argot

n., pi.

argots

[Fr. slang, jargon.]

language, jargon, vocabulary,

etc.

1.

A

special

used by a particular

group of criminals or a particular

social class or

on

prevails (4); in in,

(5); lege

from the impossible prevails

law

(6):

in law.]

Reasoning

An argument

based on impossibility carries weight See impotentia excusat legem. argumentum ab inconvenienti est validum

in law.

in lege;

quia lex non permittit aliquod inconveniens.

[L.

argumentum argument,

ab

reasoning, inference

(

);

1

group, a) the argot ofarmed robbers; b) the argot of

from, by (2); inconvenienti the inconvenient (3); est

Nigerian students; c) the argot ofwrestling.

is (4);

arguendi causa adv. for the sake,

[L.

2.

Slang.

arguendi of arguing (2); causa

by reason

(1): for the

sake of arguing.]

For argument's sake. For the sake of argument, I

concede a point arguendi causa,

signifies that

it is

it

a) If

by no means

the truth, b) Whilst granting

arguendi causa that a communication which went

law

validum

(7);

strong, valid (5); in in,

quia because

(8); lex

law

(9);

on

(6); lege

non not

(1 1);

permittit permits, allows (10); aliquod any (12);

inconveniens inconvenient (thing) (13): Reasoning from the inconvenient is valid in law because the law does not permit any inconvenient thing.]

ment based on inconvenience

is

An

argu-

valid in law because

no further would, in general, not, in the absence of the law does not sanction any inconvenience. See ab inconvenienti. circumstances giving a particular significance, amount to a threat or intimidation, I am unable to argumentum ad captandum //., pi. argumenta ad captandum [L. argumentum argument, reasonunderstand why it may not be an inducement (V. -ir

arguing or

[L.

by arguing.]

argument,

in the

cases, b) Mr. Justice

In the course

a) It often

guendo, that a judge refers

to

Counsel answered

of

happens, ar-

some hypothetical

Cave is reported as having said

'Chiswick is not the same place as London 'It

is

',

to

which

the same postal district

'.

Mr.

Cave therefore said that that was very different. These remarks were arguendo and obiter (Megrah and Ryder 1972:139).

Justice

argumentum ab auctoritate est fortissimum in lege. [L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference ( ); 1

ab from, by

(2);

auctoritate authority (3); est

is (4);

fortissimum strongest (5); in

in,

Reasoning from authority

the strongest in law.]

is

on

(6); lege

law

(7):

An argument supported by authority carries the greatest

weight

in law.

See argumentum ab auctoritate

plurimum etc. argumentum ab auctoritate plurimum valet in lege. [L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference (1); ab from, by (2); auctoritate authority (3); plurimum most, especially

(4); valet is valid, prevails (5); in

on (6); lege law (7): Reasoning from authority is most valid in law.] An argument supported by authority carries the greatest weight in law. See argumentum ab auctoritate est etc. argumentum ab impossibili plurimum valet in lege. in,

[L.

argumentum

argument, reasoning, inference (1)

ab from, by (2); impossibili impossible plurimum most, especially (4); valet is valid, vails (5); in in,

on

the impossible

is

(6); lege

law

most valid

(7):

An argument

from, by

(2);

reasoning, inference (1);

ab

impossibili the impossible (3); valet

according to

(2);

Argument designed

to please the

successful politicians are adept at

ofargumenta ad captandum. See ad captan-

vulgus.

argumentum ad crumenam n., pi. argumenta ad crumenam [L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference (1); ad

to, at, for,

crumenam money-bag, purse.] Logic.

purse

according to

(3):

(2);

reasoning to the

Argument designed

to exploit the

audience's preoccupation with financial consider-

By making good use of argumentum ad crumenam, the Leader ofthe Opposition discredited the Ruling Party and paved the wayfor thefall ofthe ations.

government. See ad crumenam. argumentum ad hominem n.,pl. argumenta ad hominem [L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference ( 1); ad to, at, for, according to (2); hominem person, human being (3): reasoning to the person.] Logic.

An argument

designed to appeal to emotions rather

and narrowminded argumentum ad hominem.

than to reason. Unprincipled

people tend

to resort to

See ad hominem.

argumentum ad ignorantiam n., pi. argumenta ad ignorantiam [L. argumentum argument (1); ad to, at, for,

according to

argument

(2);

ignorantiam ignorance (3): An argument based upon

to ignorance.]

one which attacks the logic and

ignorance; that

impossibili valet in lege. [L.

argumentum argument,

the use

dum

Many

intelligence of one's opponent.

See impotentia excusat legem.

argumentum ab

alluring.] Logic.

crowd.

to, at, for,

alluring, enticing (3): reasoning for

pre-

Reasoning from

in law.]

captandum

(3);

based on an impossibility carries the greatest weight in law.

ad

ing, inference (1);

1974:528).

arguendo adv. Iadj.

is,

argumentum ad verecundiam n., pi. argumenta ad verecundiam [L. argumentum argument ( ); ad to, 1

at, for,

verecundiam decency (3): decency.] An argument based upon

according to

(2);

argument to decency or propriety.

argumentum a silentio n., pi. argumenta a silentio [L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference ( ); 1

1

37 a from, by

reasoning from

(2); silentio silence (3):

Argumentum ex silentio (q.v.). argumentum a simili valet in lege. [L. argumentum silence

]

argument, reasoning, inference the like (3); valet (6):

( 1 );

valid (4); in

is

Reasoning from the

a from

on

in,

(2); simili

like is valid in law.]

gument based on analogy

is

law

(5); lege

An

ar-

ex from, arising from

(2); silentio silence (3):

reasoning from silence.] Logic.

on the

failure

An argument

of an authority, writer, source,

based etc. to

Arguses [L. from Gk. Argos shiny, Greek and Roman Mythology. A guard

n., pi.

bright.]

I.

Africa 1982).

arpeggio

arpeggios

n., pi.

like a harp.]

[It.

or playing the notes in a chord in the i.e.,

in

quick succession rather than for

regni regis

back, after

(

1

Music. Singing

manner of a

at the

anno regni reginae (q.v.).

.

harp,

same time. 2.

anno

(q.v.).

arriere-pensee 1

arriere-pensees

n., pi.

arriere

[Fr.

pensees thoughts (2): after thoughts.]

);

Mental reservation.

An undisclosed thought. An undis-

closed intention. Hidden or ulterior motive. Prejudice.

He came

mention or refer to something.

Argus

indeed an aroma of the great days of the ancien regime about Touba (D. B. Cruise O'Brien in West

A.R.R. abbr.

valid in law.

argumentum ex silentio n., pi argumenta ex silentio [L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference (1);

ars longa vita brevis

to give testimony in the celebrated trial

of

the President without the slightest arriere-pensee.

arrive adj.

having arrived.] Successful. Having

[Fr.

who could keep watch constantly with his many pairs

achieved success. Having risen rapidly to a position

of eyes, some of which could sleep while the

of fame, power,

—

Sharp-sighted. Observant.

Though the criminal was

2.

A

rest

who is very watchful. A Argus-eyed Vigilant.

stayed awake.

person

watchman.

vigilant

operating under the cover of darkness, the Argus-

eyed constable saw and arrested him. aria n.,pl. arias

[It. air,

melody.] Music.

1

.

A solo sung

ram.]

n. [L.

1.

and Taurus.

through April 19.

arioso adv. /adj. aria.

between

3.

—

March 2

A person born when this constel-

for

n.,pl.

1

.

Music. In the manner

A speaking style halfway

and sung. Used especially

in opera.

for a vocal soloist in this style.

Architecture Magister

armadas

of boats or ships. cially the

aria.]

ariosos

recitative

Ar.M. abbr.

an

like

[It.

n., pi.

A composition

armada

Astrology.

dominant.

lation is

2.

2.

sign of the zodiac dominant from

first

of an

A ram-shaped constel-

2.

A

[Sp. navy.]

1.

(q.v.).

A large number

large fleet of warships, espe-

Spanish Armada. Britain

armada steamed

's

slowly toward the Falkland Islands last week.

n., pi.

arrives

A person who

of fame, power, etc. The village 's annual an occasion when many arrives come home

andflaunt

their

n., pi.

new positions.

arrivistes [Fr. go-getter, timeserver,

A

climber, unscrupulous person.] Upstart.

who

person

attempts to achieve success or acquire wealth

by whatever means.

Astronomy.

lation located near Pisces

The

an

A melody.

opera. 2.

Aries

in

—

to a position

festival is

arriviste

with instrumental accompaniment, especially

etc.

has arrived, has achieved success or has risen rapidly

A "get-rich-quick" person, a) The

national bias against business careers

an odd

is

melange, combining elements ofthe landed gentry

's

contemptfor bourgeois arrivistes with socialist loathing

for the "bosses" (Newsweek Int. April 19, 1982:52). b) The difficult times have given birth to a number of arrivistes who,

though successful, lack the of the old aristocrats. arrondissemcnt abbr. arron. n.,pl. arrondissements self-confidence

[Fr.

roundness,

district.]

1.

The chief administrative

subdivision of a French department.

2.

A

municipal

ward or administrative district of a large French

He was living in Paris,

city,

Marx-Dormoy Street in the 18th arrondissement (New African 1978). b) If each ofthe city 's twenty arrondissements had its own a)

14

A large number

mayor, they argued, neighborhood services could be

of mobile things, especially vehicles. The protesters

improved. (Newsweek Int. July 19, 1982:16). Ars Amatoria n. [L. ars art, skill (2); amatoria loving, amorous ( 1 ): loving art.] The Art of Love, a poem by Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.).

(Newsweek Int. April

26, 1982:53). 3.

armada of cars, buses, and trucks. arma in armatos sumere jura sinunt. [L. arma arms, weapons (4); in against (5); armatos armed men (6); sumere to take up (3); jura rights, laws (1); sinunt allow, permit (2): The laws allow to take up arms against armed men.] It is lawful to take up arms arrived in an

armed men.

against

aroma

n., pi.

spice.]

1

.

aromas

[Gk.

aroma

aromatic herb or

Fragrance.

2.

She came

to the

A marked pleas-

party wearing a

perfume whose aroma won for her the admiration of

many

guests. 3. Flavor.

tinctive

A

peculiar, typical, or dis-

charm, quality, characteristic, atmosphere,

As we entered the dark room, we could feel the unmistakable aroma of danger, b) There is

etc. a)

to hide (3);

artem

art (4):

or true art conceals natural. Cf. C'est

Smell or odor.

ant odor or smell.

ars est celare artem. [L. ars art (2); est

art; i.e.,

of

opposed

art

( 1 );

art (3): art for the

sake. Art

art to

done only

it

is (

1

);

celare

hide art.] Genuine

the best art

une grande

ars gratia artis [L. ars artis

It is

is

the

most

etc.

gratia for the sake (2);

sake of

art.]

for the purposes

Art for art's

of esthetics (as

to financial gain, politics, religion, etc.).

The

motto of Louis B. Mayer, a founder of Metro-Gold win-

Mayer (MGM)

Studios. See Tart

pour

Part.

ars longa vita brevis. [L. ars art (1); longa long (2); vita life (3); brevis short, brief (4): Art long, life

Ars Poetlca

short.

Art

I

beyond

long, life

is

short;

is

art

i.e.,

endures long

the span of an individual artist's

Ars Poetica poetic

38

[L. ars art, skill (2);

/;.

poetica poetic

(1):

The Art of Poetry, a poem on poetry by

art.]

Horace (65-8 B.C.). Artiiim Baccalaureus abbr. A.B. (2) ; Cf.

baccalaureus bachelor

artium of arts

[L.

;;.

(1):

Bachelor of Arts.]

Baccalaureus Artium. (of) arts (3);

ful (2);

doctor teacher

Doctor of Fine

abbr. A.E.D.

elegantium of nice,

£rts.

[L.

n.

fine, taste-

teacher of tasteful

(1):

A

arts.]

terminal graduate degree in

the fine arts.

Artium Magister abbr. A.M. magister master

(

1

):

if. [L. artium of arts (2); Master of Arts.] See Magister

Artium. art

nouveau

an

[Fr. art

An

art.] Art.

nouveau new

(2);

ornamental style popular

(1):

new

in late 19th-

century France and Britain.

nigrum

a rubro ad

red to black

Deducing

]

the

anno

know

rubro red

(2);

ad

title

(4):

of a statute was written

in red,

to,

(2): to

toward,

in,

know.] To

Namely. That

wit.

is

asientos or assientos [Sp.

pi.

]

History.

A

contract befor the

supply of slaves for her American dominions.

asphyxias [Gk. a- no,

(1);

sphuxi(s)

Medicine. Suffocation.

mentium mentium of minds

assensio

Mutual consent or

assensio agreement (1);

[L.

agreement of minds.] Law.

(2):

assent. Assensio

mentium

is

the

most essential ingredient ofa contract. See ad idem.

main

[Obs.

longings

(1);

hand

possessions

Fr. assets

possessions, be-

entre between, within, in

in (2);

asundeton: a- no,

hand.] Law: Assets

in

deton

(

);

1

sun with, together

A style in which conjunctions

conjunctions. Rhetoric.

"He came, he complained, he was

are omitted; e.g.,

ataraxia

n., pi.

ataraxias [Gk. a- no, not, without

(1);

The assignee

uses the right of assignor.] Law. The assignee enjoys the right of the assignor; carries with

had

n.,pl.

ataxias [Gk. a- no, not. without

is

it

in

Ate

1

);

taxi(s)

's

political

and socio-economic

ataxia

[Gk. Ate goddess of infatuation and reckless

n.

prompts a person

to

commit

the sin of hubris (q.v.),

resulting in his/her downfall. atelier n..pl. ateliers [Fr. studio, workshop.]

a tergo adv. [L. a from

(

1

i.e.,

when

property

is

as-

to the assignee all the rights it.

See qui

in jus etc.

rear.

helped a tergo by his partner. See vis a tergo. a terme adv. [Fr. a

terme term

to,

toward,

(2): for term.]

term. For an/the appointed time. Fr.

;

life.

Loss of strength.

toward,

to,

by,

in,

For

(2);

life.

terme term

by, with, until (1);

pass* passed

a

de of (3); sa his/her the term of his/her life. Law. For

terme term

the rest of his/her

(5); est

is,

has

Cf. autre vie.

a

Fr.

(2);

(4): for a

to,

toward,

que which

in,

(3);

term which has

passed.] Law. For a term which has expired.

athenaeum at

athenaea or athenaeums

n.. pi.

Gk. athenaion

]

1

.

Temple of Athena.

2.

An

[L.

from

institute

Rome established by the emperor Hadrian and used

by orators as well as other men of and

Debility.

by, with, until (1);

in,

Law. For a term. For the

a terme de sa vie adv. [Obs.

asthenia

[Gk. astheneia: a- no, without (1); (2): no strength.] Medicine. Weak-

(2):

From behind. He slipped and would have fallen down, had he not been

tions

sthen(os) strength

The studio

artist.

tergo the back, rear

);

from the back.] From the

assoluta short form of prima ballerina assoluta (q.v).

Want of strength.

(

such that only a genius can solve the problems.

(4) vie life (5): for

signee (1); utitur uses, enjoys (2); jure right, law

that the assignor

detachment.

a terme que pass* est adv. [Obs.

(3) ; auctoris of assignor, principal (4):

ness.

not, without

that

hand.

assignatus utitur jure auctoris. [L. assignatus the as-

n.

and

may be bound (2): that may not be bound together.] An unconnected thing. Thing without

(3) ;

with, until (1);

payment of debts.

it

afflicted,

An asylum for the mentally disturbed. asyndeton n., pi. asyndeta or asyndetons [Gk.

main

Assets available to an executor or administrator for

signed,

institution for pro-

unfortunate.

or workshop, especially of an

heartbeat, pulse (2): no heartbeat, stoppage of pulse]

(3):

An

and helping the destitute, insane,

The country by, with, until (1);

tween Spain and another country or company

assets entre

Britain for political asylum. 4. tecting

ambition.] Delusion or spiritual blindness which

agreement, contract, treaty

pi.

persecuted or those fearing persecution. She fled to

order (2): no order.] Disorder. Confusion. Indiscipline.

(q.v.).

salutis (q.v.).

asiento or assiento n„

;/..

where criminals and debtors went for protection and from which it was sacrilegious to remove them forcibly. 2. International Law. A place of refuge for

ataxia

letters.

to say. Videlicet (q.v.).

asphyxia

In

.

antiquity a place of refuge, usually a temple,

ness. Calmness. State of being unperturbed. Calmness and freedom from emotional disturbance. Mental

a savoir adv. [Fr. a

savoir

(2): 1

Law. From the title to the main body. meaning of a statute from the title. In

of haruspex

A.S. abbr. for

(1);

nigrum black

(3);

the statute itself in black var.

of seizure, a place of refuge, a sanctuary.]

tarakhe disturbance (2): no disturbance.] Impassive-

ancient times, the

aruspex

right

from Gk. asulon: a- no,

from

according to

to, at, for,

no

[L.

sulon seizure, right of seizure

ignored." Cf. polysyndeton.

a from

[L.

asylums

pi.

/;.,

belligerents in neutral territory. 3. Shelter for the

Artium Elcgantium Doctor artium

asylum

not, without (1);

life.

and

letters for recita-

A club or association of scientists A library or reading-room. A place

lectures. 3.

writers. 4.

where books, journals,

periodicals, magazines,

news-

papers, etc. are kept to be used by readers, researchers.

39 The Boston Athenaeum.

etc.

and

ture

A periodical of litera-

5.

n., pi.

—

a tort adv. [Fr. a

wrong,

to,

toward,

by, with, until

in,

with

fault, injustice (2):

(

1

);

tort

Wrongfully.

fault.]

Unjustly. Wrongly.

toward,

to,

in,

by, with,

tort wrong, fault, injustice (2); et and (3); a

( 1 );

with

(4);

with

fault.]

travers

defect (5): with

fault,

wrong and

Thoughtlessly. Recklessly. At random.

With no consideration or

discretion.

Without rhyme

a tort ou a droit adv. [Fr. a

wrong

know. One ofthe majorfunctions

developments

toward,

to,

ou or

(2);

keep people au courant with

is to

in the country, in particular,

world, in general. See au fait

and

the

2.

auctoritate sua adv. [L. auctoritatc (by /on) authority (2);

sua by his/her

own

by anybody

own

(

by his/her own authority.] On Done without being authorized

):

1

authority. else;

i.e.,

done without authorization.

aucupia verborum sunt judice indigna.

aucupia

[L.

verborum of words (2); sunt are judice judge (5); indigna unworthy (4):

catchings at (1); (3);

Catchings

words are unworthy of a judge.] Law.

at

Verbal quibbles (or quibblings) are below the dignity

or reason. Heedlessly. Indiscriminately.

until (1); tort

of the mass media

his/her

a tort et a travers adv. [Fr. a until

Fully familiar. Abreast. Cognizant or aware. Conversant. In touch. In the

belles-lettres.

atmans [Skt. atman breath, spirit.] HinAtman duism. The human soul or consciousness. The world soul. Cf. anima mundi.

atman

auditor

in,

(3); a to,

by, with,

toward,

in,

wrong

by, with, until (4); droit right, law (5): with

or with right.] Justly or wrongly. Rightly or wrongly.

of a judge.

audaces fortuna iuvat. fortuna fortune

(1);

audaces daring, bold

[L.

iuvat helps, aids

(2):

(3);

Fortune

helps the daring.] Fortune aids the bold.

With good or bad reason. atrium n.,pl. atria or atriums [L. central court.] I. The hall, forecourt or principal room of an ancient Roman

audentis fortuna juvat. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid

A hall, ordinarily square in shape, of a modem

helps daring persons.] Fortune helps the daring.

house.

2.

house or building, which

room or

tea dance, .

.

.

the 3.

is

for entertainment.

and in

was

the hotel's weekly

the glass-walled, four-story atrium

Band was playing songs from

the Steve Miller

swing era {Newsweek

Medicine.

usually used as a sitting It

Int.

July 27, 1981:33).

A body cavity or compartment, such as

fortune, luck, chance

[Fr. a to,

toward,

trois three (2): for three.]

in,

by, with, until (1);

Designed

for three persons.

Shared by three persons or individuals. Applicable

The conjugal

to meals, discussions, meetings, etc.

dispute between

(2):

Bayo and Toyin was

settled in the

be heard. See audiatur et

attaches

[Fr. attached.]

A

person, par-

an expert, attached to his country's embassy

audiatur

et altera pars. [L.

Law.

A resident alien who in former times was subject

to the droit

auberge

n.,

d'aubaine

[Fr. shelter,

camp,

inn.]

A

public house or tavern.

A.U.C. abbr. for

urbis conditae (q.v

au contraire adv. the,

[Fr.

(q.v

).

2.

anno

).

au

with the, until the

to the,

( 1 );

site (2): to the contrary.]

toward

the, in the,

by

contraire contrary, oppo-

On

the contrary. "/

am

not

miserable, " confided the beggar. "Au contraire, by the

end of a day

earn more than most of my bene-

I

factors. " Cf. a contrario.

au courant the,

run

adj. [Fr.

au

audita querela

legal suit or case

in

the

( 1

);

pars

should be heard.

n. [L.

audita heard, having been heard

querela complaint, accusation

which formed the

An

obsolete

process

initial

(1):

complaint

common

law writ

in a suit that a judg-

ment defendant brings, seeking relief against the results opment,

if the

defendant did not have the opportunity

The ancient remedy at common law of a writ audita querela was abolished in 1875 but analogous reliefmay be founded on the remarks of Lord Bramwell in Nouvion v. Freeman, "that the where the defendant would court may give relief. have got relief upon audita querela " (Graveson

to the,

.

toward

the, in the,

by

current.]

Fully

informed.

Well-informed. Well posted. Up-to-date. Acquainted.

.

1974:627-628).

auditor

n., pi.

auditors [L.

listener, hearer, pupil,

A person who is part of an audience. 2. A disciple or pupil. 3. A student in a university who for credit. 4. A audits a course, e. who is not taking scholar.]

with the, until the (1); courant current, stream, (2):

etc.

be heard,

to raise the issues.

ab urbe condita

1.

it

of the judgment by reason of some subsequent devel-

(q.v.).

pi auberges

let

See audi partem alteram.

having been heard.]

French

audiatur

Let the other side also be heard.] Law.

attache; c) press attache; d) naval attache. [Fr. alien, foreigner.]

nemo inauditus etc.;

listened to (4); et also (3); altera the other

(2);

pi aubains

etc.;

parte inaudita; and qui aliquid statuerit

or high commission, a) commercial attache; b) military

n.,

On dit

or punished without being given the opportunity to

Both sides of a

aubain

adjuvat and

Luck

Listen to the other side.] Law. Both sides should

See menage a trois Cf. a deux.

ticularly

fortuna

(2):

que etc. audi partem alteram. Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.). De Duabus Animabus XIV,2. [L. audi hear, listen to (1); partem side, part (3); alteram other

part, side (2):

n., pi.

(3);

juvat helps, aids

Cf. Aide-toi etc., fortis fortuna

course ofa discussion a trois at Gbadebo s apartment.

attache

( 1 );

be heard. Generally, nobody should be condemned

in the heart.

a trois adj.

X,284. [L. audentis daring (persons)

1.

i.

person

who

it

gives a judicial hearing

European countries, an assessor

(e.g., in

some

to a court-martial).

auditorium

A

5.

40

who

person

examines and

verifies,

a very pleasant man, and one of his assets is his au naturel behavior. 3. Cooked with no dressing. Un-

auditoria or auditoriums [L. a place

cooked. Unseasoned. They enjoyed eating the fresh

audits,

i.e.,

financial accounts.

auditorium

n., pi.

for listeners, for an audience.]

1

The

.

part

of a theater

set aside for the

audience and spectators.

building, hall, or

room used

dramatic performances,

2.

A

large

for lectures, film shows,

The

recitals, concerts, etc. a)

—the French premiere—took place

performance

.

.

in

.

tomatoes au naturel.

au pair

au

[Fr.

n.

equal.]

1

toward

to the,

with the, until the

by

the, in the,

pair equal, even

(1);

the,

on the

(2):

An arrangement whereby people exchange

.

making monetary payments

services without

as, for

some domestic service and board and lodging, or "A"

an auditorium resembling a gymnasium (Time Int. 1981). b) The press centre, a brand-new six-story

receives, in return, free

building, includes a large auditorium for press con-

teaches "B" Yoruba, while the latter teaches the

(Newsweek Int. July 14, 1980:54). au to the, toward the, in the, by

ferences.

au

former Hausa

fait adj. [Fr.

with the, until the 1

(

1

the,

fait act, point (2): to the point.]

);

Capable. Very competent. The company wants to

.

employ a person who

is

au fait in the management of

Well-informed. Acquainted. Familiar.

offices. 2.

Fully conversant. Instructed, a)

cated person who

is

A supposedly edu-

not au fait with current

af/'ai: s

is no better than an illiterate, b) Most of those who speak this lingua are very much au fait with the proper way of speaking English (Thomas Cooke in

West Africa 1985). 3. Proper. Socially acceptable. is a very weird man who does not care whether

He

his behavior

Aufgabe

is

n., pi.

gift, that

au fait or

not.

Aufgaben

which

is

given

See au courant.

[Ger.

auf up,

(1): that

to (2);

which

given to be done, task, assignment.]

is

An

lighting

(

n.

):

1

[Ger.

auf up,

to (2);

given out,

A

exercise.

Klarung clearing, The Enlight-

clearing-up, enlightenment.]

Sturm und Drang

au fond adv. with

At

[Fr.

au

heart.

To

toward

fond bottom

the, in the, (2): to

by

the,

the bottom.]

At bottom. Deep down. At

the bottom.

root. Essentially. Basically.

Fundamentally. In

In the main. All things considered.

On

reality.

the whole,

's neighbors shun his company, not knowing au fond a very nice man. b) Prime Minister Asquith once remarked, "Clemmie, of whom I am quitefond, is aufond a thundering bore! " (Newsweek

a)

Stephen

that he

Int.

is

Dec.

3,

1979:58).

the,

ness

adj. [Fr.

we meet again! Goodbye!

au

with the, until the

is

an au pair, a

live-in 'family

helper" in

—

April 14, 1980:47).

Int.

to, of, characteristic of,

adj.

such an arrange-

ment. Most agencies that place au pair maids have

men (Newsweek Int.

recently begun accepting

April

14, 1980:47).

au pied de la lettre adv. [Fr. au to the, toward the, in the, by the, with the, until the (1); pied foot, base (2); de of (3); la the (4); lettre letter (5): to the foot of the

letter.] Literally.

taken au pied de la

aura

To the

lettre,

letter.

The sentence, if

does not make sense.

aurae or auras [Gk. and

n., pi.

A subtle,

L. breeze, fresh air.]

inexplicable force, stimulus or matter which

supposedly emanates from and,

like

an atmosphere,

appearance, quality, impression or character, a) aura

aura ofsuccess; c) aura of danger; whose ofmagnetism; 6) Serge Semenenko flair as an arranger of controversial rescue loans gave his career an aura of drama and mystery

of

unreality; b)

d) aura

.

.

.

.

(Time

.

.

1980).

Int.

aurea mediocritas

n.

The golden mean. The

aurea golden

[L.

(2):

(1);

golden mean.]

safe or wise path between

extremes. Moderation. The old man always ishes his children to follow the safe path

admon-

by observing

aurea mediocritas. Cf. juste-milieu; meden agan; medio tutissimus ibis; quicquid in excessu etc.; and via media.

au revoir the,

interj. [Fr.

au

to the,

with the, until the

(1);

toward

the, in the,

revoir seeing again

by

(2):

we meet again! Goodbye now (or for the present.)! Farewell! So long! See a

to the seeing again.] Until

until

bientot.

until

auslander

Fare-

from,

by

auspex

well! See a bientot

au nature!

Green

Relating

for

auf Wiedersehen interj. [Ger. auf on, at, upon, (1); wieder again (3): sehen to see, seeing (2): seeing again.] Until

ing.

Paris (Newsweek

mediocritas mean, moderation

2.

to the,

the, until the (1);

A person who renders such

surrounds, a person, or thing. Aspect. Distinctive

enment or the Age of Reason, i.e., a philosophic movement in the 18th century, which put emphasis on reliance on reason, individualism, the questioning of traditional values and doctrines, the adoption of the empirical method in scientific research, etc. Cf.

in return. 2.

service and receives, in return, free board and lodg-

Cf. litteratim.

Gabe

task assigned as a test or an experiment.

Aufklarung

instance, a person renders

n., pi.

away from

auslanders [Ger. Auslander: aus ( 1 ); Land land (2): (one) away from

the land.] Foreigner. Outsider, to the, (1);

(2): in the natural.]

1

.

toward

the, in the,

naturel natural, naturalIn the natural state.

Nude.

Naked. The lovers had a lot offun, swimming au naturel. 2. Done, performed, accomplished, etc. in a natural manner, condition or style. Natural.

James

is

n., pi.

auspices [L. from av(is) bird

(1);

one who inspects (2): one who inspects birds, augur.]

1.

An

ancient

interpreted signs and

Roman

-spex

diviner,

religious official

omens, especially the

birds, in order to predict events. 2.

soothsayer, seer. Cf. haruspex.

Any

who

flight

of

prophet,

41

Aussage

Sage saying

[Ger. aus out, from (2);

n.

(1):

a

saying out or from, statement.] Declaration. Assertion.

Used

in the

expression Aussage

determine the

test,

a procedure to

of a witness which the exam-

reliability

iner asks the respondent to describe

something familiar

mulier (7);

amat

woman (2);

nihil nothing (6); est

tertium third (thing)

loves or hates; there

no

is

is,

has been

woman

Either a

(8):

a third thing.]

is

aut Caesar aut nullus

aut or

aut

[L.

loves (3); aut or (4); odit hates (5);

or hates; nothing

(2);

A woman

loves either

nullus neither, not any, not at

(3);

all.]

all:

Caesar or nothing. The

motto of Caesare Borgia (1475 or 1476-1507). n.

[Obs. Fr. auter another, other

Law. The

right (2): another right.]

Being vested

in

auter droit,

it

in

him

right

(

1

);

droit

of another.

merge in any estate or interest

own right;

.

.

.

(Parry

1

96 1 :2 1

1 ).

See autre droit.

way, road, path

Expressway. Super-

(2): car-path.]

Congested

a)

and autobahns have

cities

created a needfor the kind ofcomfort European cars lack ( Time

Int.

979). b) Japanese models ranked as

1

ofthe top six most reliable cars on West German autobahns (Newsweek Int. Oct 27, 1980:55). Cf. autoroute and autostrada. autochthon n.. pi. autochthons or autochthones [Gk. auto(s) self (1); chthon land (2): self-land. Sprung five

from the land

itself]

An original inhabitant An indigen. Something

Aborigine.

of a place, region or country.

such as a plant or animal that auto-da-fe

is

act,

(1);

acting.]

A

(2):

autre another, other

n. [Fr.

another

Law. Another's

right.]

of another. Applicable of another;

to a

person

(

1

droit right

);

right.

who

a trustee for the cestui

e.g.,

The

right

acts in right

que trust

See auter droit; en autre droit; in autre

(q.v.).

autrefois adv. [Fr. autre another, other (1); fois time,

period (2): another time.] Formerly. In former times.

Of old.] Law.

Formerly. In the past. Before. At an-

Used

to qualify "acquit"

—autrefois acquit

and "convict."

Formerly acquitted. Plea of

n.

an accused that he had previously been tried for the

same offense and

acquitted.

—autrefois convict

Formerly convicted. Plea of an accused

that

n.

he had

previously been tried for the same offense and con-

is

The connotation

in either

case

is

that the matter

a res judicata and so cannot be revived. See res

judicata.

Autres temps, autres moeurs.

temps

[Fr.

autres other (1);

times, periods (2); autres other (3);

customs, manners

(4):

moeurs

Other times, other manners.]

Each age has its manners or customs. Cf. tempora mutantur, et nos etc. and tempora mutantur; nos et etc.

autre vie

autre other, another

n. [Fr.

another

Law. The

life.]

life

(1); vie life (2):

of another. Another's

life.

Used to qualify tenancy of an estate. See per autre vie; pur autre vie; and pur terme d'autre vie. Cf. ad vitam; a terme de sa vie; and de sa vie. A.V. or

ad valorem

a.v. abbr. for

(q.v.).

A vaincre sans peril, on triomphe sans gloire. Pierre Corneille (1606-1684). Le Cidll,2. [Fr. a in,

by, with, until

sans without

(

1

);

to,

toward,

vaincre conquer, vanquish

(3); peril

(2);

danger, hazard (4); on one,

out (7); gloire glory, pride (8): In conquering without

danger, one triumphs without glory.] Victory without

be imitating the actions of

animals. creature,

the worst kind

A

to

robot.

mechaespecially a human being, which relatively self-moving

who

and

He is a tyrant of

hates independent, rational ac-

and apparently wants

behave

like

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. auto(s) self

(2);

all citizens to

automata.

peril is a

aval

n.,pl.

triumph without glory. avals

[Fr.

backing, guarantee, endorsement.]

French and Canadian Law. Subscribing a signature at the bottom of a bill of exchange or a promissory note to guarantee

acceptance

its

avalanche n., pi. avalanches a mountainside.]

1

.

logical fear

(1): fear

of self] Psychology. Patho-

of loneliness.

n., pi.

[Fr.

(2):

auto automobile, car

car path.] Expressway.

of something, .

a) .

.

down

from the mountainside or preci-

.

.

sifting

.

through an avalanche of

(The Guardian 1986). b) [The] com-

was dumbfounded by the fact an avalanche of memoranda had come from

mission chairman that

at maturity.

a large snowfall

A large, overwhelming flood, shower, or mass

applications

autoroutes

route path, way, road

pice. 2.

[Fr.

A large mass of ice, earth, snow,

debris, or rock falling n.

phob(os) fear

(1);

autre droit

con-

will.

acts automatically, mechanically, or involuntarily

autoroute

auto automobile,

A

A

which seems

autophobia

[It.

car ( 1 ); strada path, way, road (2): car path.] Highway.

self-

does not seem to apply intelligence.

tion

(Newsweek Int.

.

automata or automatons [Gk.

own

men and nism.

n.,pl.

Acting of one's

trivance

.

man (5); triomphe triumphs, conquers (6); sans with-

authorities.

automaton

autostradas

n., pi.

.

Autobahn and autostrada.

av. abbr. for avocat (q.v.).

indigenous.

autos-da-fe [Port, from L. auto

n., pi.

da of the (2); fe faith, belief (3): act of the faith.] Pronouncement of judgment by the Inquisition upon a heretic and the execution of the sentence, especially by public burning carried out by secular deed

autostrada

victed.

autobahn n., pi. Autobahnen or autobahns [Ger. Auto automobile, car (1); Bahn or

highway,

hours on the autoroutes

15, 1983:16). Cf.

other time.

executor or administrator]

[i.e.,

will not

vested in him, in his

Autobahn

Aug.

droit; and in jure alterius.

third choice.

aut either (1); Caesar Caesar

[L.

either Caesar or not at

auter droit

Superhighway. Freeway. Already trucks are restricted to certain

Expressway. Cf. Autobahn and autoroute.

to the former.

aut amat aut odit mulier: nihil est tertium. either (1);

avalanche

.

.

.

42

avant-garde

Nigeria

's

western half (Tunde Agbabiaka

in

West

Africa 1986).

avant-garde

avant-gardes

n., pi.

vanguard, advanced guard.]

1

(

[Fr.

arts.

avant

who create or

People

.

in front,

the guard in front,

):

1

apply original ideas, techniques,

any

etc. in

field,

Pioneers. People in the forefront

of a movement or ahead of their times. people such as writers,

.

2.

or scholars

artists,

an unorthodox approach.

.

the

.

the words of statute

gives of an

endangered

species, the Soviet avant-garde

(.Newsweek Int. Nov. 28, 1983:58).

—

adj. Character-

the avant-garde, a) Avant-garde

istic of, relating to, of,

avant-garde composer, c) avant-gardefilm

maker; d) avant-garde magazine;

e)

garde troupe that shocked audiences with

its

taunts

and onstage nudity

Paris {Newsweek

ave

interj. [L. hail.]

2. Christianity.

Int.

Aug.

Hello.

—

Cf.

.

.

the avant-

in the late '60s

blossoming

in

n.,pl.

aves

1.

A greeting.

a prayer to

Ave Maria;

ciao;

Mary

the

and salve.

CI, 10. [L. ave hail (1); atque and (2); vale farewell (3): hail

and farewell.] Hello and goodby. te salutant. [L.

ave

hail (1)

Caesar Caesar (2); morituri (those) about to die (3); te you (5); salutant they salute (4): Hail, Caesar, those about to die salute you.] Greetings, Caesar.

Those who

are about to die greet you. Greeting of

Roman gladiators as they entered the amphitheater. Ave Maria [L. ave hail (1); Maria Mary (2): Hail, Mary.] Christianity. The

Mary

first

—

words of a prayer

to

The prayer itself. 2. A musical composition based upon this prayer; e.g. "Ave Maria" by Franz Schubert (1791-1828). the

Mother of Jesus.

n. I.

is (4);

of law,

statute (3);

recedendum

to

non

1. e.,

not to be departed.] Law. There

it is

a statute/law should be observed to the

a vinculo matrimonii (2);

adj. [L.

a from

matrimonii of marriage

From

marriage.] Law.

no, not

be departed (6): From

should be no departure from the words of a

the

(3):

( 1)

statute;

letter.

vinculo bond

from the bond of

bonds of matrimony or

wedlock. Used with reference to complete divorce, a) Divorce a vinculo matrimonii, b) He was granted a decree a vinculo. avocat abbr. av. n., pi. avocats [Fr. lawyer.] Lawyer.

ofwrangling among the avocats, however, the judge threw the case out on technical grounds {Newsweek Dec. 17, 1979:21).

Int.

ave atque vale Catullus (c.84-c.54 B.C.). Carmina

Ave, Caesar, morituri

it

Attorney. Counsel. Advocate. After a mere two hours

2, 1982:41).

The Hail Mary,

Mother of Jesus.

is

.

(2); legis

who adopt

if only for the

it

words

bis

(5); est

show would be

glimpse

words to a battle of blows. The encounter between the rivals in love swiftly moved a verbis ad verbera. a verbis legis non est recedendum. [L. a from ( 1 ); ver-

A group of

worth seeing,

artist; b)

[L. a from, by (1); verbis words ad to, at, for, according to (3); verbera rods, whips, floggings (4): from words to whips.] From a battle of

(2);

before (2); garde guard, corps

especially the

a verbis ad verbera

axioma medium n., pi. axiomata media [L. axiom a from Gk. axioma something worthy, honorable, fitting (2); medium middle, midway (1): something

midway which

is

fitting.]

Philosophy.

A

rule or principle

midway between simple, empirical laws and

natural laws.

ayah

n.,pl.

ayahs [Hindi aya from

avia: grandmother.]

An

Indian

Port, aia

from Latin

woman who

serves

maid or nurse. ayatollah n. [Pers. from Ar. 'ayatullah: 'ayah a verse as a

of the Koran, miracle God.] Islam. litical status

2.

An

1.

A

(1); allah

male

God

Shiite leader

miracle of

(2):

who

gains po-

from his religious standing and

honorific

title

for

someone

virtue.

in this position.

B B.C.), produced in

b. abbr. for bis (q.v.).

B.A. abbr. for Baccalaureus Artium (q.v

babu

or

baboo

n., pi.

babus or baboos [Hindi babu

A title of courtesy used for males in Hindispeaking areas. Mister. 2. A Hindi-speaking clerk who understands English. 3. A derogatory term for father.]

1

.

a Hindi-speaker

who

god of wine, and bacchanalia

n., pi.

reate.

alcoholic drinks flow freely.

Intoxicated and inebriated, after taking an excessive

wine, ecstatic religious celebration,

.

.

in

sons of French or assimiwhose parents could afford to pay to the

up to the baccalaureat level (Suret-Canale

sometimes bagatelle trivial

Baccalaureus Artium abbr. B.A.

artium of arts

(1);

n. [L.

(2):

An undergraduate degree

baccalaureus

(2)

in

Cf.

Bachelor of Surgery.]

medicine with

[L.

n.

bahuvrihi

A

rice,

undergraduate degree

of teeth, dental

tics.

(2):

1

laws.] Bachelor

Bacchae/?/.

n.

(3):

in

for

A

3.

both canon and

);

balls.

vrihi rice (2):

A social

of much

rice. 2.

much

class iden-

A member

A compound

word consisting of adjectival and

in

someone who wears

small

n.,pl.

gift, tip, n., pi.

eyeglasses.

baksheesh

[Pers.

or gratuity

in

bakhshish present

the

Near

]

East.

balalaikas [Russ. stringed musical

A three-stringed musical instrument with

a triangular soundbox.

ballerina

[Gk. female followers of Bacchus.] The

Bacchants, a tragedy by Euripides

1

Ancient India.

their possession

instument.]

An

civil law.

bahu much (

1.

poem

A game similar to pool or billiards,

—bahuvrihi compound Linguis-

balalaika

bachelor of each of two

of both Canon and Civil Law.

undergraduate degree

were a mere

class.

baksheesh

Baccalaureus Utriusque Juris abbr. B.U.J, n. [L. baccalaureus bachelor ( ); utriusque of each of two law

it

which a possession or characteristic feature is used to identify and name the owner; e.g., "hard-hat" for a construction worker or "four-eyes"

Bachelor of Dental

of a dental curriculum.

by

nominal parts

n.

undergraduate degree for completion

(2); juris (of) right,

Something

1.

short musical composition or

n. [Skt.

of this social

baccalaureus bachelor ( 1 ); chirurgiae (of) surgery

An

A

wealthy.]

tified

a specialization in surgery.

Chirurgiae Baccalaureus.

Surgery.]

conversation.

[Fr. trifle.]

played on a rectangular table with sticks and

Baccalaureus Chirurgiae Dentalis abbr. B.Ch.D. (3) ; dentalis

bagatelles

with a light tone.

baccalaureus bachelor (1); chirurgiae of surgery :

and nature.

or unimportant. John rebuked Veronica for

bagatelle. 2.

in the liberal arts.

Baccalaureus Chirurgiae abbr. B.Ch. or B.Chir. [L.

critical. Flirtatious

n., pi.

treating a serious matter as though

Bachelor of Arts.]

Artium Baccalaureus.

Cf.

fertility,

dose of the gift of Bacchus, he started misbehaving. badinage n. [Fr. joking.] Joking, usually playful but

1971:388). Cf. lycee.

bachelor

A feast in which A bacchanalian festival.

high school diploma.] Baccalau-

open .

connected

1.

Bacchus n. [L. Greek and Roman god of wine.] Greek and Roman Mythology. The deity Dionysus, god of

The lycees at Dakar and Saint Louis were,

theirfees

of Thebes.

babushkas [Russ. little woman, scarf.] A woman's head scarf tied

n. [Fr.

lated officials

[L. things

ebrated in honor of Bacchus. 2. Orgy.

under the chin.

practice, only

bacchanalias

Greek and Roman Mythology. Feast of Bacchus, the god of wine. Revelries cel-

has learned some English. See

grandmother, head

baccalaureat

his cousin Pentheus, king

n.,pl.

with Bacchus.]

Herr; Monsieur; san; Senhor; Senor; and Signor.

babushka

Athens posthumously (c.406 B.C.)

about the conflict between Dionysus (Bacchus), the

).

(c. 480-407/6

43

n., pi.

ballet dancer.]

ballerinas or ballerine

[It.

a female

A female ballet dancer, especially one

who plays the leading role. The

14-year-old ballerina

44

ballet blanc

from New York City- put on three strong performances and, to her astonishment, won the gold medal in the junior division. (Newsweek Int. Aug. 15, 1983:27). ballet blanc n.,pl. ballets blancs [Fr. ballet ballet (2);

blanc white

dance or

white

(1):

ballet.]

A

form of classical

which the female dancers wear

ballet in

white clothing. ballet bouffe (2);

dance or

ballet d action let (1);

comic

(1):

A form of clas-

ballet.]

humorous or comic

ballet with a

tone.

A

form of

celed when

dance or

classical

test it

ballon bal-

[Fr.

(2); essai trial, test (3):

balloon of

A feeler. A project

public opinion. The project

became clear that reaction

Baby. Child.

Infant. 2.

was can-

to the ballon

infant or

An image or picture

court.

The

seat of judgment.

The

full court.

le common pleas, banc le roy. and en banc. common pleas n. [Obs. Fr banc bench le the (2); common common (3); pleas pleas (4): bench of common pleas.] The court of common pleas. Cf.

See banc le

( 1 );

banc le roy. banc le roy n. [Obs. king

(3):

Fr.

banc

banc bench

common

le

interj. [Japan,

May you

( 1 );

le

the (2): roy

pleas.

from Chin, ten thousand years.]

thousand years. Used as a battle

live ten

barathrum

n., pi.

An

barathra

A

abyss. Hell.

[L.

an abyss, gulf, pit

bottomless pit Prisons

a barathrum.

Int.

March

from

rolles [Fr. 1.

It.

n..

pi barcaroles or barca-

barcaruolca boatman's song.]

The song of a Venetian gondolier with a

rowing rhythm.

2.

Any

musical composition which

uses the rhythms of a gondolier's song. bar mitzvah or bar mizvah n., pi. bar mitzvahs or bar mizvahs [Heb. bar mishwa bar son (1);

2, 1979:28). 3.

An

dam

artificial

.

.

.

sustained

—

or flow of something.

v. tr. To attack with a shower To deliver a shower or flow of

women

thing from working Int.

March n., pi.

Vietnam (Newsweek

to

1979:14).

5,

barrios [Sp. an open space.]

speaking neighborhood,

district,

bas bleu blue

bas bleus

n., pi.

(1):

blue stocking.]

v.

To conduct such

a cer-

emony. Cf. bat mitzvah. baroque adj. [Fr. odd. quaint whimsical.] European Art and Architecture. Pertaining to the exaggerated

or

A neighborA Spanish-

2.

community

in

a

or scholarly

woman.

bas stocking

[Fr.

(2);

bleu

A female pedant. A learned

A woman who has, or pretends

to have, interest in literary

and

intellectual activities.

now has many bas bleus who competefavorably

with their male counterparts.

bas relief

n., pi.

low

bas

bas low

reliefs [Fr.

relief.] Art.

(1); relief

Figures sculptured not in

the round but only to a small depth on a flat back-

ground. Cf. n., pi.

mezzo bassos

relievo and relievo. [It low.]

Music.

range voice or singer, especially

basso buffo (2);

n., pi.

bassos buffos

buffo comic, buffoon

A bass who sings a comic n.,pl.

(1):

A

role, especially in opera.

bassos cantantes

bass (2); cantante singing

bass or low-

in opera.

[It. basso low, bass comic bass.] Music.

( 1 ):

[It.

basso low,

singing bass.] Music.

A high-range bass voice or singer. basso continuo

n., pi.

bassos continuos

bass (2); continuo continuous

(

1

[It

basso low,

continuous bass.]

):

Music. Figured bass or thoroughbass.

A musical accom-

paniment for continuo (q.v.) or bass voice,

in

which

chords are indicated by a numerical shorthand and especially in the baroque period

—

.

U.S. city.

the accompanist

(2): son of command.] Judaism. The ceremony at which a thirteen-year-old Jewish boy comes of age and takes responsiblity for his own religious and ethical obligations. 2. A boy recognized

1

hood or district in a Spanish-speaking city.

1.

such a ceremony.

April

Int.

built in a river to

store water for diversion into canals for either irrigation or navigation.

mishwa command

at

A

12, 1979:21). 2.

stands than a barrage ofabsolute denials shot

basso cantante

barcarole or barcarolle Music.

A

artilleryfire,

town of Massaka

across international borders (Newsweek

basso

are supposed to be correctional centers, but some of them are such filthy places that life there is like life in

(Newsweek

relief (2):

cry or patriotic shout

chasm.]

1.

machine-

A barrier or concentration of mines or other

the invaders took over the

Africa

bench of the king.] The king's bench or

court. Cf.

banzai

fire.

barrio

bench, seat bar, dock.] Law. The bench

[Fr.

used by the judge of a court. The permanent or regular

banc

barrier.]

something. She barraged him with questions on every[It.

of the infant Jesus.

of a

dam,

weapons. Behind a barrage ofl22-mm

hit the

ballons d'essai

n., pi.

d 'essai was unfavorable. bambino n., pi. bambini or bambinos 1.

ballet

plot or tells a story.

Trial balloon. Pilot balloon.

designed to

site

[Fr. bar,

barrage of words; b) a barrage of instructions; c) a barrage ofprotests; d) No sooner had the magazine

n., pi.

loon (1); d' of

n.

barrages

discharge, flow, shower, or outpour of something, a) a

which has a

banc

n., pi.

barrier of uninterrupted artillery, mortar, or

ballets d'action [Fr. ballet bal-

ballon d'essai

child.]

1982:25).

barrage

d' of (2V action plot action (3): ballet of

action or plot.]

trial.]

The asking price for a baroque castle can run into the millions (Newsweek Int. July 26, centuries.

gun ballets bouffes [Fr. ballet ballet

n., pi.

bouffe comic

sical

or grotesque style of the seventeenth and eighteenth

is

expected to improvise. Used ( 1 600- 1 750).

basso ostinato n.,pl. bassos ostinatos (2):

ostinato obstinate, persistent

Music. is

A melodic line or passage,

[It

( 1 ):

basso low, bass obstinate bass

]

usually bass, which

repeated and varied in a composition. Cf. ostinato

basso profundo

n., pi.

bassos profundos

[It.

basso

low, bass (2); profundo profound, deep (1): deep

45 A

bass.] Music.

deep bass or low-range voice or

Basta!

n.

beau monde

enough.] That's enough!

interj. [It.

[Gk. depth.]

1.

Bottom. Nadir. The lowest

When a person who holds a

point.

very responsible

position descends to such a bathos ofpuerility irrationality, then there 2.

is,

and

indeed, cause for alarm.

Rhetoric. Unexpected change from the sublime or

commonplace or ridiculous.

elevated to the

max. Ridiculous descent from a high

to a

3. Anticli-

low

position.

Humiliation. His career will undoubtedly provide useful material for a study in bathos, the fall

of the

mighty. 4. Excessive pathos or sentimentality. The

novel has an admirable plot and

it

could have been

an outstanding piece of work, were it not for the author 's penchant for bathos. bat mitzvah or bat mizvah n., pi. bat mitzvahs or bat mizvahs [Heb. bat mishwa: bat daughter

(1);

mishwa command (2): daughter of command.] Judaism.

1

.

The ceremony

at

which a Jewish

the ages of twelve and fourteen

own

takes responsiblity for her

v.

baton

To conduct such n., pi.

between

girl

comes of age and

religious

and

ethical

A girl recognized at such a ceremony.

obligations. 2.

—

batons

a ceremony. Cf. bar mitzvah.

[Fr. stick.]

A short stick used by a

musical conductor, a band drum major, or a sports relay team.

very b.c.b.g.

B.Ch. abbr.

1 .

for

B.Ch.D. abbr.

Baccalaureus Chirurgiae

for

(q.v.).

Baccalaureus Chirurgiae Dentalis

A perfect model

beatae memoriae abbr. B.M.

happy

blessed,

(1);

memoriae

adj. [L. (of)

beatae of

memory

(2):

beatus or fern, beata

of

blessed person.]

Roman

Catholicism.

A

beatified

person.

beaux or beaus [Fr. lovely, beautiful, fair, handsome, good-looking.] 1. Dandy. A man who n.,pl.

pays excessive attention to his clothing, etiquette, and

A man who

escorts, goes out frequently

with, or pays considerable attention to, a

man who

is in

love with a

woman.

A

woman.

lover.

3.

A

Sharon

and her beau intend to announce their engagement by the end of the month. beau geste n.,pl. beaux gestes or beau gestes [Fr. beau lovely, beautiful, fair,

handsome, good-looking

(1);

geste gesture, action, deed, exploit (2): beautiful ges-

A

noble or courteous gesture or deed.

(2): beautiful

or

and high

(1); ideal ideal (2): beautiful ideal.]

concept of perfect beauty.

2. Art.

1.

lovely,

monde

(1);

world or society.] Fash-

The world of fashion The best society. The smart set. beau monde of Houston and Austin

ionable society,

or world.

set,

society.

Last week the

turned out at $1 ,000-a-crackfund-raisers to aid the

troubled Glen candidacy (Newsweek

beaux

arts/?/, n. [Fr.

Jan

Int.

A

The Neoclassical

2,

monde and tout le haut monde.

1984: 14). See haut

beaux

some, good-looking

(

1

lovely, beautiful, fair, hand-

arts arts (2): beautiful arts.]

);

The fine arts, including painting, sculpture, and music. Her love ofthe beam arts permeated everything she did. beaux yeux pi. n. [Fr. beaux lovely, beautiful, fair, handsome, good-looking (1); yeux eyes (2): beautiful eyes.] The charm, beauty, and attraction which inspires love, fascination, faithfulness,

Philip

undoubtedly a patriot, a

is

politics not for personal

and devotion.

man who

entered

aggrandizement but for the

beaux yeux of his country.

behemoth

An

n., pi.

behemoths [Heb. behemot

beasts

]

object of enormous size and strength. The social

welfare behemoth was ofmajor concern to the voters. bel canto

n.

[It.

bel beautiful, pretty (1); canto song

Music.

A form of traditional Italian

vocal music, especially opera, which emphasizes a refined and beautiful tone and careful technique. The

works ofRossini and Donizetti are perennialfavorites of Italian bel canto. bel esprit n., pi. beaux esprits [Fr. bel beautiful, fine ( 1 ); esprit spirit, mind (2): fine mind.] A wit. A witty

A person who is quick in perceiving and ex-

is

very skilled

in banter.

who

A highly intelligent person.

Hardly any intelligent person meets Mr. Cross, a bel belle

without being impressed. belles [Fr. a beautiful

n., pi.

woman

or

girl.]

charming, beautiful, popular, and attractive

girl

A or

woman. The most beautiful woman or girl of a group or locality. A beauty. // was a great party, attended by many pretty ladies, but Alice was easily the belle of the

ball.

dame

belle

n., pi.

fine-looking

(1);

belles

Catullus

.

.

Rome and

.

epoque n.

age

(2):

Maxim in

lady (2): beautiful

or fine-looking lady.

fair,

obtained admission to high society at

dame Clodia (Cary

[Fr. belle fine,

lovely

lovely age.] Fine age.

's,

[Fr. belle beautiful,

burnt his wings in the flame of a boyish

passion for the belle belle

dames

dame woman,

woman.] Beautiful,

relating to,

beau ideal or beau ideal n., pi. beaux ideals or beau ideals [Fr. beau lovely, beautiful, fair, handsome, good-looking

beau

world, society

esprit,

beati or fern, beatae [L.

n., pi.

[Fr.

pressing amusing points of view, especially one

(q.v.).

blessed memory.] Deceased,

looks. 2.

beaux mondes

n., pi.

handsome, good-looking

person.

(q.v.).

B.Chir. abbr. for Baccalaureus Chirurgiae

ture.]

3.

beautiful, fair,

(2): beautiful song.]

Baton Rouge n. [Fr. baton stick (2); rouge red (1): red stick.] The red stick. The capital of Louisiana. b.c.b.g. abbr. for bon chic, bon genre (q.v.). That's

beau

concept of abstract perfection. type.

singer.

bathos

belles-lettres

—

(

1

);

1

970:464).

epoque epoch,

adj. Characteristic of,

showing qualities of La Belle Epoque (q.v.).

the belle epoque restaurant on the Rue Royale

Paris (Newsweek

Int.

Feb. 28, 1983:3).

belles-lettres pi. n. [Fr. belles fine, beautiful letters, literature (2):

(

1

);

lettres

beautiful literature.] Fine literature.

46

Bellum Gallicum

Roman and Civil Law.

Sophisticated and serious literature, such as works

of competency.]

on

of a judgment debtor

philosophy, studied more for

literary criticism or

aesthetic value than for practical purposes.

student

saw little

Bellum Gallicum

bellum war (2); Gallicum

n. [L.

the Gallic war.] The Gallic War, a

conquest of France (58-5

his

The medical

value in the study of belles-lettres. ( 1 ):

commentary on

B.C.) by Julius Caesar

1

(100-44 B.C.).

bema

step, platform.]

Judaism. The

1.

platform used for services in a synagogue.

Orthodox

2.

The sanctuary. The place where the altar is located. Cf. almemar. Benedictus adj. [L. from bene well ( ); dictus spoken (2) well spoken, blessed.] The first word of a Latin hymn based either on Matthew 21:9 ("Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.") or Luke 1 :68 Christianity.

1

:

("Blessed be the Lord

—

God of Israel.")

n.

A prayer

based upon one of these sources.

bene esse

n.

[L.

bene well

comfortable benefice

n.,pl.

lege, profit.]

life.

A good,

Cf. bien-etre

benefices

and

(1): to

be

luxurious, or

right

much

him enough to live a decent life. 2. The by those under gratuitous obligaenough

tions, to retain

for their livelihood in the event

of indigence. beneficium discussionis

Roman,

cussion.]

beneficium privilege,

[L.

n.

of discussion

Civil,

of dis-

(2): right

and Scots Law. The right of a

surety to insist that the creditor sue the principal debtor

and exhaust every

first

beneficium divisionis n. (1); divisionis

facility

before suing him.

beneficium privilege,

[L.

of division

and Scots Law. The

(2): right

of division.]

who

of a surety

right

is

right

Roman

sued by

the creditor to insist that the other co-sureties also be

sued or that he/she pay only his/her proportionate share of the debt.

(c. 85-43

Syrus

A privilege, advantage, or

beneficium

B.C.). Sententiae 6. [L.

benefit, favor (2); inopi poor, needy, destitute (3);

doubly

bis twice,

esse.

advantage, privi-

[Fr. benefit,

French Law.

The

.

beneficium inopi bis dat, qui dat celeriter. Publilius be

(2); esse to

well.] Well-being. Prosperity.

1

to his creditors as

privilege, enjoyed

right (1); discussionis

bema

[Gk.

n.

as will leave

pay

to

dat he gives

dat he gives

(4);

(

quickly

(6); celeriter

1

);

who (5); He gives a

qui

(7):

who gives quickly.] A who gives quickly to the destitute gives him/her

benefit to a poor person twice

benefit derived from the law rather than from agree-

person

ment concluded by

a double benefit. See bis dat etc. and qui cito etc.

benefice de discussion

parties.

benefice benefit, advantage

n. [Fr.

de of (2); discussion discussion, deliberation (3): advantage of discussion.] Law. Benefit of deliberation or discussion. Beneficium discussionis (q.v.). (

1

);

benefice de division

[Fr.

n.

benefice benefit, advan-

Cf.

minus

solvit etc.

and qui serius

beneficium inventarii right

n.

[L.

etc.

beneficium privilege,

inventarii of inventory (2): privilege of in-

( 1 );

ventory.]

Roman and Civil Law. The

privilege of an

heir to have an inventory of the testator's property

tage (1); de of (2); division division, separation (3):

made

advantage of separation.] Law. Benefit of division.

debts, charges, and legacies only to the value of the

Beneficium divisionis (q.v benefice d'inventaire tage (3)

:

(

);

1

n. [Fr.

inheritance as indicated in the inventory.

).

benefice benefit, advan-

d' of (2); inventaire inventory, stocktaking

advantage of stocktaking.] Law. Benefit of inven-

tory.

Beneficium inventarii

beneficium

Roman and

Civil

Law. Right,

right

(

1

);

[L.

n.

beneficium privilege,

abstinendi of abstaining, refraining

privilege of abstaining.] privilege of refusing.

(2): the

Roman Law. The power/

The power granted an

heir to

decline the inheritance. See potestas abstinendi. Cf.

tempus deliberandi.

cedendarum

n. [L.

(of) to

beneficium be yielded,

yielding (3); actionum of suits, actions (2): privilege of actions/suits to be yielded.]

Roman and Civil

(3):

a privilege

is

non not (2);

not given to an un-

A privilege is not granted against the

wishes of the recipient. See invito beneficium

beneficium non datur privilege, benefit

(3); nisi except,

nisi officii ( 1 );

etc.

causa. [L. benefi-

non not (2); datur is given

unless (4); officii of duty; office (6);

causa for the sake of, on account of (5): Benefit is not given except on account of duty.] Remuneration is only

awarded for duties which have been performed. n. [L. beneficium privilege, right

beneficium ordinis

ordinis of rank, order (2): privilege of rank.]

The

Beneficium discussionis (q.v.). beneficium separationis n. [L. beneficium privilege, right ( 1 ); separationis of separation (2): privilege of privilege of order.

separation.]

Roman and Civil Law. The right to have

payment of his principal's debt, to hand over to him the actions

of the heir so that the former could be proceeded

The

right

beneficium competentiae

n.

[L.

beneficium privilege,

competentiae of competency

against in favor of the creditor.

bene quiescat. abbr. B.Q.

against the debtor or any co-surety.

( 1 );

given

the estate of a deceased person separated from that

actions/suits.

insist that the creditor

right

is

beneficium privilege,

[L.

invito to unwilling (person) (4);

of a

Law. Right of yielding surety, before the

( 1 );

datur

( 1 );

beneficium cedendarum actionum privilege, right (1);

right

cium

benefit, favor, privilege.

beneficium abstinendi

beneficium invito non datur.

willing person.]

(q.v.).

n.,pl. beneficia [L. a favor, benefit, kind-

ness, power, honor.]

within the required time, and to be liable for

(2): privilege

may

he/she

pose) well.]

rest,

repose

[L. (1):

May he/she rest

bene well

May in

(2);

quiescat

he/she rest (or re-

peace.

.

47 benigne faciendae sunt interpretationes chartarum,

quam

ut res magis valeat

pereat; et quae libet

concessio fortissimo contra donatorem interpretanda est. [L. benigne liberally (5); faciendae to be made (4); sunt are (3); interpretationes interpretations (1); chartarum of writings, deeds (2); ut in order that (6); res thing,

magis

matter, property, business, affair (7);

more

(9);

pereat

may

valeat

may

perish (1

quam

prevail (8); et

1);

and

(12);

rather,

than (10);

quae

libet any,

every (13); concessio grant (14); fortissime most/

all,

biens immeubles

bethel

bethels [Heb. bet

n., pi.

God

(2):

shrine, especially a

1

meeting place for Non-conformists, especially Baptists

and Methodists. betise

betises [Fr. stupidity, foolishness, absur-

n., pi.

of

dity, piece

folly.]

1.

Stupidity. Folly. Absurdity.

2. An act of stupidity. An He is so notorious for his betises that his

Ignorance. Tactlessness. act

of folly.

colleagues pay no more attention to them.

beziehungsweise abbr. bzw. adv. [Ger. Beziehung a connection, relation (2); weise by

donatorem donor, grantor

(19);

interpretanda

to

of a connection or

be interpreted (16); est

(15): Interpretations

of

ter

to

to

be made

may prevail

is

liberally in order that the

mat-

rather than perish; and every grant

is

be interpreted most strongly against the grantor.]

Law. Deeds must be interpreted their

may

purpose

liberally in order that

stand rather than

fail;

and every

grant must be interpreted most strongly against the

See quaelibet concessio

grantor.

benignius leges interpretandae sunt quo voluntas

earum conservetur. laws

(4); leges

(1);

benignius more liberally

[L.

interpretandae

quo by which, voluntas purpose, aim (7); earum (3);

sunt are

may be

conservetur interpreted

more

preserved

be interpreted

to

order that (5);

in

(2);

their,

(8):

of them

Laws

liberally in order that their

ally in order that their

purpose

trovato found

(2):

bonum factum

(1);

(6);

(q.v.).

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. biblio(n) book mania enthusiasm, passion (2): book passion.]

bibliomania

n.

Excessive preoccupation with collecting, acquiring,

and owning books. Bibliomania

is

an expensive ab-

normality.

bibliotheca

bibliothecas or bibliothecae [L.

n., pi.

(1);

theke case

1.

bibliotheque

bibliotheques

pi.

//.,

from Gk. biblio(n) book (1):

A

bookcase.]

(1);

[Fr.

theke

aim may

bidonville

drum

bibliotheque

case, place for

library. Cf. bibliotheca.

B.I.D. or b.i.d. abbr. for bis in die (q.v

liber-

book

(2):

A collection of books. A library. 2. A catalog of books. A list of books. Cf. bibliotheque. case.]

are to be

be preserved.] Laws must be interpreted more

ben trovato or fern, ben trovata

abbr. for

b.f.

way of ( 1 ): by way

relation.] Respectively.

from Gk. biblio(n) book

etc.

(1); 'el

.

very strongly (17); contra against, opposite (18);

deeds are

bet house

'el:

A holy place or religious chapel for sailors. 2. British. A

house of God.]

).

bidonvilles [Fr. bidon a gas can,

n., pi.

town, city

(1); ville

(2):

may be

preserved.

shanty-town.] Suburbs consisting of buildings

adj.

ben well

of boxes, wood, or other improvised material. Nomads

[It.

(1);

well found.] Appropriate, though

and peasants uprootedfrom

made

the Senegal River valley

untrue. Ingeniously fabricated, devised or invented.

haveflocked to the towns, swelling the bidonvilles

There are many stories about the hero

(New African

of them ben

trovato.

—

n., pi.

's

exploits,

ben trovati

A

most

happy

bienes comunes

pi.

comunes common

non

Law. Things

e vero etc. n., pi.

berceuses

cradle, a cradle song.]

1

.

[Fr.

a

woman who

rocks a

A lullaby. 2. Music. A com-

position which comforts like a lullaby.

bete noire (2);

betes noires

n., pi.

noire black, dark

An enemy. A which

is

(1):

[Fr.

bete animal, beast

black beast.]

pet aversion.

Somebody

A

bugbear.

or something

intensely hated, feared, and scrupulously

avoided. The Cameroonian press

.

.

.

sures are the only alternative to the

says the mea-

IMF

which

is

of the Third World" {West Africa

"the bete noire

1987). Cf. bete rouge.

bete rouge n.,pl. bete rouges (2);

rouge

[Fr.

bete animal, beast

red, purple (1): red/purple beast.]

.

a "wrong signal"

to the Soviets

bete rouge ofAmerican foreign policy Int.,

May

4, 1981: 19). Cf.

bete noire.

(Newsweek

like rain, water, air,

bienes publicos pi.

property.] Spanish

and

sea,

which are

n. [Sp.

bienes property

(2);

publicos

public (1): public property.] Spanish Law. Things such as shores, public roads, rivers, and harbors to the entire nation

inhabitant

bien-etre

of the

n., pi.

which belong

and can be used by every

territory.

citizen or

See bienes comunes.

bien-etres [Fr. bien well (1); etre to

be, being (2): well-being.] Well-being. Prosperity.

—

pi.

Material goods. Comforts. Cf. bene esse.

biennium (

1

);

n., pi.

biennia or bienniums

ann(us) year (2): two years.]

[L. bi(s)

twice

A period of two years.

decennium, quadrennium, quinquennium, and

triennium.

.

[Sp. bienes property (2);

common

be used by everybody. See bienes publicos; cosas comunes; and juris publici.

Cf.

.

n. (1):

to

Source of embarrassment, provocation, annoyance, the Russians.

.

not the exclusive property of any individual, but are

or aversion. Applicable, particularly, to Russia or

so long as they remain a danger to Poland and the

.

1978).

or ingenious fabrication, device or invention. Cf. Se

berceuse

oil

an oil-drum town,

biens immeubles pi.

n. [Fr.

biens belongings, goods,

immeubles immovable, real ( ): immovable belongings.] French Law. Immovable property. Real estate. See immeubles. Cf. biens meubles. property (2);

1

biens meubles

biens meubles pi.

48

n. [Fr.

biens belongings, goods, prop-

meubles movable ( 1 ): movable belongings.] French Law. Movable property. Movables. Personal estate. See meubles, mobilia, and res mobiles. erty (2);

immeubles and immeubles. bienvenida n. [Sp. bien well ( 1 ); venida come (2): welcome.] Greetings. the bienvenida for Maria {Newsweek Int. Dec. 19, 1983:3). Cf. bienvenue. bienvenue n. [Fr. bien well (1); venue come (2): welCf. biens

.

.

.

.

.

.

education

A

n.,pl.

Bildungsromans

Roman

(1);

novel

Bildung

[Ger.

education novel.]

(2):

novel about a young person's coming of age and

quest for personal identity;

Charles Dickens'

e.g.,

David Copperfield. billet-doux

sweet

bimbo n.

[It.

bis abbr.

A

sweet note.]

baby.] Slang.

woman who b adv.

love

doux

An offensive term for young

[L. twice,

on two occasions.]

1

Music.

.

Again. Used either to direct that a passage should be repeated or in requesting an encore.

2.

Twice. Used,

especially, in an address or an account, to indicate

something appears twice.

that

bis dat qui cito dat. Publilius Syrus (c.85-43 B.C.). [L. bis

twice

(5);

(1); cito quickly;

dat he gives

(4);

qui (one)

speedily (3); dat gives (2):

who gives quickly gives twice.] A

person

who One

who gives

quickly gives twice. See beneficium inopi

etc.

bis in die abbr. B.I.D. or b.i.d. adv. [L. bis twice (1);

on

in in,

Two bis

(2);

die day (3): twice in a day.] Medicine.

times a day. Twice daily.

peccare in bello non

(4);

peccare

non not

(1); licet

it

is

licet. [L. bis

permitted

twice,

two times war (5);

(2): It is

not permit-

One does not have the luxury

of making a second error

in

war.

second time.]

for a

men ( ): Old men are boys Old men relive their youth. Cf.

senes old

(2);

1

senex bis puer.

bene

bis vivit qui

time

(2); vivit

vivit lives (4):

son bitte

who

lives (1);

lives life well lives

schon adv. [Ger.

second

qui

two

schon

(1): pretty please.] Please. Cf. bitte sehr; s'il

vous

pretty

per favore;

plait.

bitte sehr adv. [Ger. bitte please (2); sehr very, (1):

much

very please.] Please. Cf. per favore; por favor;

prego; and bizarre

s'il

adj. [Fr.

vous

plait.

from Sp. bizarro brave.] Odd. Weird.

Strange. Grotesque. Peculiar. Whimsical. Extraordi-

Nobody was interested except as a curiosity and something

nary. Fantastic. Outlandish. in culture

.

.

.

blase about his son

achievements.

's

of blitzkrieg

blitz short form

Blitz lightning.]

1

An

air raid. 2.

(q.v.) n., pi. blitzes [Ger.

An intensive full-scale aerial attack.

.

intensive, fast,

and

full-scale war,

characterized by surprise attack and close coordination

between

air

and ground

forces. Sovietforces

continued

their blitz through eastern Afghanistan, rolling over any

(Newsweek Int. March 24,

insurgents in theirpath

A

1980).

quick, intensive or overwhelming campaign,

military or nonmilitary. a) advertisement blitz;

campaign

blitz; c)

communication

d)

blitz;

blitz; e) promotional blitz; f) propaganda blitz.

Of, characteristic of, to be expected

sequence of a

blitz.

—

in,

media

—

adj.

being the con-

The operations were conducted

by a general who believes

in blitz,

not Fabian, tactics.

To launch a rapid, vigorous, or violent attack against, a) On thefirst day ofthe war, our men blitzed the capital town of the enemy so continuously that it was almost captured, b) Kennedy 's current strategy is to blitz the state, keeping his flame aglow {Newsweek Int. Nov. 26, 1979:39). 2. To destroy or damage through a rapid, vigorous, violent attack. The capital town of the enemy was blitzed on the very first day of the war. 3. To push or stampede. The v. tr.

1

.

dictatorial

chairman blitzed the committee

blitzkrieg short form of blitz

n., pi.

Blitzkrieg: Blitz lightning (1);

war.] See blitz n.

into ac-

blitzkriegs [Ger.

Krieg war (2): lightning

more careful make a blitzkrieg ( Time Int.

..I want to be

.

those guys want to

bloc n.,pl. blocs

bizarre (Suret-Canale 1971:369).

[Fr.

block, lump, coalition.]

porary coalition of parties

But 1

982).

in the legislative

1.

A tem-

assembly

of a country, usually for support of the government.

A

union or combination of persons, groups, or

countries which have a)

common interests or objectives,

anti-war bloc; b) Asian bloc; c) East bloc; d) Soviet

bloc.

Blut und Eisen

lives.

bitte please (2);

por favor; prego; and

Showing

no signs of deriving pleasure or enjoyment from something. He is a difficult father, who is always

2.

vivit. [L. bis twice, for a

who (3); bene (5); He lives twice who lives well.] A perhe

[Fr. satiated, indifferent, tired.]

Cf. sitzkrieg.

bis pueri senes [L. bis twice, for a second time (3);

pueri boys

tells

cepting the recommendations.

to sin (3); in in, on; (4); bello

ted to sin twice in war.]

One who

[Fr. joker.]

Satiated. Bored. Apathetic. Uninterested.

b)

letter.

very beautiful but not very smart.

is

blase orfern, blasee adj.

3.

billets-doux [Fr. billet note (2);

n., pi.

(1):

blagueurs

n., pi.

tall tales.

An

come.] Greetings. Cf. bienvenida.

Bildungsroman

blagueur

n.

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898).

[Ger. Blut blood (1);

und and

iron.] Military

ment of a

definite purpose.

b.m. abbr. for

1.

cable to

all

(q.v.). 2.

bonae

property.]

1.

Roman Law.

Appli-

kinds of property, but specifically to real

estate. 2. Civil

property. 3.

(3):

for the achieve-

See Eisen und Blut.

beatae memoriae

memoriae (q.v ). bona pi. n. [L. goods,

Eisen iron

(2);

power used

blood and

Law. Applicable

Common

bona adventitia

to personal

Law. Applicable

pi. n. [L.

to

and

real

movables.

bona goods, property

(2);

adventi(c)ia foreign, accidental (1): accidental

49 goods.]

Roman Law.

All the property which a person

own

acquires through his

property received from the father.

A son can keep such

property as his own, though his father can enjoy fruct.

from

efforts, as distinct

its

usu-

ma tern a

See peculium adventitium. Cf. bona

bona goods (2); confiscata confiscated (1)- confiscated goods.] Goods forfeited to the national treasury. Cf. bona forisfacta. bonae fidei adj. [L. bonae of good ( ); fidei (of) faith (2): of good faith.] Civil Law. In good faith. Bonae bona confiscata pi.

n. [L.

1

bonanza

of deceit. Due

to his

unquestionable bona fides, his

claim to the "lost and found" article was granted. Cf. dolus malus.

bona fides

exigit ut

quod convenit fiat.

(1) ; fides faith (2); exigit that (4);

quod

(that)

agreed on, settled

which, what

(6); fiat

bona good

[L.

demands, requires

(3);

convenit

(5);

may be done, happen

ut is

(7):

Good faith requires that what is agreed upon happen.] Law. Good faith demands that what is agreed on be done.

bona fides non patitur ut bis idem exigatur. [L. bona good ( ); fides faith (2); non not (3); patitur allows, bonae fidei emptor n. [L. bonae of good (2); fidei permits (4); ut that (5); bis twice (8); idem the same (of) faith (3); emptor purchaser (1): a purchaser of (thing) (6); exigatur be demanded, exacted (7): Good good faith.] Law. A purchaser in good faith; i.e., a faith does not allow that the same thing be exacted purchaser who sincerely believes that the vendor has fidei contracts.

1

the right to sell property or that the article does not

belong to another person.

bonae

possessor

fidei

(of) faith (3);

of good person

faith.]

Law.

believes that he/she has a better

anybody

right to a possession than

bonae

fide

possessor in id tantum quod ad se

fidei

ad

(8);

of

(2); fidei

possessor holder, possessor ( 1 ); in

against, for (5); id that (7);

which

Bona

else.

(q.v.).

pervenerit tenetur. [L. bonae of good faith (3);

(2); Fidei

A possessor in good faith; i.e., a

who sincerely

possessor

bonae of good

n. [L.

possessor holder, possessor ( 1 ): holder

tantum only

into, to,

quod

(6);

according to (10); se him-

to, at, for,

self (11); pervenerit will

have come

(9);

tenetur

is

A possessor of good faith is held for only that which will have come to himself] Law. A held, liable (4):

possessor

good

in

faith is liable

only for that which

bonae memoriae abbr. b.m. adj. [L. bonae of good, happy (1); memoriae (of) memory (2): of happy memory.] Pleasantly remembered. bona fide adv. [L. bona with good ( 1 ); fide (with) faith, trust (2): with good faith.] In good faith. Honestly. Sincerely. With sincerity. If the servant does not act bona fide, presumably he is liable (Rogers

—

.

adj.

1.

Made

Bona fide agreement.

2.

countries, b) The

3.

.

Legally valid. Legitimate,

goods found

bona fide property.

.

without deceit or fraud.

were deported

a) Illegal aliens

to their

in

bona fide

my house

Sincere. Honest.

are

my

A bona fide

upholder of the principles of egalitarianism. fide possessor

with good a person fer

and

n. [L.

bona

in

good

possessor holder, possessor

faith (3);

faith.]

Law.

bonae

fidei

mala fide. [L. bona good

fides

n.

faith.] Sincerity.

bona gratia adv. [L. bona by good (1); gratia (by) grace, harmony (2): by good grace/harmony.] By mutual agreement/consent. Voluntarily. Applicable to a kind of divorce

in

Roman Law.

which the

parties

separated either without giving any reason or by

mutual agreement. n. [L.

sessions (2); immobilia

bona goods, immovable (

property, pos1

):

immovable bona mo-

goods/property.] Land. Immovables. Cf. bilia.

bona goods, property, posmaterna of the mother (2): goods of mother.] Roman Law. The goods which a depen-

bona materna

pi. n. [L.

sessions (2); the

dent son,

i.e.,

one who

is

subject to his father's power,

acquires from his mother. Cf.

bona adventitia and

peculium adventitium. bona mobilia pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, possessions (2); mobilia movable (1): movable goods/property.] Movables. Possessions which can move or be moved from place

to place. Cf. pi. n. [L.

bona immobilia. bona goods, property, pos-

noteworthy goods.] Law. Noteworthy or notable property. Goods of a decedent which are valuable

he/she can trans-

possessor

(q.v.).

enough

to

(1); fides faith (2):

intention.

good Lack

be accounted

for.

Goods which

are worthy

of notice.

bonanzas [Sp. fair weather, prosperity, mass of ore rich in gold and silver. A mine with such rich ore. The product of such a mine. A very prosperous gold mine or oil well. The company 's

bonanza

n., pi.

success.]

Honest or sincere

to

sessions (2); notabilia noteworthy, remarkable (1):

Cf. possessor

bona

goods of fugitives.] Law. Property belonging

fugitives.

holder

ignorant of any defect in his/her right of

possession,

possessions (1); fugitivorum of fugitives, deserters (2):

(2); fide (in) (1): a

A possessor in good faith; i.e.,

who owns property which

is

:

bona notabilia

Cf. dolus malus.

bona

made public Goods which have been made public] Forfeited property. Cf. bona confiscata. bona fugitivorum pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, sessions (1); forisfacta that have been

(2)

bona immobilia pi.

he himself has got.

1975:452).

Law. Good faith does not permit that payment be demanded on the same thing twice. Cf. jus non patitur etc. bona forisfacta pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, postwice.]

1

.

A

bona paraphernalia

50

team ofexplorersfound a bonanza estimated to be worth billions

of dollars.

An

2.

which unexpect-

enterprise

edly turns out to be very profitable.

A

3.

.

very large

.

earned by the sale oftour T-shirts, posters, programs, buttons {Newsweek Int. March 5, that will be

—

1984:49).

great wealth.

.

.

's

wealth

is

by or producing

mostly derivedfrom the

bonanza contract he obtainedfrom the government. bona paraphernalia pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, possessions side the

(2);

dowry

,

paraphernalia paraphernal, along(1):

paraphernal goods, property

alongside the dowry.] Civil Law. The goods of a wife other than those which form part of the jewels, clothes,

dowry

(e.g.,

See also para-

etc.).

Cf. conquets.

n. [L.

bona goods, property, posses-

phernalia.

sions (1); peritura about to perish, going to perish

goods going

to perish, that will perish.]

Perishable property or goods. The court

the trial in view

Law.

had to expedite

.

ing

.

.

.

.

.

(2)

good

:

.

.

bon good (1); appetit appetite (2): good appetite.] Happy dining! Cf. buon appetito. bona vacantia or vacantia bona pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, possessions (2); vacantia vacant, unoccu-

year.]

of it becoming bona vacantia

through the death ofthe grantee without a successor

(James 1982:149).

bon genre

n. [Fr. bon good bon good (3); genre type, kind (4): good style, good type.] Someone or something stylish and in good social standing. Cf. chic. bonhomie n. [Fr. bon good (1); horn me man, person (2) good nature, amiableness, easy temper.] Good-

abbr. b.c.b.g.

(1) ; chic stylish (2);

:

natured friendliness.

Warm

spontaneous geniality.

Sincere atmosphere or air of good cheer. Pleasantness

of manner. Joviality. His bonhomie that

is

so infectious

wherever he goes everybody becomes cheerful.

boni judicis est judicium sine dilatione mandare executioni. [L. boni of good (2); judicis (of) judge (3) ; est (7);

it

is (1);

judicium judgment

dilatione delay (8);

mandare

(5);

sine without

to assign, entrust

(4) ; ex(s)ecutioni to execution (6):

It is

of a good

judge to entrust judgment to execution without delay.]

Law. tion

It is

the

mark of a good judge to see to the execu-

of judgment without delay.

property

purchase of goods.] Civil

(1):

estate,

the purchaser being under obligation to settle the

and debts up

abilities

to a portion agreed

bonorum

li-

upon during

venditio and distractio

bonorum.

bonorum venditio n. venditio sale

(2);

erty. Cf. n.

bonorum of goods, property

[L.

of goods.] Sale of prop-

(1): sale

bonorum emptio. bon

[Japan, from

pot, basin (1); sai to plant .

The art of dwarfing

ornamental trees and growing them

in small containers.

2.

a pot to plant, a potted plant.]

An

1

artificially-dwarfed ornamental tree

grown

in

a small container.

bon ton

n., pi.

[Fr. bon good (1); ton form, good form, manners, or breed-

bons tons

by one generation

held that land alienated absolutely will escheat to

1979). Cf. mot.

Law. The purchase of an insolvent debtor's

who has no next of kin. An inheritance which no competent man has accepted or claimed. The court intestate

Int.

bonne good (1); annee year

bonorum of goods,

n. [L.

emptio purchase

(2);

manners, breeding

chic,

of a

Happy New Year!

empty (1): vacant/unoccupied goods.] Civil Law. Goods which have no apparent owner or claimant (e.g., shipwrecks). Goods whose legitimate owners are unknown or cannot be determined. Goods of an pied,

bon

It is

.

inter/. [Fr.

bonorum emptio

(2):

interj. [Fr.

the grantor in the event

to frustrate, prevent (4):

Alfred Hitchcock (Time

Bonne Annee!

ofthe fact that the subject matters of bonsai

dispute were bona peritura.

bon appetit

(2);

is (1); lites litigations,

good judge to frustrate litigations.] It is the mark of a good judge to prevent litigations. bon mot n., pi. bons mots or bon mots [Fr. bon good (1) mot word (2): good word.] Witticism. A clever, witty saying or remark. Wisecrack. The bon mots at the dinner in Beverly Hills, honorflowed

the purchase. Cf.

bona peritura pi. (2):

dirimere

suits (5);

it

;

.

adj. Characterized

Sam

dirimere. [L. boni of good

lites

judicis (of) judge (3); est

amount of money, a) Fred is one of the beneficiaries who put the back-pay bonanza to good use. b) The real bonanza will come from the estimated $70 million .

boni judicis est

(2):

ing.] Good taste. Stylishness. The fashionable thing. The proper thing. Every age has its bon ton and thus it

comes about that a bon ton which has been rejected is, surprisingly, adopted by a sub-

sequent generation.

bonum factum tum

abbr. b.f.

n. [L.

bonum good (1); facAn approved act.

deed, act, fact (2): good deed.]

bonum necessarium extra terminos necessitatis non est bonum. [L. bonum good (thing) (2); necessarium necessary ( 1 ); extra outside of, beyond (6); terminos bounds, limits (7); necessitatis of compulsion, urgency, necessity (8); non not (4); est is (3); bonum good (5): A necessary good thing is not good outside of the limits of compulsion.] Law. A good measure born of necessity ceases to be good when it leaves the limits of necessity. b.p. n. [L. bonum good (thing) publicum public (1): public good thing.] The public good. Government exists primarilyfor bonum

bonum publicum abbr. (2);

publicum.

bonus

n., pi.

bonuses

[L.

or received beyond what

good.] is

1.

Something given

ordinarily expected. Mrs.

Adelabu gave each ofher children a bonus of$l 0. 00 pocket moneyfor their good conduct. in addition to the regular salary to

2.

Money given

reward meritorious

service or as an inducement. At the end-of-year party,

the

Managing Director gave each employee a bonus

51 A

subsidy given by government to an

of $200.

3.

industry.

The government pays the firm a bonus of

$400, 000 per annum to keep

it

of a charter

loan, for the grant

is

A sum

team

which

is

addition to the salary.

in

Samuel

et

for

judex judge

aequum

(2);

et

bonum

aequitatem equity (10); stricto law

( 1

2);

ment

in

strict law.]

fair

Law.

to (4);

bonum

the

good

and

(8);

to strict (11); juri

praefert prefers

judges according to the equity to

judicat,

bonus good

(3); et

the fair (5); et and (6);

(to) right,

[L.

secundum according

judicat judges, decides

(7);

the only

is

(9):

A good judge

and the good, and prefers

A good judge passes judg-

accordance with equity, and prefers equity

bonus paterfamilias

bonus good (1); paterfa(2): a good father of the good head of the family, fin

n. [L.

milias father of the family

family.] Roman Law. A Roman law the usufructuary] owed a

adj. [Fr. limited, restricted.]

outlook, intelligence, depth of percep-

in

of interests, scope,

tion, variety

etc.

Narrow-minded.

official.

boudoir n., pi. boudoirs private chamber.]

A

[Fr.

a lady can use as

her private bedroom, as dressing room, and as a place to entertain her friends. In public,

Mrs. Bods behaves

as though her husband is her lord, but in the privacy

ofher boudoir, roles are reversed. teristic of, relating to,

used

in,

—

adj. Of, charac-

the res (Asante 1975:8).

lamp.

boulevardier

n., pi.

boulevardiers

frequenter of

[Fr.

Man with sophis-

Bon vivant

(q.v.). Cf.

bon

viveur.

boulimia

liv-

bouquiniste

A jolly fellow. A person who enjoys the pleasures of life. A person who likes good living. An epicure. An easygoing person. A person with sophisticated tastes, especially in drinks and food. A gourmet, vivant who dressed exquisitely, chainsmoked

a secretary/lover

and a stablefill ofexpensive automobiles. {Newsweek Int. Jan. 31, 1983:48). b) He was a charming, multilingual bon vivant who always found time for foreign visitors, especially journalists (Time Int. 1982). Cf. bon viveur and boulevardier. bon viveur n., pi. bons viveurs or bon viveurs [Fr. bon good ( 1 ); viveur fast/free liver (2): a good fast/free .

.

ticated taste in fashion.

[Fr.

ing person.]

.

A boudoir

a boudoir.

bouleversement n., pi. bouleversements [Fr. an overturning.] Complete confusion, disruption. She care of underwent a bouleversement in herfeelings when she saw her husband with another woman.

bon vivant n., pi. bons vivants or bon vivants bon good (1); vivant living (person) (2): good

elegantly, kept a wife, a mistress,

woman's

a sulking room, a

room which

duty to con-

duct himself as a bonus paterfamilias in the

A bon

Limited

the boulevards.] Man-about- town.

to strict law.

a)

borne or fern, bornee

Provincial. Parochial, a) a bornee girl; b) a borne

aequitatem stricto juri praefert.

(1);

detailed

summary or description of transactions between an agent

paid to a professional athlete by a

bonus player of the team. bonus judex secundum aequum

A

1.

and a company, or one prepared by a former underwriter for the benefit of a reinsurer.

the lease or transfer of property such as oil lands. 5.

docket.]

Money

company, or

to a

[Fr. memorandum, account, memorandum. 2. Insurance. A

bordereau n.,pl. bordereaux

paid for a

in operation. 4.

which, apart from interest or royalties,

bourgeois

.

.

of bulimia

var.

(q.v.).

bouquinistes

n.,pl.

second-hand books.]

A

[Fr.

a person

who sells

used-book merchant, espe-

cially in a small street stall.

They made a habit of

frequenting the bouquinistes along the Seine every

Sunday afternoon. bourgeois or fern,

plain; 1

.

2.

fern,

bourgeoise

bourgeoises

[Fr. adj.

citizen, civilian,

adj., pi.

bourgeois or

commoner, townsman.]

Characteristic of the middle classes or the

Belonging

engage

to, characteristic of,

in trade

common,

middle-class,

and own property.

.

townsman.

the classes .

.

it

which

now confronts

such bourgeois problems as sagging exports, runaway labor costs and middle-class malaise Int.

Nov.

12, 1979:35). 3. Pejorative.

.

.

.

(Newsweek

Tending

to

be

A person who lives a high and fast life. A person

preoccupied with selfish materialism, accumulation

who is socially active. A person who frequents sophisti-

of wealth and property as well as respectable position

liver.]

cated places of resort, such as theaters, dancing halls, or clubs. Cf.

bon vivant and boulevardier. [Fr. bon good (1); voyage journey

bon voyage n. (2): good journey.] A happy, good, or pleasant journey. Rose and Elizabeth went to the airport to wish Timothy " a bon voyage. inter/. Have a good trip. "Bon voyage,

—

Anita said tearfully.

bordello

n., pi.

bordellos

a brothel.]

A house where

prostitutes ply their trade. Hookers from all around France arrived in Paris last week to protest legislation

would get them off the

and into municipally controlled bordellos (Newsweek Int. Feb. 5, that

1979:15). Cf. lupanar.

the bourgeois tastes Capitalistic. try.

street

of its inhabitants.

4. Politics.

Preoccupied with commerce and indus-

According

to

Marxist theory, the interests of the

proletariat are in constant conflict with bourgeois

concerns. [It.

Exhibiting mediocre views and tastes.

in society.

Narrow-minded. The gaudy decor ofthe room revealed

—

n.

1

.

An

A memA person

inhabitant of a bourg. 2.

ber of the middle classes.

A

businessman.

who derives

his/her wealth from trade and industry.

A

A

capitalist.

person whose socio-political views

are dominated by the interests of private property

ownership.

A person

3.

A philistine. A narrow-minded person.

preoccupied with materialism and showing

.

52

bourgeoisie

He is such a

negligible interest in intellectual values.

bourgeois that he cares

about art beyond

little

its

resale value. See bourgeoisie;

grande bourgeoisie; haute bourgeoisie; petit bourgeois; and petite bourgeoisie.

bourgeoisie

the social class of the bourgeois.]

A

classes.

society dominated by the

middle classes. See bourgeois.

bourree n.,pl. bourrees packed

sticks, a dance.]

1

.

crammed, packed,

A traditional French dance

to

around piles of fagots.

Music played

A dance

Ballet.

2.

have originated

dances

in

for this dance.

de bourree

step also called pas

bourses

n., pi.

money

stock exchange,

[Fr. purse,

market, scholarship, grant.]

exchange.

1.

Market.

An

A stock exchange. A place where merchants,

brokers, and bankers meet for business transactions.

one session of trading last week, shares on Bourse dropped more than 2 per cent,

In just

the Paris

.

(Newsweek Int. May

1

1981:12).

1,

2.

.

.

A scholarship

or grant to pursue academic activities.

right to

boutiques

[Fr.

shop,

booth.]

stall,

A

in fash-

bonum publicum (q.v ). bene quiescat (q.v ). brava fern, for bravo (q.v.). bravo or fern, brava adj., pi. bravi or bravos or fern. brave [It. courageous, excellent.] (You are) excellent! interj. Excellent! Well done! a) Bravo to Richard b.p. abbr. for b.q. abbr. for

—

Schickelfor his incisive review o/"Star Trek

.

.

.

{Time

Bravo for a job well done (The Guardian 1986). c) The opera house was filed with 1980). b)

.

.

.

shouts of "Brava "after the sopranofinished her aria. n.

Shout of approval, commendation, approba-

1.

tion or sanction.

The outstanding performance was

greeted with wild bravos. Cutthroat.

—

v.

tr.

2. Villain.

To show

Assassin. Thug.

approval, approbation,

or admiration by shouting bravo. The entire audience, with

bravura

no exception, bravoed the performance.

n., pi.

bravuras

of brilliance or daring. in

[It.

bravery.]

1.

Exhibition

He slips with stunning bravura

and out of the parts of the egomaniacal Richard

III,

the self-pitying

Lear and, stripped nearly naked,

Timon ofAthens (Newsweek Int. May 30, 1983:64). Music. A piece or passage which demands considerable spirit and skill on the part of the performer. 2.

—

attr.

Performing or behaving

in

a brilliant, daring,

sion.]

of small decorative articles,

lection

n., pi. 1

.

brevets

French Law.

[Fr. certificate, patent,

commis-

A document from a government,

giving a private individual a

title,

and

miscellaneous col-

art objects, antiques,

which have sentimental value. The townhouse

etc.,

was filled with a and bric-a-brac.

life-long accumulation

brigatisti

n. pi. ,

[It.

a

of antiques

member of a brigade.]

A member of the Red Brigade.

The authorities also

stumbled upon a possible link with the abduction by brigatisti

(Time

of U.S. Brigadier General James Dozier

Int.

brochure

.

.

1982).

brochures

n.,pl.

[Fr.

booklet, pamphlet.]

A

small book or pamphlet.

brontophobia

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. bronto(s) thunder

n.

phob(os) fear

(1): fear

of thunder.] Psychology.

Excessive fear of thunder.

brouhaha

n.,pl.

hubbub.]

tion,

brouhahas [Fr. uproar, din, commo1. Hubbub. A confused mixture of 2.

Hullabaloo. Furor. Uproar.

Fuss. Unwarranted excitement, publicity, or attention.

.

.

.

a legal brouhaha over the film

months (Newsweek

brutum fulmen heavy,

's

worldwide

privilege, benefit,

Int.

March

12, 1979:57).

bruta fulmina

n., pi.

[L.

brutum

fulmen thunderbolt (2): a An empty threat or noise, a) Since

inert, irrational (1);

heavy thunderbolt.] the court has

no jurisdiction, the quit order issued is no more than a brutum fulmen.

against the tenant b)

One of the reasons for applying

the lex situs

is

any adjudication which was contrary to what the lex situs had decided or would decide would be in most cases a brutum fulmen, since in the last resort the land can only be dealt with in a manner permitted that

by the lex

situs (Morris

1

973 :6 1 ).

buffet n.,pl. buffets [Fr. sideboard, refreshment room,

refreshment table.]

1

.

A counter where refreshments

are sold, as in a railway station, a train, a hotel, or theater. 2.

A meal, usually a light refreshment, served

informally on a sideboard to guests

who

stand or

sit

casually and eat. a) a buffet luncheon; b) a buffet supper.

B.U.J. abbr. for Baccalaureus Utriusque Juris (q.v

bulimia or boulimia

n.,pl.

).

bulimias or boulimias [Gk.

being ox-hungry.] Medicine. Abnormal hunger. Ab-

normal craving for food.

A disease characterized by

binge-eating followed by purging. See polyphagia.

Bundesbank n.

Bank bank

or spirited manner.

brevet

[Fr. curios, bits

A

distribution rights delayed the premiere for four

ionable clothes and accessories for ladies.

—

bric-a-bracs

n., pi.

odds and ends.] Curios.

pieces,

sounds, particularly voices.

left, etc. n., pi.

small shop, particularly one which specializes

Int.

(1);

for a discovery.] Patent for an invention. Letters

(2);

boustrophedon n. [Gk. boustrophedon: bous ox (1); strophedon turning (2): ox-turning.] Writing the way a field is plowed by an ox, i.e., from left to right then boutique

brevet patent, license

n. [Fr.

patent.

brigatista

(q.v.).

bourse

does not receive the corresponding salary or authority,

brevet d invention

bric-a-brac

[Fr. stuffed,

of the Auvergne believed

3.

commission which gives

an officer promotion to a higher rank, though he/she

d' of (2); invention discovery, invention (3): a patent

n. [Fr.

The middle

A

or dignity. 2. Military.

[Ger.

(2):

Bund association, federation (

federation bank.]

The

federal

1 );

bank

of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Bundesbank is holding interest rates high to protect the

Deutschmark (Newsweek

Int.

Dec. 15, 1980:47).

bzw.

Bundeskanzleramt federation

(

);

1

n.

[Ger.

Bund

association,

Kanzleramt office of chancellor (2):

writing desk which has drawers. 2.

A

low chest of

drawers, fitted with a mirror, usually used

A

in

a bed-

federation office of chancellor.] Office of the Federal

room.

Chancellor, i.e., of Germany. And he still feels the glow ofadmiration when meeting with foreign states-

division of a government, a) State research bureau;

men, either in his drab modernistic Bundeskanzleramt

eral

or abroad {Newsweek

Bundesstaat [Ger.

A federated state. A federation.

Bundestage or Bundestags federation (1);

(2): federation

[Ger.

Tag meeting, diet,

assembly.] Federal Diet.

Lower House. Lower House of Parliament, cally in the Federal Republic of

Germany.

specifi.

.

.

the

Bundestag approved a measure designed to encour-

age some of the 4.5 million foreign workers in the country to return home {Newsweek Int. Dec. 12,

Bundeswehr n. [Ger. Bund association, federation (1); wehr defense (2): federation defense.] Defense forces of the Federal Republic of Germany established in 1954/5 by the Treaty of Paris. With 500,000 troops,

Bundeswehr in

is

by far the largest single military

Western Europe (Newsweek

Int.

Nov

17,

buon good good appetite.] Happy interj. [It.

( 1 );

appetito ap-

dining! Cf.

bon

branch of a news in

an im-

Bonn Bureau. bureau de change n., pi. bureaux de change bureau

office

(3): office

( 1 );

[Fr.

de of (2); change change, exchange

of change.] Foreign exchange office.

Office of the money-changer. Office of currency

exchange.

burlesque

n.,pl.

burlesques

[Fr.

comic]

1

.

A dramatic

n., pi.

in-

appropriate to the subject matter to create ridicule or

humor. So a serious topic or a light subject

is

presented humorously

2. A distorted A mockery. 3. A motley theatrical

presented seriously.

is

or absurd imitation.

performance combining ribald humor, song, and dance.

—

v.

Humorous.

2.

striptease,

To mock, to imitate in a distorted,

—

adj.

1.

Mocking. Distorted.

Pertaining to a motley theatrical perfor-

mance combining

ribald

humor,

striptease, song,

and

dance, a) a burlesque dancer; b) a burlesque theater.

appetit

bureau

A

portant city. Times

humorous manner.

1980:36).

buon appetito petite (2):

ing information, inter alia. 5.

media or wirecommunication organization

performance or written work which uses a tone

1983:14).

the

Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.); e) Bureau of Labor Statistics; f) Bureau ofLand Management. 4. A business agency which coordinates activities and

Bund association,

force

b) planning bureau; c) weather bureau; d) The Fed-

serves as the center for making contacts and exchang-

n., pi.

assembly

of the administrative or executive

Bundesstaaten or Bundesstaats

(2): federation state.]

Bundestag

April 26, 1982:35).

unit

association, federation (1); Staat state

n., pi.

Bund

Int.

3.

bureaux or bureaus

table, office,

[Fr.

desk, writing

department, committee, board.]

1.

A

V

bzw. abbr. for beziehungsweise

(q.v.).

c c.

abbr. for

circa (q.v.).

1.

2. circiter (q.v.). 3.

circum

cache-cache with their eyes from opposite sides of the room.

(q.v.).

cache-pot

ca. abbr. for circa (q.v.).

C.A. abbr. for

1.

charge d'affaires (q.v

).

corps

2.

d'armee [Fr. corps body (1); d' of (2); armee army (3): body of the army.] Army Corps. cabala or cabbala or kabala or kabbala n. [Heb. qabbala tradition, doctrine.] 1. Judaism. Mystical teachings based upon rabbinical tradition and esoteric interpretation

of scripture.

2.

Any

(2);

cachet

n., pi.

A A skilled horseman. cabana hut.] A beach-

cabana

house or cabaret

cabanas

n., pi.

[Sp.

Reputation. Recognition.

1.

liquor. 2.

A

1.

A

shop which

sells

normal services, provides entertainment

of music and dancing.

3.

The

in the

form

n., pi.

[Fr. third-rate acting,

Exaggerated or extravagant acting with the

caches

[Fr. hiding-place.]

where explorers, campers, tools.

A

now has .

[Fr.

place for storage.

1

etc. store 2.

23, 198 1 :53).

evil

(

1

);

hexis

A debilitating loss

result

of prolonged

cadastres or cadastrers

A register of land owner-

.

.

they found a

4.

n., pi.

n., pi.

young

cadets

of a family.

[It.

falling.]

soloist. 2.

gift.

A

1.

An

A

showy

in-

elaborate solo

[Fr.

younger, junior, youngest,

1.

younger division of a family.

Computer Science. An area of the central processing unit of a computer used for temporary storage and

sioned officer.

5.

armed forces 3.

2.

A person undergoing

to

become

a

commis-

A junior person who is undergoing

training in an occupation or business.

cadit quaestio. [L. cadit falls (2); quaestio inquiry,

quick retrieval of data. [Fr.

A

Younger brother, son or division Youngest son. A person belonging to a

fellow.]

training in the

the

dead body, a corpse.]

[Fr. gift, present.]

cadenzas

by a vocal

place.

in

[L. a

instrumental performer in a concerto.

cadet

A group

same hiding

cadavers

section intended to demonstrate the virtuosity of an

provisions and

.

n., pi.

terpolation

.

of insects hibernating

n.

international cachet as a

(Newsweek Int., Feb.

present.

A hiding place

.

place where a group of insects hibernate.

cache-cache

.

Dead human body. cadeau n., pi. cadeaux

cache offirearms and ammunition, bomb-making (Newsweek Int. Nov. 2, 1981:39). 3. A equipment .

.

n., pi.

cadaver

Something concealed

or preserved in a hiding place.

.

dis-

land survey, register.]

cadenza

audience. n.,pl.

or honor. Kinski serious actress

cadastre or cadaster

deliberate intention of attracting the attention of the

cache

A

ship for tax purposes.

cabotinages

barn-storming, self-advertisement.] Playing to the gallery.

Mark of excellence.

of weight and muscle tone as a

such a restaurant.

cabotinage

re-

2. Prestige.

disease.

its

show provided at

floor

A

or feature which confers prestige, respect,

condition, state (2): bad condition.]

wine

restaurant which, in addition to

1.

c.-a-d. abbr. for c'est-a-dire (q.v.).

[Fr. restaurant, tavern, night-

club, pub, wineshop.]

and

con-

much-rumored project has now

cachexia n. [Gk. kakhexia: kak(os) bad,

cabarets

A

mark, stamp.]

[Fr. seal,

ceived the cachet ofthe board ofdirectors.

2.

shelter.

n., pi.

cachets

n., pi.

approval. The

collection of

caballeros [Sp. horse groom.]

cache hiding place

stamp, seal, or sign indicating official sanction or

tinct quality

Spanish knight or gentleman.

[Fr.

a pot hiding place.]

(1):

tainer for a flower pot.

secret teachings.

caballero

cache-pots

n., pi.

pot pot, vessel

cache hiding-place.] Hide-and-

seek. Peekaboo. The flirtatious young couple played

54

question

(1):

more room

The inquiry/question falls.] There is no The discussion comes to

for argument.

Camorra

55 an end. If the tribunal recommended that the question should not be so referred, then cadit quaestio

who have the capacity of becoming lead-

and training others

ers

important people.

have been

.

built up,

in the field.

A small group of

as cadres ofqualified scientists more advanced training has been .

.

undertaken at selected institutions (Peter Collins

in

West Africa 1985).

caduceus

1.

from Gk. karukeion

[L.

A herald's staff, especially the one

by Hermes, the Greek messenger god. This 2. Hermes'

carried

topped by a circle and a half circle.

staff is

staff with

wings and entwined serpents added. Asso-

ciated with medicine and physicians.

it.]

Engraved

of an engraving.

to indicate the author

Cf. delineavit; fecit; invenit; invenit et delineavit;

pinxit;

[L. a

Roman gens or tribe name.]

Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.), the famous

who was assassinated A Roman emperor.

general and statesman of Rome,

on the Ides of March, 44 B.C. 3.

An

2.

emperor, dictator, despot, or autocrat. The

country

's

Caesar

black

n., pi.

black coffee.] Coffee without cream or

(1):

au

milk. Cf. cafe

£a

ira. [Fr.

18, 1981:52). Cf. cafe noir.

cafes noirs [Fr. cafe coffee (2); noir

ca

lait.

it ( 1 );

go (2): It will go.] It will The first words of a French

ira will

happen without doubt. revolutionary song.

1

2.

.

Any song

becoming more irresponsible

is

than the notorious Nero. ruler. Christians, in

caldera

n., pi.

calderas [Sp. caldron.]

Calliope

n.

[Gk. Kalliope: kalli- beautiful

A

4.

temporal or earthly

due compliance with the instruc-

ofJesus, pay allegiance to both God and Caesar. and Kaiser. Caesar non supra grammaticos [L. Caesar Caesar (1) non (2); supra above (3); grammaticos gram-

—calliope

Music.

n.,pl. calliopes

A steam-operated

;

not over the grammarians.]

calumniandi of accus-

[L.

animo with

ing falsely, slandering (2);

intention

(

1 ):

with the intention of accusing falsely.] Law. With

With

the intention of slandering.

intent to slander.

cannot be disputed that

It

he made the statement against hisfriend calumniandi animo.

cam. abbr. for camouflage (q.v.). camaraderie n., pi. camaraderies

Good

mutual cooperation, exists

[Fr.

comradeship.]

fellowship. Spirit of familiarity, friendship, trust, loyalty

among comrades.

.

.

.

and goodwill which

in the disco

and game

rooms, the village comes alive with the sort of interis supposed to make the of the Olympics worthwhile {Newsweek Int.

national camaraderie that

(is)

op(s)

pipe organ used especially at circuses, parades, and

hassles

Caesar

(1);

(2): beautiful voice.]

tions

(4):

A large volcanic

Greek Mythology. She of the beautiful voice. The muse of epic poetry. voice

Cf. czar

marians

or slogan urging

revolutionary violence,

With a malicious design.

and sculpsit.

Caesar n., pi. Caesars 1.

crowds

.

merry-go-rounds. Often transported on wagons.

caelavit abbr. cael. [L. He/she engraved

Used

cafe noir

calumniandi animo adv.

cael. abbr. for caelavit (q.v.).

by.

.

crater.

caducei

n., pi.

herald's staff]

.

lined up for steaming cups of cafe au lait ....

{Newsweek Int. May

(Nwabueze 1982:114). cadre n.,pl. cadres [Fr. framework, skeleton, nucleus, manager, executive.] I. Framework. Skeletal organization. 2. A nucleus of trained members of an organization

milk, especially hot milk. White coffee.

Feb. 25, 1980:46-47).

camarilla

camarillas [Sp. small or

n., pi.

Clique. Cabal.

A

little

room.]

who new boss is surcomprising people who are

group of scheming advisers

The power of a Caesar, i.e., a political ruler, does not include power over grammar. Political power has its

usually surround a potentate. The

limits.

primarily interested in obtaining undeserved promo-

caesura

n., pi.

caesurae or caesuras

[L.

a cutting.]

break or interruption, but especially a pause

of verse or a breathing point 2.

in a

A

Greek and Latin Poetry.

1

.

Any

in a line

musical melody.

word which ends

in

the middle of a metrical foot. (q.v.). ).

caeteris tacentibus var. of ceteris tacentibus (q.v

caf£ or cafe

n., pi.

of ceterorum (q.v

).

1

.

Coffee.

A room where cof-

2.

fee and light refreshments are served. Coffee house.

Coffee shop. .

.

3.

A

restaurant.

A

barroom.

the seedy cafes can offer only coffee

.

casional beer {Newsweek cafe au

lait n., pi.

to the,

toward

cafes au

Int.

by

A

saloon

and the oc-

the,

cafe coffee

(

1

);

au

with the, until the

(2) lait milk (3): coffee with the milk.] Coffee with ;

Camera obscura

.

(q.v.).

room.]

A piece of equipment which uses a

prism to project an image on a

flat

surface for the

purpose of tracing.

camera obscura n., pi. camerae obscurae or camera obscuras [L. camera room, chamber (2); obscura dark

(

1

):

dark room.]

which an image

July 7, 1980: 12).

Iait [Fr.

the, in the,

1

camera lucida n., pi. camerae lucidae or camera lucidas [L. camera room, chamber (2); lucida light (1): light

).

cafes or cafes [Fr. coffee, coffee

house, coffee shop.]

A judge's A piece of equipment used for taking photographs. 2. A piece

—

3.

caeteris paribus var. of ceteris paribus (q.v

var.

tions and settling old scores. camera n.,pl. camerae [L. room, chamber.] pi. cameras chamber. Cf. in camera.

of equipment used for transmitting television images.

caetera desunt. var. of cetera desunt

caeterorum

rounded by a camarilla

is

A darkened enclosure through

projected through a small opening

onto the back of the enclosure.

Camorra

n. [It.

a shirt, a secret organization.]

A

clan-

destine organization founded in Naples in the early

camouflage

56

19 ,h -century for the purpose of blackmail and extor-

— camorra

tion.

pi.

camorras Any clandestine

brigand

criminal organization. Cf. dacoit; mafia; petit

who

truand; and yakuza.

brigand.

camouflage abbr. cam.

n., pi.

camouflages

[Fr. dis-

guise, makeup.] {.Military. Disguising an object so that the

enemy may

and

position. 2.

its

A

thing. 3.

not discover what

Using disguise

it is, its

nature,

some-

to conceal

disguise. Conduct, behavior, or device

which aims

deception or concealing something.

at

—

False pretense. v. tr. To disguise or conceal. They camouflaged their guilt behind a mask of bravura. campanile n., pi. campaniles [It. belltower.] A tall building with bells, especially one adjacent to a church.

campesino

n., pi.

campesinos

Latin-American

[Sp. a field worker.]

A

farm laborer, or farmer. Tens

rustic,

viator traveler

(5);

has no

cantata

n., pi.

money

(2):

will sing

cantatas

[It.

An empty

traveler

A

traveler

of a brigand.]

will sing in the presence

when confronted by

A composi-

sung.] Music.

both voice

tion, originally religious in context, for

and instruments

in

a

various combinations of solos,

choruses, and recitatives.

cantatrice

n., pi.

cantatrices or cantatrici

a female singer.]

A woman

or

who

girl

[It.

is

and

Fr.

a profes-

sional singer, especially an operatic singer.

cantor

cantors

n., pi.

[L. singer.]

One who

leads the

congregation of a church or synagogue in singing. .

.

cantors with splendid voices are still in

.

demand

for the High Holidays, and some are hired for the weekend by wealthy congregations (Newsweek Int.

June 1, 1981:41). ofthousands ofcampesinos who once streamedfrom farms to Mexico City to find $200-a-month construc- cantus firm us n., pi. canti firmi [L. cantus song (2); tion jobs are staying home this year {Newsweek Inf firm us fixed, set ( 1 ): fixed song.] Music. The melody Oct. 18, 1982:46). around which other, i.e. counter, melodies are campus n., pi. campi or campuses [L. field, plain.] worked, especially in medieval religious chant. 1 The site of a university, college or school. Ben is capax doli adj. [L. capax capable (1); doli of willful traveling to his home-town today, but hopes to return wrong (2): capable of willful wrong.] Law. Capable to campus next week. 2. A school, college or division of committing a crime. Intelligent enough to be held of a university which has almost every necessary criminally liable. At the age of eighteen, a person is facility and can operate independently, but is linked deemed to be capax doli. to, and administered by, a university. The University capax negotii adj. [L. capax fit for, capable of (1); negotii (of) business (2): capable of business.] Caof Jos was formerly a campus of the University of Ibadan. 3. The world of academia. The university as pable of transacting business. Competent to transact a social and educational entity. Politicians seem to business. An infant is not deemed to be capax negotii. expect too much from the campus and, if they had Capelle var. of Kapelle (q.v.). their own way, universities would become technical Capellmeister var. of Kapellmeister (q.v ). .

capias

schools.

canaille

n., pi.

canailles [Fr. rabble, mob,

riffraff,

populace.]

The general populace. The masses. The

proletariat.

There can be no meaningful political

stability until the problems

ofthe urban canaille have

received the necessary attention. See polloi; sans-culottes; la

demos 2; hoi la creme de

and vulgus. Cf.

canard

n.,pl.

canards

[Fr.

intentionally false story. in the

duck, deceiving story.]

1.

An

The police report published

newspaper was merely a canard intended

deceive the perpetrators ofthe crime. stabilizer attached to the fuselage

Cancer n.

[L. crab.]

1

.

Astronomy.

2.

to

A wing-like

of some

aircraft.

A crab-shaped con-

Gemini and Leo. 2. Astrology. The fourth sign of the zodiac dominant from June 22 stellation located near

through July 22. lation.

of

—cancer

cells. 2.

growth.

3.

3. 1.

A person born under this constelAn

abnormal, malignant growth

The disease caused by such abnormal A spreading evil. The cancer of drug

cantabit vacuus

coram latrone viator. Juvenal c.60(

17 A.D.). Satires X,22. [L. cantabit will sing (3);

vacuus empty, devoid of, in the

should seize

audiendum

(1);

to

ad

to, at, for,

be heard

(4);

(1);

coram

in the

presence

face of (4); latrone highwayman, robber,

take.

You

should

according to (2)

judicium judgment

should seize for judgment to be heard.]

should seize for the hearing ofjudgment. Law. ordering that an accused

in

a case of

(3):

You

A writ

misdemeanor

be brought to hear judgment.

respondendum

capias ad

you may/should seize to (2);

abbr. ca. resp. n. [L. capias

(1);

ad

to, at, for,

respondendum answering

(3):

A writ,

seize for answering.]

Law.

commencing

which orders

action,

person be arrested, kept

in

according

You

should

usually used for that an

accused

custody, and brought to

court on a specified day to answer the complaint of the plaintiff.

capias ad satisfaciendum abbr. ca. sa.

you should/may seize (1); ad

abuse.

1

You may

capiases [L.

Law. That you take. A legal writ which empowers the officer to arrest the one who is named in it or to seize his/her goods. See fieri facias. capias ad audiendum judicium n. [L. capias you may/

You

creme.

n., pi.

seize.]

(2);

to, at, for,

satisfaciendum satisfying

for satisfying.]

Law.

capias

according to

You should seize

A writ ordering that a party be

arrested, kept in custody,

specified day to

(3):

n. [L.

and brought

make satisfaction

to court

on a

for debt or damages.

57 Capischi?

Do you

Do you understand?] Slang.

v. [It.

much

tax.

minutus diminished, reduced

ished by the head.]

A

who

person

One who

A

who

person

life (2);

in

of

forfeiture

A

Law.

life/head.]

citizen's loss

legal status

clude loss of freedom, membership

person.

3.

Personality.

residue after something had been distilled.

carabinieri

n.,pl.

[It.

a soldier armed with

A member of Italy 's national police force.

such

Legions of carabinieri pressed on with the manhunt

and leads took them up blind (Newsweek Int. Jan. 982: 5). career ad homines custodiendos, non ad puniendos, dari debet. [L. career prison (1); ad to, at, for, according to (4); homines humans, people (5); custodiendos to be kept (6); non not (7); ad to, at, for, according to (8); puniendos to be punished (9);

n. [L.

capitis

forfeiture, loss (1): loss/

Loss of civil

of

rights.

Roman

which may

in a family,

in-

and,

but most of their tips

alleys

1 1 ,

dari to be applied, devoted

A

1

(3);

1

debet ought, should

even, citizenship. See capite minutus; capitis

(2):

diminutio maxima; capitis diminutio media; capi-

kept, not to people to be punished.]

tis

diminutio minima; and diminutio.

maxima

capitis diminutio

maxima

[L. capitis

n.

diminutio

life (3);

maxima greatest (1): the greatest loss Roman Law. The highest form of loss

loss (2);

head/life.]

civil rights;

n.

life (3);

media middle, moderate life.]

capitis

(

1

):

(1); alg(os) pain, suffering (2): heart pain.]

of

Heartburn. Cardiac pain. Pain

deminutio media

Medicine. Morbid, abnormal, or excessive fear of

diminutio loss

(2);

moderate loss of head/ i.e.,

losing

(2);

by a

minima

or capitis deminutio

of head,

diminutio

life (3);

of heart.]

ad respondendum

cargo n.,pl. cargoes or cargos [Sp. charge, responsibility.]

[L. capitis

(1): fear

heart disease.

freedom. See capitis diminutio.

n.

phob(os) fear

ca. resp. abbr. for capias

citizenship and family rights but retaining personal

minima

Medicine.

in the heart.

cardiophobia n.,pl. cardiophobias [Neo-Gk. from Gk.

Roman Law. A moderate loss of status;

capitis diminutio

of punishing them.

society, not that

kardi(a) heart

media or

of head,

[L. capitis

away from

cardialgia n.,pl. cardialgias [Neo-Gk. from kardi(a)

of

See capitis diminutio. capitis diminutio

Law. Imprison-

becoming a slave.

losing freedom and

i.e.,

prison ought to be devoted to people to be

ment should serve the purpose of keeping individuals

or capitis deminutio

of head,

three funda-

a family.

civil rights,

deminutio

diminutio

The

due.

a musket.]

has suffered capitis diminutio. See

capitis diminutio or capitis

The head of a

has lost status. Civil

membership

The

1.

mortuum n.,pl. capita mortua [L. caput head mortuum dead (1): dead head.] Worthless resi-

caput

carabiniere

(1):

capitis diminutio.

of head,

rights. 2.

life.]

namely freedom, citizenship and family

rights,

dimin-

some

has lost

as citizenship, freedom, or

capite by

n. [L.

capita [L. head,

n., pi.

(2);

capite minutus or capite deminutus (2);

per head.

Applicable to taxes or levies calculated

A capitatim

per head.

caput

mental

by/of the head.] So

adj. [L.

By the head.

Law.

clear?

get the point?

capitatim

head

It is

carpe diem

The

freight, load, or

(q.v

goods conveyed

ship, vehicle, or airplane. Usually applicable to

only the goods. Animals and persons are not included. carillon

n., pi.

carillons [Fr. bells.] Music.

1.

A

minima least, lowest (1): the least/lowest loss of head/life.] Roman Law. The least loss of status,

bells arranged chromatically so that tunes

membership in a family, but retaining personal freedom and citizenship. See capitis

position for such bells.

loss (2);

1. e.,

losing

capriccio

A

n., pi.

capriccios

lively instrumental

flowing

style. 2.

in intention

[It.

whimsical.]

Music.

1.

composition written

in a free-

A joke. A trick. 3. A sudden change A whim. Cf. capriccioso and

or thought.

caprice.

capriccioso adj. /adv. sical style. Cf.

caprice

n., pi.

sical.]

change

1.

[It.

whimsical.] Music. In a

whim-

capriccio and caprice.

caprices

Music.

A

in intention

[Fr.

from

capriccio

It.

(q.v.). 2.

A

sudden

A whim. Their deciwas a caprice which they

regretted.

(2):

goat horn.]

1

.

from capr(i) goat

(1);

Astronomy. Capricorn.

Astrology.

The

cornu horn

A goat-shaped

tenth sign of the zodiac,

from December 22 through January born under

n., pi.

carissima caritas

adj.

n. [L.

carillonneurs

[Fr. bell

of

A complayer

]

plays a carillon (q.v.).

[It.

dearest.]

A term of affection.

love, regard, esteem.] Christianity. Charity.

A human's special love for God and human's love for others for the sake of God. A human's love for others as brothers and sisters, since all persons are the sons and daughters of God. God's

Christian love. a

carmen

n., pi.

carmina

prophecy, or incantation.]

[L. a song,

poem, verse,

A song or poem. —Carmen

A first name for either a man or a woman. —Carmina a collection of poems, especially those by Catullus

(c.84-c.54 B.C.). n. [L.

constellation located near Aquarius and Sagittarius. 2.

carillonneur

2.

set

can be

love for mankind. See agape.

capriccio whim-

or thought.

sion to attend the concert

Capricornus

played from a keyboard or electronically.

Someone who

diminutio.

).

load, burden,

this constellation.

19. 3.

dominant

A person

carousel or carrousel [Fr.

carousels or carrousels

n., pi.

a knight's tournament.]

1

.

A merry-go-round. 2. A

piece of equipment which carries articles around in

a circle, especially luggage

in

an airport.

carpe diem. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,2,8. [L. carpe take, snatch, seize (I); diem day (2): Seize the day.]

'

carptim

58

Seize the opportunity.

—

Make use of the day.

n.,pl.

carpe diems Enjoying the pleasures of the day with no regard for the future. Their carpe diems were transformed into dies iraes as a result of the stock

dum loquimur

market crash. Cf.

carptim adv.

etc.

[L. in pieces, in different places, at dif-

ferent times.] Piecemeal. Selectively. In parts.

One

school of thought believes that historiography cannot be completely objective, since most historians write carptim.

carte blanche

n., pi.

cartes blanches [Fr. carte chart,

A

1.

fit.

a white or

(1):

document signed and given

other party for him/her to

deem

fill

in

to the

whatever he/she

may

Free hand. Unrestricted delegated au-

2.

cas de conscience

cas case, matter (1); de of

[Fr.

n.

conscience principles, conscience

(2);

principles.]

card (2); blanche white, blank, clean

blank card.]

work Histoire de ma vie (Story of My Life), won for him the notorious reputation of a philanderer. 2. A male lover who is not only promiscuous but also unscrupulous. His reputation as a Casanova preceded him and his arrival was not welcome in her eyes. Casbah or casbah n.,pl. Casbahs orcasbahs [Fr. from Ar. qasbah fortress.] A castle in North Africa. (3):

a case of

matter of conscience or morality.

de conscience.

Cf. crise

cas fortuit

A

n. [Fr.

cas circumstance, matter (2); fortuit

accidental, fortuitous (1): an accidental circum-

An

Insurance Law.

stance.]

An

unavoidable accident.

accidental or fortuitous event.

An

act

of God.

power of discretion. Unlimited freedom See casus fortuitus. of action. Full power to act for the best. Unlimited casino n., pi. casinos [It. a little or small house.] A authority, a) The order was only a carte blanche for building where public entertainment is provided, the the thugs and bullies to have their own revenge ow principal item of amusement being gambling. the Ghanaians who had been considered threats to Cassandra n., pi. Cassandras [Gk. Kassandra ] their own existence (John Mensah in West Africa Mythology. The beautiful daughter of Priam, king to take of Troy, who was destined never to be believed even 1983). b) ... he gave me carte blanche " the necessary measures against certain "leopards, when accurately predicting misfortunes like the birth among them Litho and his businesses (New African of Paris (whose amorous escapade led to the Trojan war) and the consequences of accepting the gift of 1983). c) John Pistone, director ofthe U.S. bishops Secretariat for the Diaconate and himselfa deacon, the wooden horse. 2. A prophet or prophetess of missaid the rules changes should not be viewed "as a fortune, doom, or disaster, a) Recent developments carte blanche "for widowed deacons to remarry and clearly show that Emily is a veritable Cassandra. stay in active ministry (Jerry Filteau in Catholic News the trend has become sufficiently clear to inb) Service, August 24, 1997:2). dicate that the Cassandras might have been wrong carte d'entree n., pi. cartes d'entree [Fr. carte card (Newsweek Int. March 26, 1979:21). after all. thority. Full

1

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

of

(1); d'

entree entry, admission

(2);

(3):

card of

entry or admission.] Ticket. Card for admission.

Ad-

mission ticket or card. Cf. entree. carte de visite abbr. c.d.v. carte card visit.]

(

);

1

de of (2);

n., pi.

visite visit, call (3): card

1

);

n., pi.

ID

letter

[Fr.

carte card

of challenge, as for a duel.

2.

An

trust.] 1.

A

agreement

intercommunications,

etc. 3.

A

voluntary

combination of independent enterprises engaged

in

the production and distribution of similar commodities,

aimed

at limiting

tion, pricing,

competition by controlling produc-

and

sales.

The

enterprises could also

cooperate by standardizing products and exchanging knowledge, patents, trademarks, etc.

government

.

.

.

is to

.

.

.

the U.S.

be found among those urging

OPEC to behave like a cartel (O. Ugochukwu in

West

Africa 1986). Cf. zaibatsu.

Carthago delenda

est.

See delenda est Carthago.

ad satisfaciendum (q.v.). 1. Giacomo Girolamo adventurer ( 1 725-1 798) whose

ca. sa. abbr. for capias

Casanova n.,pl. Casanovas [It.] Casanova, an

Italian

to preserve his

teenth century

.

.

[It.

an emasculated or castrated

A

singer castrated at an early

soprano voice.

castrati finally

.

Europe's stages

.

.

.

.

.

.

in the nine-

disappeared from

(Newsweek

casus

belli n

case

,

casus

pi.

(1); belli

Int.

March

8,

casus occasion, event,

belli [L.

of war

(2):

grounds, or cause for war.

card. ID.

cartels [Fr. coalition, combine,

between belligerent powers respecting prisoners, deserters,

or boy.] Music.

1982:56).

d' of (2); identite identity (3): card of identity.]

Identity card.

cartel

of

Calling card.

carte d'identite n.,pl. cartes d'identite (

man age

cartes de visite [Fr.

.

castrato n.,pl. castrati

justifies the declaration

occasion of war.] Excuse,

An

event or action which

of war. Britain and France

regarded Hitler 's invasion ofPoland as a casus belli. n., pi. casus foederis [L. casus occa-

casus foederis

sion, event, case

of the treaty.]

(

1

);

foederis of treaty (2): occasion

A case which is, or is considered to be,

governed by the provisions of an agreement or treaty.

The movement ofcitizens ofECOWAS countriesfrom

one

to

another

casus fortuitus

is

a casus foederis.

n., pi.

casus fortuiti

[L.

casus occasion,

event, case (2); fortuitus accidental (1): accidental

event.]

Law.

accident.

An

accidental event.

An

inevitable

A fortuitous event or occurence. Something

such as a loss which happens

in spite

of every pre-

caution taken. See cas fortuit.

casus fortuitus non est sperandus, et

nemo

tenetur

divinare. [L. casus occasion, event, accident, case (2);

fortuitus accidental (1);

non

not (4); est

is (3);

59 sperandus to be expected, looked for (5); et and nemo no one (7); tenetur is obligated, bound divinare to foresee, predict is

(9):

not to be expected and no one

see

An

Law.

it.]

An is

accidental event

event and no one

(8);

accidental event

obligated to foreis

an unexpected

obligated to foresee

is

(6);

The

it.

causa causans

catastrophe

catastrophes [Gk. katastrophe

n., pi.

kata down, from, complete

strophe turning

(2);

(

1

):

turning down, denouement, ruin, undoing, end, con1. The climax of the unraveling of the plot drama or a novel. Denouement (q.v.). 2. A di-

clusion.] in a

A sudden occurrence that brings considerable suffering. A very serious calamity. a

saster.

maxim, though generally valid, is not applicable to cases where the liability is the consequence of a

agony or

party's act. See impotentia excusat legem.

gee problems, renewed insurgency in the south and acute social unrest have brought the country to the

casus major

casus majores

n.,pl.

An

Law.

major

(1): a

extraordinary accident or casualty.

casus non praestatur.

non

cident, case (1); for (3):

casus occasion,

major major

event, accident, case (2); event.]

[L.

casus occasion, event, ac-

[L.

not (2); praestatur

is

vouched

An accident is not vouched for.] Law. Nobody

should be held responsible for an accidental occurrence; i.e.,

a party to a contract cannot be held responsible

for accidental non-fulfilment

casus omissus

of the contract.

casus omissi

n.,pl.

[L.

event, accident, case (2); omissus (1):

An

an omitted event.] Law.

Also applicable has

made no

oblivioni

made

common

law.

provision. See casus omissus et

omissus

and (3); oblivioni

left out,

omitted

(4); dispositioni to disposition (7);

relinquitur oblivion

Law.

casus occasion, event,

A

datus

commulaw

(8); juris (of) right,

is left (6):

(9);

case omitted and given to

to the disposition

is left

(2); et

to forgetfulness, oblivion (5);

common

of

common

law.]

A case not covered by statute and consigned to

oblivion should be decided according to

common

law. See casus omissus.

catachresis

/?.,/?/.

down, from, complete ( 1 ); chresis a use (2): complete misuse of language.] Rhetoric.

Misuse or misapplication of words or figures of speech;

e.g.,

"blind legs or arms."

catalogue raisonne n„

catalogue

measured

pi.

raisonne controlled, reasoned,

list (2);

measured

( 1 ):

[Fr.

list.]

A list of items, such as

in

a single

volume along

with commentary and detailed description, especially for a

show or public n., pi.

Emptying of

ily

com-

plete (1); lusis loosening, destruction (2): complete

loosening, dissolution, dismissal, termination, settlement 1

.

.

Medicine. Pur-

by the use of a

recounting one's deep feelings to another person.

tension or produces spiritual rejuvenation.

needed

.

The process whereby a substance

accelerates or facilitates a chemical reaction without

The process or situation whereby an

.

.

/

something; something that would

to write

a catharsis to help relieve me of ofnow terrible memories {The Guardian

serve, perhaps, as

1986).

cathedra

n., pi.

cathedras

[L.

from Gk. kat(a) down,

from, complete (2); (h)edra chair, stool

down,

The

chair, stool.]

(1): a seat

throne or chair of a

official

bishop or the Pope. See ex cathedra.

cathedraticum

n.,pl.

to the chair.]

money

cathedratica [L. cathedra chair,

-aticum thing related

stool (2);

Roman

thing related

to, (1):

Catholic Church.

A sum

of

paid annually by a parish for the sustenance

of the bishop.

(h)ol(os)

catholica or catholicons [Gk.

n., pi.

whole (

1

):

completely whole,

universal.] Panacea. Cure-all.

problem. Though this drug it is

A

is for

(2);

entire, general,

remedy

for every

a specific malady,

being advertised as a catholicon. n., pi.

caudillos [Sp. small or

and Latin-America.

A

little

head.] Spain

leader or captain of military

troops, usually guerrilla forces.

A

political leader,

him personally. In 1928 Alvaro Obregon, who had emerged from the civil war as Mexico 's strongest caudillo, was murboss, or ruler with troops loyal to

dered

exhibition.

catalyses [Gk. kata down, from,

of dispute.] Science.

1

the bowels as

Any purgation or purification which effects release from

caudillo

catalogues raisonnes

artwork and books, collected

catalysis

cleansing from guilt or defilement.]

katholikos from kat(a) down, from, complete

(q.v.).

catachreses [Gk. katachresis: kata

use, excessive use,

(1):

tion in a subject, especially in Christianity.

catholicon

catabasis var. of katabasis

eche(o) to sound

(2);

instruction.] Basic oral instruc-

catharsis n.,pl. catharses [Gk. katharsis purification,

the burden

accident, case (1);

nis of

sound from, verbal

one's emotions, especially through drama or voluntar-

omitted case. Used

etc.

[L.

catecheses [Gk. katechesis: kata

purgative. 2. Purgation, release, or purification of

casus omissus et oblivioni datus disposition! com-

given

n., pi.

down, from, complete

out, omitted

circumstance for which a treaty

munis juris relinquitur.

.

casus occasion,

left,

thus governed by

is

to a

.

brink of catastrophe (South 1985). catechesis

gation.

with reference to a case which no statute has provisions for and

.

chronic balance ofpayments deficit, famine and refu-

.

.

.

(The Economist 1987). See

el

Caudillo.

Fuhrer and II Duce. causa calumniae adv. [L. causa for the sake (1); calumniae of misrepresentation, false accusation (2): Cf. duce;

for the sake

of misrepresentation.] For the sake of

misrepresentation, false accusation, or blackmail.

causa causans

causa cause, case, reason

(1);

agent or force provokes an action or reaction between a

causans alleging as a cause, making a pretext

(2):

number of forces or persons without being

cause making a pretext.] Cause alleging a reason. The

being affected.

2.

affected.

n.

[L.

causa data

60

immediate cause. The precipitating cause. The factor in a chain of causes, a) The

harm

last

inflicted

on

head was the causa causans ofhis death. b) In Payne v. Railway Executive (1952) I.K.B. 26, Bradbum 's case was followed and applied to the plaintiffs pension from the Royal Navy. The the victim

's

.

.

.

causa causans of the receipt by the plaintiff of his disability pension was his service in the Royal Navy;

was but

the injury

qua non (Weir

the causa sine

1974:542). See causa proxima; causa proxima non

causa sine qua non; and

etc.;

etc. Cf.

n. [L.

data given

and

(2); et

having followed lowed.] Law.

(3);

non not

case, reason (4);

secuta

cause given and not having

(5):

fol-

An action for claiming something, if the

condition on which

causa

causa cause,

it

was given was not satisfied. causa by rea-

frigiditatis naturalis adv. [L.

son, because sterility (3);

(

frigiditatis (of) frigidity, coldness,

);

1

naturalis of natural

Law and

frigidity.]

frigidity/coldness.

Medicine.

By

(2):

because of

reason of natural

Because of natural

sterility.

Thus

i.e.,

a cause directly re-

sponsible for an occurrence. See causa causans.

causa proxima non remota spectatur.

[L. causa proxima immediate, nearest (1); non not (2); remota remote (3); spectatur is looked at, considered (5): The nearest, not the remote, cause is looked at.] Law. The immediate, not

cause, case, reason (4);

the remote, cause

is

considered;

i.e.,

the immediate

cause carries more weight than the remote. See causa

causans.

causa

causa data et non secuta (1);

non remota

in jure,

causa remota.

Law. The proximate, immediate,

the nearest cause.]

primary, or efficient cause;

( 1 );

causae

rei n.,pl.

rei

rei [L.

causa cause, case, reason

of matter, thing, property, business,

affair (2):

cause of a thing.] Civil Law. Fruits of a thing. All the things which erty, if

it

would have been derived from prop-

had not been unlawfully taken away from

the rightful owner.

causa remota

case, reason (2);

causae remotae [L. causa cause, remota remote ( ): a remote cause.]

A

is

n., pi.

cause which

cause which

is

1

A

not immediate or proximate.

not directly responsible for an occur-

causa causans.

rence. Cf.

or 1561, after a sentence of causa sine qua non n..pl. causae sine quibus non [L. divorce causa frigiditatis naturalis had been procausa cause, case, reason (1); sine without (2); qua in

one case

in J 560,

A

nounced, both husband and wife married other

which

persons and later had children (Megarry 1 955: 1 2 1 ).

cause without which the occurrence would not have

causa justa reason

n.,pl.

(2);

causae justae

justa just

( 1 ):

[L.

causa cause, case,

a just cause.] Law.

A true/just

cause, ground, or motive. The judge ruled that the suit

was based on causa justa and asked counselfor

plaintiff to proceed with presentation

of the case. causa matrimonialis n., pi. causae matrimoniales [L. causa cause, case, reason (2); matrimonialis matrimonial, of/for marriage (

1 ):

reason for marriage.]

Law. Matrimonial cause. A causa matrimonialis is always a delicate matter, particularly where the couple have children.

CM. or cm. var.

(3);

non not

(4):

cause without which not.]

A but- for cause. The immediate or proximate cause. The barrel in the middle of the road was the causa sine qua non of the motor accident. taken place.

See causa causans.

causa testamentaria

causae testamentariae

n.,pl.

causa cause, case, reason mentary, relating to wills

Law.

(2);

testamentaria

[L.

testa-

a case relating to wills.]

( 1 ):

A testamentary case. In a causa testamentaria,

the courts usually attempt to ascertain whether or

not the testator was sanae mentis et bonae memoriae.

causa turpis

n., pi.

causae turpes

causa cause,

[L.

of mortis causa

case, reason (2); turpis base, disgraceful (1): a base

causa mortis donatio or donatio mortis causa n.,pl. causa mortis donationes or donationes mortis

No valid agreement can be founded on causa turpis.

causa mortis abbr.

cause.]

(q.v.).

causa tis

[L.

causa on account

of death

(3);

gift,

by reason

donation

of,

made

sonal goods

in anticipation

made by

of death.

(2);

by

A donation

A gift of per-

a sick person in anticipation,

or contemplation of death. Such a gift

the absolute property of the the donor.

mor-

(1): a gift

or on account of, death.] Law.

reason or gift

fear,

donatio

of,

becomes

donee on the death of

On the other hand, the donor may get back

the gift, if he/she recovers from the sickness, or the

donee dies before him/her, or

if for

donor decides

gift.

causa movens

to

n.

withdraw the [L.

causa cause,

any reason the

case, reason (2);

movens moving (1): moving cause or reason.] Law. The reason which prompts one to institute legal action. causa proxima n., pi. causae proximae [L. causa cause, case, reason (2); proxima nearest, next (1):

Law.

A

disgraceful cause or consideration.

See ex turpi causa

causa vaga

et incerta

etc.

non

est

causa cause, case, reason (2) ; incerta uncertain (3 )

causa rationabilis.

(4);

vaga vague (

non not (6);

est

1

);

is (5);

et

[L.

and

causa

cause, case, reason (8); rationabilis reasonable (7):

A

vague and uncertain cause is not a reasonable Law. A cause which is vague and uncertain is

cause.]

not considered to be a reasonable cause;

cause celebre

n.,pl.

causes celebres

case, reason (2); celebre 1

.

Law.

famous (

1

it

[Fr. ):

is

worthless.

cause cause,

a famous case.]

A famous or celebrated case, trial, or lawsuit.

A case which arouses considerable public interest. A case famous because of the parties involved or the sensational and interesting nature of the revelations.

But when the presiding judge finally handed down the verdict last week, even Spanish liberals andfeminists

who had made the trial a national cause celebre

61

were stunned and smiling (Newsweek 1982: 13).

ous that quickly

An

2.

One

attracts attention.

it

Int.

April 5,

episode, affair or incident so notori-

recent incident

became a cause celebre (Newsweek Int.

April

cause

n .. pi. causes illicites [Fr. cause cause,

illicite

consideration (2);

unlawful,

illicite

illicit

( 1 ):

French Law. Unlawful, base,

cause.]

ful

an unlaw-

causeries

n.. pi.

[Fr. chat, gossip.]

or

illicit,

scandalous cause or consideration. Turpis causa

causerie

(q.v.).

An

1.

in-

formal conversation, particularly about intellectual matters. They spent the evening in causerie

dealt wtih the business at hand. in

2.

and never

A short piece written

.

cautiones

pi.

bail, surety.]

books

in

caveat actor (2);

Roman,

[L. precaution, security,

bond,

and Civil Law. An

agree-

Scots,

to

Mi*s Cecilia Audu.

warn readers about other

to

caveat

[L.

him/her beware/be careful

let

actor doer, actor, agent

A

person acts

A written ment of guarantee or indemnity, such as assurance which serves as evidence of money re1

.

ceived, or acknowledges a promise made.

( 1 ):

caveat emptor abbr. C.E. or

it

is

the buyer

(2);

whom

An

2.

cautio pro expensis

caused by either the one or

the one

n., pi.

is

responsible.

cautiones pro expensis

cautio precaution, security, bond,

pro

[L.

bail, surety (1);

for (2); expensis costs, expenses (3): security

for expenses.]

Law. Warranty

Usually a defendant

for costs or expenses.

a suit has to provide cautio

in

pro expensis whenever he/she intends

to travel out

who must ensure that

money's worth

cautio precaution, security, bond,

usufructuaria for of usufruct fruct.]

Roman Law. Warranty

bail, surety

(2): security for

given by a

(

1

);

usu-

life tenant,

or a tenant enjoying usufruct of an estate, to keep in

he/she gets his/her

what he/she buys

for

in

and quantity. Generally, unless there transaction, a purchaser has

both quality fraud in the

is

no remedy against the

warranty. The principle ofcaveat emptor applies outside contracts

ofsale (per Lord Atkin

it

good condition.

in

Bell

ers Ltd., 1932 A.C. 161). See caveat

and simplex commendatio

v.

Lever Broth-

emptor, qui

etc.

caveat venditor.

etc. Cf.

caveat emptor, qui ignorare non debuit quod jus

alienum emit.

caveat

[L.

let

know

him beware

who

emp-

(2);

ignorare

(3);

to

should, ought to

non not (5); debuit have been (4); quod which, what, (6);

alienum of another

that (7); jus right,

law

(9);

emit he/she buys

(8):

Let the purchaser be careful,

who should

not have been ignorant that he/she

is

(10);

buying

another's right.] Law. Let the purchaser be careful, for he/she

he/she

is

presumed

be not unaware that what

to

buying belongs to another. For instance,

is

case of purchase of land, the purchaser inspect the land and the

of the jurisdiction. cautio usufructuaria n.,pl. cautiones usufructuariae [L.

him/her

1

be ignorant, not to

loss likely to be

let

emptor buyer ( ): Let the buyer beware.] Law. Buyer beware. A warning principle observed in purchases, particularly auctions, whereby beware/be careful

requires one to guarantee to protect another from

person for

peril.

caveat

c.e. [L.

tor purchaser, buyer (1); qui

a

Let the doer beware.]

own

at his/her

agreement by one providing a pledge or security. 3. An agreement, usually imposed by a judge, which

harm or

Used

3.

interpretations.

vendor for defective goods which are not covered bv

such a conversational manner.

cautio n

marriage ofMr. Adaku

Law.

20. 1981:18).

arma togae

cedant

caveat venditor ful (2);

[L.

venditor

A

Seller beware.

which

is

title

caveat

is

in the

expected to

deeds. See caveat emptor.

let

him/her beware/be care-

seller (1): Let the seller beware.]

warning principle of the

law

civil

applicable to goods which are to be pro-

duced, to executory sales or to sales

in

which the

purchaser does not have the opportunity to inspect

cav. abbr. for caveat (q.v.).

the goods. Cf. caveat

C.A.V. abbr. for curia advisari vult (q.v Cavallieria Rusticana

caveat viator

).

[L.

emptor.

caveat

let

him/her beware

viator

(2);

cavallieria cavalry,

wayfarer, traveler (1): Let the traveler beware.] Law.

chivalry (2); rusticana rustic, country (1): rustic

Traveler beware. Warning to travelers on the highway

n.

[It.

chiv airy.] "Rustic Chivalry," an

Mascagni (1863-1945). Ca va sans dire. [Fr. ca

w ithout (3); saying.] is

It

1

888 opera by Pietro

va goes

that (1); (4):

goes without saying.

It

(2);

sans

That goes without

stands to reason.

It

using due care and

cave canem

canem dog the dog. 2.

[L.

cave beware

(2):

Beware of the dog.]

of,

be careful of 1

.

caveats

[L.

Let him be careful.

Let him beware.] Generally, a warning to be careful.

C.C. abbr.

for cepi

corpus (q.v.). corpus et committitur

& C. abbr.

address, the evangelist gave a caveat against certain

CD.

abbr. for corps diplomatique (q.v

A

practices. 2.

A

notice given to a court or an official

by an interested party against the performance of an act until the said party a)

had been given

a hearing.

Miss Vera Okafor has entered a caveat

Court b) Mr.

a High

probating of her late father 's will. Oke has entered a caveat against the

to halt the

Sam

in

canem

as they approached the front door of the house.

C.C.

Caution.

for

A warning sign at houses where there are

warning against certain things. In his

1.

(1);

Watch out

vicious dogs. Theyfoolishly ignored the cave

too obv ious to say. n.. pi.

way by

avoid defects on the

attention.

dire to say. saying

caveat abbr. cav.

to

for cepi

C. de G. abbr. for Croix de Guerre (q.v Cdt. abbr. for

Commandant

c.d.v. abbr. for carte

C.E. or

c.e.

de

(q.v

(q.v.).

). ).

).

visite (q.v.).

abbr. for caveat

emptor

(q.v.).

cedant arma togae. Cicero ( 106-43 B.C.). DeOfficiis 1,22,82. [L.

cedant

let

.

.

.

yield, give place

(

1

);

arma

censor

morum

weapons, arms

62

(2);

togae to toga, citizen's cloak (3):

Let arms yield to the citizen's cloak.] Let wars yield to peace.

Let military government

make room

for (or

give place to) civil government.

censor morum ( 1 );

n. [L.

where an administrative tribunal has not is the proper remedyfor actions already completed ( Aihe and Oluyede lie

1974:167).

censor censor, critic, severe judge

morum of morals (2):

would

yet reached a decision, certiorari

censor or critic of morals.]

certum

est

quod certum reddi potest. [L. certum sure, is (5); quod (that) which (1); certum

certain (6); est

Severe judge of morals. Agnes has practically assumed

sure, certain (4); reddi to

the role ofcensor morum

is

by

whatever her friends do.

criticizing

census

n.,pl.

property.] citizens

every tion

censuses

of citizens and

[L. a registering

and evaluation of property conducted regularly counting of the popula-

fifth year. 2. Official

of a country,

vital statistics

state, nation, city, district,

or any

accompanied by compilation

of socio-economic significance.

See lustrum.

(2): I

n. [L.

cepi

I

have taken

have taken the body.] Law.

I

(1);

have

when

the defendant. Return to a writ of capias

the

defendant has been arrested.

C.C.&C. n.

corpus body (2); mittitur he/she is committed (4): have taken

(1);

body and he/she

is

is

has been arrested and placed

[L. cepi

(3);

com-

have taken the

I

reddi potest

.

.

.

est etc., both the shorter

and

fuller forms.

cessante causa, cessat effectus. [L. cessante (with)

casing (2); causa with cause, case, reason

ubi aliquid impeditur cessante ratione

law

(2);

who

is

likely to

An

administrative subdivision of a French colony.

cerebella or cerebellums [L.

when

lapses

to him/her.

when

See lex plus laudatur

cessante (with) ceasing

believed to contribute immensely

ability. /

I

don

't

may not tax the old cerebel-

need

to

{Newsweek

Int.

June

an inferior court, directing the

latter to

produce the

records of a case for the sake of determining whether

or not there were irregularities. Whereas prohibition

(3); statu

with condition,

cessat ceases (5); derivativus the derived (4): With the primitive estate ceasing, the derived ceases.]

When the original it

estate ceases,

Law.

whatever

is

Law.

derived

also ceases.

cesset executio

n.

[L. cesset let

An

(

1 ):

it

cease, stay (2);

Let execution cease/stay.]

order for a stay of execution. n. [L.

(1):

cesset

let

it

cease, stay (2); pro-

Let process stay /cease.] Law.

A

formal order for stay of proceedings. Record of a stay of proceedings.

cessio n.,pl. cessios [L. surrendering, giving up.] Civil

Law.

20, 1983:44).

cerebrum n., pi. cerebra or cerebrums [L. the brain.] The anterior and upper part of the brain which controls functions such as memory, intellectual ability, sensation, movement, and speech. certiorari n., pi. certioraris [L. to be shown, to be made more certain, to be informed of] A writ from a superior

etc.

estate (2); primitivo with primitive, original (1);

ex(s)ecutio execution little

by the property-

the property no longer belongs

cessante statu primitivo, cessat derivativus. [L.

cessus process

lum much. But

no longer performing which the protection was given.

Similarly, the protection enjoyed

owner

which coordinates the muscles, maintains equilibrium toward mental

cessat et ipsa lex. [L. cessante

the officials are

the functions for

cesset processus

is

and

With the reason of a law ceasing, the law Law. When the reason for a law

rear lower portion of the brain

of the body, and

etc.

itself also ceases.]

from

cercles [Fr. circle, sphere.] History.

The

legis,

causa

etc.

cessat ceases (7); et also (6); ipsa itself (5);

lex law (4):

lapses

be troublesome.

n., pi.

When a cause ceases,

the result/effect ceases. See sublata

or by a judge performing judicial duties, respectively,

in prison.

or concession to conciliate a person

or small brain.]

(1); cessat

ceases (4); effectus result, effect (3): with the cause

enjoyed by an ambassador, by a member of parliament,

—

to

quod certum (Newton 1983:227). See id certum est

the defendant/accused

Her parents stood at the door like Cerberuses in order to keep the young man out of the house. a sop to Cerberus A bribe

cerebellum

.

maxim certum

application of the

ceases, the law itself also ceases. Thus, the protection

keeper, watchdog, or custodian.

n., pi.

is

Law. That which can be rendered certain is certain. Apparent vagueness may be cured ... by

Re-

in prison.

Cerberus n., pi. Cerberi or Cerberuses [L. from Gk. Kerberos name of a three-headed watchdog, meaning "Spot."] 1. Greek and Roman Mythology. A three-headed dog which guarded the entrance to Hades or the Lower World and was temporarily dragged out of its abode by Heracles (Hercules). 2. A gate

cercle

potest can,

have arrested

I

being held

when

turn to a writ of capias

and

et

committed.] Law.

the defendant and he/she

(3);

able to be rendered sure

(with) ceasing (3); ratione with reason (1); legis of

cepi corpus et committitur abbr. I

be rendered

is

ceasing, the result ceases.] Law.

cepi corpus abbr. C.C.

corpus body

able (2): That which

sure.]

Ancient Rome. Counting of the male

1.

political unit, usually

of

and makes herselfa nuisance

A cession, an act of ceding or surrendering.

bonorum n. [L. cessio cession, surrender (1); bonorum of goods, property (2): surrender of goods.] Roman and Civil Law. Surrender of property; e.g.,

cessio

by debtor to creditor. Voluntary bankruptcy.

A process

whereby the debtor could voluntarily surrender his property to his creditors. Though it does not discharge the debtor from liability for his debts, it obviates more serious penalties, such as arrest and imprisonment.

cessio in jure var. of in jure cessio (q.v

).

63 cession des biens

assignment

cession transfer, surrender,

[Fr.

n.

des of the

(1);

(2);

biens goods, belong-

ings (3): transfer of belongings.] French Law. Trans-

surrender, or assignment of goods. Cessio

fer,

bonorum

The surrender of goods by an

(q.v.).

in-

chagrin

conceal (1 1)

hide one's cleverness.] one's cleverness

Cet animal

that (1); est

it,

is

bad

Namely. Id est (q.v.).

(9);

is

to say.] In other words.

C'est double plaisir de tromper

de

la

trompeur. Jean

le

Fontaine (1621-1695). Fables

11,15. [Fr. c'

double double, twofold

(1); est is (2);

pleasure, enjoyment (4);

de

(3); plaisir

tromper to trompeur de-

of, in (5);

deceive, cheat, trick (6); le the (7); ceiver, cheat (8):

it

a double pleasure to cheat the

It is

cheat.] Cheating the cheat (or tricking the trickster) is

doubly pleasant.

C'est la guerre.

guerre war happens

in

C'est la vie.

real life.

That

that

is

(

);

1

le

it

what usually

is

that

it,

is life.]

( 1 );

That

is

est

fait la

is (2); la

the (3); vie

what usually happens

The first shall be the

last

in

and the simpleton

C 'est la

(5); fait

honte shame, disgrace

crime crime

makes, causes (8); et

and

(4);

the (1

1'

que adj. [Obs.

A

[A person

whom

(8);

(10); se itself

il it

This animal

A

itself.

attacks

so vicious that,

is

and

self-evident

when attacked,

animal or person which defends

etc.

and Le crime

he ( 1); que for whom

Fr. cestui

and vie (lifetime,

for

the trust

whom is

held.

life).

the trust.]

A

is

rest is

it

itself]

defends

itself under attack.

rest,

the other things

The other missing. Used to

desunt are missing

defends

it

ironic truth applicable to an

cetera desunt. [L. cetera the

The

it,

(2):

( 1 );

things are missindicate that the

remaining portions of a manuscript cannot be found. Cf.

desunt cetera and desunt nonnulla.

V,25. [L. cetera the (1); nescit

the rest?]

know

does not

Need

I

remaining

rest,

(2):

Who

(3);

Amores

quis

who

does not know

say the rest?

[L. ceteris with the rest (1);

equal

(2):

paribus (with being)

with the rest being equal.] Other things

changed. All other things being equal. Ceteris paribus,

(2):

person for whom/whose/who. Used

to qualify trust, use

person

when one

very mean;

it is

—

cestui

A

Law.

que

person

beneficiary of trust.

who has the equitable or beneficial

A

interest in

one

better to live in

's

own country

than in a

foreign country. ceteris tacentibus or caeteris tacentibus adv. [L. ceteris with the rest (1); tacentibus (with) being lent (2): with the rest

he for whom.]

for

attaque attacks, assaults ;

being equal/the same. If all other factors remain un-

fait etc.

trust

(4); mechant naughty, mean, quand when, whenever (6); on one (7); 1' it

non pas not

1);

causes disgrace. See ex delicto non

cestui

1

very

(6); la the (7);

(9);

echafaud scaffold, gallows (12): It is the crime which causes disgrace, and not the gallows.] Law. It is the crime, not the punishment, which

(10);

mechant. Quand on l'attaque il cet this ( ); animal living thing, animal

ceteris paribus or caeteris paribus abbr. cet. par. adv.

vie.

honte, et non pas l'echafaud.

(1); est is (2); le the (3);

qui which, that

a great cleverness. Cf. ars est etc.

is

cetera quis nescit? Ovid (43 B.C.- 17 A.D.).

[Fr. c'

crime qui

[Fr. c'

la the (3);

is (2);

war.] That

shall be preferred to the genius.

C'est

est

war.

That

life (4):

it,

to

to conceal

(12) defend defends, protects (11): This animal

ing.]

[Fr. c'

(4):

(5);

Knowing how

skill

how

of knowing

est tres

(2); est is (3); tres

(2) ; a to, toward, in, by, with, until (3); dire to say :

a great cleverness that

se defend. [Fr.

solvent debtor to his creditors. c'est-a-dire abbr. c.a-d. adv. [Fr. c'

(4) that

son one's ( 1 0); habilete cleverness,

(9);

It is

:

being

silent.]

The

si-

others saying

nothing. The other judges expressing no opinion. ceterorum or caeterorum adj. [L. of the rest.] Law. A type of administration granted when a previously

granted limited administration has proved to be

in-

adequate. cet.

par. abbr. for ceteris paribus (q.v

).

an estate, and accordingly enjoys the rent and profits

cf.

from

chachka or tchotchke or tsatske n. [Yid. tshatshke from Polish czaczka a showy trinket.] A piece of gaudy jewelry or ornament. chaconne n., pi. chaconnes [Fr. from Sp. chacona a

it,

although the legal

in a trustee.

—

cestui

use of something use property

is

is

title

Law.

held.]

held by another.

is

vested

for

whom

to the estate

que use [A person

A

person for whose

He accordingly enjoys

abbr. for confer (q.v.).

the benefits and profits from the property, although

dance.] Music.

the possession of, and legal

bass melodic

title to,

—

the property are

que vie [a person for whose life-time.] Law. A person on whose life a contract of insurance is made. A person whose life is

vested in the other person.

cestui

coterminous with the duration of an

estate, gift, trust,

or a contract of insurance.

C'est une grande habilete que de savoir cacher son habilete. Francois,

Due de La Rochefoucauld (1613-

Maximes 245. [Fr. c' it (1); est is (2); une a grande great, high (4); habilete cleverness, skill (5) que that (6); de of (7); savoir to know, knowing, to know how, knowing how (8); cacher to hide, 1680).

(3)

;

;

1

.

A slow dance marked by a repetitious

line,

usually in triple meter, popular in

the 18th century. 2.

Music

upon the melodic bass

for such a

dance or based

line associated with this type

of dance.

Chacun a son to,

toward,

gout. [Fr.

in,

chacun each, each one

(

1

);

a

by, with, until (2); son his (3); gout

Each one to his taste.] Everyone to Each one and his/her own taste. See A

taste, liking (4):

his/her taste.

chacun son gout. chagrin

n., pi.

chagrins

[Fr. grief,

vexation, sorrow,

annoyance, worry.] Annoyance or mental distress caused by disappointment, wounded pride, humiliation.

,

chagrin d'amour

64 who

or awareness of mistake or failure. Grace flew to

rank

London to visit her brother butfound, to her chagrin, that he had leftfor Singapore. v. To cause someone to feel a sense of sorrow or regret. Cf. La Peau de

of the ambassador.

—

Chagrin. n., pi.

grin grief, worry

(

1

);

chagrins d'amour

d' of (2);

for the preparation

chanson de geste

de

n.,pl

Djisan,

amour love (3):

grief

Africa 1986). b)

love-affair.

and serving of tea.

chansons de geste

from

of, by,

(2);

[Fr.

geste gesture, action,

song of exploit.]

A medieval epic

(3):

poem about

the exploits of a chivalrous hero. The

Any

2.

1

.

of valor and heroic

tale

deeds.

(New African charis

who

a) This

n.,pl.

chantages

blackmail, blackmailing,

[Fr.

charge d 'affaires

's

Now

in

of Victor Togo ( West

a case has come

to light in-

n.

.

.

.

1980).

[Gk. kharis charm, grace.] Elegance. Style.

ofthe poliofhis native city, Plato remained an Athenian at

Sophistication. In spite ofhis renunciation tics

The charis ofhis dialogues is only imaginable surroundings (Lesky 1966:547).

in these

.

.

.

charisma «., pi. charismata or charismas [Gk. kharisma grace, favor.] 1. Talent or spiritual gift bestowed as a divine favor or grace, which among early Christians was believed to be manifested in the ability to

chantage

of his country's embassy,

volving the Burundi charge d 'affaires in Nairobi

heart.

chanson

deed, exploit

Chanson de Roland.

Ghana

cha-

Unhappy love-affair. Heartbreak. Theresa is yet to recover from her chagrin d 'amour. chanoyu n. [Japan, from cha tea (1); no 's (2); yu hot water (3): tea's hot water.] The Japanese tea ceremony.

(1);

absence

with a rank lower than that of an ambassador directs the affairs

[Fr.

of love.] Distress caused by an unpleasant

song

in the

A member of the diplomatic corps

led to the summoning by President Eyadema

chagrin d'amour

A ritual

handles diplomatic affairs

2.

prophesy, to heal, or to speak

in

tongues.

A special talent inherent in some persons, especially whereby they can command enthusiastic

extortion by threats.] Blackmail. Extortion through

leaders,

threatening to reveal scandalous information.

popular support and, as though by magnetism, lead

chanteur or fern, chanteuse chanteuses

[Fr.

n., pi.

chanteurs or fern.

A singer or vocalist, espe-

a singer.]

people without any opposition, complaints, or murmurings.

a)

The pontiffwas counting on his per-

one who sings ballads. the Belgian chanteur ofsolitude and love {Newsweek Int. Jan. 1

sonal charisma to entice some central Americans

1979:68).

fundamentalist sects (Newsweek

cially

.

.

.

Chanukah See Hanukkah. chaos

n.

[Gk. khaos the

first state

of the universe, 1.

infinite

The confused,

disordered condition of the primeval universe before orderly and distinct objects were formed. in

which there

is

2.

A state

no order or

organization, nor can any rational prediction be made. .

.

.

despite subtle designs by foreign elements to

cause chaos, the

OA TUU

centre

still

holds

(

West

Africa 1986). Cf. cosmos. chaperon or chaperone n., pi. chaperons or chaperones [Fr. hood or hooded cape, elderly or responsible person accompanying a young girl.] 1. A person, usually a matron, who accompanies one or several girls or

unmarried

women

in

public or to a social

function such as a dance or party to protect them or

ensure propriety. Mrs. Smart served as chaperon to the girls

who attended the dance.

2.

A person assigned

the responsibility of ensuring propriety.

—

escort, guide, serve as an attendant or

chaperon.

v. tr.

To

1982). c) Apart

from

his youth,

almost extinct species

in Africa, leaders

genuinely

committed to raising the quality oflife oftheir people (The Guardian, 1987).

Charybdis

Charybdises [Gk. Kharubdis

n.,pl.

(q.v

).

charge d'affaires or charge des affaires abbr. c.a. or charge n., pi. charges d'affaires or charges des charge charged

charged with

( 1 );

affairs.]

d' with (2); affaires

Envoy or diplomatic

A member of the diplomatic corps of inferior

1.

A

Sicily, opposite the

monster Scylla. Charybdis suppos-

edly sucked in and vomited water thrice a day. Sailors

who tried to escape Scylla were lost to Charybdis and those escaping Charybdis

A

fell

victim to Scylla. 2.

A

Faced with a choice between the Charybdis of an I.M.F. loan and the Scylla ofoperating SFEM, Nigeria 's military govserious danger.

devastating peril.

ernment optedfor the

latter. Cf. Scylla.

chasseur de tetes n., pi. chasseurs de tetes [Fr. chasseur hunter, huntsman ( 1 ); de of (2); tetes heads, brains (3): hunter of brains or heads.]

are

charge d'affaires

]

mythological whirlpool off the northeastern coast of

European chasseurs de

agent.

good looks and

crowd-pulling charisma, Sankara belonged to that

charge abbr.

affaires [Fr.

14,

stern-faced general projected no charisma (Time Int.

charade n., pi. charades [Fr. riddle.] 1. A guessing game which uses gestures and actions as clues for words and phrases. 2. A farce. A parody.

affairs (3):

March

A recruiting or

placement agency or firm which specializes

See duenna.

for

Int.

1983:25). b) In contrast to Walesa, the balding,

darkness, any vast chasm or gulf]

of complete confusion

back to the Roman Catholic Church from Protestant

in the

search for high-ranking experts in various fields. head-hunter.

.

.

.

A

while there were only a handful of tetes

a few years ago, there

now over 1 70 establishedfirms with a combined

income ofover $100 million annually (Newsweek Int. July 14, 1980:45).

cha(s)sid See hasid.

chassis

n., pi.

chassis [Fr. chassis frame.]

of an automobile, airplane, radio, TV,

The frame etc., upon

65 which the body and the working .

.

.

in

parts are

mounted.

dusty rural communities, potholes batter chassis

andjangle motorists' nerves {Newsweek Int. Aug.

2,

n.,pl.

chateaux orchateaus

mansion, country-residence.] or castle.

chatelaines

n., pi.

landowner's wife.] cially

A French feudal fortress

.

1

[Fr.

lady of the manor;

Mistress of a household, espe-

.

castle, or large

of a large household, chateau,

country house. to

1

[Fr. castle, palace,

A French mansion or large country-house.

2.

chatelaine

which

A woman's chain, worn at the waist,

2.

attached a bunch of keys, trinkets, scissors,

is

chauffeuses

[Fr. a driver.]

A

person employed by

another to operate a motor vehicle for the transpor-

of the employer, other persons or goods.

tation

and

intr.

To

To

drive.

—

v.

operate a motor vehicle in

employed

the capacity of an

Treus

Every day Mr.

driver.

required to chauffeur the children to school

is

before attending to other duties.

chazan or hazzan or chazzen Ch.B. abbr.

Chirurgiae Baccalaureus

for

for

of a group of people.

chef de cuisine

chef d'agence

founder

office,

bureau

official

2.

1.

A

short

(1); d'

chef head,

[Fr.

of (2); agence agency,

chief or head of the agency.] Chief

(3):

of the agency. Chief clerk. Executive officer.

Office manager. Ifthe chefd 'agence at Yaounde

simply looked at the that the return date

ticket,

had

he would have realised

was incorrect (Vincent Che

in

West Africa 1986). chef de cabinet chief, leader,

n.,pl.

chefs de cabinet

founder

( 1 );

chef head,

[Fr.

de of (2); cabinet cabinet,

office, ministry (3): chief

of office or ministry.] In

France, the principal or chief private secretary of a minister or prefect, a)

.

.

of the minister for the Canale 1971:137). b)

.

he was

.

colonies, .

.

chefde cabinet Lebrun (Suret.

.

.

.

.

.

Yves Chalier [the chefde

cabinet ofthe previous minister Christian Nucci]

fled the country

.

.

.

(Kaye Whiteman

in

who

West Africa

chef de canton chief, leader,

n., pi.

chefs de canton

founder

(1);

district.]

Cantonal chief. History. The second

of chiefs

in

chef d'ecole

[Fr.

chef head,

de of (2); canton canton,

region (3): chief of the

Canton

in the

chief.

hierarchy

French colonial tropical Africa.

n., pi.

chefs d'ecole

leader, founder (1); d'

[Fr.

chef head, chief,

of (2); ecole school, sect

(3):

founder or chief of school.] Leader or founder of a school;

An

i.e.,

of musicians, philosophers,

writers, artists,

whose work is imitated. chef de cuisine shortform chef n. pi. chefs de cuisine etc.

artist

,

[Fr.

the

is

other duties, orders directs the cooks.

See cuisinier.

chef de subdivision [Fr.

chefs de subdivision

n., pi.

chef head, chief, leader, founder

subdivision subdivision

de of (2);

(1);

of a subdivision.]

(3): leader

History. Chief of a subdivision. Chief executive of a

subdivision of a circle in French colonial tropical Africa. /?.,

(3):

chefs de village

pi.

founder

chief, leader,

chef head,

[Fr.

de of (2); village village

(1);

The

chief of the village.] Village chief. History.

third or lowest in the hierarchy

of chiefs

in

French

colonial tropical Africa.

chef d'oeuvre chief, leader,

chefs d'oeuvre

n., pi.

chef head,

[Fr.

founder ( 1 ); d' of (2); oeuvre work

chief (piece) of work.] Masterpiece;

(3):

in art,

i.e.,

chef d'orchestre

lit-

n., pi.

chefs d'orchestre

chef head, chief, leader, founder

(1);

[Fr.

chef

head, chief, leader, founder (1); d' of (2); orchestre

conductor of an orchestra. Bandmaster.

chef superieur de province

(2);

[Fr.

chefs superieurs

n., pi.

chef head, chief, leader, founder

superieur superior, higher ( 1 ); de of (3); province

province

(4):

superior chief of province.] Superior

or paramount chief in a province. History. or highest in the hierarchy of chiefs

in

de of (2);

The

first

French colonial

tropical Africa.

chemise de nuit n., pi. chemises de nuit [Fr. chemise shirt (1); de of (2); nuit night (3): shirt of night.] A man's nightshirt. A woman's nightdress or nightgown. Cherchez la femme. Joseph Fouche ( 1 763- 820). [Fr. cherchez look for, search for, find (1); la the (2); femme woman (3): Find the woman.] 1. Look for the woman; i.e., behind (or at the bottom of) everything there must be a woman. 2. Look for the hidden 1

causes.

cher maitre

n.

[Fr.

cher dear

(1);

maitre master,

teacher (2): dear master.] Beloved master or teacher.

who

Usually used as a form of address to a person an acknowledged expert, model, or master

1986).

district,

among

menu, and

foodstuffs, plans the

de province

(q.v.).

chefs d'agence

n., pi.

chief, leader,

cook who

orchestra (3): chief of orchestra.] Music. Leader or

(q.v.).

chefs [Fr. head, chief, leader, founder.]

pi.

chief, chieftain or leader

form

[Late Heb. hazzan

n.

A

Head cook.

erature, etc.

A cantor at a synagogue.

cantor, singer.] Judaism.

chef n.,

A male cook.

head of the kitchen staff in an establishment such as

chef de village

purse, etc.

chauffeur oxfern, chauffeuse n.,pl. chauffeurs orfern.

tr.

cuisine kitchen, cooking (3): head of the kitchen.]

Cook.

a hotel or restaurant and,

1982:22).

chateau

cheval de bataille

fession, or a person

may

lot. It

cherub

from

whom

in

one has learned a

also be used ironically.

[Heb. kerub supernatural creature.]

n.

is

a pro-

heavenly winged creature. small,

chubby

young

child.

child. 3.

A

2.

An

1.

A

angel depicted as a

term of endearment for a

Che sara sara. [It. che what ( ); sara will be (2); sara will be (3): What will be will be.] Whatever we do, things will happen the way they will happen. Ex1

pressive of the view of predestination.

cheval de bataille horse

(

1

);

n.,pl.

chevals de bataille

de of (2); bataille

[Fr.

battle (3): horse

cheval

of battle,

66

chevalier

warhorse.]

A favorite argument or subject. Stock argu-

ment, subject or answer.

An overworked

argument

or subject. Please do not attempt to use that old cheval

de bataille again! chevalier

bility

1. A knight. 2. A A member of the no-

[Obs. Fr. horseman.]

n.

chivalrous person.

3.

France.

of the lowest rank.

chez prep.

among, at the house of, at the home home/house of. At the home/house of. At

[Fr. with,

of.] In the

the business establishment of. a) Things are so

bad

chez Fishpaw that the family dog commits suicide

(Newsweek Int. June 1, 1981:59). b) The Neizers camefor dinner yesterday chez nous (i.e., at our residence), c) The famous writer is to have lunch chez Hanson tomorrow. chiaroscuro n.,pl. chiaroscuros bright

The use of dark and chiasmus

[It.

from chiaro clear,

oscuro obscure, dark (2): bright dark.] Art.

( 1 );

crosswise or

1

from Gk. khiasmos placing

form of the capital

in the

shaped.] Rhetoric.

[L.

.

letter

Chi, X-

A figure of speech which involves

inverting the order of the sequence of elements or ideas in the latter

phrases. 2.

of two juxtaposed and

An

n.

an

enemy

eventually."

In vogue.

bon

adj. Fashionable.

sophistication.

The couple hadfun at a chic new nightclub.

chic;

bon genre; and

chicane n.,pl. chicanes

[Fr.

chichi.

chicanery, deception, quib-

Deception through using

bling.]

—

Having elegance, charm or

Stylish.

legalistic subterfuge.

Pettifoggery. Swindling. Using tricks. Scheming.

— chichi manners. — Quibble.

v.

To

trick or deceive.

adj.

Overly

stylish.

Consciously chic

found

is

in the debtor's possession,

Chimera ras [L.

Chimaera n., pi. Chimeras or Chimaefrom Gk. Khimaira 1. Greek and Roman

or

]

Mythology.

A

fire-breathing she-monster, usually

represented as triple-bodied, having a lion's head,

body and a snake's tail.

ster like the original chimera.

frightening.

congruous that those

A

An imaginary mon-

Something horrible or

made up of insuch secrecy suggests to some

fantastic fabrication

parts.

.

.

.

who know but keep silent have something

to hide, surely some

mental

2.

illusion.

An

chimera (West Africa 1982).

impossible fancy or idea.

A dream or an objective which A figment of one's fertile stock-in-trade

isting is

dence,

3.

A

A Utopia.

presumed paid.] Law. When there is no eviis presumed that the debt has been paid.

Chirurgiae Baccalaureus abbr. Ch.B. chirurgiae of surgery

(2);

Baccalaureus Chirurgiae.

in surgery. Cf.

of surgery

A

gery.] Cf.

magister master

(2);

n. [L.

predoctoral graduate degree in surgery.

abbr. for Chirurgiae Magister (q.v.).

Choephoroi

pi. n.

Khoephoroi: khoe

[Gk.

phoroi female bearers

libation

female libation bear-

(2):

The Libation Bearers, the second play of

Aeschylus' (525/4-456/5 B.C.) trilogy Oresteia, pro-

duced

in

458 B.C. This tragedy deals with the mur-

der of Clytemnestra by her son Orestes. Cf.

Eumenides. chop n. [Hindi chap

seal.]

1.

An

or permit in southeast Asia. 2.

stamp, seal,

official

A mark of quality on

merchandise. First chop.

chose

choses

n., pi.

[Fr.

a thing, object, case, matter,

A thing. A part of personal property. —chose action Law. A right to a personal property, such

in

damages

as debts,

arising

from contract, stocks, a

Also the subject of a chose or bond.

A policy

which

one's pos-

in action

though a chose

in action

cannot

yet in equity

may;

(J.

it

such as a note

certainly must be transferred for

...

in

law be assigned, in Delaney v.

Ashhurst

Stoddart [1785], quoted by Colinvaux 1979: 165).

chose

in possession

Law.

—

A personal thing which is

actually in one's possession. Thus taxes which have

been paid are a chose

in possession,

are yet to be paid are a chose

chose jugee

n., pi.

clusively and

cata

choses jugees

A matter which

is

but taxes which

in action.

thing judged.]

is promises

in

session but recoverable through legal proceedings.

imagination. The

Chi-Rhos [Gk. the letter chi (X) and The first two letters of the Christ in Greek. Used as a monogram for the name. chirographum apud debitorem repertum praesumitur solutum. [L. chirographum writing, n., pi.

the letter rho (P).]

chirurgiae

Master of Sur-

(1):

Magister Chirurgiae.

Ch.M. (1) ;

[L.

An undergraduate degree

Bachelor of Surgery.]

(1):

n.

baccalaureus bachelor

object, case, matter, affair (1);

turn out to be chimeras.

Chi-Rho

pre-

it

cannot be achieved.

ofsome politicians

it is

sumed that the debt has been paid. chirographum non extans praesumitur solutum. [L. chirographum writing, document (1); non not (2); extans existing, being found (3); praesumitur it is presumed (4); solutum paid (5): A document not ex-

personal chattel, or shares, not actually

(q-v.).

goat's

debt

affair.]

pretentious manners.] Exaggerated

[Fr.

pi. n.

praesumitur is presumed (5); solutum paid (6): A document found in the possession of the debtor is presumed paid.] Law. When an acknowledgment of

ers.]

[Fr. style, elegance.] Style. Sophistication.

Charm. Elegance. Fashion. Vogue.

Cf.

parallel clauses or

instance of this figure of speech; e.g.,

'initially a friend but

chic

(1); apud with, in the possession of (3); debitorem debtor (4); repertum found (2);

Chirurgiae Magister abbr. Ch.M.

light in painting.

chiasmi

n.,pl.

document

[Fr.

chose a thing,

jugee judged

(2):

a

has been settled con-

thus not worth discussing.

Res judi-

(q.v.).

chronique

scandaleuse

scandaleuses

[Fr.

«.,

chronique

pi.

chroniques

report, history,

news

scandaleuse scandalous, disgraceful (1): scandalous report.] A report, account, memoir, history, (2) ;

or biography which puts undue emphasis on scan-

,

67 commend him dalous details or gossip. One may for his apparent neglect of those chroniques scandaleuses that drag their sordid and wearisome length through the pages of later writers (Laistner .

.

.

chutzpah

khutspe nerve, daring.] Effrontery.

[Yid.

n.

interj. [It.

from ciau a shortened dialect form of

schiavo slave:

am

(I

your) slave. At your service.

An

Hello! Greetings! Goodbye!] Hi!

informal greeting.

ciboria or ciboriums [L. from Gk.

n., pi,

ciborion drinking cup.] Christianity.

1.

A

covered

cup used

to store consecrated hosts or Eucharistic

wafers. 2.

A

cicerone

and

(3); et

it

cicerones

n.,pl. ciceroni or

Cicero (106—43 B.C.), the famous

derived from

[It.

Roman

account of the talkativeness of guides.]

on

orator,

A guide who

leads tourists or sightseers to places of interest and

(

1

lite

est

);

evitandus to be avoided

boni of good

(4);

end

ne

(8); 1

(

1

);

may

avoided; and

is

it

order that not,

is

the duty of a

be

to

an

good judge

to termi-

may

not give

See infinitum in n. [L.

etc.

circulus circle

definiendo defining

A

Logic.

is

to bring suits to

out of suit.] Law. Circling must be

circulus in definiendo (2);

lest (10); lis

lite suit, litigation

nate suits in order that one litigation birth to another.

judge

dirimere

arise (12): Circling

of a good judge

lest suit arise it

in

(6); judicis (of)

litigations (9);

ex out of ( 1 3);

(14); oriatur

end

oriatur. [L. circuitus cir-

is (2);

is (5); lites suits,

to bring to

on

fixed covering over an altar.

ex

lis

avoided; and

Cf. a bientot.

ciborium

dirimere, ne cling, circuitry

suit, litigation

Boldness. ciao

circuitus est evitandus; et boni judicis est lites

(7); est

1966:798).

perdue

cire

(

1

);

in in,

(3): circle in defining.]

vicious circle in the process of definition.

and circulus in

Cf. circulus inextricabilis

probando. circulus inextricabilis

n.

[L. circulus circle (2);

explains antiquities or interesting objects. Cf. valet

inextricabilis inextricable, that cannot be unraveled

de place.

(1): inextricable circle.]

ci-devant adv.

[Fr. ci

here

(

1

);

devant before

before, previously, formerly.] Rhetoric.

On

previous place.

—

Quondam

(q.v.).

At a former or

this point consult point

adj. Late. Ex-.

in the outline.

Heretofore, a)

3 ci-devant

One-time. Former.

A

ci-devant senator;

b) a ci-devant President, c) a ci-devant director. pi.

here

(2):

—

n.

A person or thing which belongs to the A has-been. A retired person. A person who no

ci-devants

past.

A

solution

Vicious

Logic.

An

insoluble problem.

which brings one back Defining law

circle.

is

to "square one."

a classical example

of circulus inextricabilis for, as in the case of the egg and the hen, law cannot be defined without reference to law courts. Cf. circulus in definiendo and circulus in probando.

probando n. [L. circulus circle (1); in in, probando proving, to be proved (3): circle in

circulus in

on

(2);

longer exercises power or wields influence. The divorcee

proving.] Logic. Fallacious argumentation in which

nudged her friend as her ci-devant passed by.

what

cinematheque

pi.

n.,

cinematheque: cinema

cinematheques film,

cinema

place for ( 1 ): place for cinema.]

(2);

[Fr.

-theque

A movie theater. Cf.

bibliotheque.

.

from cinis ashes.]

n. [L.

A

.

.

place to keep

n. [It.

cinque five

the five hundreds.]

Used ture,

(1);

cento hundred

The 1500s. The

(2):

16th century.

especially in reference to Italian history, litera-

and

art.

Cf. quatrocento; seicento;

and

trecento.

circa abbr.

c.

or ca. or cir. prep. [L. about, nearly,

Used for dates and numerals when the exact number is unknown, a) Mrs. Buraimoh was born circa 1943. almost.] About. Around. Approximately.

b) Circa 700,000 persons attended the rally. circiter abbr. c.prep. [L. about, near.] Approximately.

Around. Circa

(q.v.).

circuitus est evitandus. [L. circuitus circling, circuitry (

1

);

est

is (2);

Circling

is

to

be proved

is

assumed or taken

for granted.

in

probando and was practically begging the quescirculus in definiendo and circulus

tion. Cf.

circum abbr.

c.

prep. [L. around, surrounding.] All

around, about. Approximately.

circus 1.

n., pi.

circuses [L. a circular

Ancient Rome.

circled

by

seats,

A

line, circle.]

round, oval, or oblong place en-

used for public games such as athletic

games, horsemanship, exhibition of wild beasts, or

the ashes of a cremated person.

cinquecento

to

inextricabilis.

cinema verite n. [Fr. cinema-truthfulness.] Realism in the making of films. France did away with big studios when the new wave and cinema verite arrived (Newsweek Int. Oct. 11, 1982:53). cinerarium

is

Instead ofproving the point, he resorted to circulus

evitandus to be avoided; shunned

(3):

be avoided.] Law. Circling must be

avoided. Circular arguments must not be used.

gladiatorial shows.

The Circus Maximus,

could accommodate

c.

for instance,

100,000 spectators.

2.

A spec-

tacular traveling show, usually given in a large tent

and including performances by acrobats, clowns, gymnasts, wild beasts, fire-eaters, etc. The company, i.e.,

persons and animals, giving such a show. The

children are excited because the circus

town.

3.

A

is

coming which

lively entertainment or activity

comparable

to a circus.

rated until

it

became

to is

The political debate deteriolittle

more than a circus of

accusation and counter-accusation.

4. British.

An

open circular area where several streets meet. London 's Piccadilly Circus. cire perdue n. [Fr. cire wax (2); perdue lost, destroyed ): lost wax.] A method of metal, especially bronze, ( casting which consists of using wax to make a model, 1

.

ad reassumendam

citatio

casting

it

68

with clay, forming a mold, heating and melt-

ing out the wax, and then replacing

it

with metal.

ad reassumendam causam n. [L. citatio summons, citation (1); ad to, at, for, according to

citatio

reassumendam to be taken up, revived (4); causam cause, case, reason (3): summons for the case to be taken up/revived.] Summons for taking up or (2);

reviving a case. Civil Law.

A process whereby,

ordinarily cannot be seen.

—

adj.

Having the

talen

of a clairvoyant. Clear-sighted. Perceptive. Discerning

a

if

See voyant. clam adv. [L. stealthily.]

Civil Law.

By stealth.

Secretly

Covertly.

claque

n., pi.

claques

[Fr.

applauders.]

I.

People or

j

group hired to applaud during a show musical, theat rical, etc. The claque almost ruined the show witl

A group

party dies before the determination of a case, the

their inexplicable land constant applause. 2.

plaintiff could proceed against the heir

of the defen-

of self-seeking followers or supporters who are al way:

dant or the plaintiffs heir could proceed against the

ready to sing the praises of their "master" or leader

defendant.

The process

n., pi. cit haras

cithara

is

similar to

bill

of revivor.

from Gk. kithara a

[L.

stringed musical instrument.]

lyra, a

A multi-stringed musical

instrument similar to a modern guitar. Cf. zither. civilis actio n.,pl. civiles

actiones [L. civilis civil

actio action, deed, legal suit (2): a civil legal

Law. Any

The claque of obsequious friends, who used to accompany him wherever he went, have disappearet unceremoniously.

claqueur n.,pl. claqueurs

(1);

per.]

suit.]

who

of

legal process dealing with the rights

A

person

who

claustr(um) lock, bolt fear

and

is

concerned with citizens and the

nity rather than that

which

With such a conscience as this

I

is

is

(2);

which

am

to proceed is

.

.

.

writers often complain

labeled African literature,

Dead

at

600, quoted

adj. [L. civiliter civilly (1);

Having

mort-

lost civil rights.

concerned. The punishment

is

on people convicted of serious crimes

certain places, including

in

some states of the U.S.A.

It

involves forfeiture of all privileges and rights. civis

Romanus sum.

.

ghettc

a position tha

It is

a peculiar sense of claustrophobia

.

.

(Robert Fraser in West Africa 1982). Cf. agoraphobia

Romanus Roman (2); sum I am Roman citizen.] I am a citizen of Rome. (3);

(1):

I

Unusual clauses always arouse suspicion.] Law Unusual sentences or parts of sentences in lega (5):

instruments always induce suspicion;

i.e.,

they warran

dona clandestina etc. clausula quae abrogationem excludit ab initio nor careful examination. Cf.

valet. [L. clausula closing, clause, sentence

Cicero (106-43 B.C.). Against

Verres 11,5,162. Also Acts 22:25-29. [L. civis

zen

.

[L. clausulae closings, clauses, sentences (2) inconsuetae unusual (1); semper always (3) inducunt excite, arouse (4); suspicionem suspicior

(2): civilly dead.]

as far as the law

inflicted

to

.

clausulae inconsuetae semper inducunt suspicionem

by Megarry 1955:140). Cf. interna.

mortuus

can lead

of being trapped in a

and tied

civilis et politica,

1

uus dead

a confined or closed place, such as a cave

small room, elevator or academic discipline. Africai

internal.

Cook v. Fountain ( 676) 3 Swans. 585 civiliter

in

Gk. phob(os) fear (1)

(2);

Psychology. Abnormal fear o

commu-

only naturalis et interna,

persor

(per Lord Nottingham L.C.,

merely

measures

being

bolt.]

and

court has nothing to do; the conscience by which

to certain

of lock or

political

natural

A

employed to applaud. claustrophobia n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from L

ecclesiastical, or foreign actions.

politica political (3): civil and political.] That

applauderorclap

is

private individuals as opposed to criminal, military,

civilis et politica adj. [L. civilis civil (1); et

[Fr. hired

belongs to a claque.

citi-

am

a

which (2); abrogationem repeal excludes

(3);

non not (5); its

repeal

is

ab from, by

valet

is

(4);

(7); initio

valid (6):

(

1

);

quae

excludit prevents

beginning (8)

A clause which forbids

not valid from the beginning.] Law.

A

Citi-

sentence in a legal instrument which excludes repea

Membership in the community. His labors have been to build in

clausula rebus sic stantibus [L. clausula closing

civitas n.,pl. civitates [L. the state, citizenship.]

1.

zenship. Responsible citizenship.

Singaporeans a sense ofcivitas 2. State. City-state.

civitas Dei

n.

.

{Time Int. 1982).

Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.).

civitas state (1); Dei of city

.

Community of citizens.

God

(2): state

of God. Heaven. Civitas Dei The

logical treatise

clairvoyance n.

,

[L.

of a theo-

clairvoyances

clause, sentence (1);

rebus with matters, things, propso (4); stantibus

(with) standing (3): a clause with things standing thus.]

Law.

tract as

A clause affirming the validity of a con-

long as the situation remains unchanged. Ar

implicit or explicit clause signifying that a contrac

by Augustine.

pi.

invalid from the very beginning

is

erty, business, affairs (2); sic thus,

of God.] The title

of the instrument

[Fr. clear-sightedness,

remains valid

if the

circumstances under which

it

was

perspicacity, vision.] Ability to see, discern, or per-

concluded remain unchanged, but subject to modifica-

ceive objects or matters which ordinarily are beyond

tion if they change. Applicable, for instance, to situations

human

sight,

of sight or

discernment or perception. Clearness

insight.

clairvoyant or fern, clairvoyante

n., pi.

clairvoyants

or fern, clairvoy antes [Fr. clear-sighted, perspicacious, shrewd.]

A person who can see matters which

where there is inflation or depreciation of currency. clausum fregit [L. clausum enclosure, inclosed parce of land (2); fregit he broke ( 1 ):

He broke the enclosure/

Old Legal Pleading. He broke the expression used in

some

close. Technical

actions of trespass. The

69 expression (q.v.).

fregit

is the cognomen in the name, James Gbadebo Adetunji. Cf. nomen. cognoscente n., pi. cognoscenti [Obs. It. for

cliches [Fr. stereotype, a hackneyed,

conoscente a knower, a knowledgeable person.] One

is still

preserved

in

quare clausum

See de clauso fracto.

cleptomania cliche

var.

n., pi.

of kleptomania

(q.v.).

A stereotyped 2. Arts. A hackneyed or

worn-out, or stock expression.] phrase, expression, or idea.

overworked theme,

1.

idea, situation, or plot.

She amply

substantiates the old cliche about the deadliness

of

of the species {Newsweek Int. Nov. 12, Hackneyed. Stereotyped. Worn-out. She produced a paper devoid of originality and mainly concerned with obvious and cliche matters. the female

—

1979:9).

collage

adj.

clientele or clientele n.,pl. clienteles or clienteles [Fr.

A body of clients, patrons, or

patronage, customers.]

customers, a) The success ofSheikh Hamallah deprived

oftheir clientele and their (Suret-Canale 1971:435-436). often spends weeks or months decid-

Adetunji

who

claims

or does, have expert knowledge in

to,

fashion or the fine

arts.

A connoisseur (q.v.).

cognovit actionem or cognovit

n. [L.

cognovit he has

actionem action (2): He has acknowledged/recognized the action.] Law. acknowledged, recognized

He

( 1 );

has confessed the action.

A

written confession

by defendant of the accusation against him. The defendant thus avoids paying for the costs of the trial. coheredes una persona censentur, propter unitatem

quod habent.

juris

one

(3);

coheredes coheirs

[L.

persona person

(4);

(1);

una

censentur are thought,

the traditional marabouts

held, (2);

propter on account of (5); unitatem unity

income

(6); juris

of right, law

b)

...

Luciano

.

.

.

ing which storefront will attract the most desirable

{Newsweek Int. Aug.

clientele.

clique

cliques [Fr. gang, clan,

n., pi.

clusive group of persons

common

22, 1983:39).

A

set.]

bound together by some

interests, views, or objectives, a)

Govern-

ment does not existfor itself norfor the clique around

ofpower, butfor the entire society {Sunday Tribune 1986). b) The group that seized the Holy Mosque was a clique of deviants who had misinterpreted Islam {Newsweek Int. March 3, 1980:23). the centre

cloture

clotures [Fr. cloture end, closure, termi-

n., pi.

nation, adjournment.]

A

procedure whereby debate,

especially unreasonable debate, in a legislative

body

brought to an end by taking the vote or adopting

is

some other permissible method.

CM. or cm. abbr.

for

A prostitute, A woman of easy virtue. A loose girl

or woman. Cf.

femme libre; meretrix; and succuba.

codex

cocottes [Fr. hen, darling.]

n., pi.

n.,pl.

codices [L. tree trunk,

manuscript.

A

2.

tablet.]

poenam nemo

of thought, imagination

nemo no one (

1

);

.

A medieval A

collection of laws or rules. 3.

collection of pharmaceutical formulas

cogitationis

1

and information.

patitur. [L. cogitationis

(4);

poenam punishment (3);

patitur suffers

punishment of thought.] Law.

A

(2):

No one suffers

person

is

not pun-

ished for his/her thoughts. cogito

n. [L. I

think,

I

that the fact that a person thinks

his existence.

cogito, ergo

(

1

);

I

know I cognomen I

la

Methode.

think; therefore,

think.

[L. cogito

n., pi.

2.

A

I

am.]

cognomina .

coiffeur or fern, coiffeuse

I

coiffure n.,pl. coiffures [Fr. hairstyle.]

or arranging the hair.

of the blue-blooded

.

.

.

A way of styling

the fetchingly simple coiffure

lass

.

.

.

{Newsweek

Int.

March

23, 1981:46).

coitus

n. [L.

joining, union,

coming together, coition, The act of inserting

copulation, sexual intercourse.]

the penis into the vagina. Sexual intercourse. Extroverts start

having coitus earlier

[i.e.,

than introverts]

.

.

.

(Eysenck 1982:69). See pareunia.

coram

testibus

(1);

coram

n. [L.

coitus joining, union,

com-

before, in the presence of (2); testibus

witnesses

(3):

Antiquity.

A

sexual intercourse before witnesses.]

procedure for disproving a charge of

impotency. See

le

coitus interruptus joining, union,

congres.

n., pi.

coitus interrupti [L. coitus

coming together,

coition, copulation,

sexual intercourse; (2); interruptus interrupted interrupted sexual intercourse.]

(

Law. Deliberate

1

):

in-

terruption of sexual intercourse to prevent the

semen's ejaculation into the vagina and It is

tantamount to cruelty

to avoid preg-

if done

against the

wife's will, and could be adequate ground for separation or divorce. Cf. coitus reservatus.

I

think,

ponder

(2); sum I am, exist, know I exist because

ing, union,

coming together, coition, copulation, sexual

intercourse (2); reservatus reserved, kept back (1):

reserved sexual intercourse.] Coitus interruptus (q.v.).

cojones

pi. n.

ticles. Balls.

or

coiffeurs or fern.

n., pi.

coiffeuses [Fr. hairdresser.] Hair-stylist.

coitus reservatus n.,pl. coitus reservati [L. coitus join-

See cogito.

name, family name.] 1 Cato is the cognomen Cato.

an indication of

See cogito, ergo sum.

ergo therefore, consequently

live (3):

is

The principle

sum. Rene Descartes (1596-1650).

Discours de

Law. Coheirs are considered one person on

nancy.

ponder.] Philosophy.

habent

ing together, coition, copulation, sexual intercourse

(q.v.).

harlot, or tart.

cocotte

(8);

Coheirs are thought one

account of the unity of right which they have.

coitus

causa mortis

(9):

person on account of the unity of right which they have.]

small ex-

quod which

(7);

they have, hold, regard

cognomens

[L. sur-

Roman Law. A family name. in the name Marcus Porcius

surname or a family name.

In Nigeria,

collage

n., pi.

[Sp.

from cojon

testicle.]

Slang. Tes-

Guts. Bravery.

collages [Fr. pasting, gluing, sticking,

gumming.] Art.

A picture made of fragments of papers,

photographs, and other materials glued to a cardboard, canvas, etc. Such a style of portraiture.

collatio

bonorum

bonorum

70 bonorum

[L.

collatio bringing together, collation, contribution

( 1 );

collatio

bonorum of

collationes

n., pi.

goods, property

(2):

contribution of

man

caused by injury, disease, or poison. The old lay in a

coma for over six months

pronounced dead.

cially

A

2.

before he was

state

offi-

of physical or

Law. The obligation of an

mental lethargy or sluggishness. Torpor. Unless a

heir or legatee to return to the testator's or ancestor's

great leader emerges to arouse the nation from the

goods.]

Civil or Scots

1.

estate the gifts received

from the

during his/her

latter

lifetime to ensure equitable distribution of the inher-

The practice of contributing advances from

itance. 2.

the father into a hotchpot, or a blending of property

belonging to a group of indiv iduals, equitable distribution of the

in

order to ensure

common

fund after the

n. [L.

collected things.] Literary items,

such as notes, passages, or quotations, collected from

number of sources.

a

collegium

[L. a joining

together, a collection of professional colleagues, a guild.] guild,

1.

Association, board, society, corporation,

company, or

college. 2.

Roman and Civil Law.

An association formed by individuals of the same rank, class, or station to

col legno adr.

[It.

Comdt. abbr. for Commandant (q.v ). comedienne n.,pl. comediennes [Fr. an actress edy.]

A comic

comitas gentium

(2):

bow

rather

liness

1.

Con-

Legal Pleading. The part of a lawsuit accusing which the

plaintiff avers that the

defendant uttered the slanderous words about him

A

colons

question

at a particular time.

[Fr. colonist,

farmer, planter, set-

owner of a

farmer, settler, or

plantation in a

French colony. coloratura

n.

and scales

trills

to

demonstrate the

(

1

):

By

officii adv.

officii

in

vocal performance especially

skill

[L.

The elaborate use

tesy, civility

colore with color, appearance

color of office. Illegally under the

officii,

colossus

mask of offi-

The police constable, acting colore

and detained

arrested

See ex colore n.. pi.

his

personal enemy.

1

.

A gigantic or huge statue.

A

"New-

person, nation, corporation, body,

or something of such size, power, brilliance, scope, extent, strength, etc. as to

dominate or impress

whose political landscape

is

others.

littered

with ruthless

and less-than-mediocre

stood out

a colossus {The Guardian 1987).

like

coma n..pl. comas [Gk. kOma deep sleep, 1

.

Medicine.

territory respects the

A

despots, he

lethargic state.]

condition of deep unconsciousness

gentes

(2):

nations. Informal courtesy its

laws and judicial decisions of

another nation and gives due consideration to persons

from other nations. Peace

in the

world depends largely

on comitas inter gentes. See comitas gentium. comitatus

n., pi.

comitatus or comitatuses

cort, a train, retinue, band.]

1

.

The

comitia calata

bly.]

[L.

an es-

retinue of a king,

County. County

posse comitatus.

court. Cf.

pi. n. [L.

comitia assembly

called together (1):

(2);

calata

summoned assem-

Ancient Rome. The assembled people. Cf.

comitia centuriata and comitia curiata. comitia centuriata

pi. n. [L.

centuriata centuriate

Rome.

A

( 1 ):

comitia assembly

and electoral body of

people, the comitia centuriata

body, originally organized

or groups of one hundred citizens. ally reflected the

(2);

centuriate assembly.] Ancient

legislative, judicial,

Roman

tially a military

In a continent

among

nations whereby a nation even within

colossi or colossuses [L. from Gk.

2.

comitas friendliness, cour-

Law. Comity between

the

kolossos gigantic statue.] "

n. [L.

inter between,

( 1 );

officii.

Emma Lazarus called the Statue ofLibert}- the Colossus.

inter among, between

nations (3): friendliness between nations.] Interna-

summoned,

of the singer.

of duty, office (2): with the color of office.]

cial authority.

comitas friend-

n. [L.

);

chieftain, prince, or high official. 2.

colored.] Music.

[It.

of

colore

1

communities.

among

lecturers take turns in leading.

(

communitates communities (3): friendliness between communities.] Comity between, or of.

tional

n.. pi.

comitas friendliness, courtesy,

comitas inter communitates

which a number of

tler.]

n. [L.

inter gentes.

versation. 2. Conference, particularly a seminar in

colon

Cour-

favor granted to

gentium of nations, peoples (2): friendof nations.] Comity of nations. See comitas

comitas inter gentes

colloquia or colloquiums [L. a

in

A

civility (1);

(2);

speaking together, conversation, discourse.]

her or the matter

com-

another country or nation not as a right but purely

wood

in

in

actress.

friendliness, courtesy, civility.]

n. [L.

col with the (1); legno

someone of slander

by extension, any

teousness. Affability. Comity.

liness, courtesy, civ ility

stringed instrument with the back of the

3.

from

Cf. tragedienne.

enterprise.

than with the cord. n., pi.

actress or,

promote a business or an

with the wood.] Music. Playing a violin or other

colloquium

it

as an indulgence.

collegiums

pi. collegia or

n..

will be impossible to save

it

imminent catastrophe.

comitas

father's death.

collectanea pi.

prevalent coma,

Its

was in

essen-

centuries

decisions gener-

wishes of the well-to-do. Cf. comitia

calata and comitia curiata

comitia curiata pi.

n. [L.

comitia assembly

curiate (1): curiate assembly.] Ancient islative, judicial,

(2):

curiata

Rome.

and electoral body of the

A

leg-

Roman

was done by associations (curiae). The body played a prominent role during the monar-

people. Voting

chy, but

it

subsequently declined

in

importance. Cf.

comitia calata and comitia centuriata

commodum

71 Commandant abbr. dants

Cdt. or Comdt.

n.,pl.

Comman- commercium n.,pl. commercia [L. articles bought and

commander.] Commanding

[Fr.

officer or

commander, i.e., of a military unit or of a place. commandant de cercle n.,pl. commandants de cercle [Fr.

commandant commanding

or chief officer

commanding

de of (2); cercle

circle (3):

circle.] History.

Chief executive of a

( 1 );

of a

officer

circle,

i.e.,

a

commanditaires [Fr. sleeping, or silent partner.] French Law. A silent, dor-

commanditaire limited,

n.,pl.

mant or limited partner in a commandite (q.v.). commandite n.,pl. commandites [Fr. limited partnerby dormant partners.]

ship, capital invested

1

.

French

A partnership in which some members provide

Law.

money, while others provide labor and expertise instead of money. 2. Civil Law. A partnership in which one party (one person or more) is jointly and severally liable, while the other party (one person or is

more)

a dormant partner, providing capital stock or fund

and being

liable

merely

to the extent

of the capital or

fund provided. See commanditaire and societe en

commandite.

Cf. societe

anonyme. 1

make quick

.

enemy.

raids against the

member of such a military unit. commedia dell'arte n. [It. commedia comedy ( of the (2); arte art (3): comedy of the art.] A theatrical

2.

A

popular

faut

As

is

16th- 18th century

in

necessary

(3): as

fashion dictates.

it is

Marie

's

n., pi.

entrusted.]

one gives purpose;

1.

necessary.]

to another person

e.g., to

of a benefice layman,

A

be sold abroad.

(

As

something in

which

for a particular

whether a

cleric or

who does not have legal title, to hold in custody legal title is appointed.

commendam.

ofpresenting candidates for magistracies by direct nomination or by commendatio (Cary .

.

.

.

.

1970:477). belli [L. (1); belli

communications of war.] Contracts or agreements between nations that are at war. The agreements on peaceful relations cover such areas (2):

as capitulation, armistice, truce, safeguards, passports, safe conduct,

be

(5);

(8); in

monopolium monopoly,

(13);

advantage (14); convertendum to be converted, turned (9): Commerce by the law of nations ought to

common and

be

and personal

not to be turned into a

profit

monopoly

of few.] Commerce, according

international law, should be

to

common and should not

be converted into a monopoly for the private gain of a few persons.

commissar

n., pi.

commissars [Russ. komissar from

Kommissar from Med. L. commissarius agent, deputy.] 1. A Communist Party official in charge of indoctrination and maintenance of party loyalty. 2.

A person who tries to control public sentiment and

n. [L.

He/she

commissar

committed.] Law.

is

or minute indicating that the person

An

order

whose name

is

set

and

to

be returned

in kind.

See commodatarius and

commodatum. commodatarius a loan.]

n., pi.

commodatarii

Roman Law. A

thing which

is

person

who

[L. recipient

of

receives some-

loaned to be used temporarily and

in kind. See commodans commodatum. commodati actio n., pi. commodati actiones [L. commodati of/for loan, something loaned (2); actio

gratis,

and

to

be returned

and

Law.

A

(

1

):

legal suit for a loan.] Civil

legal action for the recovery

loaned and not returned

in kind. Cf.

of something

pret a usage.

commodatum

n., pi. commodata [L. that which is Roman Law. A loan. The gratuitous lending

loaned.]

of something to be used temporarily and returned

in

commodans and commodatarius. commodum n.,pl. commoda [L. convenience, advankind. See

commercia belli pi. n., sing, commercium commercia intercourses, communications of war

non not

and (12) privatum personal, private paucorum of few (15); quaestum profit, gain,

action, deed, legal suit

Suggestion. Augustusfurther retained or resumed the .

(7);

thing to another to be used temporarily and gratis,

recommendation, commendation.] Direction.

right

gentium of

(2);

il it

commendation.,/?/, commendationesorcommendatios [L.

and

(2);

(6); esse to

necessary.

1);

French Law. Delivery

to another person,

and manage until a person with Cf. in

[L. trust,

goods

law

down is committed to the sheriff s custody. commodans n.,pl. commodantes [L. lending, granting, supplying.] Roman Law. A person who lends some-

kind of trust

2.

(4); et

into, to, against, for (10);

committitur

parents were glad to find

commendas

Middle Ages.

right,

cartel (11); et

type of

her young men well behaved and entirely comme ilfaut.

commenda

jure by

(1);

commune common

debet ought, should

offashion.

);

Italy.

comme like, as

[Fr.

nations (3);

dell'

1

performance characterized by slapstick

faut advJadj.

il

mercantile intercourse.

commercium jure gentium commune esse debet, e,t non in monopolium et privatum paucorum quaestum convertendum. [L. commercium com-

opinion, a) a commissar ofetiquette; b) a

comedy, stock characters, and improvisation and

comme

Law. Trade. Commerce. transaction. Business or

of trade.]

Ger.

commando n., pi. commandos [Afr. from Dutch, kommando a military unit.] A special military unit designed to

Cz'v/7

Commercial intercourse or

sold, objects

merce, trade

of French colonial tropical Africa.

territorial unit

ex injuria

and

cartels.

tage, profit, gain.]

a person

bear

its

who

Advantage.

enjoys the

Gain. Generally, thing must

onus. Cf. onus.

commodum

ex injuria non oritur. [L.

convenience, advantage,

from

Profit.

commodum of a

(4);

profit,

commodum

gain (1); ex out of,

injuria wrong, injury (5);

non not

(2);

commodum ex

72

injuria

wrong.] Law. Advantage should not be derived from

3. A catalog or inventory. It is an outrageous compendium of nonstop jokes and puns, both good and

injustice or wrong-doing.

bad

oritur arises

Advantage does not

(3):

from

arise

See ex turpi causa

etc.

(Newsweek

.

.

.

July 19, 1982:51). Cf.

Int.

commodum ex injuria sua nemo habere debet. [L. epitome. commodum convenience, advantage, profit, gain (4); compere n.,pl. comperes [Fr. godfather, fellow sponsor, ex from

(5);

his/her

own

injuria wrong, injury, injustice (7); sua

nemo no one

(6)

habere

(1);

hold, regard (3); debet ought, should (2):

during an entertainment, such as a dance, party, or

No

contest.

one

ought to have an advantage from his/her own wrong.]

No one

Law.

should gain from an injustice he/she

has perpetrated. See ex turpi causa

commorientes

pi. n. [L. those

A

ners in death.

same time

etc.

dying together.] Part-

number of persons who die same disaster.

at the

as a result of the

commune n.,pl. communes [Fr. parish, smallest territorial district

administered by a mayor.]

administrative unit with a council and

European countries.

body 3.

A

ties,

community

in

common

observing

small

committee of the French

of 1793 and that of 1871.

in the revolution

small

A

mayor in some

A revolutionary governmental

2.

as, for instance, the

people

1.

which people have close

interests

and owning prop-

common. A would-be messiah ordered his .followers to drinkfrom a tub ofpoison at the cult 's commune in Guyana and more than 900 ofthem died (Newsweek Int. Jan. 1 1 979: 15). erty in .

.

.

.

.

,

commune bonum bonum good which

is

good

commune common

[L.

n.

common

(thing) (2): the for the

community

(1);

good.] That

at large rather

than

communiques

n., pi.

nouncement, press

[Fr. official

announcement, communication, or Students

(NUGS)

pro-

release.] Official or brief formal

issued to the press.

.

.

the National

.

in its

report, usually

Union ofGhana

communique at its just-ended

congress described the four arrested people (Crideon Yaoui in West Africa 1986).

communis opinio n.

[L.

communis common,

universal (1); opinio opinion (2):

Common, sible

.

.

.

common opinion.] No respon-

communis opinio with

treat

levity. Cf.

communis pes stock

stipes (2):

n. [L.

communis common

common

—

stock.]

herself]

Able to use one's limbs. Able to move about.

Someone from

the

(1); sti-

A common ancestor.

[It.

godfather, old friend,

old friend or acquaintance.

same town or region. An accom-

plice in crime.

compendium

n., pi.

was found to be compos

comprador

compendia

entire field or subject.

account. Biobaku

's

or

court on ac-

sui.

compradore

compradores

compradors

n., pi.

or

An agent of foreign po-

[Port, buyer.]

or business concerns in a colony or former

litical

colony. The economies ofmany Third World countries

under the guise ofpatriots, secure high governmental positions.

or

compendiums

[L.

A brief and comprehensive

chapter

is

on Egba history (Kemi Rotimi

—

adj. Of, characteristic of, relating to, a

comprador.

.

.

.

a comprador class of officers and imitations of theirformer masters

men who are pale

rather than real thinkers

.

.

.

(Lindsay Barrett

Against. Contrary to.

to. In

West

[L. against, opposite.]

contradiction or opposition

Arguments con the proposal carried the day.

Against.

—

adv.

On the opposite or negative side. Instead of

examining both sides of the issue, he argued con all adj. Taking or urging the negative or the time. opposite side. The con arguments seem to be very cogent.

— —

n., pi.

cons Evidence or argument contrary

of view, position or statement. The oppo-

The negative or

contrary. To get a balanced

view of a question, one needs

and cons. Cf. pro. con amore adv. [It. con with With

(1);

to

consider the pros

amore

love (2): with

love, enthusiasm, devotion, delight, eager-

ness, or zest. With the

demise of his brother, he

brought his nephews and nieces to his household and took care of them con amore. sit, non definitur in jure. [L. conatus

conatus quid

attempt, effort, endeavor (2); quid

what

a good compendium

may be (3); non

not (4); definitur

is

West Africa 1986).

lished (5); in in,

on

law

in

in

Africa 1986).

love.]

weighed together, profit, gain, shortcut.] 1. A succinct summary, abstract, or abridgment of a larger work. 2. A work which treats briefly important aspects of an

in

count ofphysical debility was rejected because he

sition.

compares

An

serve as a master of ceremo-

His excuse that he could not appear

stipes.

accomplice, crony.]

To

direct,

of himself/herself, oneself (2): master of himself/

to a point

n., pi.

To

1

sui

The two families are bound together by communis

compare

intr.

v.

v.,tr.

con abbr. for contra prep.

general,

general, or popular opinion.

government will vox populi.

—

manage or conduct. compos mentis adj. [L. compos master of, possessing ( 1 ); mentis of mind (2): master of mind.] Law. Sane in mind. Of sound mind. A person who is compos 'mentis is one who is deemed to be of sound mind, understanding, and memory, and thus capable of transacting legal business. One of the prerequisites of a valid will is that the testator must be compos mentis. See sanae mentis et bonae memoriae. Cf. dum non fit compos mentis; non compos mentis; and non sanae mentis. compos sui adj. [L. compos master of, possessing ( ); nies.

have been ruined by compradors who, appearing

for an individual alone.

communique

announcer.] Chiefly British. Master of ceremonies

to have,

(6);

jure

right,

(

1

);

sit is,

defined, estab(7):

What an

73 is, is not defined in law.] The meaning of the word "attempt" is not defined in law. con brio adv. [It. con with (1); brio vigor (2): with

attempt

The reforms

vigor.] Energetically. Vigorously, a)

have been criticized con

brio, b)

.

.

.

75th birthday by /rugging con brio Int.

celebrating his .

.

.

(Newsweek

con with

fe adv. [Sp.

good

fe faith (3): with

faith.]

(1);

buena good

(2);

Spanish Law. With good

one

[L.

A fetus. A concept. A product, result, or

n.,pl.

concert.]

1

concertini or concertinos

[It.

a

little

A small or short concerto. 2. The instru-

.

ment group which plays solo concerto abbr.

cto.

concert.] Music.

in a

concerto grosso.

concerti or concertos

n., pi.

[It.

A composition for one or more solo

voices or instruments, accompanied by an organ or

most engaging works of the evening,

orchestra. The

however, were two concertos (Newsweek Int. March 3,

1980:44B).

concerto grosso

concerti grossi

n., pi.

concert (2); grosso large

( 1 ):

composition, usually

in three

solo instrument group

is

movements,

in

accompanied by an

ionaires or concessionnaires grantee, license holder.]

concerto

[It.

large concert.] Music.

concessionaire or concessionnaire

n., pi.

[Fr.

A

which a

orchestra.

concess-

concessionary,

A person or organization that

has been given exclusive right to operate a booth for selling refreshments at a center sell

of entertainment,

to

a particular type of commodity or provide a par-

of service

ticular type

food or refreshments

at a particular place, or to sell

at a factory, school, university,

any other

hospital, or

tionem habere debet.

[L.

concessio grant

(

1

);

ver-

sus against (6); concedentem the one granting (7); latam broad, wide (4); interpretationem interpre-

habere

ought, should (2):

keeper.]

1

.

.

.

or compact

such a concordat

be the basis ofany concerted approach

present crisis (West Africa 1982).

2.

.

.

.

has

to Africa

's

An agreement

between a government and a religious body on eccleinterest; e.g.,

of mutual

Mussolini's Concordat with the Vatican.

French Law.

3.

A compromise concluded between a

agrees to pay a portion of his/her debts within an

appointed time, while the

latter in turn if

agree to relin-

the former keeps

his/her word.

concordia discors Horace (65-8 B.C.). Epistles 1,

1

2,

1

concordia harmony, concord

9. [L.

(2);

discors

discordant, inharmonious (1): discordant harmony.]

Harmony

in discord.

Agreement

disagreement.

in

Discordant harmony. Applicable, particularly, to achieving

artistic

harmony by juxtaposing elements

which are seemingly incompatible. concordia ordinum n. [L. concordia concord, agreement (1);

ordinum of

the orders, classes (2): agreement

of the classes.] Concord among the

political classes.

A political principle first articulated by Cicero

(

1

06-

43 B.C.).

concours

concours

n., pi.

concours d'elegance

[Fr.

n. [Fr.

competition.] Contest.

concours contest

of (2); elegance elegance, stylishness elegance.]

A

(1); d'

contest of

(3):

contest held at the end of an automo-

which the judges consider not speed but

bile rally in

the appearance and outfitting of the competing cars.

concretum

n., pi.

concreta

[L. solid, thick, hard, or

concrete thing.] Something which

concurso

n.

[Sp. contest.] Ci'v/7

whereby various creditors may in the estate

is

solid, concrete,

abstractum.

Law.

A

proceeding

establish their shares

of an insolvent debtor. Cf. juicio de con-

curso de acreedores.

sequatur effectus. [L. condicio condition (2); praecedens preceding (1 ); adimpleri to be fulfilled, satisfied (4); debet ought, should (3); priusquam

A grant

one granting.] Law.

concierges

[Fr. porter, janitor,

or door-

An attendant, usually stationed at the main

door of a building, whose duties include handling mail

and overseeing the entrance and

who

.

harmony

is in

condicio praecedens adimpleri debet priusquam

should be given a broad interpretation and this should be applied against the one making the grant. See quaelibet concessio etc. n.,pl.

He/she

debet

interpretation against the

concierge

respecting something. to

[L.

An agreement, covenant,

grant ought to have a broad

to have, hold, regard (3);

A

.

particular, or actual. Cf.

institution.

concessio versus concedentem latam interpreta-

tation (5);

1

quish the rest of their claims,

consequence of conception. concertino

concordats

n.,pl.

or agreement.]

bankrupt and his/her creditors whereby the former

good faith. conceptus n., pi. concepti or conceptuses faith. In

conceived.]

concordat

siastical affairs, as well as other matters

Oct. 16, 1978:55).

con buena

condicio

exit

of people.

2.

One

has the responsibility of providing assistance to

before (5); sequatur should follow (7); effectus effect, result (6):

A preceding condition

should be fulfilled

A

before the effect should follow.] Law.

preceding

condition should be satisfied before the effect can follow; e.g., a contract with a preceding condition

cannot be binding

until the

condition has been satisfied.

condicio (or conditio) sine qua non

n., pi.

condiciones

assembly, or deliberation.]

A secret meeting, especially

quibus non [L. condicio condition (1); sine without (2); qua which (3); non not (4): condition without which not.] An indispensable

one held by malcontents,

rebels, or conspirators plot-

condition.

guests and residents of a hotel or apartment building.

conciliabule

n., pi.

ting against

concilium

sembly

conciliabules

[Fr. secret

government or a religious

n., pi.

meeting,

An

An

absolutely unavoidable condition.

condition which must be satisfied by

authority.

concilia [L. a council, plan.]

for deliberation.

(or conditiones) sine

as-

A

means, a) The

's human rights is a conqua non on which any administration

upholdment ofthe people ditio sine

all

.

.

.

74

condictio

military comes to power ( The Guardian 987). b) Is it inevitable or a conditio sine qua non for recovery that we must cut down in those

whether civilian or

.

.

.

1

areas where

we have made major advances during

the post-independence era

condictio

.

.

.

?

{West Africa 1987).

condictiones [L. making a formal

n., pi.

claim.]

Roman Law.

money

or specific things, or for restoration of some-

Action against a person to claim

condictio ex causa furtiva

causa furtiva

[L.

condictiones ex

n.. pi.

condictio making a formal claim

from

(1) ; ex arising

causa cause, case, reason

(2);

furtiva stolen, pilfered, of theft

making

(4):

formal claim arising from a case of

Law.

theft.]

a

Roman

A formal action to claim a stolen article from a

thief or his heir. See condictio furtiva and condictio rei furtivae.

condictio ex lege

condictiones ex lege [L.

n., pi.

condictio making a formal claim

( 1 );

ex arising from,

making a formal claim arising from law.] Roman Law. An action to enforce a right granted by law for which no remedy has been according to

law

(2); lege

(3):

provided by law. condictio furtiva

condictiones furtivae [L.

n., pi.

condictio making a formal claim (2)

:

(

1

furtiva of theft

);

A

making a formal action of theft.]

formal legal

action for the recovery of a stolen object from a thief

or his heirs. See condictio ex causa furtiva and

condictio indebiti

condictiones indebiti [L.

n., pi.

condictio making a formal claim

something not owed

(1); indebiti

of

making a formal claim of something not owed.] Roman Law. A formal action for the recovery

(2):

of something mistakenly paid or

given to the defendant. condictio rei furtivae n.,pl. condictiones rei furtivae

condictio making a formal claim

(1); rei (of/for)

making

thing (3); furtivae of stolen, pilfered (2):

a

formal claim for a stolen thing.] Condictio ex causa furtiva (q.v.). Condictio furtiva

condictio formal claim

(1); triticaria

of wheat

Roman Law. An

formal claim of wheat.]

(2):

a

action for

recovering fungible property, such as wheat,

in the

same amount and quality that the plaintiffhad loaned to the defendant.

conditio sine

of condicio sine qua non

var.

condominium (q.v.). condominium short form condo n., pi. condom inia or condominiums [L. joint ownership.] 1. Roman sort

for

of tenancy

have undivided shares of their shares.

2.

facilities

territory.

A

territory ruled

by a number of states. The Sudan was previously an Anglo/Egyptian condominium. of a group of mercenary

A freelance.

n.,pl.

condottieri

[It.

leader

A mercenary sol-

soldiers.]

since the Triumvirate had now became in the eyes of the law a mere condottiere in the employ of the enemy queen (Cary dier.

.

.

.

expired, he

1970:444).

conduit

conduits

n., pi.

[Fr. pipe, duct,

channel, tube,

A pipe or channel through which water or other liquids pass or are conveyed. 2. A tube passage, culvert.]

1

.

or pipe which protects or insulates electric wires or

A

cables. 3.

means

for the distribution or

convey-

money, support, or aid. The United States says Mexico is a big supplier of marijuana and heroin to the American market, and the principal conduit for South American cocaine (The Economist 1987). confer abbr. cf. [L. compare.] Compare with. Used to draw readers' attention to a similar, contrasting, contradictory, or explanatory view or statement in the jance of something such as

work or elsewhere. lecturer.]

conferenciers

n., pi.

1.

A

lecturer.

speech or an address.

2.

[Fr.

conferencier

A person who delivers a A conferee. A person who

participates in a diplomatic conference.

omni probatione major est. ( ); facta having been made (2); in in, on (3); judicio court (4); omni than every (7); probatione proof (8); major greater (6); est is (5): A confession having been made in court is greater than every proof] Law. A confession made in court

confessio facta in judicio [L.

is

confessio confession

1

the best proof.

confession

Open

confetti pi. strips

confessiones fidei [L. confessio

n., pi.

( 1 );

fidei

of faith

(2):

confession of faith.]

declaration of commitment to a cause. n. [It.

from confetto candy.] Tiny pieces or in a variety of colors, which

of paper, usually

are tossed and scattered as part of a celebration or

confirmare infirm um

condo short form

common

a condominium buyer owns his apart-

festivity.

qua non

(q.v.).

A

the right to use the .

over a politically subject

confessio fidei

(q.v.).

condictio triticaria n.,pl. condictiones triticariae [L.

Law.

.

ment outright and has joint title with the other condo owners to the land surrounding his building (Time Int. 1979). 3. The sovereignty of a number of states

conferencier

condictio rei furtivae.

[L.

.

condottiere or condottiero

thing.

(3);

same time has of the estate

A

in

common

in the

in

which people

property and can dispose

large estate in a residential,

mercial, or industrial area

owned jointly and

com-

severally

est id fuit. [L.

(2) ; id that (5);

firmum facere quod prius confirmare

firmum

to

confirm

(

1

);

strong (4); facere to

est

is

make

quod which (6); prius formerly, previously (8); infirmum weak (9); fuit was (7): To confirm is to make strong that which was previously weak.] Law. Confirmation makes valid what was previously in(3) ;

valid.

See confirmare est id quod

confirmare

est id

by many persons. Each of the owners has his/her own

[L.

individual unit apartment, store, or office, and at the

quod which

confirmare

etc.

quod prius infirmum to

(5);

confirm

fuit firmare.

(1); est is (2); id that (4);

prius formerly, previously (7);

75

connoissement

infirmum weak (8); fuit was (6); firmare to To confirm is to strengthen that which

disguise his excitement on being given his conge.

strengthen (3):

2.

was formerly weak.] Law. Confirming strengthens that which was previously weak. See confirmare est

Veronica

id fir

mum

[L.

confirmare law

right,

confirm

to

(3);

ei

accident.

nemo no one

(1);

priusquam before (5); jus him (7); accident it will have

able (2);

is

(4); ei to

come (6): No one can confirm a right before have come to him.] Law. No one can confirm

reached, will

it

which does not belong

a right

invalidum. there (6);

[L.

confirmatio confirmation

praecedens preceding

invalid (8): There

ceding is

is

invalid

gift

invalidum

(5); est is (7);

no confirmation where the preLaw. Where a preceding

2.

1.

A

shop where

An

who admits

accused person

being guilty. [L.

I

confess.]

I

confess

my

sins.

The

—

n.

first 1.

A

Christian act of contrition beginning with the phrase

The prayer

itself. 2.

Any

admission of

confrater .

n.,pl.

confraters orconfratres [L. brother

A member of a brotherhood or confraternity,

an association of men, or of men and

their profession. 2.

]

i.e.,

women, formed

for religious or charitable activities, or to

promote

An associate of a monastery who

enjoys some benefits and privileges but

is

exempted

from some responsibilities. Cf. confrere. confrere

(2); definitif final, definitive (1): final dismissal.]

conge d'elire or conge d'eslire or conge delire n. [Fr. conge leave, dismissal, discharge, permission, farewell, notice to leave or quit, clearance;

n.,pl.

academic

confreres

[Fr. brother,

colleague, fellow

discipline.

The physician would not agree

to the operation before consulting with his confreres.

Cf. confrater.

confrerie

d' of, to

1);

Permission to elect or appoint a nominated or

elect.]

either

.

.

of which procedures would leave

conge d'emparler

the

Popular

n. [Fr.

conge

leave, dismissal, dis-

charge, permission, farewell, notice to leave or quit, clearance; (1); d' of, to (2);

emparler to imparl, to Law. Permission

of imparlance or time for either party tion to respond to the pleading

in

a legal ac-

of the other party.

Permission, formerly given to the defendant, before pleading, to confer with the plaintiff and reach an

n., pi.

congeries

n., pi.

congeries

collection, heap, or etc.

make up his mind

on what course of action to adopt. conjectio causae n. [L. conjectio conjecture,

inter-

A A

conjecture/interpretation of the case.] C/v/7 Law.

brief statement of the case by an advocate at the

beginning of the

trial.

conjunctio corporum (

1

);

n. [L.

conjunctio union, uniting

corporum of bodies (2): union of bodies.] Bodily

[Fr. confraternity, brother-

conjunctio mariti et feminae est de jure naturae. [L. conjunctio union (3) ;

or solid, belonging to various owners, to such an extent that the individual shares cannot be identified.

conges

[Fr. leave, dismissal,

discharge,

permission, farewell, notice to leave or quit, clear1.

A

pile.]

union or physical contact. confreries

An association of persons who common interest. confusio bonorum n. [L. confusio confusion (1); bonorum of goods (2): confusion of goods.] Common Law. The intermixing of goods, whether liquid

Formal permission given by a person

authority to

mass,

individuals, ideas,

A cluster or agglomeration. Inundated with a con-

share a

n., pi.

[L. a heap,

mass of things,

geries ofsuggestions, he could not

hood, sisterhood.]

ance.]

(

(2) ; elire to appoint, choose, elect (3): permission to

pretation (1); causae of cause, case, reason (2):

member.] Fellow. Comrade. Applicable to members of a society, religious brotherhood, profession or

cong£

leave, dismissal, discharge,

amicable settlement. See licentia loquendi.

guilt.

1

conge

talk together (3): leave to imparl.]

a Christian prayer of contrition.

"I confess.'"

definitif n. [Fr.

permission, farewell, notice to leave or quit, clearance

Assembly with a mere conge d 'elire (Cary 1 970:477).

The sweets themselves.

accused person.] Law.

v.

given to a vessel.

conge

.

fessing (1); reus accused person (2): a confessing

word of

taking

is

Taking leave. At the end of the party, all the guests made their conges. 5. Clearance

magistracies by direct nomination or by commendatio

confitens reus n.,pl. confitentes rei [L. con fi tens con-

confiteor

respect or an indication that one

leave. 4. Farewell.

confiseries [Fr. a confectionery,

confectioner's shop, candy store.]

sweets are sold.

scandal was the prin-

A ceremonious bow as a

recommended candidate. Augustus further retained or resumed the right ofpresenting candidates for

cannot be confirmed.

it

n., pi.

3.

gift

gift is invalid.]

confiserie

est

(3); est

donum

nulla no (2); ubi where (4);

is ( 1);

in the

ofher conge.

Final departure or leave-taking.

to him/her.

donum praecedens

confirmatio est nulla ubi

involvement

's

cipal cause

mark of

etc.

confirmare nemo potest priusquam jus potest can,

Dismissal from, or notice to quit, a service.

somebody

to depart. After

in

a marathon

meeting with the President, the Minister could not

from, about (8):

(1);

feminae of wife, (6);

jure

mariti of husband

woman

right,

law

(2); et

(7);

The union of husband and wife

is

from the law

matter of natural law. See maris et feminae n.

lading.

An

a ship,

showing the goods

French Law.

instrument, signed by the in

recipient,

and an undertaking

to

a

bill

of

Bill

of

management of

the ship, the party

sent the various goods, the party

is

etc.

[Obs. Fr. for connaissement

lading, invoice, shipping-bill.]

of,

naturae of nature

of nature.] Law. The union of husband and wife

connoissement

and

de

(4); est is (5);

who would

who

be the

convey the goods.

connoisseur

76

See conocimiento de embarque; poliza de cargamento; and polizza di carico.

connoisseur

connoisseurs [Obs.

n, pi.

connaisseur good judge.] authority on, an expert

and

in,

fully qualified to

is

A

1.

person

judge

1982:44).

2,

2.

Fr. for

who

is

an

.

.

.

.

.

.

[L.

agreement, unanimity,

.

.

.

it

not possible to achieve meaningful consensus on

is

{Newsweek

matters that involve risks (The Guardian 1986).

was considerable debate but the meeting an end with no consensus being reached. consensus ad idem n. [L. consensus agreement (1);

taste

.

and profound appre-

.

.

.

Roman and Civil Law. Wedlock.

[L. marriage.]

consensuses

Collective opinion. Verdict of the majority, a)

the connois-

a connoisseur ofthe rarest wines (The Guardian 1986). connubium or conubium n.,pl. connubia or conubia .

n.,pl.

accord.] Unanimity. Accord. General agreement.

A judge or critic who shows

good and discriminating ciation.

effect immediately.

consensus

critically, a subject,

arts.

seurs most likely to buy Chinese art

Aug.

// was decided consensu omnium that the new policy would take

understands thoroughly,

especially in the field of fine

Int.

of everyone.] With the consent of all.

.

Right

b) There

came

.

ad

to

to, at, for,

agreement thing.

A

(2); idem the same (3): Agreement as to the same

according to

to the same.]

harmony of minds. Parties

a contract

to

ad idem conocimiento short form for conocimiento de for it to be valid. See ad idem. embarque (q.v ). consensus facit legem. [L. consensus agreement, conocimiento de embarque shortform conocimiento unanimity ( ); facit makes (2); legem law (3): Agreen. [Sp. conocimiento knowledge (1); de of(2); ment makes the law.] Law. The agreement of parties embarque shipment, goods (3): knowledge of to a contract serves as the law of the contract. of intermarriage.

must, inter alia, have reached a consensus

1

See contractus legem

goods.] Bill of lading. See connoissement.

conquets pi.

property which husband and wife

n. [Fr.

have acquired conjointly or individually.] French Law. Property acquired by husband and wife, whether individually or jointly, during the marriage. Such

property

a joint acquisition

is

entitled to half

of

paraphernalia

1;

Cf.

it.

and each party

is

bona; dote; maritagium;

parapherna; paraphernalia

1;

regime dotal; and societe d'acquets. conquistador

n., pi.

famille family

et

modus etc.;

concubinage, cohabitation

monium non

marriage

(5); et

(3); facit

and

(6);

makes

(4);

matri-

consentire to consent

not (8); possunt they can, are able (7); ante

A person who participated

Consent, not cohabitation, makes marriage, and they

n. [Fr.

(3):

in the 16th

conseil council

( 1 );

de of (2);

council of family.] Family coun-

Board of guardians. French Law. This council

has to sanction certain

acts; e.g.,

a guardian's accep-

tance or rejection of an inheritance or a gift inter vivos for the minor.

Conseil d'Etat

conseil council (1); d' of (2);

[Fr.

n.

etat state (3): council of state.] Privy Council. France.

A judicial

council established as far back as 1302, which gives advice or decides on national matters

by Parliament, the Cabinet, the king,

it

and now the President of the Republic. conseil judiciaire

n., pi.

cannot consent before marriageable years.] Law.

judicial counsel.]

A

( 1 ):

guardian or administrator ap-

pointed on the order of the court. French Law. conseil judiciaire

A

may be appointed to administer the

property of a prodigal,

i.e.,

a

young

spendthrift.

See curator prodigi.

consensu adv.

[L.

by agreement or concord.] Through

liability

consensu omnium adv.

omnium

Thus the church reconciled the two views: that of consummation was necessary

the early church that to form

could arise consensu.

[L.

consensu by/with agreement

of all, everyone

(2):

by the agreement

a marriage;

that,

derived from

Roman

law.

non concubitus facit matrimonium (Cretney 1976:7). See nuptias non concubitus etc. consensus tollit errorem. [L. consensus consent, agreement (1); tollit removes (2); errorem mistake, error (3): Consent removes error.] Law. Agreement eliminates mistake. The doctrine of waiver, which is widely applied in pleading and judicial proceedings, depends that consensus

this

maxim. See qui non improbat, approbat.

consentiente agreeing

domino adv. [L. consentiente (with) domino with master, lord, owner (1):

(2);

with the master agreeing.] With the consent of the master, lord, or owner.

consentientes et agentes pari poena plectentur. [L.

consentientes those consenting, agreeing (2);

a contract. By, from, or by reason of, a contractual

A

a couple cannot consent before the marriageable age.

on

conseils judiciaires [Fr.

conseil counselor, counsel (2); judiciaire judicial

(1);

conventio

Consent, not cohabitation, constitutes marriage, and

conseil de famille

obligation.

etc.;

and pacta dant etc. Cf. conventio

before ( 1 0); annos years ( 1 2); nubiles marriageable (11):

Spanish conquest of the Americas

referred to

fait etc.;

privatorum etc. consensus non concubitus facit matrimonium; et consentire non possunt ante annos nubiles. [L. consensus consent (1); non not (2); concubitus

(9);

century.

cil.

contrat

conquistadors or conquistadores

[Sp. conqueror.] History. in the

le

agentes those doing

poena

(3);

( 1 );

et

pari with equal

and (5);

(with) punishment (6); plectentur shall be

punished

(4):

Those agreeing and those doing

shall

be punished with equal punishment.] Law. Wrong-

who connive with them suffer the same punishment. See qui non improbat, approbat.

doers and those

m

77 multorum quaeruntur in magnis. [L. consilia (1); multorum of many (2); quaeruntur are sought (3); in in, on (4); magnis great things (5): The counsels of many are sought in great things.] The advice of many persons is sought when consid-

consilia

counsels

consortia or consortiums [L. fellow-

n., pi.

ship, society

,

participation.]

1

.

Fellowship, partnership,

association, society, or club. 2.

Law. Marital fellow-

ship or conjugal association of man and

woman with

the attendant right to each other's affection,

cooperation and assistance.

company,

Damages can be sought

for the loss of consortium caused by death or injury through negligence on the part ofa third party. 3. A cooperative association of organizations or institutions.

The Associated Colleges of the Midwest

consortium ofthirteen small liberal arts colleges. international

in,

.

.

or giving

Government guaranteed a $180 of2 3 banks, groups pay off

million line ofcredit to help the consortium

et

and industrial (Newsweek Int. Feb. 8, 1982:40). servitium n. [L. consortium company,

(

);

insurance companies Jari's creditors

consortium fellowship

1

and (2); servitium

et

service, servitude

company and service.] Law. Companionship and A husband has a right to the consortium et servitium of his wife; i.e., to her society and service (3):

help.

Habit, custom, or

quae which

(7);

ipsas them, themselves,

the very ones (9); praecesserunt preceded (8): later in

Laws

time are better than these which preceded

is

optima legum

legem law if (9); sit

non not

(6);

constituta [L. agreement, compact.]

undertakes to

informal agreement whereby one

fulfill

his/her or another's obligation

on an appointed day and

(5);

(8); si

be (10); specialis special (11); et and legem law (15);

it

(12); interpretatur interprets (13);

scriptam written is (

1

8);

(

1

4); si if (

generalis general

(

1

1

6); lex

9):

law

(

1

7); sit be,

Custom and common

usage overcome the unwritten law,

and

interpret the written law, if

and

common

it

if

it

be special,

be general.] Habit

practice supercede special unwritten

laws but explain general written laws.

consuetudo,

licet sit

magnae auctoritatis, numquam

tamen praejudicat manifestae veritati. tudo custom, usage,

less,

it

be

tradition

( 1 );

licet

magnae of great (4);

(3);

numquam

never

(7);

though

tamen

neverthe-

Custom, even

be of great authority, yet never prejudices evident

truth.] it

consue-

if,

auctoritatis (of)

evident, manifest (9); veritati truth (10): it

[L.

even

yet (6); praejudicat prejudices (8); manifestae

Even

if a

custom should be of great authority,

should never interfere with manifest

consuetudo

loci

conservanda

servanda

n.,pl.

scriptam written

(7);

posterior

Roman Law. An

legem

consuetudo custom,

assuetudo usage, habit (4); vincit overcomes

custom, usage, tradition

constitutum

etc.

communis common

usage, tradition (1); et and (2); (3) ;

them.] Later laws supersede preceding ones. See lex etc.

is

etc.

the best interpreter of the laws.]

lex sit generalis. [L.

if

these (6);

Custom

a second law.]

specialis; et interpretatur

si sit si

potiores better, preferable

than

is

common usage offers the best expla-

nation of the law. See

authority (5);

(4); his

altera another, a second

is (2);

consuetudo et communis assuetudo vincit legem non

tempore posteriores potiores sunt his quae ipsas praecesserunt. [L. constitutiones laws (1); tempore in time (3); posteriores later (2); sunt are

est

);

of laws (5): Custom

(2); sit

(5);

1

Custom

consuetudo est optimus interpres legum. [L. consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (1); est is (2); optimus best (3); interpres interpreter (4); legum

(Burke 1976:89). constitutiones

(

(4):

another source of law. Cf. optima legum

scriptam,

a consortium ofbanks have been financing its Adam in West Africa 1986). the Brazilian

law

scriptam,

operations (Ibrahim .

(3); lex

a

number of countries.

financial aid to, a country or a

b)

n., pi. consuetudines curiae [L. consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (1); curiae of court (2): custom of the court.] The custom of a court. The practice of a court. consuetudo est altera lex. [L. consuetudo custom,

An

is

4.

banking or business group or agreement,

especially for operating an industry

a) ...

consuetudo curiae

usage, tradition

ering important matters.

consortium

consuetudo semel reprobata

a place

is

be observed

to

to

est. [L.

(1); loci

truth.

consuetudo

of place

(4); est is (3):

be observed.] Law. The

(2);

con-

The custom of

common custom

of a place must be observed.

consuetudo mercatorum

n. [L.

consuetudo custom,

mercatorum of merchants (2): constitutum possessorium n.,pl. constituta possession! custom of merchants.] Customary practice among [L. constitutum agreement (1); possessorium of merchants. Cf. jus mercatorum and lex mercatoria. possessors (2): an agreement of the possessors.] consuetudo neque injuria oriri neque tolli potest. Roman Law. An informal agreement in which the [L. consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (1); neque legal possessor

at a particular place.

of personal or

real

property declares

usage, tradition (1);

neither (3); injuria from/by injury (7); oriri to arise

his/her intention to remain in control, while the legal

(4) ;

neque nor

possession

transferred to another.

(6);

potest can,

sensum

from nor be removed by

is

constructio ad structure

sense

(3):

(

1

);

ad

[L.

constructio construction,

to, at, for,

according to

(2);

sensum

construction according to sense.] Rhetoric.

The use of words according rather than grammatical rule.

to sense

and meaning

eral practice

(5); tolli to is

able (2):

be removed, taken away

Custom can

injury.]

neither arise

Law. Habit or gen-

can neither be established by injury nor

away by it. consuetudo semel reprobata non potest amplius taken

induci. [L. consuetudo custom, usage, tradition

(

1

);

consuetudo volentes ducit

semel once

(2);

potest can,

is

(6);

78

reprobata rejected

non not (5); more

(3);

expositio exposition, explanation (2); est

able (4); amplius longer, any

induci to be introduced

(7):

A custom, once re-

on

no longer be introduced.] Once aban-

jected, can

doned, a custom loses

its

is

validity.

lege law (8):

(7);

the best and the strongest in law.] Law. In inter-

who

when

willing,

people

accordance with their will, while law drags

continuo

their will.

consummated completed.] last in

est. [L. (2); est

It is

,

consummatum has been

it is,

finished.

It is

words of Jesus on the cross

completed,

(1): It

has been

consummated. The at

John 19:30. Used

contadini or contadinos

n., pi.

A

person.]

[It.

country

peasant or an inhabitant of a rural area,

especially in Italy.

contagion ness.]

n.,pl.

contagions

The spreading

I.

contagious-

[Fr. infection,

or transmission of disease

through direct contact or indirect means.

2.

An

in-

fectious disease. The Ministry

of Health has so far failed to diagnose the contagion which has already claimed sixty lives. 3. Something such as a virus which serves as an agent for producing or spreading disease. 4.

An

infectious, dangerous, or corrupting

Drug addiction among the youth, contagion, should be extirpated. 5. The

influence or quality.

a terrible

spreading or transmission of ideas, influence, emotion, doctrine, false

rumors,

etc.

A contagion of wild

ecstasy swept through thefanatics.

emotion,

etc.,

6. Ideas, influence,

which spread. This was the period when

(Thomas Cooke in West Africa 1985). Cf. contagium. contagium n.. pi. contagia [L. touching, contact, national pride became a contagion

infection, taint, pollution.] Medicine.

.

.

.

A living organ-

ism or virus which can cause a communicable disease. Cf.

conte

contagion n.,pl.

3.

contes

[Fr. story, tale, short story.]

story, particularly tale subjects.

one

A short

that treats adventure or folk

A narrative which, though shorter than

a conventional novel,

is

longer than the usual short

conteurs

contemporanea expositio n. temporaneous

( 1 );

[L.

contemporanea con-

expositio explanation, exposition

contemporaneous explanation or exposition.]

explanation based upon the time

when

[Fr.

A

a story-teller.]

person

recites, narrates, or writes short stories. n., pi.

continuos

Music. The base part

continuum

n., pi.

in

continuo continuous.]

[It.

basso continuo

(q.v.).

continua or continuums

[L. a

con-

tinuous, uninterrupted, unbroken, or connecting (thing).]

1

.

A continuous whole. A continuity. Some-

thing which

is

absolutely continuous or the same,

making reference to something else; e.g., duration whose parts can be distinguished only by reference to number or such expressions as before/after

or time

and now/then.

2.

Something with a discernible common

factor in the midst of confusing uncertain variations.

An

a law, custom,

common to all (or

There are certain personality traits at least most) psychotics,

and these can be discovered

'normal 'people as well;

in

from

the

.

.

there

.

most normal person

is

a continuum

to the

psychotic

(Eysenck 1982:67). contra bonos mores abbr. contr. bon. mor.

adj. I adv.

bonos good (2); mores morals, behavior, conduct (3): against good morals.] Contrary to the norms of decent conduct. Three residents of the village were summoned to appear before the traditional court to explain their conduct in acting contra bonos mores. contra bonos mores et decorum adj. I adv. [L. contra against, opposite (1); bonos good (2); mores morals, [L.

contra against, opposite

(1);

decorum

behavior, conduct (3); et and (4);

propriety

good morals and propriety.] Contrary to good character and manners. The official was censured and suspendedfor acting contra bonos mores (5):

et

against

decorum.

contra

bonum morem adj. /adv. [L. contra against, bonum good (2); morem custom (3):

opposite (1); against

good custom.] Contrary

contractus bonae fidei

story.

(2):

n., pi.

and whose parts cannot be distinguished except by

reference to the completion of any major task.

contadino

by judges or jurists

it

was made.

it

conteur

who

given to

lived about the time or not long after the time

Custom leads the law drags the unwilling.] Custom leads

the unwilling (6); trahit drags (5):

consummatum

in,

A contemporaneous explanation

to the interpretation

the willing (3); ducit leads (2); lex law (4); nolentes

in

optima

preting a statute, great authority should be attached

consuetudo volentes ducit, lex nolentes trahit. [L. consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (1); volentes

them against

is (3);

best (4); et and (5); fortissima strongest (6); in

[L.

good custom.

contractus drawing together, shrinking, contract,

agreement (3):

to

contractus bonae fidei

n.,pl.

(1);

bonae of good

contract of good faith.]

(2); fidei (of) faith

Roman Law.

whose enforcement, when made

A contract

the subject of

liti-

or other matter originated and the circumstances under

gation, required that the judge should not merely

which

apply the

it

occurred. In the absence of contemporanea

expositio

much

is left to

supposition

and inferences

from judicial pronouncements and the works ofanthropologists (James 1982:177).

contemporanea expositio est optima et fortissima in lege. [L. contemporanea contemporaneous (1);

strict

law but should also examine the circum-

which the contract was made and take into consideration equity and matters of good faith. contractus contra bonos mores n. [L. contractus stances under

drawing together, shrinking, contract, agreement ( 1 ); contra against, opposite

(2);

bonos good

(3);

mores

contra rerum naturam

79 morals

(4):

good morals.] Law.

contract against

A

immoral contract.

An

contract based upon actions

which are not decent and

As a rule, such

fair.

contracts

are unenforceable and void. See ex turpi causa etc.

contractus est quasi actus contra actum. [L contractus drawing together, shrinking, contract, agreement (

1

);

est

quasi as

is (2);

were, so to speak (3); actus

it

contra against, opposite

act (4);

actum

(5);

act (6):

mon law. Contrary common law. contra legem terrae posite

(

):

1

contra libertatem matrimonii adv.

of

to

n. [L.

contractus drawing

agreement

together, shrinking, contract

case, reason (4): contract arising

A

Law.

(

1):

ex arising

turpi base, disgraceful (3); causa cause,

(2);

from

a base cause.]

contract founded on a vile or morally repre-

hensible cause. Like a contractus contra bonos mores, this

type of contract

is

unenforceable and void. See ex

turpi causa etc.

contractus drawing together, shrink-

est. [L.

ing, contract,

agreement

base, disgraceful (3);

ex arising from

( 1 );

est

mores morals is

A

(9):

(2);

turpi

causa cause, case, reason

(4);

bonos good

vel or (5); contra against, opposite (6); (7);

nullus worthless, null (10):

(8);

contract arising from a base cause or

good morals is worthless.] Law. A contract founded on an evil, disreputable, or immoral cause

against

is

null

and void. See ex turpi causa

contractus fiduciae

[L.

n.

of trust, confidence

contractus drawing

to-

contract of trust.]

Roman and

A contract in which one person sells some-

Law.

thing, usually to

(2):

by a formal ceremony of mancipation,

another with the understanding that the purchaser

will sell the thing

back

certain conditions

have been

to the original

owner when [L.

contractus drawings together, shnnkings. contracts, agreement

( 1 );

(5);

matrimonii

against the freedom of marriage.]

(3):

have a family.

mundum adj. adv. [L. contra against, oppomundum world, universe (2): against the

contra

site (1):

world.] Contrary to even, general opinion.

legem law (3); ex from (4); conventione accipiunt receive

(2):

James has

an obnoxious habit of defending views which are contra mundum.

contra negantem principia non

est disputandum. [L. negantem one denyprincipia principles, elements (6); non not it is disputandum to be disputed (3): It

ing (5); 1

2); est

is

(

1

(4);

);

not to be disputed against one denying principles.]

There

is

no point

arguing with a person

in

who denies

fundamental principles. Cf. principiorum non

contra pacem (1):

adj. adv. [L.

pacem peace

(2):

etc.

contra against, opposite

against the peace.] Law.

Against the interest of public order and tranquility.

The expression

used

is

in the

prosecution of cases of

was tantamount contrapposto posto tion

set.

to a

breach of peace.

from contra against, opposite 2

n. [It

(

placed

of a human figure with the

a different direction

contra proferentem posite

(

1 ):

):

The depiclower body turned in

(1): set opposite.] Art.

from the upper body.

adj. adv. [L.

contra against, op-

proferentem one putting

forth, proffering

or proposing (2): against the one proposing.] Law.

fulfilled.

contractus legem ex conventione accipiunt. agreements

contra against

(2):

trespass with the connotation that the alleged offense

etc.

gether, shrinking, contract, agreement (1); fiduciae

Civil

mamage

[L.

libertatem freedom

(1);

contra against, opposite

contractus ex turpi causa, vel contra bonos mores, nullus

against

Contrary to the right of an individual to marry and to

prevent another action.

from

(3):

contra legem terrae to mis-

try or civic authority. It is

An agreement between partners contractus ex turpi causa

contra against, op-

terrae of land

(2);

appropriate public funds.

opposite

an action performed

adj. adv. [L.

legem law

law. Against the

the law of the land.] Contrary to the law of the coun-

A contract is, so to speak, an act against an act.] Law. is

common

to the

Contracts receive

who makes Cf ambiguitas

Against or to the disadvantage of the one a proposal or puts

something

contra stipulatorem contra proferentes

forth.

est.

adj. adv. [L.

contra against, op-

law from agreement] Law. Contracts derive the force

posite (1

of law from the agreement of the

or proposing (2): against those proposing.] Law.

parties.

See con-

sensus facit legem.

Against or

contradance See contredanse. contra site

against the form of a statute.] Criminal Law.

Used

end an indictment which deals with an offense bidden by statute.

(1);

jus

belli adj. adv. [L right,

law

to

for-

contra against, opposite

(2); belli

of war

(3):

against the

law of war.] Against the law governing wars.

contra jus posite

commune adj.

( 1 );

against

adv. [L contra against, op-

jus right, law (3);

common law]

In

proferentes those putting

to the

commune common (2):

defiance of the rule of com-

ambiguous,

it

is

the one or those

forth, proffering

disadvantage of those

something. Generally,

formam statuti adv. [L. contra against, oppo(1); formam form (2); statuti of statute (3):

contra jus

):

when

a written

who propose document

is

interpreted to the disadvantage of

who chose the

ment. But a clause

is

language of the docu-

only to be construed contra

proferentes in cases of real ambiguity (Colinvaux 1979:35). See ambiguitas contra stipulatorem est

contra rerum naturam

adj. adv. [L.

contra against,

rerum of matters, things, property, business, affairs (3); naturam nature (2): against the nature

opposite

( 1 ):

of things.] Contrary // is

to the natural order. Impossible.

contra rerum naturam for a girl to be older than

her grandmother.

80

contraria contrariis

contraria contrariis curantur [L. contraria contrary, opposite (things) (1); contrariis by contrary, opposite

curantur are cured (2): Opposite things

(things) (3);

by opposites.] Opposites heal opposites. contrarium n., pi. contraria [L. that which is oppoare cured

contrary, reverse.]

site,

1

One of two opposing

.

ob-

One of two contrary statements. contra spoliatorem omnia praesumuntur. [L. conjects. 2. Logic.

tra against, opposite (3); spoliatorem spoiler? robber,

plunderer

(4);

omnia

everything,

things (1);

all

praesumuntur are presumed (2): All things are presumed against the robber.] Law. Every circumstance or disadvantage

presumed against a person who someone

is

another person with intent to steal

is theft.

See furtum

est etc.

contredanse or contredance or contradance or contradanse n., pi. contredanses or contredances or contradances or contradanses [Fr. from contre against, opposite (2); 1

.

danse dance ( 1 ): dance opposite.]

A folk dance in which partners dance opposite each

other in two lines.

con trefaeon

Music

2.

for such a dance.

con trefaeons

n., pi.

from contre

[Fr.

against, opposite (1); facon fashion,

manner

against fashion, counterfeit, forgery, fraudulently

copying or imitating.] French Law.

of printing or seeing

to the printing

1

The illegal act of a book with.

who holds the

seizes property unlawfully or violently from

out securing the permission of the one

else.

copyright. Infringement of copyright or patent.

contrat

contrats

n.,pl.

[Fr. contract,

agreement, deed.]

A legal agreement, contract, or compact.

French Law.

contrat aleatoire

contrats aleatoires

n., pi.

contrat contract, agreement, deed

(2);

[Fr.

aleatoire alea-

tory, problematical, uncertain, risky,

chancy

problematical agreement.] French Law.

(1):

a

An aleatory

A contract whose performance depends on

contract.

contrat a titre onereux [Fr.

n.,pl.

contrats a titre onereux

contrat contract, agreement, deed

ward,

in,

by, with, until (2); titre

(1);

title,

a

to, to-

claim

(4);

onereux burdensome (3): contract for burdensome claim.] French Law. Contract for valuable consideration; i.e., a contract in which each party is under

some duty

obligation to perform

counterfeit copy.

contretemps

to the other or

is

contrat commutatif n.,pl. contrats commutatifs

[Fr.

commutatif

(2);

A

A forgery.

n., pi.

An unfortunate event. An

disrupts the routine. 2.

convenience. the beat.

3.

Music.

in-

A note which is played against

A syncopated note. var.

conventio et

of connubium

(q.v.).

modus vincunt legem. [L. conventio (1); et and (2); modus harmony,

compact, contract

agreement (3); vincunt overcome (4); legem law

(5):

Contract and agreement overcome/supersede the

Agreements made by

parties to a contract, con-

ditions attached to a grant,

and covenants respecting

law.]

lease and

conveyance are binding on the

parties

and

thus overrule the law. There are, however, exceptions

subject to certain liabilities or payments.

contrat contract, agreement, deed

2.

contretemps [Fr. from contre against, opposite (1); temps time, weather (2): against time, mishap, delay.] 1. An unexpected event which

conubium

contingencies or uncertain events.

(2):

to the rule.

The rule

is

not applicable where a contract

violates the express provisions

of a law,

is

contrary

commutative, interchangeable (1): an interchangeable

to public interest, policy, morality, etc, or is injurious

A commutative contract. A contract in which "A" does for "B" the equivalent

to the interests

agreement.] French Law.

of what "B" did for "A."

contrat synallagmatique lagmatiques (2);

[Fr.

synallagmatique

which the

what

is

contrats synal-

contrat contract, agreement, deed bilateral (1): a bilateral agree-

A bilateral contract,

ment.] French Law. in

n., pi.

parties are

bound

to

do

i.e.,

to

each other

proper and just.

contra veritatem lex

numquam

parties.

truth (6); lex

detract from, diminish (5):

public right. See jus

publicum privatorum etc.; pacta quae contra etc.; and

(2);

aliquid anything (4);

pacta privata

The law never allows

privatorum conventio etc.

is

truth.]

The law never allows any-

contrary to truth.

contr. bon. mor. abbr. for contra bonos

contrectatio rei alienae, [L.

mores

animo furandi,

contrectatio touching

(1); rei

est

(q.v.).

furtum.

of matter, thing,

property, business, affair (2); alienae of another (per-

son) (3);

animo with

ing (5); est

is (6);

intention (4); furandi of steal-

furtum

theft (7):

The touching of

a thing of another person with the intention of stealing

is theft.]

Law. The touching of the property of

Pri-

make an agreement which

(3):

thing which

Law.

right.]

renders the law inapplicable and detracts from the

never

anything against

facit

The agreement of private

persons cannot detract from public

permittit allows, permits

(1);

See consensus

conventio privatorum non potest publico juri derogare. [L. conventio agreement ( 1 ); privatorum of private (persons) (2); non not (4); potest can (3); publico public (6); juri right, law (7); derogare to

vate individuals cannot

numquam aliquid permittit. [L.

contra against, opposite (5); veritatem

law

a contract

of third

legem.

etc.;

Cf.

consensus facit legem.

Conviviorum Saturnaliorum Libri Septem

[L.

conviviorum feast, banquet, entertainment (4); Saturnaliorum Saturnalian (3); libri books (2); septem seven (1): seven books of Saturnalian entertainment.] Seven Books

ofSaturnalian Entertainment, a dialogue on a wide range of topics by the grammarian Macrobius (late 4th/early 5th century A.D.).

More commonly coolie or cooley

called Saturnalia (q.v.).

n., pi.

coolies [Hindi kuli.]

tory term for an unskilled Asian worker.

A deroga-

81 who

relating to such a writ.

See error coram vobis.

A young person who is doing mili-

coram nobis. corban n. [Heb. qurban

sacrifice, gift, offering.]

cooperant n.,pl. cooperants

works

together.]

[Fr.

a cooperator, one

tary service abroad, serving as a cultural or technical

adviser in the Service de similar to the

Cooperation, a program

la

American Peace Corps.

.

the abiding French influence in terms

apartfrom

.

.

of language,

a number of other foreign powers have become embroiled in the cooperants and commercial

multifarious conflicts in

coprolalia

Chad

kopro(s) excrement ( 1 ); language.

1

interests,

.

.

.

{West Africa 1982).

coprolalias [Neo-Gk. from Gk.

n., pi.

foul language.]

.

lalia talk (2): excrement-talk,

Obsession with the use of obscene

The use of obscene language

2.

to achieve

coquettes

n., pi.

who, though not

[Fr. a flirt.]

A woman or girl

in love, tries to attract the attention

of men.

coram

adv.ladj. [L.

ence of (1); judice judge presence of a judge

before, in the pres-

before a judge.] In the

(2):

who has jurisdiction. A legal

suit

to enclose or protect

3.

Botany.

A

a)

it.

a military cordon;

An ornamental

worn especially

insignia

cordon ribbon, cordon,

A guard stationed around the perimeter

.

b) a naval cordon. 2.

fruit tree

needs support to stand.

ribbon, cord, or

for honorific purposes.

pruned

such a

in

4. Architecture.

way

that

it

An ornamental

molding or band which runs horizontally across the facade of a building. A stringcourse. v. to form a line or a

guard

in

order to control access to and from

an area. The police cordoned off the scene of the

cordon bleu

n., pi.

cordons bleus

cordon, band, rope cordon.]

1.

(2);

[Fr.

bleu blue

(

cordon ribbon, blue ribbon or

1 ):

Decorative blue ribbon, especially one

before us.]

adv. [L.

coram

before

In our presence. —

n.

(

);

1

A

nobis us

(2):

writ of error or

review based on alleged errors of fact, and addressed to the very court

which

on, or relating

such a

to,

tried the case.

—

adj.

Based

See error coram nobis.

writ.

coram vobis. coram non judice adv.ladj. [L. coram before, in the presence of ( ); non not (2); judice judge (3): before one not a judge.] Before one who is not a judge. The expression is used with reference to a judge who either is not competent or has no jurisdiction. Cf. coram Cf.

1

judice.

cordons rouges [Fr. cordon ribbon, cordon, band, rope (2); rouge red (1): red ribbon.] Decorative red sash, particularly one worn by members of the Legion d'Honneur (q.v). A person entitled to wear the red sash. 2. A person of authority, 1

n., pi.

.

distinction or rank second only to that

coram

adv.ladj. [L.

ence of ( 1 ); paribus equals one's peers.

A man

's

(2):

before, in the pres-

before equals.] Before

real ability

is

assessed by his

performance coram paribus. coram populo adv.ladj. [L. coram before, in the presence of (1); populo people (2): before the people.] In public. Publicly. Openly.

He was so overwhelmed

by the multitude ofhis misfortunes that he shed tears

coram populo. coram rege adj. /adv. rege king

[L.

coram

(2): in the

before, in the presence

presence of the king.]

Before the king. After the other two courts had split

away, judicial functions continued

by the Curia Regis

in

to

be exercised

a court called coram rege

.

.

.

(Newton 1983:12).

coram vobis adv. vobis you

[L.

cordon sanitaire

n.,pl.

cordon sanitaires or cordons

sanitaires [Fr. cordon ribbon, cordon, band, rope (2); 1.

sanitaire sanitary, medical (1): sanitary rope.]

Quarantine

line.

officials stationed

A

line or chain

of quarantine

round an infected area

does not spread.

2.

to ensure

A chain of nations

formed as a buffer or protection alongside or around a nation

which

is

considered to be dangerous either

militarily or ideologically, a).

.

.

South African forces

promptly invaded southern Angola, wiping out nationalist guerrilla bases along the border with Namibia and turning over a cordon sanitaire to the pro-Western Angolan rebels of Jonas Savimbi (Newsweek Int. Nov. 9, 98 1 5). b) Napata, ifit had not proved so weak, would have been precisely the 1

:

1

kind ofbuffer-state which the Romans liked to maintain as

a cordon sanitaire (Grant 1970:

cornucopia

n., pi.

cornucopias

copia plenty, supply

(2):

[L.

1

13).

cornu horn

horn of plenty.]

and Roman Mythology. The horn of

(

1.

1

)

and

Greek

the sea-goat

Amalthea which had the magical power of producing

coram

before, in the presence of

(2): before you, in your presence.]

A writ of error or review

n.

based on alleged errors of

and directed by the court of review

which originally

of the cordon

bleu, especially a second-ranking cook.

that the disease

coram paribus

(1);

a first-rate cook.

cordon rouge

coram nobis

fact,

of an area

1

of eminent authority, distinction or rank, particularly

defendant took place coram judice. Cf. coram non

(1);

band, rope.]

[Fr.

The altercation between the plaintiff and the

who

judice.

of

Temple in Jerusalem. cordon n., pi. cordons

at the

worn by members of the Order of the Holy Ghost. A person entitled to wear the blue ribbon. 2. A person

does not take place coram judice,

it

before a judge

case.

Jewish sacrifice formerly made

has jurisdiction to hear the

not valid if

i.e.,

A

Judaism.

crime.

coram judice

is

Cf.

—

sexual satisfaction.

coquette

cornucopia

tried the case.

—

adj.

to the court

Based on,

whatever

its

Architecture.

possessor wanted.

A

2.

Art Design

and

decorative goat's horn, depicted as

overflowing with grain,

fruit,

serves as a symbol of abundance.

and flowers, which 3.

Abundant supply.

Something which provides an overabundance of

.

corpore

animo

et

82

things that one desires.

nucopia ofdishes

.

.

have been feuding for years, the corpus of the controversy being landed property bequeathed by their

the Haitian sees a cor-

.

be washed, hospitalfloors

to

be

to

mopped {Newsweek Int. July 7, 1980:31). et animo adv. [L. corpore by body (1); et and (2); animo by mind (3): by the body and the mind.] By physical act and intention. Physically and

father. 5.

corpore

deliberately.

the body of a murdered person (corpus delicti). 6.

part,

company.]

[Fr.

from intention

body, corporation,

staff,

main

or the entire

A subdivision or unit of the miliA tactical unit which usually com-

I.

tary establishment.

b) the United States

Marine Corps; 2.

A

c)

,

a select corps

A body of persons

engaged

or activity, a) the

in the

way or the other. same occupation

diplomatic corps; b) the press corps; c) senior officer

corps de ballet

n.,pl.

[Fr.

corps body,

main part, company ( 1 ); de of (2); ballet ballet (3): company of the ballet.] The dancers, chorus, or ensemble of a ballet company, excluding corporation, staff,

the principal is

members and

astonishing in

its

The corps de

soloists, a)

precision,

its

split-second

of the beat more like a flight of birds than a flock of girls. (Newsweek Int. June young members ofMr. Be/art's 30, 1980:48). b) corps de ballet are among the best paid in the timing,

anticipation

its

.

.

.

.

.

field (The Economist, 1987).

corps d'elite

corps d'elite [Fr. corps body, cormain part, company (1); d' of (2); elite choice, select few (3): a body of select few.] 1 A n., pi.

poration, staff,

.

body of picked or selected soldiers. Crack unit or regiment. 2. A body of the best, the elect, or selected few in any group or category. The school sentfor the competition eight students,

corps diplomatique abbr.

corps

its

CD.

n.

d 'elite.

[Fr.

8.

Soyinka

recent

in the

work

corpus of

A collection of evidence, re-

corded utterances, or knowledge.

He searched in vain

through the entire corpus ofmaterial without finding

a clue.

Corpus Christi

company (2); diplomatique diplomatic, of diplomats (1): diplomatic body.] International Law. The entire body of diplomats, ministers, ambassadors, and attaches accredited

government.

—

adj. Of,

belonging

characteristic of, a diplomatic body.

to, relating to,

He also produced

ofwhich accompany him to the

his corps diplomatique identity card, in spite

the policeman ordered him to

police station n., pi.

(New African

corpora

[L.

1

978).

body, corpse, person, sub-

stance, matter, mass, structure.]

1

.

* ( 1 );

Corpus Christis

n., pi.

Christi of Christ

The body of a human 2. The

A

Catholic Church.

corpus

[L.

body of Christ.]

(2):

1

.

the Thursday following Trinity Sunday. 2.

A city

corpus

delicti

n., pi.

corpora

delicti [L.

corpus body,

corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure

of crime, offense

(2): the

.

ished house, etc.

corpus

in

corpore

n. [L.

corpus body, corpse, person,

substance, matter, mass, structure (1); in

corpore body

An

(3):

in,

things, etc. a) the corpus

b) the corpus

of the canon law.

capital or the principal

3.

of the civil law; The main body,

sum of a fund,

estate, or trust,

as distinct from the interest or income. 4.

The

es-

sence or physical substance of something, as distinct

from an

intellectual concept.

James and Deborah

(2);

organization within an organization.

A

state within a state.

corpus juris

n., pi.

corpora juris

corpus body,

[L.

corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure

body of law.]

juris of right, law (2): the

A

( 1 );

compre-

hensive or complete collection of a country's laws,

such as corpus juris

civilis (the

body of the civil law)

and corpus juris canonici (the body of the canon law).

corpus politicum mysticum

n.

[L.

corpus body,

corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure (3);

mysticum mystical, The state as a

politicum

political, civil (2);

mystic

a mystical political body.]

(1):

mystical political group or organization, developed

philosopher, and theologian.

men, laws,

on

A body within

a body in a body.]

by Francisco Suarez (1548-1617), a Spanish

structure,

( 1 );

body of the crime/ offense.] Law. 1 The facts of an offense. The totality of the various facts, ingredients, etc. which indicate that a crime has been committed. 2. The physical object on which a crime has been committed; e.g., the body of an assassinated person, the remains of the demoldelicti

main

mass or aggregate of an organ, a

in

Texas.

being or an animal, whether alive or dead. part,

Roman

feast traditionally celebrated in

honor of the Eucharist or the Blessed Sacrament on

a body.

corps body,

corporation, staff, main part,

corpus

occupy a prominent place

's

body, corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure

corps de ballet

to a

totality

a particular

a) the Achebe corpus; b) the

Nigerian literature.

corps.

ballet

The

7.

work on

corpus; c) The distinguished scholar is likely to

body of persons who are

associated in one

scholarly

subject or of a particular type or by an author or a

military establishment, a) special military corps;

of trained fighters.

power.

to exercise the

sum of

group of authors,

two or more divisions and other arms of the

prises

Law.

A real act indicating power over something, as distinct

Used of an offense committed both by

corps

n., pi.

A substantial or concrete fact, as distinct A fact indicating

crime has actually been committed, such as

that a

physical act and by intent.

corps

Law.

from the doubtful and ambiguous.

corpus

vile

n., pi.

corpora

vilia [L.

Jesuit,

corpus body,

corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure (2); vile cheap, worthless

which

is

deemed

to

( 1 ):

worthless body.] Something

be of such negligible value that

one can conveniently use

it

worrying about damage or

for experiment without loss.

The irresponsible

83 mechanic worked on pus vile. corral

the car as though

corrals [Sp. enclosure.]

n., pi.

1.

it

A

were a corfenced area

for containing livestock, especially horses

and

cattle.

wagons grouped for v. 1 To enclose livestock purposes of self-defense. in a fenced area. 2. To organize wagons in a defen2.

The

To

sive circle. 3.

me

camp

circular

n., pi.

corrida

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

two

He corralled

tickets to his charity affair.

corridas [Sp. running.] Bullfight.

Bullfighting.

fighters

—

force into a situation.

into purchasing

corrida

created by

.

.

the two legendary Spanish bull-

.

April 28, 1980: 31).

corrigenda

n., pi.

which must

[L. that

errors, especially in a

an up-to-date book with a corrigendum which includes even minor errors. // is

erratum. corvees

[Fr. fatigue, duty, statute-labor,

a piece of drudgery, unpleasant task.]

1

Labor which

.

a vassal must give to his lord in a feudal society. 2.

Labor, whether unpaid or partly paid

for,

exacted

instead of taxes for the construction or repair of roads, canals, bridges, etc. 3.

A

drudgery.

An

unpleasant,

burdensome and inevitable task. A laborious and compulsory task. cosa juzgada n. [Sp. cosa thing (1); juzgada judged (2):

a thing judged.]

A

matter adjudged.

A

case ad-

judged or determined. See res judicata.

Cosa Nostra

n. [It.

cosa thing

of the mafia

(2);

(q.v.).

comunes pi

n. [Sp.

cosas things

common (1): common things.] which belong to, and may be

(2);

comunes

Spanish Law. Things

used by, all persons, and cannot be appropriated as an individual's per-

They include running water, air, and Res communes. See bienes comunes. coshar or cosher See kosher. sonal property. the sea.

Cosi fan tutte

who have common .

.

.

tion in the state

couchant .

is to

[It.

way

cosi in this

(women)

down

(3);

women

fan do, act

(2);

couchettes

n.,pl.

compartment

[Fr. little bed.]

for four to six passengers

[Russ.

kosmonaut from

Gk. kosmo(s) order, universe, world sailor (2): universe sailor.]

(1);

naut(el)

A Russian space traveler.

passenger train.

or stroke

hit

cosmopolis n.,pl. cosmopolises [Gk. kosmopolis from kosm(os) order, universe, world (1) and polis city, state (2): world-state.]

many

nationalities live.

tional importance. 2.

A city where persons of A city which enjoys interna1.

A world-community of citizens

bound by mora! or legal principles. Cf. Weltstadt. n., pi. cosmoses or cosmos [Gk. kosmos

cosmos

order, universe, world.] Order.

Harmony. The

uni-

verse conceived of as a harmonious and orderly

whole.

.

.

.

heaven and earth and generally all parts

1.

A sleeping

A bed in one of these compartments.

2.

in

a game.

2.

A

hit.]

1.

A

very successful stroke,

plan, trick, action, device, etc.

Hassan has been cred-

coup which has put Algeria in its place, dealt a death blow to Polisario {South ited with a diplomatic

.

.

.

1984).

coup de force

n., pi.

coups de force [Fr. coup blow, de of (2); force force, power

stroke, knock, hit (2); (3):

a stroke of force.]

coup de grace (3): stroke

Coup

d'etat (q.v.).

coups de grace [Fr. coup blow, (1); de of (2); grace favor, mercy

n., pi.

of favor or mercy.]

1.

A

death blow.

A

blow or shot given mercifully to bring to an end the suffering of a seriously wounded person or animal. A merciful finishing blow or shot. Without warning, a gunman shot Zemour twice in the back and then applied the coup de grace: a bullet in the face {Newsweek Int. Aug. 15, 1983:17). 2. A decisive blow or shot. A finishing blow or stroke. An act, incident, or event which decisively ends something. their private game plan aimed at a knockout in four fatal

.

.

.

punches: a Carter victory in Iowa, a respectable run south in

in the

{Newsweek

March and Int.

Feb. 4,

1980:36).

coup de main

n., pi.

stroke, knock, hit

of hand.]

A

astronaut.

lying

on a European

coup short form for coup d'etat (q.v.). coup n., pi. coups [Fr. blow, stroke, knock,

in Illinois

cosmonaut n., pi. cosmonauts

Of animals

couchant. couchette

a sweep

title

Applicable

night.

with the head raised. See levant and levant et

in the Northeast,

They All Act That Way, the

An

for the night, sleeping.]

Law. Lying down. Spending the

a coup de grace

(1): All

it

{Sunday Tribune 1986).

adj. [Fr. lying

of a 1790 opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( 1 756-1 79 1 ).

all

tastes.

narrow the base ofeduca-

act in this way.]

tutte

and

interests, objectives

a coterie ofprotagonists whose ultimate aim,

now clearly appears,

1

A clique

set.]

association or exclusive group of persons

stroke, knock, hit

nostra our(l): our

The American equivalent

thing, our organization.]

cosas

An

down

printed work.

n., pi.

(q.v.).

{Newsweek

be corrected.] Correction of

corvee

Cf. chaos.

coterie n.,pl. coteries [Fr. clique, circle,

to trespassing animals. 2. Heraldry.

corrigendum

Cf.

ofthe cosmos are seen in relations which pass influences from one to the other (Lesky 1966:680).

stepped back into the ring for a charity Int.

m ait re

coup de

(

1

coups de main );

coup blow,

A surprise attack. A sudden forceful attack. A foray. A raid. An unexpected

vigorous attack.

vigorous or forceful development, a) to

[Fr.

de of (2); main hand (3): stroke

.

.

.

in

an attempt

carry thefortress by a coup de main his troops got

out ofhand and were hurled back with considerable

The Senate s coup de main Moynihan unveiled a blistering resolution to condemn Reagan 's "breach offaith " with millions of American workers now approaching retirement {Newsweek Int. June 1981 :26). coup de maitre n., pi. coups de maitre [Fr. coup blow, loss (Cary 1970:386). b)

began when

.

.

.

1

stroke, knock, hit (1);

,

de of (2); maitre master

(3):

coup d'etat

84

stroke of master.]

An

A masterstroke. A masterly stroke.

C.R. abbr. for Curia Regis

action or performance befitting a master,

crassa ignorantia

coup d'etat or coup d'etat short form coup n., pi. coups d'etat or coups d'etat [Fr. coup blow, stroke, knock,

hit (1);

The use of

1.

ignorance. The judge rebuked the counselfor crassa

ignorantia of the law.

force to overthrow a

crassa negligentia

government or to remove the personnel of a government Efforts to raise food prices have led to coups d 'etat in the past two years in Guinea-Bissau, Upper

'

A

2.

An

day nursery, manger,

[Fr.

Jesus

for foundlings.

.

crib.] .

.

she

and also a creche for the black

clinic

ofthe township (Paul Egbunike in West Africa

A

1986). 2.

representation of the crib of the infant

at the stable in

Bethlehem as he was surrounded

by Joseph, Mary, shepherds, magi, and animals. Cf.

unexpected sensational

From 1980 onwards Chad has been the central drama at every summit, and in 1981 President action.

up a health

children

a

creches

n., pi.

A day nursery. A hospital

set

sudden, unexpected, sensational, and

striking development.

motor accident which claimed several Cf. nimia negligentia.

lives.

creche

coup de theatre or coup de theatre n., pi. coups de theatre or coups de theatre [Fr. coup blow, stroke, knock, hit (1); de of (2); theatre theater, drama (3): drama.

Com-

The accused person was

ligentia in the

1.

in

stupid (1);

fat,

negligence.]

sentenced to ten years Imprisonmentfor crassa neg-

and putsch.

A sudden and thrilling turn

(2): thick

plete negligence or neglect.

and Liberia (Newsweek Int. July 19, 1982:24). 2. A violent and unexpected move to reformulate governmental policy. A revolution. See Machtubernahme

1.

crassa thick,

n. [L.

negligentia negligence

Volta

stroke of theater.]

stupid (1);

fat,

ignorantia ignorance (2): thick ignorance.] Complete

d' of (2); etat state, condition (3):

stroke of state.]

(q.v.).

crassa thick,

n. [L.

santon. "

Credo v.

[L.

word of

I

believe.]

believe. Christianity.

I

The

first

two basic Christian profes-

either of the

Mitterand's first such meeting coincided with the

sions of faith, the "Apostles' Creed" or the "Nicene

coup de theatre ofthe Libyan withdrawal ofits troops (West Africa 1985). 3. An action which aims at

Creed." 2.

—

n. The name of either of these creeds. One of these Christian creeds put in a choral setting. 1

.

achieving dramatic

—credo

to the

A statement of beliefs or principles. A system which

effect. The demonstrators marched embassy of the offending nation, carrying placards, singing and dancing, and in a symbolic act, a coup de theatre, burnt replicas of its flag. coup d'oeil n.,pl. coups d'oeil [Fr. coup blow, stroke,

knock,

hit

( 1 );

d' of (2); oeil eye (3): a stroke of eye.]

A quick glance or survey.

its

(Newsweek Int. March

9,

Yakubu but

enclosed four-wheeled carriage with two seats inside

(2);

and one outside.

coupes or coupes

A

2.

[Fr.

cut]

1

.

two-door automobile with a

n.,pl.

couplets

[Fr.

a pair.]

joined by rhyme and meter.

2.

1.

A

.

.

how

to

.

in his

spend

own

.

.

.

Libe

egalitarian credo

1981:53). b)

.

.

.

we joined

credo that money was no problem it

(The Guardian, 1986).

unum Deum. [L. credo I believe (1); in in unum one (3); Deum God (4): I believe in one in

God.] The

first

Two lines of verse of Nicaea in pair. Two similar crematorium

items grouped together.

courante

n., pi.

words of the Nicene Creed, a basic

[Fr.

running.] Music.

1.

A

France from 1550 to 1750

in

and characterized by leaping and running of the dancers.

A movement

in

a suite or partita with a compli-

cated rhythm based upon the traditional dance.

couture

n., pi.

coutures

A.D. 325.

crematoria or crematoriums

n., pi.

[Neo-L. a place for burning, a crematory.]

courantes

type of dance popular

2.

or doctrine.

statement of Christian faith promulgated at the Council

roof.

couplet

Any creed, tenet,

serves as a guide to what one must do. a)

credo

n.,pl.

,

has fallen victim to

An

coupe or coupe

credos

n. pi.

[Fr.

needlework, sewing.]

A

used for cremation.

nace

is

A furnace

building in which such a fur-

located.

creme n. [Fr. creme cream (1); de of (2); creme cream (4): cream of the cream.] Best of the best. Most eminent, the flower, the cream, or the select few among the elite, a) // was a memorable

creme de

la

la the (3);

creme de la creme ofthe Lagos in Abuja the creme de la

Dressmaking, especially the business of designing,

party, attended by the

sewing, and distributing fashionable clothing for

society, b)

women. Yves Saint Laurent toasted

creme of the African and non- African intellectual and (Adebayo Adedeji in West academic community

his twentieth

anniversary as the king of couture last week (Newsweek Int. Feb 8, 1982:50). See haute couture. .

couturier orfern, couturiere couturieres

Dressmaker.

.

couturiers orfern.

n.,pl.

[Fr. ladies' tailor,

.

dressmaker, seamstress.]

A person or establishment that designs

and sews fashionable dresses.

.

.

.

James Galanos,

We have

here

.

Africa 1987). See la

crescendo abbr.

.

.

creme de

Music. Gradually increasing force.

—

n., pi.

in

with such increase.

.

.

(Newsweek crescendo

Int.

Feb.

(q.v.).

1,

1982:39).

growing.]

1.

An

in-

A passage performed A gradual increase in volume,

the playing or singing of music.

.

[It.

volume, loudness or

crescendi or crescendos

the $l0,000-plus one-shoulder inaugural ball

gown

creme.

crease in volume, loudness, or force, particularly in

the California couturier who gave his celebrated client

cr. abbr. for

la

cr. or cres. or cresc. adj.

2.

loudness, force, or intensity.

advance towards a climax,

Movement

a)

progress, or

Delegations of Cubans

85 and SWAPO militants march past and earn a warm {West Africa 1985). crescendo of applause, .

.

b)

Kubrick builds

this

.

two-hour-and-twenty-minute

crescendo of terror with a mastery that is itselfmore than a bit demonic {Newsweek Int. June 2, 1 980:52). 3.

The peak

or climax of such increase in volume,

loudness, force, intensity, or progressive movement.

crescente malitia crescere debet et poena. crescente (with) increasing

(2);

[L.

malitia (with) evil-

doing, roguery (1); crescere to increase (6); debet

crise de

coeur

Law. Arson. The malicious and intentional destruction of property by burning. crimen laesae majestatis n. [L. crimen crime, offense,

accusation

majesty

Two

laesae of injured (2); majestatis (of)

( 1 );

crime of injured majesty.] Law. Treason.

(3):

were accused of crimen laesae

politicians

an offense which majestas and lese majeste

majestatis,

See laesa

capital.

is

crimen laesae majestatis omnia alia crimina excedit quoad poenam. [L. crimen crime, of-

ought, should (5); et also (4); poena punishment (3):

fense, accusation (1); laesae of injured (2);

with evildoing increasing, punishment also ought to

majestatis (of) majesty

Law. As evildoing increases, the penalty also ought to increase. See ex frequenti etc. and

other (6); crimina crimes (7); excedit exceeds (4);

multiplicata transgressione

crime of injured majesty exceeds

increase.]

etc.

crescit eundo. Lucretius (c.94-c.55 B.C.).

Natura VI,34 1 by going

(2): It

Motto of the cretin

It

1

eundo

);

grows as

goes.

it

State of New Mexico.

A person

deficiency.

suffering from congenital thyroid

A mentally deficient person. An

idiot or

moron.

de coeur

cri

(1);

de coeur

cris

n., pi.

de of (2); coeur

[Fr. cri cry,

heart, soul (3): cry

shout

of heart.]

passionate complaint, utterance, or appeal.

A

A

pro-

found utterance of anguish. Spontaneous expression of a person's passionate less that

a

cri

desire, a)

No man is so heart-

he cannot be touched by a

cri

de coeur. b) In

de coeur against the gloom, Giersch at one point

asked his colleagues on the board for reasons for optimism

(

Time

du coeur n., (1) du of the

cri

;

heart.]

du coeur

coeur

(2);

Cri de coeur

[Fr. cri cry,

heart, soul (3): cry

shout

of the

extraordinary

Roman Law. A crime considered

for

it

in that

no punishment had been fixed

by written law and the judge was required

use his discretion

in

to

determining an appropriate pun-

ishment.

crimen

fense, accusation :

( 1 );

falsi

of falsehood.]

sification, or forgery. 2.

falsifying includes

and fraud.

3.

all

Modern

n.

[L.

crimen crime,

of-

of falsehood, fraud, deceit

Crime of falsifying, falRoman Law. The crime of 1.

crimes committed by deceit Civil

Law.

A

crime of

false-

hood, including forgery, perjury, and similar offenses.

crimen

is

furti n. [L.

crimen crime, offense, accusation

of theft, robbery (2): accusation of theft.] Law. The offense/charge of theft. In crimen furti the prosecution must prove, inter alia, asportation. (1); furti

crimen roberiae. crimen incendii n. [L. crimen crime, offense, accusaCf.

tion (1); incendii

(9):

The

other crimes

concerned.] Law. The crime

attracts the heaviest penalty.

crimen raptus

crimen crime, offense, accusa-

[L.

n.

raptus of rape, abduction

(2): the

crime of

Law. The crime of rape or abduction. The pros-

ecution in crimen raptus has to prove, in particular,

penetration by the accused

on the part of the crimen roberiae n.

and

of consent

the lack

victim.

crimen crime, offense, accu-

[L.

sation (1); roberiae of robbery, theft (2): crime of

The crime of robbery

robbery.] Law.

crimen

Cf.

crimen trahit personam.

[L.

crimen crime, offense,

accusation (1); trahit drags (2); (3)

:

The crime drags

must be brought

Law.

A

criminal

which has jurisdic-

where the crime was committed.

n.,pl.

crimes passionnels

passionnel

(2);

personam person

the person.]

to trial at the court

crime passionnel

crime

or theft.

furti.

crime

[Fr.

passion-related

(1):

A sexually motivated crime. of passion. A crime prompted

Love its

Crime

tragedy.

A

by jealousy. peak;

e.g.,

crime committed when passion

murder of a wife or husband

of burning

(2):

crime of burning.]

is at

for adultery.

His family contends that he was the victim ofa crime {Newsweek Int. Aug. 15, 1983:17).

passionnel,

.

.

.

crimina morte extinguuntur. fenses, accusations (1);

[L.

crimina crimes,

morte by death

extinguuntur are extinguished

crimen

falsi or falsi

(2) crime

punishment

of treason

rape.]

poenam punishment all

alia

all (5);

passion-related crime.]

(q.v.).

crimen extraordinarium n., pi. crimina extraordinaria [L. crimen crime, offense, accusation (2); extraordinarium uncommon, extraordinary ( 1 ): extraordinary crime.]

as far as

tion over the place

1981).

Int.

pi. cris

as far as (8);

tion (1);

cretins [Fr. cretin idiot, fool, half-wit,

n., pi.

moron.]

grows by going.]

De Rerum

grows (

[L. crescit he/she/it

.

quoad

omnia

(3);

(2):

Crimes are

of-

(3);

extin-

guished by death.] Law. Crimes die with the criminal; i.e.,

a criminal case ends with the death of the accused

and cannot be crimine ab uno

inherited. /

disce

See

in

omnes

restitutionem

etc.

Vergil (70-19 B.C.).

[L. crimine crime (3); ab from, away (1); uno one (person) (2); disce learn about (4) omnes all, everyone (5): From one crime / learn about all.] From one crime leam about all Greeks. A

Aeneid 11,65-66.

;

reference to the Greeks' use of the Trojan horse to

deceive the Trojans. crise (1);

de coeur

n., pi.

crises de

de of (2); coeur

Emotional or sentimental love affair.

coeur

[Fr. crise crisis

heart, soul (3): crisis crisis.

A

of

heart.]

very disturbing

86

de conscience

crise

de conscience

not utilize their wealth to promote philanthropic

crisis

n., pi. crises de conscience [Fr. de of (2); conscience conscience (3): of conscience.] A mental crisis in which one

feels

remorse for one's

ever bearing in mind that they will one day leave

crise

crise crisis

multi-millionaire or billionaire.

( 1 );

acts,

conduct,

etc.

causes, but gloat over

After a

decade of vicious struggle for power and unscrupulous conduct, Albert underwent a crise de conscience

and turned a new leaf crise

Cf. cas

de nerfs or crise des nerfs

[Fr.

de nerfs

crises

nerfs nerves

(3): crisis

crisis

of (the) nerves.]

crises or crisises [Gk. krisis

n., pi.

A point

moment

change for better or worse.]

crucial, decisive, or critical point in the course

A

fairs.

turning point or the

moment of

1.

crux

A

A

of af-

of the status quo.

economic

had traversed a

We

constitutional crisis without catas-

cruces or cruxes

n., pi.

difficulty. 2.

The

A

[L. cross.]

military

A problem.

1.

The major

heart of the matter.

concerto

cucullus non facit

which demands transformation

a) diplomatic crisis; b)

croix de guerre

g. n., pi.

cross. Military Cross. France.

cto. abbr. for

decision.

crisis; c) financial crisis; d) political crisis; e)

de

c.

de of (2); guerre war (3): cross of

point of difficulty. The crux of the problem.

Social, psychological or political instability, difficulty, or turbulence

War

( 1 );

was introduced in 1915. Numerous croix de guerre were distributed, even to officers who had prudently taken cover in cellars during the bombardment (Suret-Canale 1 97 1 :470).

of decision, judgment, dispute, a turning point of a disease, a sudden

arrogantly, hardly

decoration which

A nervous attack.

of high nervous tension.

croix cross

war.]

or crises des nerfs [Fr. crise crisis (1); de(s) of (the) (2);

and act

everything behind. croix de guerre abbr.

de conscience. n., pi.

it

Some Croesuses do

1

(q.v.).

monaehum.

[L. cucullus hood (1); non not (2); facit makes (3); monaehum monk (4): The hood does not make a monk.] Clothes do not make the man. Wearing a habit does not make a person a monk. One cannot acquire an inner quality by

GNPPandPRP

merely putting on the outward appearance. The guest

were children ofcrisis (New African 1 983). 2. A decisive moment in the course of the action of a drama.

speaker asserted that the mere acquisition ofa univer-

trophe. (Time Int. 1982);

3.

f)

Both the

Medicine, a) The turning point

in a

severe disease,

whether for better or worse, but usually for the b)

A sudden violent attack of pain.

of cases ofsevere sickle to

n., pi.

in

better,

a large number

.

cell crises in Africa

malaria (Allison Perry

criterion abbr. crit.

.

.

are due

West Africa 1985).

kriterion standard, a means forjudging.]

mark.

A

2.

1.

A char-

yardstick.

A

standard for judgment, decision, or comparison, a) In

a situation where the criteria for advancement are bastardized,

it

may be dignifying to

My negative attitude towards Nigerian

obscurity, b)

lawyers arises out ofa conviction

any

live in respectable

that,

measured by

have fallen far short of societal expectations (The Guardian 1987). criterion, they

criterium terion

n.,pl. criteria [L.

from Gk. kriterion

]

Cri-

critique n.,pl. critiques [Fr. criticism, review, censure,

piece of criticism.] ing.

.

.

.

1.

Criticism.

the only serious critique

An

act

of

criticiz-

of the regime has

ofCameroonian Peoples (Mark

the Union

Doyle in West Africa

1985). 2.

A critical review, essay,

examination, or assessment of a thing, such as a erary or artistic work. critiques

of his

lit-

Ronay remains unruffled by (Newsweek Int. Nov., 26,

critique

n., pi.

Kroisos.]

1.

[L.

from Gk.

who

ruled from

Croesuses or Croesi

The

last

c.560 to 546 B.C.

king of Lydia,

He was

defeated and overthrown

by the Persian king, Cyrus. Croesus was a man of fantastic wealth and was famous for his generous donations to Greek temples, especially the oracle of

Apollo

bono

Cicero (106-43 B.C.). Pro Roscio 56. [L.

n.

whom

cui to/for

whom

or advantage. to gain

(1);

at

bono

for good, advantage (2):

Law. For/to whose good The principle that a person who stands

for an advantage.]

from something

is

most

likely to

do

it.

Thus,

where there are two or more suspects and the culprit is not clearly identified, a cui bono method of investigation could be very helpful.

cuicunque aliquis quid concedit concedere videtur et id sine quo res ipsa esse non potuit. [L. cuicunque to

whomsoever, whomever ( 1 ); aliquis anybody, any-

one

(2);

quid something

concedere

to grant (6);

(4);

concedit grants

videtur he/she seems

also (8); id that (7); sine without (9);

esse to be, exist (15);

itself (

1

could,

was able

2);

(

13):

(3);

(5); et

quo which (

1

0);

Delphi.

2.

A

very wealthy man.

A

non not (

4);

1

potuit

To whomsoever anyone grants

something, he/she seems to grant that also without

which the thing

itself could

who grants something that also without e.g., if "A"

pond, "B"

quando

not exist.] Law.

to another

which what

grants to

is

is

is

granted

"B" the right to

to fish.

A person

deemed is

to grant

of no use;

fish in his

implicitly granted the right to

bank of the pond

1979:52).

Croesus

cui. abbr. for cuisine (q.v.).

cui

res matter, thing, property, business, affair (11); ipsa

(q.v.).

comefrom

degree does not make one an educated person,

adding that cucullus non facit monaehum.

to

criteria or criterions [Gk.

acteristic trait, feature, or

sity

("A"'s)

come to the

See quae cohaerent

etc.;

lex aliquid etc.; qui concedit aliquid

concedere

etc.;

qui concedit aliquid concedit

etc.;

quacumque etc.; and ubi aliquid concedit etc. licet quod majus non debet quod minus est non

parte cui

licere. [L. cui (he) to

whom (

1

);

licet is

allowed, per-

mitted (4); quod (that) which, what (2); majus greater, bigger (3); non not (6); debet ought, should

87 quod

(5);

(11); est

which, what

(that)

non not

(10);

is

He

(9);

minus

(7); licere to

whom

which

smaller

less,

be allowed, bigger

is

allowed should not be not allowed that which

is

permitted

(8):

is

what

is

A

that

who

is

empowered to do more important should have the power to do less important. See majus continet minus, Law.

smaller.]

what

to

person

is

n.,

pi cuisines

[Fr. kitchen,

cooking, cookery, food.] Style of cooking or preparing

Most Africanfoods have a distinc-

food. Food. Meal, a)

wherever Africans go, they neverforget

tive taste and,

the distinctive African cuisine, b) The restaurant

is

famousfor its variety ofcuisine, including oriental continental, and African. See ancienne cuisine; grande cuisine; haute cuisine; and nouvelle cuisine.

cuisinier or fern, cuisiniere

n., pi.

prepares food.

See chef de cuisine.

[L.

advantage, profit

(3);

ejus of him (4); debet there

ought, should (5); esse to be (6);

advantage, loss

Of whom

(7):

of him there ought

to

is

facility

disadvantage. See qui sentit

dis-

the advantage,

be the disadvantage.] Law.

ever enjoys the advantage of a its

incommodum

there

Who-

should also bear

commodum

etc.

cujus est solum ejus est usque ad caelum et ad inferos. [L. cujus of

ground

soil,

(3);

ad

as far as (6);

whom

to, at, for,

ad

Of whom

the soil, of him

is

is (5);

(7);

to, at, for,

to (10); inferos the inhabitants ( 1 1 ):

it

according to

sky, heaven (8); et and (9);

solum usque caelum

(1); est is (2);

ejus of him (4); est

according

of the underworld it

is

as far as to the

sky and to the inhabitants of the underworld.] Law.

The owner of the is

beneath

land,

buildings, trees, water, etc. and the space

i.e.,

above

it

soil owns what is above and what landowner owns everything on the

A

it.

to an indefinite extent. Similarly,

everything below

down

he owns

religion.]

Of whom

the region, of him/her the

The one who

rules the region dictates the

A

religion there.

Augsburg cul-de-sac

end

(1);

sack.] at the

1

.

n.,

principle adopted at the Diet of

1555.

in

de of

(2);

Dead

end. Blind alley.

sac bag, sack

(3):

end of bag or

A street with no exit

armed robbers to an abrupt end when they drove into

other end. The attempt of the

escape came to a cul-de-sac.

A

beyond which one cannot advance any more, a) The research which began on a promising note ended in a cul-de-sac. b) Allen has set his film in a resort hotel and cast himself as a film

maker

.

2.

.

.

culpa

lata;

point

who finds himself in a

creative

there are various degrees,

failure to exercise the requisite

culpa levis in abstracto; culpa

levis;

culpa levissima; culpa magna;

crassa negligentia; negligentia; negligentia sem-

per habet

etc.;

culpa caret qui culpa

and nimia negligentia. blame,

guilt, failure (8);

who

caret he

knows (2); prohibere to prevent (6); non not (5); is able (4): He who knows but cannot

from

sed but

sed prohibere non potest. [L.

scit

fault, error,

free

(7);

(3);

potest can,

qui (he)

(1); scit

from blame.] Law. A person who wrong but cannot prevent it is free from blame. Cf. qui non improbat, approbat. culpa est immiscere se rei ad se non pertinenti. [L. is

free

knows what

culpa (1);

is

fault, error,

immiscere

blame,

to join,

guilt, failure (2); est

mix, blend with

(2); se

it

is

one-

self (3); rei matter, thing, property, business, affair

ad to, at, for, according to (7); se oneself non not (5); pertinenti concerning, pertaining

(4);

(8);

It is

a fault to join oneself with a matter not pertaining

Law.

to oneself.]

blameworthy

It is

(6):

meddle with

to

matters which do not concern one.

culpa lata or lata culpa guilt, failure (2); lata

Roman and

n. [L.

culpa

fault, error,

wide, extensive

(

1

):

blame,

wide

fault.]

Law. Gross negligence. Failure to exercise the care expected of even an inattentive person. Indifference. The absence of even the least Civil

See culpa.

care.

culpa lata dolo aequiparatur. blame,

guilt, failure (2); lata

dolo wrong, malice

(4);

culpa

[L.

fault, error,

broad, extensive (1);

aequiparatur equals,

rivals

Extensive fault equals a wrong.] Law. Gross neg-

ligence

is

equivalent to malice.

levis or levis

blame,

culpa

n.

[L.

culpa

guilt, failure (2); levis slight

Ordinary negligence.

(

1

fault, error,

slight fault.]

):

Roman and Civil Law.

to exercise the care expected

Failure

of a diligent and prudent

person. See culpa.

culpa

culs-de-sac or cul-de-sacs [Fr. cul

pi.

is

levis in concreto;

culpa

religion (4):

Though

meaning

guilt, fail-

Actionable negligence,

care or attention under the circumstances. See culpa

e.g., minerals, oil, and ore. See usque ad caelum. cujus regio, ejus religio. [L. cujus of whom (1);

regio region, district (2); ejus of him/her (3); religio

blame,

[L. fault, error,

Roman and Civil Law.

neglect, or fault.

(3):

to the center

culpae

n., pi.

ure.]

of the earth;

it

which

1980). c) The retreat,

Int.

(South 1985). Cf. impasse.

culpa

prevent

commodum ejus debet esse incommodum. cujus of whom (1); est there is (2); commodum

cujus est

concreto

levis in

began when the Israelis discovered they had advanced up a cul-de-sac, proved equally divisive

is

cuisiniers or fern.

One who

cuisinieres [Fr. cook.]

cul-de-sac (Time

the basic

cuis. abbr. for cuisine (q.v.).

cuisine abbr. cui. or cuis.

culpa

levis in

abstracto

n. [L.

culpa

fault, error,

guilt, failure (2); levis slight (1); in in,

Roman and Civil Law. culpa

ab-

Failure to exercise a very high

of care expected of a prudent person. See culpa.

levis in

concreto

n. [L.

culpa

fault, error,

guilt, failure (2); levis slight (1) in in,

concrete Civil

blame,

(3);

(4): slight fault in the abstract.]

stracto the abstract

level

on

affairs.

(3);

(4): slight fault in the concrete.]

Law. Failure

the care

on

Roman and

to exercise in another's interest

which one would exercise See culpa.

blame,

concreto

in

one's personal

culpa levissima

88

culpa levissima or levissima culpa blame,

error,

culpa

[L.

n.

Roman and

slightest negligence/fault.]

fault,

levissima slightest (1):

guilt, failure (2);

Civil

Law.

Failure to exercise the care expected of an extraordi-

and prudent person. See culpa. or magna culpa n. [L. culpa fault, error,

narily diligent

culpa

magna

blame,

magna great (1):

guilt, failure (2);

ligence/fault.]

great neg-

Gross negligence/fault. Culpa lata

See culpa.

(q.v.).

guilt, failure (1);

[L.

culpa

fault, error,

teneat should hold

suos

(2);

auctores authors, doers (4): Crime should hold

its (3);

A

Law.

wrongdoer should be held responsible for only his/her wrong. See nemo ex authors.]

its

alterius etc.

guilt, failure (1);

culpa

[L.

wrongdoer is held responsible

cum prep.

fault, error,

tenet holds (2); suos

tores authors (4): Crime holds

nemo

ex alterius

auc-

its (3);

authors.]

its

blame,

A

Law.

for only his/her

wrong.

etc.

[L. with, together with, in the

company

of,

along with.] Together with. Accompanied by. The

house serves as the residence-cum-office ofthe managing director of the company.

cum adsunt testimonia rerum, quid opus est verbis? [L. cum when ( ); adsunt are present (4); testimonia 1

evidences

(2);

rerum of

matters, things, property,

business, affairs (3); quid what (5); est

is

there (7); verbis for words (8):

of things are present, what need

Law. What

is

is

opus need

(6);

When evidences

there for words?]

the need for words,

when

proofs of

facts are available? Cf. in Claris etc.

cum

with, together with, in the

confitente one confessing (5); sponte voluntarily,

spontaneously (3); est

it is,

(6);

there

mitius more mildly, rather mildly

is (

treating, dealing (2):

1

);

agendum to be treated/dealt,

There

is

dealing

more mildly with

one confessing spontaneously.] Law.

A

confesses spontaneously

more

cum

copula

the

(7);

testamento

ratum approved,

When two

things fighting

found

ultimum

will (8);

valid (11); est

clause

is

is

last

(10):

among themselves Law.

in a will, the last thing is valid.]

given preference. This

are

When

in a will, the last

maxim

subject to

is

the general principle that the intention of the testator

should

as far as possible, be ascertained. See

first,

si

duo in testamento etc. and testamenta cum duo etc. cum grano salis adv. [L. cum with, together with, in the company of, along with ( ); grano grain (2); salis of salt (3): with a grain of salt.] With some allowance for exaggeration. With some caution. Taking

adj. /adv. [L.

company

of,

is

dealt with

cum

along with

person

who

leniently.

with, together with, in

(1);

into consideration the possibility

copula connection,

of exaggeration. The

defense counsel submitted in his address

view

that, in

of a number of inconsistencies discovered during cross examination, the evidence of the witness must be taken cum grano

cum

laude adj. I adv.

company

salis.

[L.

cum

along with

of,

With

praise.]

with, together with, in the

laude praise

(1);

honor/distinction.

to indicate meritorious

performance

with

(2):

The expression

used

is

in college.

was a bright student and he graduated cum

John

laude.

See magna cum laude and summa cum laude. cum onere adj. /adv. [L. cum with, together with, the

company

of,

along with

(

1

onere burden

);

in

(2):

with the burden.] Law. Together with the incum-

An estate cum onere is one which has a burden,

brance.

agendum. [L. cum company of, along with

confitente sponte mitius est

(4);

on

(thing) (9);

1

culpa tenet suos auctores.

See

pugnantia fighting things (3); reperiuntur are found (6); in in,

two contradictory clauses are found

culpa teneat suos auctores. blame,

cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in testamen to ultimum ratum est. [L. cum when (1); duo two (2); inter among (4); se themselves (5);

incumbrance, or charge attached to

cum par

it.

delictum est duorum, semper oneratur

petitor et melior habetur possessoris causa. [L.

cum when there

oneratur

par equal

( 1 );

is (2);

(3);

delictum

fault (4); est

duorum of two (5); semper always (7);

is

burdened, overwhelmed

plaintiff,

claimant

habetur

is

(6); et

and

(9);

(8); petitor

melior better (13);

had, held, regarded (12); possessoris of

possessor (11); causa cause, case, reason (10): there

is

equal fault of two, the plaintiff

is

When

always

bond (2): with connection/bond.] With copulation. Used of a marriage which has been consummated by

burdened and the cause of the possessor

sexual intercourse.

the plaintiff always loses his case and the cause of

cum de

duorum quaeritur, melior est causa cum when (1); de of, from, about, lucro gain, profit (4); duorum of two (5);

lucro

possidentis. [L. for (3);

quaeritur

it is

asked, investigation

lior better (9); est (6);

is (8);

is

made (2); me-

causa cause, case, reason

possidentis of the one possessing

(7):

When

it

is

asked about the gain of two, the cause of the one

Law.

When

possessing

is

made about

the gain of two persons, the person

better.]

investigation

is

who

better.]

Law.

When

the person in possession of the property better.

cum the

See

in aequali

privilegio adv. [L.

jure melior

regarded

cum

is

at fault,

deemed

etc.

with, together with, in

company of, along with (1 );

privilegio privilege,

special enactment (2): with privilege.]

With permission. Used especially

in a

With license. book to show

that the publication is duly authorized.

cum

tacent clamant Cicero (106-43 B.C.). In

Catilinam

1,2

1

.

[L.

cum while, when (

clamant they shout

possesses the disputed object has a better case. See in

are silent (2);

aequali jure melior

are silent, they shout.] Their silence

etc.

is

both parties are equally

1

);

(3): is

tacent they

While they

a loud cry.

89 cum

testamento annexo abbr. C.T.A. or

[L.

with

testamento

(1);

tached

annexo annexed, atannexed.] Law. With the

will (2);

with the will

(3):

will attached. is

c.t.a. adj.

cum with, together with, in the company of, along

An administrator cum testamento annexo

appointed when the testator appoints no executor,

or the executors appointed do not act, or the will

For

incomplete.

if he

the executor] dies before

[i.e.,

proving, or if he "renounces probate, "

i.e.,

to act, then the court appoints in his place

istrator

cum testamento annexo, just as

case where there

is

a

will,

is

refuses

an admindoes

it

in

a

but no executor named in

//(Hanbury 1962:452).

cum

testamento annexo de bonis non

cum

curiosa

curator ad litem tors

ad litem

curatores ad litem or cura-

n., pi.

curator guardian, trustee

[L.

according to

to, at, for,

Law.

for the suit.]

A

(2);

litem suit

(3):

(

1

ad

);

guardian

guardian appointed for an ac-

tion or a suit.

curator bonis [L.

n., pi.

curatores bonis or curators bonis

curator guardian, trustee

property

Scots Law.

bonis for goods,

(1);

guardian/trustee for goods.] Civil and

(2): a

A guardian responsible for the custody of who

the property/goods of a person

is

incompetent

or a minor.

bonorum distrahendorum n., pi. curatores bonorum distrahendorum or curators bonorum

curator

company of, along with ( 1 ); testamento will (2); annexo annexed (3); de of, from, about, for (4); bonis goods (5); non not (6):

distrahendorum [L. curator guardian, trustee (1); bonorum of goods (2); distrahendorum (of) to be divided (3): guardian of goods to be divided.] Civil Law. A curator assigned the duty of selling the prop-

with the will annexed about the goods not.] Law. With

erty of a debtor

adj. [L.

with, together with, in the

the will annexed about the

goods not already admin-

istered.

Applicable to an administrator appointed

case of

cum testamento annexo

executor dies. But if he

(i.e.,

when

(q.v.),

in

the

the executor) dies after

probate, then, unless he was one of several joint executors, in which case the office goes to the others

curator prodigi

n. [L.

curator guardian

of a wasteful, lavish person person.]

Roman Law. An

(2):

administrator assigned the

responsibility of administering the property of a spendthrift,

a person

i.e.,

who

has wasted his

or ifhe has none, an administrator cum testamento

Cf. conseil judiciare; prodigi interdictio; and

non administratis.

1962:452). See de bonis

cunnilingus

n., pi.

cunnilinguses

vulva.] Sexual activity

prodigue. curia abbr. cur.

of the

[L. licking

which involves stimulating

n., pi.

curiae [L. court, association,

senate-house, meeting-place of the senate, the senate.] 1.

A political division

Roman Law.

upon which the was based. Each of the three

the sexual organ of the female with the tongue or

comitia curiata

lips. Cunnilingus and fellatio are more frequent among extroverts than among introverts (Eysenck

tribes

1982:69-70). Cf. fellatio.

usually held at the sovereign's palace.

.

cunnus

cunni

n., pi.

.

.

istrator,

curateurs

A person

Catholic Church. The

.

.

.

curia court

of an independent minor.

wishes

n., pi.

trustee.]

1

.

the affairs

curatores or curators

guardian or

[L.

Roman Law. A person appointed to manage of a person who is legally not competent to

so; e.g., a spendthrift,

a lunatic, or a person who,

though past the age of puberty,

is

a minor.

appointed by the court to take charge property. 3.

of,

2.

A person

and care

for,

The administrator of a museum, document

collection, hospital, or other public institution.

curator ad hoc

ad hoc

[L.

n., pi.

according to

for this.]

Law.

(2);

hoc

(1);

ad

to, at,

this (3): guardian/trustee

A guardian appointed to take care of a

specific matter.

The

(2):

.

Roman

(1);

.

advisari to be advised. (3); vult

The court wishes

to

court wants to be advised.

the reports

be advised.] Law.

Commonly

where the court suspends

its

used

in

judgment

to

consider certain points of law, especially

Curia Regis abbr. C.R.

n. [L.

new

ones.

curia court, council

(2);

regis king's (1): King's Council or Court.] Medieval

Europe.

A

small council, England's chief court,

which comprised the great only resided

curatores ad hoc or curators

curator guardian, trustee

3.

full

.

with the duty of administering the affairs and property

curator

were thus

A court of justice,

curia advisari vult. abbr. c.a.v. or cur. adv. vult [L.

[Fr. curator, trustee,

guardian.] French Law.

into ten curiae; there

Medieval Europe.

entrusted

cur. adv. vult abbr. for curia advisari vult (q.v.). n., pi.

was divided

thirty curiae. 2.

admin-

(q.v.).

cur. abbr. for curia (q.v.).

curateur

(q.v.)

body of all the administrative units, tribunals, etc., which help the Pope in the administration and government of the church. As executor of reform within the Roman Curia under Paul VI, Benelli established himself as an able administrator {Newsweek Int. Oct. 16, 1978:58).

[L. the external sexual or genital

organs of a female.] The vulva. The female pudenda,

for,

own

property or property inherited from an intestate.

is

annexo de bonis non must be appointed (Hanbury

do

prodigi

( 1 );

guardian of wasteful

succeeded by his own execu-

by jus accrescendi, he tor,

and sharing the proceeds among the

creditors.

at,

officers

of state

who

not

but also served as officers of, the

it became the pracof aggrieved subjects to send petitions to the Curia Regis (Newton 1983: 16).

palace. In the thirteenth century tice

curiosa pi. Rarities.

n. [L. careful,

thoughtful, or curious things.]

Rare things. Curiosities. Curious things.

90

curiosa felicitas

Books which are rare or strange such

as pornographic

practice of the court or

is

or erotic books. Cf. erotica; esoterica; and facetiae.

prescribed by the court,

it

curiosa felicitas

Petronius (died 66 B.C.). Satyricon

n.

118. [L. curiosa careful, thoughtful, curious

happiness

felicitas felicity,

(1);

(2): careful felicity.]

beautiful literary style which

A

the product of

is

thoughtful and careful choice of expressions.

currente calamo adv.

calamo

(1);

(with) pen (2): with running pen.] Offhand.

Without careful consideration. Without any profound Please feel free to vet

reflection.

oughly, since

curriculum

was

it

curricula or curriculums [L.

n., pi.

course, race course, career.]

which an educational ments

this script thor-

written currente calamo.

1

.

The totality of courses any of its depart-

institution or

The senate of the university has set up

offers.

a committee entrusted with the duty of enlarging its curriculum. 2. All the planned activities of an edu-

A schedule of work.

cational institution. 3.

curriculum vitae abbr.

c.v. n., pi.

curricula vitae

curriculum course, race course, career

life.

( 1 );

vitae of

A brief account of a person's

course of life.]

life (2):

[L."

A brief statement of one's career, including bio-

graphical data, which an applicant attaches to his

Resume

application for employment.

(q.v.).

currit quatuor pedibus. or quatuor pedibus currit. [L. currit

on

it

feet (3):

runs (1); quat(t)uor four (2); pedibus runs on four

It

feet.] It

runs on

all

fours.

The metaphor "running on all fours" means that two things are exactly the same in all circumstances and aspects. Used in law and logic to show, inter alia, that a quotation

is

applicable wholly and exactly. Cf.

nullum simile est idem

nisi

quatuor pedipus currit

and nullum simile quatuor pedibus currit. currit

tempus contra desides

contemptores.

[L. currit runs (2);

contra against, opposite persons

(4); et

(of) right,

law

who

sui

juris

tempus time

(1);

desides indolent, idle

(5); sui of their own (7); juris contemptores those who despise

Time

runs against indolent persons

despise their

own

right.]

runs against the indolent and those

Law. Time

who

disregard

their rights.

cursillo

n., pi.

Catholicism.

Such programs

curiae of court

court.]

(5):

mum

course

Ancient Rome. The sequence of public

Roman

by

politicians at certain mini-

ages, beginning with the office of aedile and

culminating

in that

of consul.

2.

A typical career path.

The ambitious salesperson quickly rose through the cursus honorum of the

company until she became a member of the board of directors. custodia legis adv.

of law

(2): in

custodia

[L.

in the

custody

( 1 );

legis

the custody of the law.] In legal custody.

Applicable to property kept by the court under the writ of replevin until the case

custome serra prise serra will be

(2);

(4):

Custom

be valued

be given a

will

guardian

custome custom

prise valued (3); stricte strictly strictly.]

Custom should

strict interpretation.

morum

custos

determined.

is

stricte. [Obs. Fr.

(1);

(1);

custodes

n., pi.

morum

morum

of morals

[L.

custos

guardian of

(2):

A protector of public morality. Applicable body entrusted with the duty of ensuring compliance with a community's rules on morality. But, as R. morals.] to a

v. Newland (1953) would seem to indicate, the claim of the court to be the custos morum of its community (Adewoye has not been consistently made, .

.

.

1977:93-94). custos pacis n.,pl. custodes pacis [L. custos guardian (1);

pacis of peace (2): guardian of the peace.]

A

protector of the public peace. c.v. abbr. for

curriculum vitae

(q.v.).

a doctrine,

i.e.,

whereby,

it

the

Fr. as

near as

As close as possible. Law. Used to qualify

possible.]

if

cypres doctrine. This

would be

illegal

literal interpretation

is

a doctrine

or impossible to apply

of an instrument, the court

should resort to equity and adopt an interpretation

which

is

as close as possible to the intention of the

instrument. This doctrine

is

particularly applicable

and donations for charitable purposes. But where there was a gift of the whole residue for a to wills

there

was not indicated any charitable

the wider sense (Parry

czar or tsar

Catholic world.

of court

.

defined charitable purpose, the surplus not required

cursus curiae est lex curiae. );

1

cursus

for such purpose was held applicable cypres although

course.]

study, especially in religious education.

1

of offices.]

[L. (2):

Roman

little

originated in Spain and have spread throughout the

(

honorum n., pi. cursus honorum (1); honorum of honors, offices

course

brief but often intensive period of

cursillos [Sp. a

A

cursus

cy-pres or cypres or cypres adj. [Obs.

and

(8);

or disregard (6):

and those

(3);

et

irregular

set aside.

offices held

currente with running

[L.

and

not held within the time

may be deemed

[L.

cursus course, way

(2); est is (3); lex

The course of the

court

law

is

Law. The practice of the court

(4);

curiae

the law of the is

the court's

law. Thus, if a proceeding does not conform with the

n., pi.

1

96 1

:

intention in

83).

czars or tsars [Russ. tsar from L.

The male emperor of Russia. Caesar emperor.] 2. An autocrat. A banking czar. 3. U.S.A. An indi1

.

vidual with widespread authority and power. czar. Cf.

Caesar and Kaiser.

A drug

.

d. abbr. for

denarius

damnum

(q.v.).

da capo abbr. D.C. or d.c. adv. /adj. [It. da from the (1); capo head, top (2): from the head.] Music. From the top. From the beginning. To be repeated n., pi. da from the beginning. Used in directions.

injury;

is

right.

must

to be, or

ally,

land,

offriends and relatives

(Newsweek Int.

Jan. n.

at his

dacha

.

(2);

An member

]

of a

1962:522). Cf.

The term has been

[It.

to indicate the point at

From

the sign.

may, or may

not,

infectum

expected or threatened, but not yet inflicted. See lucrum cessans. Cf. damnum emergens. damnum rei amissae n. [L. damnum damage, injury, loss (1); rei (2);

of matter, thing, property, business,

amissae

Civil

Law.

A

affair

damage of the thing lost.] loss emanating from a payment made as (of) lost (3):

a result of an error of law. sentit

dominus.

[L.

damnum

jury, loss (3); sentit feels, suffers (2);

damage,

dominus

in-

lord,

owner (1): The owner suffers the loss.] Law. When goods are contracted for sale and they are destroyed accidentally, the party who is currently the owner

or loss of, something which belongs to a

It

destined damage.] Law.

n. [L. damnum damage, injury, infectum undone, unaccomplished (1): unaccomplished damage.] Roman Law. Damage/loss

suffers the loss, unless there

person, such as character or property, through neg-

even accident.

):

loss (2);

damnum n.,pl. damna [L. damage, injury, loss.] Law.

ligence, fraud, or

1

damnum fatale.

damnosa hereditas or damnosa haereditas or hereditas damnosa or haereditas damnosa var. of hereditas damnosa (q.v.). to,

(

the result of inevitable accident or

actus Dei, such as lightning, shipwreck, or earthquake.

damnum

throughout the Soviet Union.

destined is

A party to a contract cannot bear a loss arising out of

Used

which a repeat begins. pi. damnatios memoriae

damnatio memoriae n.. [L. damnatio condemnation, obliteration ( 1 ); memoriae of memory (2): condemnation of memory.] An official attempt to remove the name and memory of an individual from all public monuments. The damnatio memoriae of Stalin 's reign was swift and thorough

Damage

injury, loss

damnum infectum and lucrum cessans. n. [L. damnum damage, injury, loss

Damage which

dal from the (1); segno

sign (2): from the sign.] Music.

fatale

(2); fatale fated,

damnum

feudal lord of ancient Japan.

dal segno abbr. D.S. adv.

etc.

Law. Actual/real damage, as distinct from expected

damnum

Camorra; mafia; petit truand; and yakuza. daimyo or daimio n.,pl. daimyo or daimyos or daimio or daimios [Japan, dai great (1); myO name (2): great

A

damage,

emergens rising, emerging ( 1 ): rising/emerging dam-

age.]

generalized to apply to any armed gang. Cf.

name.]

non datur

damnum

may be in the nature of a damnum emergens not merely a lucrum cessans. (Hanbury

gang of armed robbers of India and Burma. Originally these gangs lived in the hills.

[L.

damage. The loss

.

1979:27).

[Hindi dakait

in-

Applicable to a loss which does not involve a

damnum emergens n.

Krushchev began speaking out on political issues to

the inner circle

dacoit or dakoit

loss/damage without

against the offender. See actio gift,

A country house or villa in Russia Gradu-

1,

(3):

violation of legal rights and so does not require action

be, repeated. Cf. al fine.

dacha or da ten a n.,pl. dachas or datchas [Russ. country house.]

wrong, injustice

jury/wrong.] Law. Loss/harm without injury to a legal

—

capos Music. Part of a piece which

absque injuria n. [L. damnum damage, in( 1 ); absque away from, without (2); injuria

jury, loss

contrary. See

damnum

involve violation of legal rights.

periculum

sine injuria

n. [L.

is

an agreement to the

rei etc.

damnum

damage,

loss (1); sine without (2); injuria injury (3):

91

injury,

damage

damnum

92

sine injuria

Damage without

without injury.] Law.

A

legal injury.

damage/harm for which the law provides no remedy. See actio non datur etc.

damnum

sine injuria esse potest. [L.

age, injury, loss

wrong, injustice

(

1

);

(5);

damnum dam-

sine without (4); injuria injury/ esse to be (2); potest there can,

Damage can be without injury.] Law. There can be damage without injury. In such cases it

is

possible (2):

there can be no action, for there

the

maxim ubi jus

no jus

is

remedium

ibi

(right)

and

(q.v.) is not appli-

cable. See actio non datur etc. Damocles n. [Gk. Damokles 1. A courtier of Dionysius ]

I,

tyrant of Syracuse in Sicily

who lived from c.430 to

367 B.C. Because Damocles excessively praised

his

happiness, the tyrant invited him to a sumptuous ban-

around the butterfly. dans et retinens, nihil dat.

—sword of

time of prosperity.

saster, especially at a

which may happen any

time, a)

.

.

A

disaster

with the possibility

.

ofanother terrorist attack hanging over the world like (Benjamin Yaw Owusu in a sword of Damocles .

West Africa 1986); b)

.

.

No sword of Damocles

hanging over our heads ( Time

Int.

1

will

be

danseur or fern, danseuse danseuses

[Fr. dancer.]

danseur noble dancer

dans ce meilleur des mondes possibles Voltaire (1694-1778). Candide 23. [Fr. dans in (1); ce this (2); meilleur best (3); des of the (4); mondes worlds (6);

possibles possible

(5): the best

of the possible

The best of all possible worlds. Cf. Tout est pour le mieux etc. Dans ce pays-ci il est bon de tuer de temps en temps un amiral pour encourager les autres. Voltaire worlds.]

(1694-1778). Candide, 23. (2);

pays country, land

[Fr.

(3); -ci

dans

in (1);

here (4);

il it

ce this

(5); est is

bon good (7); de to (8); tuer kill (9); de from (12); temps time, weather (13); en in, to (14); temps time, weather (15); un an (10); amiral admiral (11); pour to, in order to ( 1 6); encourager encourage ( 1 7); (6);

les the (18); is

good

autres others

to kill an admiral

encourage the others.] In is

( 1

9): In this

country here

from time to time this nation

[i.e.,

in

it

order to

England],

wise policy to execute an admiral occasionally

it

in

order to encourage the other admirals to perform their

( 1 );

n., pi.

danses d'ecole

[Fr.

danse dance

d' of (2); ecole school (3): dance of school.] Clas-

sical or traditional ballet. Ballet in

which

traditional

Das Kapital funds

[Ger.

n.

dance

(2);

macabre macabre, gruesome,

macabre dance.]

Middle Ages

in

ghastly (1):

The dance of death. A dance of the which a skeleton, which represents

1

.

death, leads to the grave a procession of skeletons or

danseurs or fern.

danseurs nobles

n., pi.

lofty (1):

danseur

[Fr.

noble dancer.]

A

ballerina's partner.

das the ( 1 ); Kapital

(2): the capital.] Capital,

capital, stock,

an economic treatise

volumes (1867, 1885, 1895) by Karl Marx

Das Lied von der Erde n. [Ger. das the (1); Lied song (2); von of (3); der the (4); Erde earth (5): the song of the earth.] "The Song of the Earth," a symphonic song by Gustav Mahler ( 1 860- 1 9 1 ). Das Rheingold n. [Ger. das the (1); Rhein Rhine (2); Gold gold (3): the Rhine gold.] "The Rhine Gold," 1

the

opera

first

data

et

and

1

( 1

854)

in the

accepta

pi. n. [L.

Ring tetralogy by Richard

Der Ring des Nibelungen.

8 13-1 883). Cf.

data (things) given

(1); et

accepta (things) accepted, received

(2);

(3):

things given and received.] Expenses and income.

dation

n.,pl.

dations

giving, conferring.] Civil

[Fr.

Law.

The legal act of conferring or giving something. Dation differs

from a donation

donor

that the

that the gift

datum

is

n., pi.

is

for,

whereas the

given under an obligation.

data or datums The use of data as a

singular, while

common,

is

often considered to be

substandard. [L. that which given.]

implies

latter

acting with generosity, dation implies

is

given, something

A fact or principle which is granted, assumed,

or admitted. Something which serves as the basis of

an argument, inference, or discussion, a) The lecturer

made sweeping generalizations based on grossly inadequate data, b) Adequate data are not yet available.

dauphin

[Fr.] The The next in

n.

France.

oldest male heir of the king of line

of succession

to the throne.

Cf. infante. n. [Fr.]

The wife of the dauphin

(q.v.). Cf.

infanta.

D.B. abbr. for Divinitatis Baccalaureus (q.v

D.C. or

da capo (q.v.). de die in diem (q.v

de aequitate adv. Iadj. tate equity (2):

According equity.

jure

De

).

from, about, for (

1

);

aequi-

from equity.] According

to equity.

By

equity. In

to the principles

(q.v.) to

of equity.

may be used

in

opposition to de

draw a distinction between the principles strict

de aetate probanda n. (2);

[L. of,

aequitate

of equity and the

age

).

d.c. abbr. for

d.d. in d. abbr. for

rules are strictly observed.

danse du ventre n., pi. danses du ventre [Fr. danse dance (1); du of the (2); ventre belly, abdomen (3): dance of the belly.] Belly dance. danse macabre n., pi. danses macabres [Fr. danse

n., pi.

male dancer who serves as a

dauphine

duties satisfactorily.

danse d'ecole

and

A ballet dancer.

noble noble,

(2);

Wagner (

982).

et

A person who gives something and yet retains

in three

hair.

( 1 );

possession gives nothing.

(1818-1883).

catastrophe, or di-

dans giving

gives (4): Giving and retaining, one gives nothing.]

Law.

a tyrant's happiness by suspending over Damocles'

Damocles An imminent danger,

[L.

retinens retaining (3); nihil nothing (5); dat one

(2);

quet and symbolically demonstrated the insecurity of

head a sword hanging by a single

Something as horrifying as a danse

living people. 2.

macabre. The spider performed a dance macabre

probanda

[L.

to

application of the law.

de of, from, about, for ( be proved

(3): for

1

);

aetate

an age to be

.

93 proved.] Law.

An ancient writ issued to summon

a jury

de bonis propriis

properly attested in accordance with the provisions

when

for the purpose of determining the age of a tenant-in-chief

of statute,

when

tion collapses, the action itself necessarily collapses.

there

De amicitia

was doubt. de

n. [L.

from, about, for (1); amicitia

of,

On

friendship (2): about friendship.]

Friendship, a

revenue

de

[L.

n.

annuo yearly, annual

annual

(3): for

of,

from, about, for (1);

reditu return, rent, income,

(2);

[Fr.

not see

how

An

i.e.,

Stampede,

of an army or

the debacle

ofthe enemy.

electoral debacle

breaking of ice

which

is

unexpected breakdown.

.

.

in

.

.

{Time

.

a

river.

A

1982). 3.

Int.

/

.

Democrats could recover from

the

did

their

sudden

The rush of water and

ice

the result of the breaking.

de bene esse abbr. about, for

debtor.]

personam person

(3);

Law. Debts follow the debtor;

a debt must

e.

i.

be repaid wherever the debtor is found. Cf. debitum contractus

et

etc.

(3);

(1);

de

from,

of,

esse to be, being (2): of

of his obligation or debt.

satisfaction

debitorum pactionibus creditorum petitio nec nec minui potest. [L. debitorum of debtors pactionibus by agreements, pacts

of creditors (4); tolli to

d.b.e. adv. /adj. [L.

bene well

( 1 );

(2);

non not (2); praesumitur is presumed (3); donare to make a donation (4): A debtor is not presumed to make a donation.] Law. Whatever a debtor gives to his creditor, it is presumed to be given in

1.

A complete failure. Collapse. A sudden disgraceful

end. Downfall.

sequuntur follow

(1);

debitor non praesumitur donare. [L. debitor debtor

ended with

battle

debita sequuntur personam debitoris. [L. debita debts

money or in goods.

rout, panic or violent dispersion,

mob. The 2.

writ for the

collapse, ruin, rout, downfall.]

down,

the cause of an ac-

debacle breaking-up, break-

recovery of an annuity whether in

debacle n.,pl. debacles

A

Law.

rent.]

void. Also,

debitoris of debtor (4): Debts follow the person of the

philosophical dialogue by Cicero (106-^3 B.C.).

de annuo reditu

is

it

diminished, lessened

(5);

(7);

(9);

creditorum

(8);

(2); petitio claim, suit (1);

be removed

tolli

nec neither

nec nor (6); minui to be

potest can,

able (3):

is

The

claim of creditors can neither be removed nor dimin-

Agreements

being well, of well-being.] Law. Provisionally. Con-

ished by agreements of debtors.] Law.

The expression is used with reference to various things done provisionally. For instance, an

among debtors have no effect whatsoever on the claims/

ditionally.

examination de bene esse is

taken from

is

one

somebody who

is

which evidence

in

seriously

old, or about to travel before the trial,

may

because he/she

The evidence

trial.

but the

if

or too

ill,

and out of court

not be available at the time of

is

used, if the situation persists,

the person can appear in court at the time of

trial,

the evidence

is

taken in the normal manner.

See del bien estre. debet esse

tions (4):

be

(2); finis

debet there ought, should

end

(3); litium

of suits,

litiga-

There ought to be an end of litigations.] Law.

Litigation should not

go on ad infinitum;

i.e., it

not continue indefinitely. See infinitum in

should

etc.

domus esse perfugium tutissimum. (4); sua one's own (2); cuique to each one ( ); domus house, residence (3); esse to be (5); perfugium refuge, shelter (7); tutissimum safest (6): To each one, one's own house

debet sua cuique [L.

debet ought, should 1

should be the safest refuge.] Each person's house should be his/her safest refuge; is

(3);

et

de mal

de of

good and

[Fr.

mal

(4); evil.

i.e.,

domus sua

his/her castle. See

de bien

a person's

evil (5):

verdict of a jury. See

total

de bono

et

Times.

(2); et

and

evil.]

For

Used by an

submission to the

malo.

fundamentum fallit opus. [L. debile weak, infirm (1); fundamentum foundation, basis (2);

debile

makes

opus work, structure (4): A weak foundation makes slip the structure.] Law. A weak foundation puts the entire structure in jeopardy. Thus when a will is not slip,

debt

et

contractus sunt nullius

(1); et

and

disappoints, betrays (3);

alteri etc.

loci. [L.

debitum

contractus drawing together,

(2);

shrinking, contract, agreement (3); sunt are (4); nullius

of no

(5); loci (of)

place

(6):

Debt and agreement

are of no place.]

Law. Debt and contract have no spe-

cific locality;

they belong to no specific jurisdiction.

Cf. debita

i.e.,

sequuntur

bonis goods

(2);

away, removed

n.

etc.

[L.

de

of,

from, about, for (1);

asportatis that have been carried

(3):

of goods that have been carried

away.] Law. For goods removed. For removing goods.

An

action of trespass for the recovery of monetary

damages from a person who has unlawfully damaged or removed property. de bonis non short form of de bonis non administratis (q.v.).

de bonis non administratis adj. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 ); bonis goods (2); non not (3); administratis administered (4): of goods not administered.] Law.

About

the goods of a decedent not yet administered.

Applicable to a

of good and

Law of Former

home

etc.

de of (1); bien good

accused person to indicate

fallit

of creditors. See res inter alios acta

de bonis asportatis

finis litium. [L.

(1); esse to

rights

debitum

letter

of administration

to

an adminis-

who succeeds one who has not completely settled the estate. A niece ofthe testatrix subsequently obtained trator

a grant of administration de bonis non 1962:461). See cum testamento annexo .

de bonis propriis

adj. [L.

bonis goods, property

de

(3);

of,

.

(Hanbury

etc.

from, about, for

(

1

);

propriis one's own, their

own (2): from one's own property /goods.] Law. From own pocket. Used with reference to a judgment

one's

against an executor, especially in a case of devastavit (q.v.)

which must be satisfied from his/her own finan-

cial resources.

94

de bonis testatoris

de bonis

de

testatoris adj. [L.

bonis property, goods

from, about, for (1);

of,

of testator

(2); testatoris

about the property of the

testator.]

(3):

Law. Of the goods

decennium

n., pi.

decennia or decenniums

riod of ten years.]

A decade.

Cf.

deceptis non decipientibus jura subveniunt. [L.

of the testator. Applicable to a judgment which awards

deceptis to the deceived

execution against a testator's property. For the rule

decipientibus to the deceiving

is

that the presence of assets is conclusively presumed from a judgment de bonis testatoris being recovered

against the representative (Hanbury 1962:505). debonnaire also debonair, debonaire, debonnaire adj. [Fr.

good-natured, easy-going.] Affable. Genial.

Kindly. Gracious. Gentle. Carefree. in love

with a debonnaire

Anne has fallen

man whom she met only a

couple of weeks ago.

de bono et malo (2); et

and

[L.

and (3); malo evil

evil.

See de bien

debris or debris

et

(4):

for ( 1 );

remains, wreckage, ruins.]

[Fr.

fragments,

The remains or fragments

of something which was previously whole but has been destroyed. Ruins. Wreckage. Rubbish, a)

team searches for survivors disaster

.

.

the topsoil

.

A

rescue

in the debris

of the hotel 1982:43). b) Below

(Newsweek Int. Jan 4, of China

ning,

start, first

debuts or debuts

n., pi.

appearance,

public appearance of an or dancer, a) Tony

's

artist

[Fr.

production.]

first

1.

First

successful debut at

the Federal Hotel yesterday, b)

.

.

last

.

week

.

.

.

Dimitris Sgouros, a 12-year-old Greek pianist from

make

Carnegie Hall (Newsweek 2.

Formal introduction

first

appearance

American debut

his Int.

in

April 26, 1982:49).

to society.

A woman's or girl's

at adult social functions.

—

v. intr.

To make a debut or first appearance. disc brakes and radial tires debuted on European cars long before they were introduced in the U.S. (Newsweek Int. v. tr. To introduce or present for June 4, 1979:37). the first time to the public. The band will debut its .

.

.

—

first

record album next week.

who is making his/her debut. A performer or an artist who is making his/her first public appearance. "Solo-Solo, " who was a debutant in the music person

is

already a celebrity.

—

Fern.

A lady who is introduced for the first time to adult or a

re-

(The Economist 1987). b)

We

high society, a) Stop treading timorously luctant debutante,

.

.

.

(4);

rights,

Laws give help Law. The laws

come to the aid of those who are deceived, who deceive.

not those

decessit sine prole, abbr. D.S.P. or d.s.p. [L. decessit

he/she departed, died

(

1

sine without (2); prole off-

);

spring, issue (3): He/she died without offspring or

in

He/she died without children. Usually used

family trees or genealogical tables. Cf. obiit sine

prole.

d.s.p.l. [L. decessit

he/she died

prole offspring, issue

(2);

mate

(3):

(1);

sine without

legitima

legiti-

He/she died without legitimate

issue.]

(4);

He/she died without legitimate children. Cf. obiit sine prole. See also sine legitima prole and sine prole

legitima.

(2);

prole offspring, issue

mascula male (3): He/

(4);

she died without male issue.] He/she died without

male children. Usually used Cf. obiit sine prole.

sine

in

genealogical tables.

See also sine prole mascula and

mascula prole.

decessit sine prole mascula superstite. abbr.

D.S.P.M.S. or d.s.p.m.s. (1); sine

without

mascula male

(2);

(4);

[L. decessit he/she died

prole offspring, issue

superstite surviving

like

(3):

(5);

He/

she died without surviving male issue.] He/she died

without living male children. Cf. obiit sine prole. decessit sine prole superstite. abbr. D.S.P.S. or d.s.p.s. [L. decessit

he/she died (1); sine without (2); prole

offspring, issue (4); superstite surviving (3): He/she

died without surviving issue.] He/she died without living children. Cf. obiit sine prole.

debutant fern, debutante n., pi. debutants or fern. debutantes [Fr. debutant(e) a beginner, novice.] A

industry only last year,

(2):

to the deceived, not to the deceiving.]

jura

d.s.p.m. [L. decessit he/she died (1); sine without

begin-

such as a singer, actor,

band had a

Piraeus, prepared to

(5);

accumulated debris of decessit sine prole mascula. abbr. D.S.P.M. or

lies the

4,000 years ofcivilization (The Economist 1987).

debut or debut

subveniunt give help to

( 1 );

non not

(3);

decessit sine prole legitima. abbr. D.S.P.L. or

de mal.

debris or debris

n., pi.

laws

issue.]

bono good of good and evil.] For good

de of, from, about,

[L. a pe-

biennium.

See also sine

prole superstite. decessit sine prole virili. abbr. D.S.P. V. or d.s.p.v. [L. decessit

he/she died (1); sine without (2); prole

offspring, issue (4); virili

male (3): He/she died with-

out male issue.] He/she died without male children.

Usually used

in

genealogical tables. Cf. obiit sine

prole.

declasse or fern, declassee adj. cized, taken out

of one's

[Fr.

class.]

1

.

degraded, ostra-

Having

lost,

been

attended a festival at our village last week and wit-

reduced, or lowered

nessed a very impressive parade ofdebutantes. n., pi. decemviri or decemvirs [L. decern

declasse to such an extent that he dines at cheap res-

decemvir

ten (1); vir

man

A member

of a body, group, council, association,

(2): ten

man, one of a body of ten.]

commission, or ruling body of ten. Cf. duovir; duumvir; quattuorvir; quindecemvir; quinquevir; septemvir; and triumvir.

ing.

Ben

's

in,

rank, class, or social stand-

uncle, the arrogant businessman, is

now

taurants. 2. Of low or inferior status. In these days of harsh economic realities riding in a Volkswagon n., pi. Beetle is no longer deemed to be declasse.

—

declassed orfern, declassees

A person who is declasse

or has lost his social standing.

When Peter was at the

,

95 peak of his that he

is

had many friends

career, he

but,

de facto

now de cujus adj. [L. de whom, whose (2):

a declasse, everybody shuns his company.

de clauso fracto

adj. [L.

de

of,

from, about, for (1);

clauso enclosed area, enclosure (3); fracto broken

(2):

from, about, for (1); cujus of

of,

whose.] Law. From whose. Used

with reference to the person by

whom

from whom, or under

whom, through whom, is made by an-

a claim

other person. area.] Law. Of broken enclosure. Of breach of enclosure. Used in old legal pleading for de cursu adj. [L. de of, from, about, for (1)*, cursu course (2): from course.] From normal practice. Used action against a person who trespasses on real prop-

of broken enclosed

See clausum

erty.

decolletage

[Fr.

low-cut neck, un-

covering the shoulders and neck, low dress.] A woman's dress which leaves the shoulders and

A woman's

neck exposed. low-cut neckline.

.

.

.

Judy.

.

dress which has a

settled insteadfor some

.

discreetly snipped decolletage on the front

of the

jacket and a more provocative peek on the derriere side

and formal proceedings and

to describe usual

fregit.

decolletages

n., pi.

{Newsweek Int. March

1.

mary,

(2):

Fashion.

n. [L.

de

from, about, for

of,

sum-

de deceptione

n.

[L.

deceptione deceit

(

1

);

debito debt

A writ of debt.

about debt.] Law.

deceit.

writs,

Proceedings de cursu.

etc.

de debito

name

12, 1979:57).

decollete adj. [Fr. low-necked, low-cut.]

as distinguished from those that are incidental,

de

(2):

of,

from, about, for (1); A writ of

about deceit.] Law.

A writ against a person who acted in another's

to the latter's detriment.

de derriere adv.

de

[Fr.

of,

from, about, for (1);

from the back.] From be-

Leaving the shoulders and neck bare or exposed. were the young designers oj'her decollete dress

derriere back, behind

do her wedding gown {Newsweek Int. March 23, 1981:47). 2. Wearing a dress with a low-cut neckline or one which leaves the shoulders and neck exposed. His attention was attracted by a woman who entered the room decollete.

modestly de derriere hawking the pedestrian virtues

.

.

.

.

picked

.

.

to

de consilio curiae adv.

de

[L.

of,

from, about, for (1);

consilio advise (2); curiae of court (3): from the ad-

By the advice of the court. By the court's direction. The petitioner in the divorce

vice of the court.] Law.

hind.

(2):

At the back. Behind. This time she was posed

of a billboard-rental firm {Newsweek de die

in

diem

abbr. d.d. in d. or

de d.

from, of (1); die day (2); in into,

diem day

(4):

from day

simply a single act of trespass, but

there, that is not

a continuing trespass giving rise

decoration,

scene, setting.] Decoration or ornament. Scenery, fur-

nishings, fittings, or anything

which enhances the

general appearance of a room, office, theater, public building, or mansion.

De corona crown title

n. [L.

(2):

de

of,

from, about, for (1); corona

about the crown.]

On the Crown the Latin

of a speech (330 B.C.) by the Athenian orator

Demosthenes (384-322 B.C.) in which he defends his long-term policies towards the kingdom of Macedonia.

decorum 1

.

decorums [L. seemliness, propriety.] Good taste and behavior. Correct conduct

n., pi.

Propriety.

and manners. Jeremiah usually does things with the proper decorum. 2. Orderliness. The quality of being proper, orderly or decorous. Hardly anybody transacts

business with that company without being impressed

by

its

decorum.

3.

Usually

pi.

Convention.

What polite

society requires. The people are ordinarily very friendly, but they

become very hostile when foreigners

trample upon their customary decorums.

decoupage or decoupage n. pages

[Fr. cutting

,

pi.

or carving out.] Art. Decoration

with cutouts, especially of paper or cloth.

decretum

n., pi.

decreta

ordinance or decision.

[L. decree, resolution.]

to

a fresh cause of

action de die in diem (Rogers 1975:553).

dedimus potestatem n. [L. dedimus we (1); potestatem power (2): We have given power.] 1. Britain. A writ empowering private persons to perform some of the functions of a

dedimus

or

have given

judge, such as administering oaths of office and

examining witnesses.

2.

U.S.A.

A

legal authoriza-

tion to take testimony.

de d. in d. abbr. for de die in diem (q.v ). de dolo malo adj. [L. de of, from, about, for ( ); dolo deceit (3); malo bad (2): about bad deceit.] Of fraud. Based on fraud. See dolus malus. de excommunicato capiendo or fern, de excommunicata capienda n. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 ); excommunicato excommunicated (person) (2); capiendo to be seized (3): for an excommunicated (person) to be seized.] Obsolete. Church Law. A writ 1

authorizing the arrest and detention of an

excommu-

nicated person until he has been pardoned by the

church.

de executione judicii

decoupages or decou-

view of

to day.] Daily, a) In

it

[Fr.

de

against, for (3);

of time within which to submit its report, the committee had to meet de die in diem, b) If I wrongfully place something on your land and leave is

decors or decors

1

the limited period

consilio curiae. n., pi.

Sept. 2

in d. adv. [L.

to,

case surrendered the children to the respondent de

decor or decor

Int.

1981:33).

n. [L.

de

of,

from, about, for

ex(s)ecutione execution (2); judicii ofjudgment

about the execution of judgment.] Law.

A

(

1

);

(3):

writ or-

dering the execution of judgment.

An

de facto adv.

[L.

act, fact (2):

de

of,

from, about, for (

from the deed/act.]

1

);

facto deed,

In fact. Actually.

As

96

Defensor Fidei

a matter of fact, though not of law. In reality.

Exercising powers or privileges

by

legally sanctioned right.

in practice

—

adj.

but not

Bukar is the dejure head

of department but, since he has other engagements, his work in the department is done by Smith, the de facto head of department. Cf. de jure. Defensor Fidei abbr. D.F. n.,pl. Defensores Fidei

defensor defender

(1); fidei

of

honesty

faith,

not only that the testator could not be considered

as defunctus sine prole but also that the plaintiff

was

the legitimate son

de gratia adv. Iadj. favor

[L. (2):

ofthe

testator.

See mortuus

sine prole and sine prole.

(2):

be used

from

in

de

[L.

from, about, for ( 1 ); gratia

of,

By

favor.]

Of grace/favor. May

favor.

opposition to de jure to draw a distinction

between what

enjoyed by favor and what

is

enjoyed

is

Though not of exclusive use, by legal rights. He- enjoys an influential position de a title conferred on Henry VIII (1491-1547) of Engratia and not de jure. Cf. de jure. gland by Pope Leo X (1475-1521) for writing the de gustibus non est disputandum. Usually written in Assertio Septem Sacramentorum ("The Assertion of the shorter form de gustibus [L. de of, from, about, for the Seven Sacraments") to criticize the doctrines of (1); gustibus tastes (2); non not (4); est it is (3); Martin Luther (1483- 1546). Cf. Fidei Defensor. disputandum to be disputed, controverted (5): ConDefender of the

de fide

adj. [L.

honesty

faith.]

de

from, about, for (1); fide

of,

from

(2):

As

faith.]

garded as a compulsory

faith,

a matter of faith. Re-

article

Do you want

of faith.

us to accept this view as proved or de fide?

de fide

de scientia sive error from, about, for

quaestio question for ( 1 0); scientia

«?f,

fide fidelity, honesty (2); et and

( 1 );

non not

(5);

juris sive facti. [L. de

sense of duty, conscience

(3); officio

judge

sit

recipitur

(7);

(6);

judicis of

welcomed

is

sed but (9); de

(4);

of,

law (15); sive or (16);

sit be, is (14);

of fact

facti

of

juris of right,

About

the is

No question

haut high, top

(1);

bottom In a ity.

not welcomed, but about his knowledge, whether the

from top

(4):

No

whether there

action

done as

to

it

is

in the falls

ever, he

is

an error of law or of fact.

entertained against a judge for an act

performance of his judicial duties as long

within his sphere of jurisdiction.

commits an

error,

it

may be

If,

how-

rectified in

an

appellate court.

defilade n.,pl. defilades 1

An

.

1

march

[Fr. a

marching

in single file.]

8th-century military maneuver in which troops in single file in

order to avoid enfilade,

the sweeping gunfire of the enemy. 2. in single file.

i.e.,

A procession

The spectacle of200 horsemen charging

and stopping in a thundering defilade has to be seen be appreciated (Lindsay Barrett

to

West Africa

in

dehors prep. of.

finibus

bonorum

et

malorum

from, about, for (1); finibus ends

of good (things)

(3); et

and

(4);

(things) (5): about the ends of

n.

[L.

de

of,

(2); bonorum malorum bad

good things and

bad things.] On the Ends of Good and Bad, a philosophical treatise by Cicero (106-43 B.C.). defunctus sine prole without

(2);

adj. [L.

defunctus dead

prole offspring, children

(3):

out offspring.] Dead, leaving no issue. in

(1);

sine

dead with-

May be used

family trees. The plaintiff proved convincingly

From head

to bottom.]

air

to toe.

of superior-

He quit him

without, out of] Law.

Out

[Fr. outside,

Unconnected

with. Foreign to. Alien to. Appli-

cable to records, agreements, wills,

etc.

The plaintiffs

lawyers would permit nothing dehors agreement to

[de

n.

from, about, for (1);

of,

identitate identity (2); nominis of identity

rested

of name.]

A

writ

and imprisoned as a

name

(3):

about

which

lay for a person ar-

result

of mistaken identity

where one bears the same name as the actual culprit. Dei gratia abbr. D.G. adv. [L. Dei of God (2); gratia by grace ( 1): by the grace of God.] By divine favor. Used almost exclusively by kings and queens, and signifying that monarchy is a divine right. Dei judicium n. [L. Dei of God (2); judicium judgment ( 1 ): the judgment of God.] Saxon Law. Trial by ordeal.

de incremento

de

adj. [L.

incremento increase

(2):

of,

from, about, for (1);

about increase.] Law.

Of

increase. In addition. Additional. Applicable to costs in civil

1986).

De

bas low,

de haut en bas.

be used as evidence.

entertained about his knowl-

de from,

[Fr.

to, into (3);

his boss consistently talked to

de identitate nominis

edge as

no point

is

do not under-

Haughtily. Arrogantly. Contemptuously.

job because

will

is

en

(2);

condescending manner. With an

be entertained about a judge's honesty and sense of duty, but a question

taste. /

de haut en bas also du haut en bas adv.

his

honesty and sense of duty of a judge a question mistake be of law or of fact.] Law.

not to be disputed.] There

is

stand why he shouldfall in love with her, butde gustibus.

(8);

(17):

it

questioning another person's

from, about,

knowledge (11); sive whether ( 1 2);

error error, mistake ( 13);

in

See a chacun son gout.

non recipitur quaestio; sed

et officio judicis

cerning tastes,

to the

actions determined by the court in addition

normal costs assessed by the jury.

de inofficioso testamento

adj. [L.

for(l); inofficioso undutiful (2);

concerning an undutiful tion with a

will.]

de

of,

from, about,

testamento will

Law. Used

form of action which aims

in

(3):

connec-

at setting aside

a will that ignores the natural rights of children,

widow, widower, or other immediate

relatives.

See donatio inofficiosa.

de integro adv. fresh, entire,

[L.

de

whole

of,

(2):

from, about, for (1); integro

from

fresh.]

Anew.

A second

97 time. Afresh.

Once more. The children ofthe deceased

a transaction in which an agent or merchant, for a

share his estate de integro, taking

higher commission, guarantees payment to the princi-

age. See de

pal by a third party who purchases goods on credit. The expression is used to describe the agent, merchant, or commission involved in such a transaction.

have decided

to

into consideration

each beneficiary

's

novo and ex integro. de jactura evitanda adv. ( 1 );

(2)

:

jactura

loss,

de

[L.

same way

the

in

of,

from, about, for

damage (2); evitanda

be avoided

to

Law. Applicable

for loss to be avoided.]

defendant

to a

de lucro captando

as

n. [Fr.

deja already, previously

already seen.]

Art.

1.

Work

delectus personae

person

(

1

);

vu seen

(2):

lacking originality or re-

peating hackneyed themes, ideas, formulae,

But the

etc.

n. [L.

delectus choice

(

1

);

personae of

choice of a person.] The right of partners

(2):

in a

firm or corporation to impose restrictions on admission

and

(q.v.) is applicable to the plaintiff.

deja vu

delicatus debitor

whom they consider satisfactory.

admit those

to

delegata potestas non potest delegari. delegated can,

(

1

);

delegata

[L.

potestas power (2); non not (4); potest

A del-

able (3); delegari to be delegated (5):

is

A

wild choreography and the Fellinian excesses projected

egated power cannot be delegated.] Law.

a depressing sense of deja vu (Newsweek Int. June 2, 1980:51). 2. Psychology. The illusion of remembering

position involves the exercise of discretion. See del-

or having previously experienced something which one is

now

experiencing for the

first

time.

sense ofdeja vu as he entered the quaintance. See

dejecta pi.

n. [L.

paramnesia

He felt an

eerie

home ofhis new ac-

2.

de jure adv. law

[L.

from

(2):

things expelled, ejected, or dislodged.]

de

of,

right.]

—

matter of law.

from, about, for (1); jure right,

By

a rightful

adj. Legitimate.

By

As

Reece

is

the dejure governor, Mr.

The expression

is

etc.

de aequitate; de gratia; and

dejure judices de facto juratores respondent.

[L.

de

from, about, for (3); jure right, law (4); judices

judges

(1);

de about

(6);

facto deed, act, fact (7);

juratores jurors (5); respondent respond, answer (2):

Judges answer about law, jurors about

fact.]

Law.

Judges decide questions of law, jurors questions of fact.

See ad quaestionem

dejure

facti etc.

stricto adv. I adj. [L.

del. abbr. for delineavit (q.v.).

de latere adv.ladj.

[L.

de

of,

from, about, for (1);

latere side (2): from the side.] Collaterally.

On

the

side. Cf. a latere. n., pi.

accuser.]

delegare to delegate

able (2):

A

(4);

[L.

delegatus delegate

delegate cannot delegate.]

that matter, a person

that if a

and

non not (3); potest can,

An

cannot delegate his duties to another agent

who

power

agent

or, for

has been assigned a delit

to another person

It is

a general ride

conferred on a person which in-

is

volves the exercise

of discretion, the donee cannot

assign or delegate to another the execution of the

or confidence so reposed

trust

delegare non potest delegata potestas

.

.

.

in him.

Delegatus

(Parry 1961:233). See

etc.

delatores or delators [L. an informer,

A

professional informer.

A

denouncer.

Suspicious, incompetent, power-obsessed and intol-

erant rulers tend to rely inordinately on the services

of obnoxious

delators.

Former English See de bene esse.

estre to be, being (2): of being well.]

Legal Practice. Conditionally. [It.

del of the (1); credere to believe,

believing (2): of believing.]

potest.

Of belief. Law. Concerning

The maxim delegatus non potest delegare

power of allotment given

directors (Olawoyin 1977:

1

14).

to

See delegata potestas

etc.

De

legibus

laws

(2):

n. [L.

de

of,

from, about, for (1); legibus

about the laws.]

On the Laws, a philosophi-

dialogue and political treatise by Cicero

(

1

06^3

B.C.).

Carthago. Cato the Elder (234-149 delenda to be destroyed (3); est is (2) Carthago Carthage (1): Carthage is to be destroyed.] Carthage must be destroyed. deliberandum est diu quod statuendum est semel. [L. deliberandum to be deliberated (6); est is (5); diu long, a long time (7); quod (that) which, what (1); statuendum to be decided, determined (3); est is (2); semel once, once and for all (4): That which is

delenda

est

B.C.). [L. ;

to be decided once and for all is to be deliberated upon for long.] A decision which is to be made once and for all demands long deliberation.

delicatessen

del bien estre adv. [Obs. Fr. del of (1); bien well (3);

del credere adj.

non

applies in respect to the

cal

de of, from, about, for(l); jure right, law (3); stricto strict (2): from strict law.] In strict law. If the case had been decided de jure stricto, the defendant would have had to pay heavy damages.

delator

is

etc.;

delegatus non potest delegare. See delegatus delegare

ex gratia.

of,

1 );

except by express authorization.

serving as the governor.

right. Cf.

delegatus delegare non potest.

Recognized by law.

used with reference to a position, benefit, power,

enjoyed by legal

delegatus non

etc.;

the

etc.

egated function cannot delegate

right.

privileges of, legally, legitimately or as a matter of law.

ofMr. Cross,

non

a

title.

Exercising the powers of, functioning as, enjoying the

In the absence

egatus delegare

(

Excrement. Stool. Droppings. Cf. egesta and excreta.

own deputy, particularly when

cannot appoint his

vicarius

deputy

n., pi.

Delikat delicacy cacy.]

delicatessens [Ger. Delikatessen: (2):

essen to eat

(1): to eat a deli-

A shop where prepared foods, especially fancy

meats, cheeses, and salads, are sold. delicatus debitor est odiosus in lege. [L. delicatus luxurious,

voluptuous

(1);

debitor debtor

(2); est is (3);

majorum

delicta

98

odiosus hateful, odious

A

luxurious debtor

feels

will

ill

who

toward a debtor

majorum immeritus

delicta

on

(4); in in,

You

expiate (1):

(6):

lives luxuriously.

immeritus undeserving, undeserved for,

law

The law

lues. [L. delicta offenses,

majorum of

transgressions (3); atone

(5); lege

hateful/odious in law.]

is

will,

ancestors (4);

(2); lues

you

will

though undeserving,

atone for the offenses of your ancestors.] Innocent heirs

pay for the offenses of their ancestors.

will

delineavit abbr. del. [L. He/she drew

it.]

to in-

ture,

outcome, issue

deliriums

n.,pl. deliria or

ness, silliness.]

mad-

A temporary mental dis-

Medicine.

1.

[L. craziness,

of,

de medietate linguae ( 1 );

from, about, for (

in,

(3):

(3);

1

);

exitu deparin issue.]

hand.

at

adj. [L.

de

from, about, for

of,

medietate the middle, midst

guage

on

about the matter

(4):

Concerning the matter

linguae of lan-

(2);

from the middle of language.] Law.

Of a

jury half of whom are aliens, while the other half are

before

be

1

Applicable to an arrangement

870 whereby an

tried before

(1);

in

English law

alien or a foreign trader could

such a jury.

de melioribus damnis

caelavit.

de

adj. [L.

materia matter, subject (2); in

citizens.

Used

dicate the author of a painting or drawing. Cf.

delirium

de materia in exitu

adj. [L.

melioribus better

(2);

de

from, about, for

of,

damnis damages

of the better damages.] Law. Applicable

to

(3): for/

an action

turbance characterized by excitement, restlessness,

involving a joint tort where the damages against the

confusion, incoherence, disorientation, hallucinations,

defendants have been assessed separately and the

and delusions. Though usually caused by high fever

plaintiff

or toxemia, 2.

it

may

also occur during mental illness.

demens

Wild, frenzied enthusiasm or excitement.

delirium tremens abbr.

madness,

d.t. n. [L.

silliness (2);

delirium

craziness,'

tremens shaking, trembling

Madness due to violent madness

(1) trembling madness.] Medicine. :

alcohol. Delirium tremens

is

a

whom

chooses which of the defendants against

to take n. [L.

judgment.

out of one's senses, foolish, distracted.]

A person who is out of his senses or has lost his mind. Cf.

amens, amentia, and dementia.

dementi

n.,pl.

denial.]

A

dementis

[Fr. contradiction, refutation,

formal or official statement denying the

caused by prolonged and excessive use of alcoholic

veracity of a report. The Ministry

drinks. Its principal characteristics are restlessness,

issued a dementi on the incident reported by the

dreadful hallucination, sweating, shaking body and

newspaper, but people still preferred the newspaper 's version to the Ministry 's. dementia n.,pl. dementiae or dementias [L. madness,

and where a person sufferingfrom delirium tremens tore up his will and on his recovery said that he was mad to do it, there was confused mentality.

.

.

.

held to be no revocation (Parry 1961

de lucro captando adv. lucro gain, for gain to

[L.

Applicable to a plaintiff just as de jactura evitanda applicable to a defendant,

(q.v.). is

adj. [Fr.

de from, of ( ); luxe luxury Sumptuous. Very 1

(2) of luxury.] First-class. Choice. :

which there cannot be

—

adv. Luxuriously. In a luxurious

manner. Sumptuously. traveling, lodging

de majori

et

about, for less,

We had a pleasant vacation,

and dining de

See luxe.

[L.

majori greater (2);

and

( 1 );

smaller (4);

non

About

jura

less

laws do not vary.] Law.

tion

between the greater and the

rights,

n., pi.

laws

et

de

of,

(3);

from,

minori

not (7); variant vary, differ

(6);

demarche

luxe.

minori non variant jura.

(5):

demarches

overture, representation.]

1.

the greater and the

Laws make no

distinc-

less offense.

[Fr. step,

proceeding,

Proceeding. Course of

Maneuver. We need to embark upon a demarche which will yield the desired results. 2. A action.

diplomatic move.

A diplomatic maneuver. 3. A repre-

sentation of views, ideas, or demands, whether formal

Members of the management about

or informal, to a public functionary.

union

made a demarche

conditions ofservice.

to the

full

recovery, a) His erratic

who is suffering from dementia, b) Sir Matthew Hale thought that dementia was one ofseveral otherforms of incapacity which might exempt a person from criminal liability, but which ordinarily do not excuse him from civil .

luxe.

in

behavior is not unlike that ofa person

Very elegant. Of superior or very high liability. (Rogers Our wealthy neighbor has ten cars, all of dementia affectata n.

them de

A form of

the patient's former intellectual ability and from

luxurious. quality.

Mental disorder.

mental disorder marked by considerable decline

:28).

de of, from, about, for ( 1 ); advantage (2); captando to be seized (3): be seized.] Law. For gaining advantage.

de luxe or deluxe

insanity, senselessness.]

of Information

ity,

.

1975:609). [L.

dementia madness, insan-

senselessness (2); affectata affected, feigned

(

1

):

affected/feigned madness.] Pretended insanity.

dementia praecox or dementia precox praecoces or dementiae precoces ness, insanity, senselessness (2);

/?.,

[L.

pi.

dementiae

dementia mad-

praecox premature (

premature madness.] Medicine. Schizophrenia

1

):

(q.v.).

Adolescent insanity. The term covers a wide variety of mental disturbances that occur at a relatively early age.

demi-mondain or demi mondain adj. [Fr. demi half, partial (1); mondain social (2): half social.] Belonging to the outskirts of society. Characteristic of the

demi-monde (q.v.). demi-mondaine or demi mondaine

n., pi. demimondaines or demi mondaines [Fr. demi half, partial ( 1 ); mondaine socialite (2): half socialite, a woman

on the fringe of the

society.]

demi-monde

reputation.

(q.v.).

See hetaera.

A woman who belongs to A woman of questionable

99 demi-monde or demi monde n., pi demi-mondes or demi mondes [Fr. demi half, partial (1); monde world, society skirts

half world, dissolute society, out-

(2):

of society.]

Class of women

I.

who

respectable society

on the edge of

are not prostitutes but

who

are supported financially by wealthy lovers.

who are engaged

Dentariae Medicinae Doctor

denarius

denarii [L. coin.] Ancient Rome.

n., pi.

silver coin. 2.

The denarius

25 silver denarii.

—

God's

coin.]

1

dinaro and shekel.

d. Cf.

denarius coin

n. [L.

A

abbr. d. Great Britain. Obsolete.

A penny. E.g., one penny = denarius Dei

1.

aureus, a gold coin worth

Dei of God

( 1 );

A penny or small sum

(2):

of money given

in

as a token or other pledge, particularly after the con-

dubious, improper, unprofessional or illegal activities.

clusion of a bargain or contract of purchase.

People, such as professionals,

2.

See argentum Dei.

See hetaera.

de minimis very

adj. [L.

de

of,

from, about, for

(things) (2): about very

little

little

(

1

);

minimis

things.] Trivial.

Minute. Trilling. Insignificant. Unimportant. Minimal. Tiny. Microscopic. The electoral commissioners, for

example, often said that a particidar challenge by PA

N

(The Economist 1987). was de minimis; de minimis non curat lex. [L. de of, from, about, for (4); minimis very little (things) (5); non not (2); curat cares (3); lex law (1): The law does not care about very little things.] The law pays no attention to trifles. demi-saison adj. [Fr. demi half ( ); saison season (2): .

.

.

1

half season.] Pertaining to the period of time between

one

and another. Demi-saison fashion.

social season

demode adj.

[Fr.

outmoded.] Old-fashioned. Out of date.

Outdated. Outmoded. Obsolete, a) Fashions have a

way ofmoving in cycles, and afashion which is demode

may

of a subsequent age. b) The publishers took a long time to release the book and, by the time it came out, it had become demode. today

well be the fashion

Cf. depasse

demoiselle

demoiselles or desmoiselles

n., pi.

A

unmarried woman.] lady.

from, about, for

person,

( 1 );

human being

cunctatio delay

(5);

of person no delay

of

tion

life

La

ley

de mortuis (

1

);

An

[Fr.

an

unmarried

etc.;

favour

nil nisi

is

is (6);

About the death

(7):

Where

long.]

there

is

a ques-

too long. See in

interest reipublicae

quod

etc.;

[L.

mortuis dead (persons)

de

from, about, for

of,

(2); nil

nothing

(3); nisi

bonum good (5): About dead per-

sons, nothing except good.]

Say nothing but what

is

good about the dead.

demos

n., pi.

district,

people,

common

bly.]

Ancient Greece. The people of a

1.

ticularly a

people, democracy, popular assem-

democratic

state.

Athens wielded power both 2.

sovereign

in

state, par-

The demos of ancient theory

and in practice.

The populace. The masses. The common

people.

Democracy, though commendable, can easily deteriorate into the tyranny

of the demos.

3.

The

entire

people of a nation. See canaille.

de nada It

[Sp. da of ( ); nada nothing (2): of nothing.] was nothing. You're welcome. Cf. de rien and

prego.

1

of,

from, about, for (1);

theological treatise by Cicero (106-43 B.C.).

denier a Dieu

n., pi.

deniers a Dieu

denier penny

[Fr.

Dieu God (3): God.] God's penny. Pledge money. De-

(1) ; a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2);

a penny to posit

on transaction, denarius Dei. See argentum Dei.

de non apparentibus,

et

non existentibus, eadem

est

de of, from, about, for (1); non not (2); apparentibus appearing (things) (3); et and (4); non ratio. [L.

not (5); existentibus existing (things) (6);

eadem

the

same (9); est is (3); ratio principle, consideration (7): About things not appearing and about things not existing, the principle is the same.] Law. The rule in proceedings about things not apparent and

legal

things not existing etc.

the same;

is

i.e.,

which cannot be produced

in

documents, deeds, court are regarded

idem est non esse etc. and quod non apparet etc. de non sane memorie adj. [Obs. Fr. de of ( ); non not as nonexistent. See

1

(2) ;

sane sound

mentis (q.v.). de nos jours adj. jours days

(3);

memorie memory

(4):

of not

Of unsound memory. Non compos

[Fr.

de

of, by,

from

(1

);

of our days.] Belonging

(3):

nos our to

(2);

our time.

is much more was years ago. denouement or denouement n., pi. denouements or denouements [Fr. an untying or unraveling; a solu-

Contemporary. Thefashion de nosjours

practical than

1.

The

it

outcome, unraveling of plot of play.]

final solution

or unraveling of the complexities

of the plot of a play or other

literary

work. There

is

also the victorious struggle, used here as the

denouement, of the strong man with the demon of (Lesky 1966:36). 2. The final outcome of death, .

demoi [Gk. demos

de

(2);

tion, issue, end,

etc.

bonum.

except, unless (4);

(2);

nulla no (4); est

longa long is

de hominis of

est cunctatio longa. [L.

morte death

(3);

the

n. [L.

deorum of the gods (3): about nature of the gods.] On the Nature of the Gods, a

natura nature

sound memory.]

or death, no delay

favorem vitae and

lady.

A damsel. A spinster.

de morte hominis nulla of,

young

De natura deorum

.

.

a complicated situation or a series of events. The com-

plicated

when ficial

and sordid

its denouement of the overambitious of-

reached

were exposed.

de nouveau adv. (2):

affair

the evil machinations

[Fr.

de of, by, from

from new.] Anew. Again.

(

1

);

nouveau new

De novo

(q.v.).

de of, from, about, for ( ); novo new (2): from new.] Anew. A second time. Afresh. Over again. The case was tried de novo on the orders of

de novo adv.

[L.

1

the ChiefJustice. See de integro and ex integro. Dentariae Medicinae Doctor abbr. D.M.D. n. [L. dentariae of Dental (2); medicinae (of) medicine

I

Dm

1

100

Bdjuvflote

dOCtot teacher ( ): teacher of dental medicine. Doctor of Dental Medicine. A terminal graduate de-

(*>).

I

gree

J

helping

Dm

God

with

(2):

de odio

et alia

helping

de

|l.

//

and

ill

will

Law A

J

lod

(

Domino

Bfld

from, about will,

ill

adjuvants

j.

I

With the help of God.

j

riti

of

hatred (2), et and (3), atia

r

ivitli

Dm vol*

|>M favente

I

(

J

essarium

net

depositum neeessariurn n

in dentistry.

o adjuvants adv [L

i)«

miserable deposit. Necessary deposit. See deposit urn

volente

pervm when

or a disaster such as

position miserabik

I

),

writ authorizing the sheriff to find

was im-

out whether a suspect imprisoned for murder

depot n pi depots .

f

f

there

on

pulsion. 2.

(mill oi hatred

and

ill

the

if

tvlll

could not be supported, a second writ ling

tlx:

susp
\

(A

Deo favente adv

\\

.nl

(

with

showing favor

porting,

With the favor

of

issued admit-

is

propter odium

I

Deo

.

alternative

fifrt

iod

(

supporting

!

volente and Dornino volente

De

offieiis

de

|l.

//

offices, duties, tasks (2). about duties

philoiophii

dialogue by

si

Dm gratlas abbi gralias thanks

D.G.

(

Optimo (to) be.

ere

(

[L

to (iod

D.O.M.

hi

(2);

t

it

inter)

hanks

I

)

DM optimo maximo

(

1

(1); offieiis

REM

On

]

Duly, a

106 43 B.(

A

Deo to God (2); IhankstoOod Deo toOod(l);

ma%lmo (to) greatest

|

roOod

\)

bus

willui)',

Cod

|

willing

permission, Approval,

tend (

to

my

visit

art.

oi

permits

With

the

Ood / in Deo volente

lanction oi

bfothet tomorrow,

Deo favente and Domino

Deo adjnvanle

I

God

If

volente []

patted, 6X1 ceded

i

surpassed

|

PaSl

Outdated Obsolete Outmoded Out of dale a)/// lhe\< hi ash and hi utal 1980S, the idea Ofa meditation roomfoi ///< ials to go and brood about peace, some

how teems dipassi, publlshei

des. has

thing.]

La*

.

a matter without listening to the

even

injustice,

if his

her decision

was just See audi partem alteram r

quia timet

quia because

~L

.

because he

Law.

afraid.]

is

(1

A

):

timet he fears

(2):

cases of

bill filed in

because of his her apprehension of a future possible violation of his her interests or rights, a) If no

wrong

has been committed, but is merely threatened, a quia

may be asked

but in these cir-

for,

is

of no use. See cuicunque aliquis

who (1): contemnit despises (2); command (3): contemnit despises praecipientem the one ordering (5): (One) who

(4)

:

order,

despises an order despises the one ordering it] Law.

The person who disobeys an

order, disobeys the

one

quicquid acquiritur servo acquiritur domino.

[L.

who

ordered

it

quicquid whatsoever, whatever

is

(4);

domino

acquired for a slave

Whatever comes

is

that

occur and

imminent (Rogers 1975:58-59).

it is

dat

qui cito dat bis

who

qui one)

[L.

(

( 1 ):

agent becomes the possession of the slave's master or the agent's principal, accessorium non ducitetc.

quicquid

in

excessu actum est lege prohibetur. [L.

quicquid whatsoever, whatever excessu excess

actum

(4);

:

ited is

cito quickly,

Whatsoever has been done

qui concedit aliquid. concedere videtur et id sine

quo

concessio est irrita. sine quo res ipsa esse non

(5):

videtur seems,

(7); sine

who

5

1

>.

(1):

concedit grants (2);

concedere

concede

to grant,

deemed (4); et also (6): id that quo which (9): concessio grant.

is

without (8 ):

coDcession (10): est

is

(12); sine without (13):

subjicitur. [L quicquid whatsoev

(3):

subjicitur

in

is

placed under, subjected to

decision lite nihil

is

er,

whatev er

non not (5): subjicitur Whatever is placed

is

is

not subjected to

brought for a judge's

not subjected to innovation. See pendente

quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit. whatever, whatsoever

(1

):

quicquid

[L.

plantatur

is

planted, af-

fixed (2): solo to ground, soil (3): solo to ground, soil (5): cedit

accrues

accrues to the

quo which

the soil belongs to

14): res matter,

(6):

(4):

soil.] it.

Whatev er

is

affixed to the

Law. Whatev er

Though

the rule

is

affixed to

is

generally

reduced by equity. Thus,

thing, property, business, affair (15): ipsa itself ( 1 6);

valid, its sev erity

esse to be. exist (19): non not (18): potuit could, ~ v. as able 1 One who grants something is deemed

son, sincerely believing that he has absolute

c

(

(

)

which the grant

useless,

land, erects a building

to

also taking

is

the rightful

A

itself

is

on

it

if

a per-

title to

with the rightful owner not

only being aware of the dev elopment of the land but

was not able

which the thing

exist] Lom.

person

is

who concedes something

that without

(1):

innov etur.

soil

to grant also that without

excess

placed under, subjected to (2);

is

novitati newness, novelty (7);

(11): irrita useless, invalid (

prohib-

is

quicquid judicis auctoritati subjicitur novitati non

newness.] Lom: Whatev er

qui (one)

excess

in

forbidden by law. See aurea mediocritas.

under the authority of a judge,

[L.

(2);

by law.] Law. Whatever has been done

inopi e:c

aliquid something

(3);

prohibited, forbidden

is

One! who gives quickly gives twice.] A person who gives hastily gives two times. See beneficium (

potuit

on

been done

(1): in in,

est has

judicis of judge (4): auctoritati authority, decision

speedily (3); dat gives (2): bis twice (5): dat gives 4):

is

of a slave or an

into the possession

(5)

will

is

acquiritur

Whatsoever acquired for a master.] Law.

there is extreme probability o f irreparable injury (Lewis 1976:118). b) The existence of the court 's power to grant a quia timet injunction is undoubted,

damage

(3):

acquiritur

for a master (5):

lege by law (6): prohibetur

both a near certainty that

( 1 ):

acquired (2); servo for a servant

cumstances an injunction will be granted only where

but it is not often exercised for the plaintiffmust show

etc.

[L. (qui (one)

praeceptum

acquired

equity by a parry, requesting the assistance of a court

timet injunction

concession

no steps

to stop the erection

of the building,

owner can be compelled by

a court of

considered also to have conceded that without which

equity to compensate the person for his expenditure

which the thing

on the dev elopment of the land. Equity has followed

the concession

is

useless, that without

See cuicunque aliquis

itself could not exist

omne one) who

qui concedit aliquid concedit concessio est irrita. gratis 1

1.

grants (4):

[L.

qui


f passage.] A ceremony or ritual to commemorate transition from one stage of life to another. [Fr. rocklike,

highly ornamented and elaborate.]

Art and Architecture.

popular

in

France

A

baroque ,

the case is

is

finished.]

finished;

Rome has

Rome has spoken;

spoken and the case

concluded. For shorter form, see

i.e.,

rodeos [Sp.

pi.

(3):

in,

by, with, until (2); clef or cle key, clue

novel with a key or clue.]

A novel in which the author treats a real event

names.

to conceal

So runs of "Samaritan, " by Philippe van Rijndt, a roman a clefwith a capital R, exploiting the world 's fascination with Pope John Paul II (Newsweek Int. Oct. 1 8, 1982:67). b) The book is a brilliant roman a clef in which the author cleverly exposes the sordid the plot

activities

a

liability

roman

of high-ranking officials, who are more of than an asset to the nation.

a these n.,pl.

A

Music.

An enclosure for range

The gathering of range cattle into an encloA show or demonstration of skills used in such

romans a these [Fr. roman novel,

romance ( 1 ); a to, toward, novel.

.

names

or actual events, using fictitious

A

1

A novel in which real

persons or events are disguised under fictitious

argument

Europe.

corral.]

toward,

thesis,

in the 18th century. 2.

in 18th-century

roman a clef or roman a cle n., pi. romans a clef or roman a cles [Fr. roman novel, romance (1); a to,

highly elaborate style

highly ornamental musical style which followed the

rodeo n.

causa cause, case, reason

the identity of the persons or the events, a)

tetanus.

rite

1.

(2);

(3); finita finished (5); est is (4):

Roma locuta est.

risque.

rococo

locuta est has spoken

(3):

in,

by, with, until (2); these

novel with a thesis.]

A didactic

novel which aims at proving a hypothesis

or expressing

some views,

ideas, theories, etc.

roman philosophique n.,pl. romans philosophiques [Fr. roman novel, romance (2); philosophique

cattle. 2.

philosophical, philosophic (1): a philosophical

sure. 3.

novel.]

a cattle round-up, such as horse-riding, roping, etc. roi faineant

n., pi.

rois faineants [Fr. roi king (2);

faineant do-nothing, king.]

a do-nothing

idle, lazy (1):

A sluggard king. A king who does not perform

his royal functions, especially

prived

of,

one who has been de-

or has delegated, royal power. Cf. faineant.

Roma locuta, causa finita. [L. Roma Rome ( (has) spoken (2);

causa cause, case, reason

Rome

(has been) finished, ended:

locuta

has spoken, the

Roman Catholic Church. Rome

case has been ended.]

has spoken, the case

1 );

(3); finita

closed. Applicable to decrees

is

or judgments by the Pope or the Vatican bringing

controversies to an end. "This business of Roma locuta,

causa finita

clergyman

in

causa

.

.

is

a thing of the past,

Sao Paulo (Newsweek

1980:37). See est,

.

Roma

locuta est and

Int.

"

said a

July 14,

Roma

locuta

etc.

Roma locuta est. Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.). Sermons [L. Roma Rome ( locuta est has spoken, I.

said (2):

1 );

Rome

the imperial

has spoken.]

Rome has

spoken;

power has issued an order bringing

i.e.,

the

controversy to an end. Applicable to an order, message, instruction, etc.

"from above" which

arbitrarily brings

a controversy or discussion to an abrupt end.

Roma locuta, causa finita. For fuller form, see Roma locuta est, causa etc. Roma locuta est, causa finita est. Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.). Sermons [L. Roma Rome (1); See

I.

A

novel which illustrates ideas.

Graham

Greene, a British secret agent and novelist, wrote authentic

rondeau

romans philosophiques. rondeaux [Fr. circle, round.]

n.,pl.

poem of 13 refrain

or 10 lines which repeats

and uses two

popular

in

sets

of rhymes.

its

2.

1.

A lyric

opening as a

Music.

A song

medieval France. Cf. rondel; rondelet;

and rondo. rondel

n., pi.

of 13 or 14

two

sets

rondels lines

round.]

[Fr. circle,

of rhymes and repeats

a refrain.

A lyric poem

which, like the rondeau

— rondel

or rondel le

(q.v.),

opening

its

n., pi.

uses

line(s) as

rondels or

rondelles Something round or of circular shape.

rondelet

n., pi.

rondeau.]

rondelets

[Fr.

a

little circle,

a

little

A seven-line lyric poem which uses two sets

of rhymes and repeats the three and seven. Cf.

first line

as a refrain in lines

rondeau; rondel; and rondo.

rondo n.,pl. rondos [It. circle, round.] Music. A work which alternates its main theme three or more times with variations and episodes. Cf. rondeau; rondel;

and rondelet. rosa sine spina

[L.

rosa rose ( 1 ); sine without (2); spina

thorn (3): a rose without a thorn.]

A

thornless rose.

An unmixed joy. Rosenkavalier knight

(2):

n.

[Ger.

Rosen rose

Kavalier of the Rose, a

(1);

rose knight.] The Cavalier

1910 opera by Richard Strauss (1864-1949). rostrum n., pi. rostra or rostrums [L. bird's beak, prow of a ship, stage, orator's platform.] 1. Platform

.

349 Forum of ancient Rome used by

in the

public speak-

This platform was decorated with the prows of

ers.

enemy

ships captured in the battle of Antium in 338

B.C.

A platform or stage used by a public speaker,

2.

conductor,

etc.

He mounted the rostrum and delivered

a very emotional speech. for

3.

A

forum or opportunity

communicating^ with a large audience or reader-

American

ship

officials

are limited by the Kremlin

one brief appearance on Soviet TV each year on the Fourth of July. Last year Ambassador Thomas to

Watson

March

even that rostrum

lost

16, 1981:7). Cf.

rotonda

n., pi.

rotondas

rotunda

n., pi.

rotundas

1.

A

2.

.

.

(Newsweek

Int.

podium. [It.

round

is

Rotunda

(q.v.).

and usually

circular

A large circular room. 3. A big central

area in a public building such as a hotel.

roue

n., pi.

roues

[Fr.

a dissolute person.]

man. Anne

's

amorous

boss

is

affairs.

A dissolute elderly

a worthless old roue who spends

most ofhis time in incredible orgies with girls younger than his daughters. Cf. vieux

Rouge black

et

Noir

(3):

n. [Fr.

marcheur

rouge red

red and black.] The

(1); et

and

noir

Red and the Black, an

n., pi.

habit.]

routines

[Fr. habitual

A regular or normal procedure or way of doing It

.

—

challenging position.

.

Regius Professor (q.v

Rerum

R.P.D. abbr. for

.

).

2.

Reverendus

Politicarum Doctor s'il

vous

(q.v.).

plait (q.v.). Cf.

R.V.S.V.P.

rubato

n., pi.

rubatos

[It.

stolen.] Music. Stolen time.

A somewhat free use of musical

time in which some

sections are played slightly slower and others faster in

order to create a sense of rhythmic flexibility and

emotion.

n.,pl.

Ravenna, in the

German

reddish.] Medicine.

n. [L.

Rubicon

Rubicons

Italy.]

1

.

[L.

measles.

Rubico, a stream south of

Roman History. The stream which,

Republican era of ancient Roman history, served

as a boundary between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul. Since

Roman

general or governor

was forbidden

arms across a Roman boundary

his troops in

to lead

into Italy,

crossing of the Rubicon in

Julius Caesar's

49 B.C.

meant that he was irrevocably committed to war against

Pompey and or limit

the senatorial party. 2.

whose crossing

to a decision or a

or that the "die

is

line

commit-

complete break with the past

The Prime Minister after and hesitation, crossed the

cast." a)

considerable deliberation

in less

A boundary,

indicates irrevocable

Rubicon by tendering his

procedure, sheer

was dawn in Paris, and Gilbert Zemour was going about his usual early-morning routine (Newsweek Int. Aug. 15, 1983:17). adj. Ordinary or habitual. Simeon is bored with his routine administrative duties and is looking for an exciting and things.

1

(q.v.).

R.S.V.P. abbr. for Repondez

ment (2);

1831 historical novel by Stendahl (1783-1842). routine

Pater

a

A profligate.

A man who lives a life of excessive sensual pleasures, especially in his

rp. abbr. for recipe (q.v.).

R.P. abbr. for

rubella ]

[L. round, circular, rotund.]

building or hall which

has a dome.

.

R.V.S.V.P.

letter

of resignation, b) But

than 25 years he has crossed an American

Rubicon from poor immigrant quarters

to the commanagement as a group (Newsweek Int. May 4, 1981:37).

fortable suites of upper U.S. vice president

.

.

.

See alea j acta est and j acta alea

est.

rendezvous (q.v.). R.V.S.V.P. abbr. for Repondez vite rv. abbr. for

plait (q.v

).

Cf. R.S.V.P.

s'il

vous

s S. abbr. for

1.

saeculum

Signora

(q.v.). 4.

S.A. abbr. for societe S.A. or s.a. abbr. for

anno

(q.v.). 2.

1

.

(q.v.). 3.

Signor

Sacrae Scripturae Doctor abbr. S.S.D.

of Sacred Scripture.

sine

2.

sacrae of sacred, holy (3);

day of the week, celebrated by most Christians as a day of rest and religious observance. Cp. Shabbat.

Scripture.]

first

sabotages

n., pi.

sabots,

wooden

i.e.,

destruction.]

of property with

[Fr. the

noise

made by

shoes, planned and organized

intention.

To

Licentiatus Licentiate

An

[L.

n.

scripturae (of) scripture (1): Licentiate

of Sacred

academic degree conferred by Euro-

scripture.

sacrae of sacred

n. [L.

theologiae (of) theology

(2);

(3);

baccalaureus bachelor (1): Bachelor of Sacred Theol-

intent to hurt a business enterprise

of an organization with the same

(2);

Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus abbr. S.T.B.

or an institution. Interference with the normal activities

terminal graduate degree in

pean universities and American seminaries for completion of an advanced curriculum in sacred

Deliberate and malicious destruction

1.

A

Sacrae Scripturae Licentiatus abbr. S.S.L.

gious groups as a day of rest and religious observance.

sabotage

doc-

sacred scripture.

(q.v.). .

Sunday, the

sacrae

(3);

tor teacher (1): teacher of sacred scripture.] Doctor

Sabbath n. [Heb. sabbat rest.] 1 Saturday, the seventh day of the week, observed by Jews and other reli2.

n. [L.

of sacred, holy (2); scripturae (of) scripture

anonyme (q.v.). secundum artem (q.v,.).

sub anno

(q.v.). 3.

Senor

solo (q.v.).

(q.v.). 5.

ogy.]

An

undergraduate degree

in

sacred scripture.

Sacrae Theologiae Doctor abbr. S.T.D.

n. [L.

sacrae

preventfuture sabotage, the government may call in

of sacred, holy

army units

tor teacher (1): teacher of sacred theology.] Doctor

Int.

June

to

guard energy

{Newsweek

nation, especially during

national emergency.

—

v. tr.

saboteur n.,pl. saboteurs

[Fr.

To

destroy or damage.

or commits sabotage.]

in

in the deliberate

war or a

a bungler, a person

.

.

Remde

doc-

graduate degree

Sacrae Theologiae Licentiatus abbr. S.T.L. sacrae of sacred, holy

Someone involved

(2);

in

ology.]

n.

[L.

theologiae (of) theology

(3); licentiatus licentiate (1): Licentiate

and malicious destruction of property,

of Sacred The-

An academic degree conferred by a European

university for completion of an advanced curriculum in sacred theology.

Sacrae Theologiae Magister abbr. S.T.M. sacrae of sacred, holy

.

in

A terminal

(3);

sacred theology.

who

a) Others would stream across into Poland itself to guard railways, roads and bridges against saboteurs (Newsweek Int. Dec. 15, 1980:9). b)A party commiswould decide in due course what sanctions sion would be applied against the saboteurs (Achim

theologiae (of) theology

of Sacred Theology.

of a

16, 1980:25). 2. Subverting the efforts

government or a

engages

installations

(2);

(3);

(2);

n.

[L.

theologiae (of) theology

magister master (1): Master of Sacred Theology.]

A predoctoral graduate degree in sacred theology.

West Africa 1985).

A

sac ramen turn n.,pl.

[L.

sacramenta [L. guarantee, deposit, 1. Oath. Oath of allegiance. 2. A wager of law. In one of the formal legal processes of early Rome, the litigants deposited a sum of money

sacrae of sacred, holy (2); scripturae (of) scripture (3);

with the court. The successful party took his deposit

baccalaureus bachelor

away, while the losing party

sachet

n., pi.

sachets

sack or envelope rial

and used

to

[Fr.

filled

a

little

sack.]

small cloth

with pleasantly-scented mate-

perfume closets or other storage areas.

Sacrae Scripturae Baccalaureus abbr. S.S.B.

ture.]

(1):

n.

Bachelor of Sacred Scrip-

An undergraduate degree in sacred scripture.

oath.]

Roman Law.

was then paid

350

lost his deposit,

into the national treasury.

which

351 sacrarium

sacraria [L. a holy place.]

n., pi.

sanctuary or sacristy of a church.

2.

Roman

1.

The

Catholic

Church. Piscina. The sink or drain used to dispose of

which sacred objects are cleaned.

the water with

sacre bleu (2):

sacre holy, sacred

inter/. [Fr.

(1);

bleu blue

A rhyming euphemism for sacre Dieu

holy blue.]

Good Heavens! Good

or "holy God."

Lord!

Damn

His unsinkable boat capsized several times in it! rough seas and sacre bleu! at one point he had to ditch almost 50 liters of good red wine {Newsweek Int.

Antonio Salandra (1853-1931).

n.

sacro sacred, holy ( 1 ); egoism egoism

An

ism.]

own

on the

egoistic emphasis

(2):

[It.

holy ego-

interests

of one's

country. Excessive nationalism.

sadhu

n., pi.

A

ism.

sadhus

sadhu

[Skt.

man who

holy

saeculum abbr.

practices asceticism and has

n., pi.

saecula [L. age, gen-

hundred years.]

eration, lifetime,

A

long period of

saeva

n.

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745). [L.

fierce, ferocious (1);

indignatio anger, indig-

nation (2): fierce indignation.] Strong or ferocious indignation, especially for

ness.

.

.

his

.

own saeva

manners and morals

.

stupidity

n. [L.

I.

2.

Any

A land journey,

game

or for pur-

long land journey or trip.

arrow-shooter, archer.]

1

.

Astronomy.

An archer-shaped constellation located near Scorpio and Capricorn.

2.

The ninth sign of the November 22 through Decem-

Astrology.

zodiac dominant from

ber 21.

sahib

n.

3.

A person born under this sign. by an Indian

for a British

employer

Law. Judicial

French

seizure, attachment, or sequestration

of property.

An

Allowance.

annual remuneration. sal Atticus

sales Attici Pliny the Elder (A.D.

n., pi.

23-79). Historia Naturalis XXXI,87. [L. sal wit,

Atticus Attic

(2);

(1): Attic wit.]

salt

Poignant or biting,

saltus n.,pl. saltus or saltuses [L. spring, leap, bound.] 1

.

A

break or interruption of continuity.

transition. 2. Logic.

suprema

De Legibus (4); lex

est lex. Cicero (106-^43 B.C.).

111,3,8. [L. (2);

salus safety, welfare (1);

suprema supreme

law (5): The safety of the people

Law. Public safety

salus populi fare

( 1 );

the

is

is

(3); est is

supreme

the

supreme law. See

in

etc.

suprema

lex esto. [L. salus safety, wel-

populi of the people

(2);

suprema supreme,

highest (4); lex law (5); esto shall be,

The

abrupt

process of proof.

salus populi

law.]

An

Omitting an indispensable step

let

be, be:

it

safety of the people shall be the highest law.]

Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.

suprema

salus publica

(1);

suprema supreme,

highest (3); lex law (4): Public safety

is

the

Law. The welfare of the people law. See in casu extremae etc.

is

the

law.]

salute interj.

[It.

welfare

lex. [L. salus safety,

publica public, state

(2);

health, safety.]

supreme supreme

A toast to good health

and prosperity. Cf. mazel tov and skoal. gratia for the sake (1): for the sake of safety.]

On

account of safety.

execution execution, carrying out

execution.] French

Law.

property of a debtor

is

(2): seizure-

A writ whereby the movable

seized, sold,

and the proceeds

used for satisfying the claims of the creditor. Fieri facias. Cf. fieri facias

saisie-immobiliere ( 1 );

(2); veritate

As long

with truth

with truth being safe.]

(1):

as truth remains unimpaired.

According

Leibniz's principle that two expressions are

sai sie-execution n. [Fr. saisie seizure, execution, distraint

distraint

soldiers so that they

2. Salary.

salva veritate adv. [L. salva (with being) safe, unharmed

or master. saisie n. [Fr. seizure, execution, distraint.]

(1);

Roman

Salt-money.

salutis gratia abbr. S.G. adv. [L. salutis of safety (2);

[Hindi sahib master.] Colonial India. Used as

a term of respect

salt.

Motto of the State of Missouri.

(Laistner 1966:5).

especially in Africa, in search of large

poses of exploration.

and foolish-

indignatio at contemporary .

.

human

safari n.,pl. safaris [Ar. safar journey.]

Sagittarius

allowance paid to

could buy

casu extremae

time. Age. Century.

saeva indignatio

An

in

populi of people

or saec.

s.

which the greeting is accompanied by a low bow and hand gesture. salarium n. [L. salary, allowance.] 1. Ancient Rome. obedience

in the

holy, right.] Hindu-

powers.

spiritual

A demonstration of submission and

shanti. 2. India.

delicate/subtle wit.

Oct. 6, 1980:57).

sacro egoismo

salvo

n.

de bonis propriis.

[Fr. saisie seizure,

execution,

immobiliere immovable property: seizure

to

be synonymous

if substituting

to

deemed

one for the other

does not alter the connotation, significance, and truth

of the context

in

quorum unum salve Cf.

v.,

which

it

is

used. Cf.

eadem sunt

etc.

pi. salvete [L.

Be well.

Hello.] Hello. Greetings.

ave and ciao.

salvis erroribus et omissis abbr. S.E.e.O. adv. [L. salvis

(with) safe, unimpaired (4); erroribus errors

(

1

);

et

A writ whereby

and (2); omissis (with) omitted (things), omissions (3):

immovable property of a debtor is seized, sold, and the proceeds used for satisfying the claims of

with errors and omissions unimpaired.] Excepting or

of immovable property.] French Law. the

the creditor. Cf. fieri facias

S.A.L. or

salaam

s.a.l.

n., pi.

peace.]

1

.

abbr. for

de bonis propriis.

secundum

salaams [Arab,

sal

artis leges (q.v.).

am =

Heb. salOm

A greeting of peace. Cf. pax; shalom; and

without prejudice to mistakes and things which have

been salvo

left out.

n., pi.

by) safe

salvos short for salvo jure [L. salvo (with/

( 1 );

jure

right,

law

saving provision or clause.

by safe law.] Law. A A reservation or condition. (2):

1

.

352

sal volatile

2.

An

unexpressed or mental reservation or condition

used to evade or avoid a

An action

difficulty. 3.

taken

Sanctus

The

adj. [L. holy.] Christianity.

—

The prayer itself.

to preserve or salvage one's reputation, dignity, or pride

the Catholic Mass.

or to ease one's conscience.

A composition based on this prayer.

sal volatile n. [L. sal salt (2); volatile rapid, swift (1):

swift

Ammonium

salt.]

carbonate. Smelling

samizdat short form of samizdatel'stvo n. [Russ. sam self (

1

);

izdat(erstvo) publishing house

lishing house.]

I.

The

(2): self pub-

publication and circulation of

illegal literature in the

Soviet Union.

2. Literature

circulated illegally in the Soviet Union. 3.

An under-

ground publishing house.

samurai 1

.

n.

1

.

san holy, sacred,

[Sp.

[Japan, warrior

]

A professional soldier in feudal Japan. 2. The Japa-

word of

California,

Music.

2.

saint (1);

A

Fran-

city in northern

founded as a mission by the Spanish

in

1

776.

sang-froid or sangfroid n.,pl. sang-froids or sangfroids [Fr.

sang blood

(2);

froid cold (1): cold-blood,

compo-

Calmness.

sure, self-possession.] Cool-headedness.

Self-control or imperturbability, especially during an

emergency or dangerous circumstances,

samurai or samurais

n., pi.

San Francisco

n.

cisco Francis (2): Saint Francis.]

salts.

first

a prayer of praise at the beginning of the canon of

abandon

critics to

{Newsweek

Feb. 5, 1979:17). b) There

Int.

The film

a)

caused French

their sangfroid;

.

.

.

.

was pande-

nese feudal aristocracy originally based upon military

monium when a snake entered

prowess.

teacher handled the situation with magnificent sangfroid.

san or -san title

n.

[Japan, honorable.] Japan.

An honorific

or expression of courtesy. Usually attached as a

name or title; e.g., "Reverend-san"

suffix to a person's

"Captain-san," "Michael-san," and

"Mama-san"

(q.v.). See babu; Herr; Monsieur; Senhor; Senor; and Signor. sanae mentis et bonae memoriae adj. [L. sanae of

sound

mentis

(1);

(of)

mind

and

(2); et

(3);

bonae

good (4); memoriae (of) memory (5): of sound mind and good memory.] Old English Law. With a sound mind and a reliable memory. Used to indicate (of)

that a testator is mentally

fit

to

make

a will.

See compos mentis.

sanatorium or sanitorium or sanatarium or sanitarium n., pi. sanatoriums or sanatoria, sanitoriums or sanitoria, sanatariums or sanataria, sanitariums or sanitaria [L. a healing/curing place.] 1. An establishment which provides recuperation and rest for patients, especially invalids. Andropov is still in a special sanitarium for members of the Communist Party Central Committee {Newsweek Int. Jan. 2, 1984:8). 2. An .

.

.

.

.

.

establishment that provides treatment for diseases requiring protracted attention, such as tuberculosis,

mental disorders, or drug addiction.

Sanctae Memoriae abbr. S.M. adj. sacred (1);

memoriae

(of)

[L.

n., pi.

memory

(2):

of holy

n., pi.

A shrine.

sancta or sanctums

cred, inviolable,

and consecrated.]

1

.

something

sa-

A sacred or holy

Something

that is hallowed. 2. Office, study,

He has at his residence a sanctum

where he

whenever he wants to do serious studies. See adytum and sanctum sanctorum. sanctum sanctorum n. [L. sanctum holy (thing) (1); sanctorum of holy (things, matters) (2): holy of holy things.]

1.

ligations

sans prep. is still

who

A

has renounced

wandering social ob-

all

and material goods for religious reasons. [Fr. without.]

Devoid

Deprived

of.

of.

She

a very charming woman, even sans the vivacity

of her youthful days. Sans argent l'honneur n'est qu'une maladie. Jean Racine (1639-1699). Les Plaideurs 1,1. [Fr. sans argent money

honneur une a (7); maladie malady, disease (8): Without money honor is only a disease.] Honor without money is without

honor

(1);

(4);

n\

.

(2);

the (3);

I'

.qu' merely, only (6); est

merely a malady. Cf. probitas laudatur sans cause adj. Iadv. (2):

[Fr.

is (5);

etc.

sans without ( 1 ); cause cause

without cause.] French Law. Without cause or

reason. Sine causa (q.v.).

An

obligation sans cause

cannot be enforced. sans ceremonie adv.

[Fr.

sans without

(

1

);

ceremonie

ceremony (2): without ceremony.] Without ceremony.

Without any ceremony or formality. Informally. adj. Informal. Unceremonious. Cf. sans facon.

—

sans-culotte

n., pi.

sans-culottes

[Fr.

sans without (1)

culottes pants, breeches (2): without breeches, a rabid 1

.

A member of France's 2. A

extreme republican party during the Revolution.

radical or extremist politician or political activist, espe-

one who does not hesitate to resort to violence. An anarchist. A revolutionary. 3. The lowest echelons of society. Cf. hoi

[L.

or place of retreat.

place.

begger and ascetic

cially

sanctoria or sanctoriums [L. a

consecrated/sacred place.]

sanctum

[Hindi sannyasi from Skt.

n.

samnyasl renounces] Hinduism.

or ultra-violent republican.]

sanctae of holy,

memory.] Deceased.

sanctorium

sannyasi or sannyasin

the classroom, but the

retires

Holy of Holies. The most holy place. 2. A A place where a person can go to and

Sansei

n., pi.

polloi.

Sansei or Sanseis [Japan, san three

(1);

A grandchild of immigrant to the United States. A third-

sei generation (2): third generation.]

a Japanese

generation Japanese- American. Cf. issei and Nisei.

sans facon adv.

[Fr.

sans without ( 1 ); facon ceremony,

fuss (2): without fuss.] Without

any ceremony or fuss.

Informally. In an offhand manner.

—

adj.

Unceremo-

nious. Informal. Cf. sans ceremonie.

sans frais abbr. S.F. or

s.f.

adv. [Fr. sans without (1);

place of retreat.

frais expenses, cost (2): without expenses.]

be free from disturbances. See adytum and sanctum.

cost.

Free of charge.

Without

353 sans-gene (2): 1

n. [Fr.

sans without ( 1 ); gene shame,

restraint

without shame, offhandedness, over-familiarity.]

Lack of self-restraint or constraint. Though he helped

.

himselfto the spoils ofvictory with more than the usual sans-gene of a Roman triumphator, he was by. no means ungenerous to his soldiers (Cary 1970:355).

Off-handedness. Failure to observe formality or

2.

sans jour adv.

[Ft.

sans without ( 1 ); jour day

(2):

with-

out day.] Indefinitely. Without appointing any future

day for a meeting. Sine die (q.v.) The court adjourned

ber

sans without

[Fr.

( 1 );

nombre num-

without number.] Numberless. Countless.

(2):

numero

Sine

(q.v.).

sans recours adv. Iadj.

sans without

[Fr.

recours

(1);

recourse, appeal (2): without recourse.] Without appeal.

Applicable to qualified endorsement.

Santa Clara

n.

[Sp. santa holy, sacred, saint

Clare

(2): Saint Clare.] 1.

1689.

2.

A city

Santa Cruz

n.

(

);

1

Clara

A city in Cuba founded in

western California.

in

[Sp. santa holy, sacred, saint (1);

cross (2): holy cross.]

1.

A

city in Bolivia

cruz

founded

c.1560.

2.

A city

Santa Fe

n.

[Sp. santa holy, sacred, saint (1); fe faith

(2):

holy

1573.

santo

2.

A

city in

santos [Sp.

n., pi.

NE

Argentina founded

saint.]

A saint. A holy person.

saint.

santons

a

[Fr.

little

saint or holy figure.]

Creche (q.v.) figures from Provence. sapere aude [L. sapere to be wise (2); aude dare Dare to be wise.] Don't hesitate to use wisdom. Satan

n.

sary.

sati

satis 1

The

parum

(q.v.).

[L. satis

enough

eloquentiae of eloquence (2); sapientiae of wis-

not enough of wisdom.]

Enough good speaking but

not enough wisdom. satis liquet. [L. satis adequately, sufficiently (2); liquet clear,

apparent

(1): It is

adequately clear.]

It is

sufficiently clear. satis

superque adj.

minor

origo rei

paths.

etc.

An English plural ending is sometimes

n.

to this Latin plural, as Saturnalias. [L. festival

of Saturn.] the

etc. Cf.

god

Ancient Rome.

1.

A very merry festival of

Saturn. During the celebration, 1

7th, there

which began

were tumultuous

festivities,

were was presided over by a Elements of the festival were subse-

slaves were granted temporary freedom, gifts

exchanged and the

mock

king.

festival

Day

An

celebrations. 2.

orgy.

New Year's

A wild, uncontrolled,

tumultuous spectacle, celebration, or festivity. Members of the football club had a Saturnalia in celebration of their victory in this year s competition. 3. Excessive emotion or immorality. The nation was engulfed in such a Saturnalia of moral turpitude that a program of moral reforms became imperative. 4. The short title for Conviviorum Saturnaliorum Libri Septem (q.v.) by Macrobius (late 4th/early 5th century A.D.).

satyriasis

n., pi.

satyriases [Gk. saturiasis from

abnormality characteristic of a lewd, goatish man.]

Abnormal desire for sexual pleasure by a male. Cf. andromania. saut du meme au meme [Fr. saut jump, leap (1); du from the (2); meme same (3); au to the, toward the, in the, by the, with the, until the (4); meme same (5): jump from the same to the same.] A mistake in copying caused by overlooking words which occur between a

sauve qui peut (1);

n.

its

[Fr.

repetition. Cf.

homoioteleuton.

sauve save oneself,

qui who, whoever

(2);

peut can

flee, (3):

run Flee

whoever can.] Anyone who can should save himself/

enough.] That's enough. Basta

dom (4); parum not enough (3): Enough of eloquence,

it is

added

away

devil. Cf. Shaitan.

eloquentiae sapientiae

);

Saturnalia pi.

word or phrase and

See suttee.

satis adv. [L.

(

(1):

[Heb. satan adversary, devil.] God's evil adver-

A fallen angel.

better than chasing

satur(os) satyr, goat-man: condition of a satyr, sexual

western California.

The capital of New Mexico founded c. 1609.

The image of a santon

in

faith.] 1.

n., pi.

is

See melius est petere

quently incorporated into Christmas and

noon sans jour.

nombre adj.

sans

sources than to pursue the rivulets.] Looking for the

chief source

on December

politeness.

at 12:00

savoir vivre

[L. satis

enough (

1

);

superque and

above (2): enough and above.] Enough and more than enough. In the opinion ofthe audience, Angus expla'

ofthe distinction between ownership and possession was satis superque. satis verborum [L. satis enough (1); verborum of words (2): enough of words.] No more need be said. nation

satius est petere fontes

quam

sectari rivulos. [L.

satius better, preferable (2); est

it is

(1);

petere to

herself.

A headlong, disorderly, helter-skelter or prewithdrawal or flight. A total rout. Each

cipitate retreat,

one for himself/herself. Panic. Stampede,

from

office

which had already set

in

a)

Theflight

during a more

prosperous age ended by becoming a general sauve qui peut (Cary 1 970:74 1 ). b) The result has been

an understandable drive toward self-protection

in

some cases and a less attractive spirit of sauve qui peut in others {Newsweek Int. June 23, 1980: 10). savant

n., pi.

person.]

savants

[Fr. a

learned or well-informed

A very learned or erudite person. A scholar.

savoir faire or savoir-faire

know how

(1); faire to

do

n.

[Fr.

(2): to

savoir to know,

know how

to do.]

Knowing what is to be done Andrew is a pleasant and versatile

Social adroitness or tact. at the right time.

man whose savoir faire never fails savoir vivre

n.

vivre to live

him.

know how (1); know how to live.] Knowing how Good manners. Etiquette. Tact. Mrs.

[Fr.

savoir to know,

(2): to

seek, strive after (3); fontes sources, fountains (4);

to live elegantly.

quam

Kuntu 's lack of savoir vivre has been causing her husband considerable embarrassment.

than (5); sectari to chase, pursue (6); rivulos

petty streams, rivulets (7):

It

is

better to seek the

354

sayonara

sayonara

Good-bye. Farewell. See a

[Japan.]

interj.

bientot. n.

[Ar. lord, prince.] Islam.

Husain (627-669?), the grandson of Muhammad by his daughter Fatima. 2. A descendant of Husain. 3. Title for a Muslim dignitary or holy man. S.B. abbr. for Scientiae Baccalaureus (q.v.). Title of

S.C. abbr. for

consultum

(q.v

abbr. for

1.

Scala Caeli

n.

sc.

heaven

senatus consulto (q.v

I.

).

senatus

2.

[scala

(2): the stair

stair,

2.

A

church

efits

I.

joking.] Music. In a joking or play-

be played

to

Joking or playing. The pianist

adj.

played the scherzando passage much too slowly. pi.

—

n.,

A musical composition written in a

scherzandos

The

schizophasia

of heaven.] Christianity.

also

1.

by St Bernard.

3.

Any

this

where ben-

religious site

could be gained for the dead souls.

n. [L.

[It.

—

scherzando.

ment played

4.

Any way

to achieve religious salvation.

scala naturae

Psych.

The piece was not written

ful fashion.

scherzo n.,pl. scherzos

Tre Fontane, near Rome, where

in

vision took place.

2.

organize and understand complex patterns of reality.

scherzando adv.

ladder (1); caeli of sky.

Old Testament and

in the

A model. An outline.

playful or joking style.

).

scilicet (q.v.). 2. sculpsit (q.v.).

ladder which leads souls to heaven. Seen in a vision

by Jacob

to

form.] A A model used

schemas [Gk. schema shape,

n.,pl.

diagram.

sayyid or saiyid or syed 1.

schema

scala

stair,

n.,pl.

skhiz(O) divide

( 1 );

The

nature (2): the stair of nature.]

naturae of

great chain of

Music.

A musical move-

schizophasias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. phasis utterance

(1);

terance.] Incoherent speech

(2):

divided ut-

of the type characteristic

of a person suffering from schizophrenia

schizophrenia

Gk. skhiz(O) divide

(q.v.).

schizophrenias [Neo-Gk. from

n., pi.

( 1 );

phren diaphragm, mind

An abnormal

divided mind.] ladder

[It joke.]

in a lively fashion, usually in 3/4 time.

(2):

which the patient's thoughts are

mental condition at

in

variance with his/her

The patient cannot think logically, experiences

actions.

paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions, and usually

being.

scandalum magnatum abbr. scan. mag. n.,pl. scandala magnatum [L. scandalum slander (1); magnatum

withdraws from the into a

real

world of fantasy,

world and social interaction a)

Miller

.

.

.

began slipping

an older brother committed

of great (persons) (2): slander of great persons.] England.

into schizophrenia after

A defamatory publication or speech designed to injure

suicide

a judge, peer, or other high-ranking officer.

drugs relieved the hearing of voices and delusions typical ofschizophrenia (Newsweek Int. Nov. 12,

scan.

mag. abbr.

for

scandalum magnatum

Sc.B. abbr. for Scientiae Baccalaureus

Sc.D. abbr. for Scientiae Doctor

scenario

n.,pl.

(q.v.).

]

1.

The

outline of a play, film, or opera, including details of

the scenes in their sequence.

2.

Imagined or projected

(Newsweek Int.

policymakers envisioned a number offrightening sce-

schlimazel

narios ranging all the way from the inconvenience of

person.

to

a high-stakes

Soviet power play in the Persian Gulf(Newsweek Int.

Nov.

10, 1980:13). b)

.

.

.

Europe has

achieving a balance with Japan

little

n.

schlock or shlock

make, do

(3): a

scenes a faire

toward,

in,

[Fr.

scene scene,

by, with, until (2); faire

scene to make.]

An

episode, scene,

or event in a novel, play, or other piece of creative writing which

is

necessary to the

team argued that the scenes

in

plot.

The defense

question were not

plagiarized but simply scenes a faire which anyone

would have included. schadenfreude n. [Ger. Schadenfreude: Schaden damage, harm, injury (2); Freude joy, glee (1): joy about injury.] Enjoyment derived from the misfortelling this story

tune of others. Contrasting sharply with the general

music,

's

arch-rival,

who could not successfiilly

disguise her schadenfreude.

unlucky, incompetent

[Yid. shlak

n.

—

]

Poor or

adj. Poor.

inferior

Cheap. Shoddy.

art, etc. .

.

.

Something which

the

group

's

is

distastefully

music, which

is

a cheer-

ful mishmash ofincongruous genres, from reggae

and

country-Western to torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown (Newsweek Int. Jan. 23, 1984:42). schmeer or schmear or shmear n. [Yid. shmir smear, smudge.] A whole lot or group. schmooze or schmoose v. [Yid. shmues chat ] To gossip

—

n.

A

fool.]

A

or chat, especially cozily and confidentially.

cozy, confidential chat.

schmuck person

schnook

or shmuck n. [Yid. shmok penis, who is clumsy and easily-deceived. n.,

one who

atmosphere of sincere sympathy was the attitude of schnorrer Eva, the victim

An

unlucky

chance of schmaltz or schmalz n., pi. schmaltzes or schmalzes arena [Yid. shmalts rendered fat.] Extreme sentimentalism in

(1); a to,

]

An

in the trade

sentimental.

episode

of economic

schlemiels or shlemiels

n., pi.

material or merchandise.

23, 1981:10). 3. Plan of a military campaign. n., pi.

.

Sept. 28, 1981:38).

[Yid. shlimazl

even under the rosiest scenarios (Newsweek Int. March

scene a faire

.

the President's team

[Yid. shlemiel from Heb. selumi'el]

bungler.

to take place, a)

an oil-short winter on the Continent

.

.

schlemiel or shlemiel

Anxious

sequence of events about

.

27, 1983:38). b) These

advisers suffers from a slight case of schizophrenia

scene

[It.

.

1979:60). c)

(q.v.).

(q.v.).

scenari or scenarios

(Newsweek Int. June

pi.

is

schnooks [Yid. shnuk snout

n., pi.

Someone who of others.

]

Some-

easily tricked or deceived.

schnorrers [Yid. shnorer begger] regularly profits from the generosity

A parasite.

355 sciens adj.. pi. scientes [L. knowing, understanding.]

Law. Knowing or understanding the implications of an

The rule that sciens

act.

not volens has given

is

rise to great difficulty in cases in

between passengers

cars and drunken or inexperienced drivers (Rogers

scintilla n.,pl. scintillae or scintillas [L. spark,

scienter adv. [L. knowingly, understanding^. ]

Know-

ingly. Deliberately. Willfully. Intentionally.

—

n.

A level of knowledge which makes a person

my

no scintilla of doubt in immensely qualified for the job.

his theory, b) There is

that he

is

glimmer,

scintilla juris n. [L. scintilla spark,

of right, law

ticle (1); juris

trace, par-

of right.]

(2): a particle

allegation,

The smallest amount or piece of right or interest. The evidence adduced so far clearly indicates that the

pleading, that the defendant's degree of knowl-

plaintiffdoes not have a scintilla juris to the disputed

Law.

1.

legally answerable for his/her act. 2.

An

edge of the circumstances of the cause and his/her conduct make his/her act a crime.

—

Dealing with

adj.

property.

temporis

scintilla

which makes a person legally answerable for his/her act. At common law a person might be liable for damage caused by an animal on

temporis of time

one or more of three distinct grounds, namely, ordinary liability in tort, liability under the scienter rule

1962:398).

the level of knowledge

and liability for cattle

trespass (Rogers 1975:392).

scientia. n.,pl. scientiae [L. knowledge.]

particularly the type based sis

glimmer,

The slightest trace or particle, especially of light. The smallest or least particle, a) He has not adduced a scintilla of evidence to support trace, particle.]

mind

1975:618). Cf. volens.

in

Scorpio

Knowledge,

on collection and analy-

of verifiable data. Science.

Scientiae Baccalaureus abbr. S.B. or Sc.B. scientiae of science,

knowledge

(2);

bachelor ( 1 ): Bachelor of Science.]

n.

[L.

baccalaureus

An academic de-

[L. scintilla spark, particle (1);

n.

amount of time. Here tilla

a particle of time.]

(2): .

.

temporis ofunincumbered ownership

scire debes

cum quo contrahis.

debes you ought, should

cum

(Hanbury

.

with

know (2); (3); quo

you are transacting business or making a Cf. qui

cum

scire et scire

know

debere aequiparantur injure. [L. scire et and (2); scire to know (4); debere to

be bound, under obligation

(

contract.

alio etc.

in science.

scientiae

.

whom (4); contrahis you are contracting, transacting (5): You ought to know with whom you are contracting.] Law. You ought to know the person with whom

to

n. [L.

.

[L. scire to

(1);

gree for completion of an undergraduate curriculum

Scientiae Doctor abbr. S.D. or Sc.D.

The smallest

the mortgagor had had a scin-

.

1);

(3);

aequiparantur are

likened, equaled (5); in in, on (6); jure right, law

To know and to be bound to know are likened in Law. Knowing and being bound to know are degree in science. deemed to be the same. See idem est scire etc. Scientiae Juridicae Doctor abbr. S.J.D. n. [L. scire facias abbr. sci. fa. n. [L. scire to know (2); facias scientiae (of) science, knowledge (3); juridicae of you should cause, make (1): You should cause/make to juridical (2); doctor teacher (1): teacher of juridical know.] Law. A judicial writ based upon some matter of science, knowledge (2); doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher of science.] Doctor of Science.

(7):

A terminal

graduate

law.]

A

terminal

of record, for instance a judgment, and requiring the

1

science.]

Doctor of Juridical Science.

person against whom

graduate degree injudicial science.

Scientiae Magister abbr. S.M. or Sc. scientiae of science, (1):

knowledge

Master of Science.]

A

M.

n.

[L.

magister master

(2);

predoctoral graduate de-

gree in science. [L. scientia science (1);

n.

scientiarum of sciences

(2):

science of sciences.]

non

(1); et

fit

injuria. [L. scienti to the one

and

(2);

volenti to the one

who

non not (5); fit is done (6); injuria injury (4): To one who knows and wishes injury is not done.] Injury is not done to a person who knows and wants it. See qui non improbat, approbat.

wishes/wants

sci. fa.

(3);

scilicet abbr. sc. or scil. or ss. adv. [L. (2); licet

know.] (q.v.).

—

it is

permitted

Used

n., pi.

to introduce a

list

from scire

(1): It is

Of course. Namely. That

or detailed

it

is

instance

from the record or,

issued to

it

in the

show cause why the

issued should not benefit

is

case of letters patent,

why the

record should not be annulled, enforced, or vacated.

2.

A

proceeding prompted by such a writ

scire feci (1): I

n. [L.

know

scire to

have caused

(2); feci

I

have caused

know.] Law. The return of a

to

more

is

to

permitted to

to say. Videlicet

specific statement

of things already mentioned generally.

scilicets

has been given to the party or parties concerned. Sc.

M.

An example of the

use of the word.

abbr. for Scientiae Magister (q.v.).

schola cantorum school

( 1 );

scholae cantorum [L. schola

n.,pl.

cantorum of singers (2): school of singers.]

A singing group. schottische n.,pl. schottisches [Ger. Schottische Scottish

A

abbr. for scire facias (q.v.).

know

whose

sheriff or an officer to a writ of scire facias that notice

Philosophy. scienti et volenti

who knows

party at

legal

scientia scientiarum

.

Scottish dance.

A

dance popular

England and the United

in

States, especially in the south-

west, in which several groups of couples circle at the directions

as "the

German

.

Astronomy.

of a

caller.

move

in

a

Sometimes known

polka."

Scorpio or Scorpius 1

]

19th-century

n. [L.

from Gk. skorpios scorpion

]

A scorpion-shaped constellation located

356

scotodinia

near Libra and Sagittarius.

The eighth

Astrology.

2.

sign of the zodiac dominant from October 24 through

November 21 scotodinia

3.

.

n., pi.

secundigravida

secundigravidas [Neo-L.

n., pi.

secund(us) second (2); gravida pregnant ( 1 ): pregnant

A person born under this sign,

for the

scotodinias [Neo-Gk. from Gk.

carrying her second pregnancy.

skoto(s) darkness (1); din(eO) whirl

whirling in

(2):

darkness, dizziness, vertigo.] Medicine. Dizziness,

second time.] Medicine.

woman.

A woman who is A secundigravida

Cf. gravida.

secundipara

n.,pl.

secundiparas [Neo-L. secund(us)

usually accompanied by headache and visual defi-

second, for a second time (2); par(io) give birth

ciency.

giving birth for the second time.] Medicine.

scribere est agere. [L. scribere to write

agere to act

The

acting.

To

(3):

write

is

to act.]

(1); est is (2);

Law. Writing

writing of treasonable words

is

equiva-

is

lent to overt treasonable acts. scripsit

[L.

v.

parous woman. Cf. multipara. secundum abbr. sec. [L. according in

He/she wrote it] Used to indicate authorship.

(1):

A woman who has given birth for the second time. A secundito.]

According

to,

accordance with.

secundum aequum et bonum adv.

[L.

secundum accord-

A room, especially in a monastery, set aside for writing

aequum the reasonable, equitable (2); et and (3); bonum the good (4): according

or copying.

to the reasonable

scriptorium

scriptum

scriptoria [L. a place for writing

n., pi.

scripta [L. that which

n., pi.

Something

]

is

written.]

factum suum.

[L. scrip-

est

turn writing (2); praedictum previously mentioned

non not (4);

factum deed, act, fact (6); own (5): The previously mentioned writing is not his/her deed.] Law. The written document in question was not written by this person. Fuller form of non est factum (q.v.).

suum

est is (3);

one's own, his/her

sculpsit abbr. sc. or sculp, or sculps. [L. He/she carved it]

He/she carved or engraved

it.

Used

to indicate

the author of a piece of sculpture. Cf. caelavit.

scutum armorum of arms Scylla

n. [L.

(2): shield

n., pi.

to, in

accordance with

scutum

shield (1);

armorum

of arms.] Coat of arms.

Scyllas [L. from Gk. Skulle.]

and Roman Mythology.

A

Greek

sea-monster believed to

i.e.,

to, in

to

what

is

See aequitas

equity.

allegata et probata adv. [L.

according

accordance with

secundum

(1);

allegata

charged, alleged (things) (2); et and (3); probata

things.]

(4): according to alleged and proved Law. In accordance with the allegations and

proofs.

See allegata et probata.

proved (things)

secundum artem abbr. S.A. or s.a. or sec. art. adv. [L. secundum according to, in accordance with (1); artem

business, profession (2): according to

art,

According

art.]

to the art, business, trade, or profession.

secundum artis leges abbr. S.A.L. or s.a.l. adv. [L. secundum according to, in accordance with ( 1 ); artis of art

1.

(1);

and good.] Law. According

reasonable and good,

secundum

written.

scriptum praedictum non

(1);

ing

of

(3); leges rules,

art.]

According

laws

according to the laws

(2):

to the rules

of the

art,

business,

trade, or profession.

opposite Charybdis. She was said to have twelve feet

secundum bonos mores adv. [L. secundum according to (1); bonos good (2); mores customs, usages (3):

row of

according to good customs/usages.] Law. According

inhabit a cave on the headland of the Italian coast

and

each equipped with a

six heads,

triple

teeth. If a ship sailed near the headland, the

monster

would seize six

A sailor

sailors at a time

and eat them.

who escaped the danger of Charybdis was most likely of Scylla.

to fall into the peril

devastating

peril.

2.

A serious danger. A

A good ruler should be adept at the

technique of avoiding both the Charybdis of syco-

phants who resort

of detractors. S.D. abbr. for

decreto

Cf. 1

to abject servility

the Scylla

(q.v.). 2.

senatus

(q.v.).

S.D. or s.d. abbr. for

1

.

sine dato (q.v.). 2. sine die (q.v.).

secundum (q.v.). art. abbr. for secundum artem (q.v.). leg. abbr. for secundum legem (q.v.). nat. abbr. for secundum naturam (q.v.). reg. abbr. for secundum regulam (q.v.).

sec. abbr. for

sec. sec. sec.

sec.

secretariat

n., pi.

of secretary.] mental,

1

.

secretariats [Fr. secretariat office

An administrator, especially govern-

who maintains official records.

space of such an administrator.

ment of such an

administrator.

ing to (1);

formam form

3.

The

2.

The office

staff or depart-

(2);

[L.

secundum accord-

chartae of writing

(3):

according to the form of the writing.] Law. According to the

form of the deed or

charter.

secundum legem abbr. sec. leg., S.L. or s.l. adv. [L. secundum according to (1); legem law (2): according to the law.]

Scientiae Doctor

.

and

Charybdis.

to established/accepted customs.

secundum formam chartae adv.

Law. In accordance with the law. Anybody

who perpetrates atrocities should be dealt with secundum legem. secundum legem communem adv. [L. secundum according to (1); legem law (3); communem common (2):

according to the

dance with

common

common

law.]

Law. In accor-

law.

secundum naturam abbr. S.n. or s.n. or sec nat adv. [L. secundum according to ( 1); naturam nature (2): according to nature.] In accordance with nature. Naturally.

secundum naturam sequi, quern in

accordance with

(1);

est

commoda cujusque rei eum

sequuntur incommoda. (2);

naturam

[L.

secundum

nature (3); est

it

is

commoda (that) advantages, profits (4); cujusque

357 of each

eum him

whom

quern

(7);

(of a) matter, thing, property, busi-

(5); rei

ness, affair (6);

incommoda follow him is

sequuntur follow

disadvantages, losses (10):

dance with nature

whom

(11);

in accor-

It is

advantages of each thing

that the

Law.

the disadvantages follow.]

It

natural that he wjio experiences the disadvantages

of a thing should experience

commodum

sentit

secundum normam

normam

to (1);

advantages. See qui

its

and qui sentit onus

etc.

measure

of law

(2); legis

(3):

n.,pl.

sederunts

[L.

They sat.]

1

A long sitting,

.

and relaxation.

for instance, for reading, discussion,

Members ofthe association organize a sederunt every Saturday evening during which they hold intellectual discussions. 2.

A session of an official body such as

an ecclesiastical assembly.

sede vacante adv. [L. sede with the seat being vacant tianity.

etc.

secundum according

legis adv. [L.

rule,

sederunt

sequi follow, to follow

(8);

(9);

semel heres

(2):

While the see of a bishop

vacant.

is

sed fugit interea, fugit inreparabile tempus. Vergil

(70-19 B.C.). Georgics

sed but

111,284. [L.

meanwhile

according to the rule of law.] Law. In accordance

it

with legal rule. The world would be a better place

inreparabile irreparable, irretrievable

for the habitation ofall humankind ifeverybody were

time

to

behave secundum normam

secundum regulam abbr. sec. reg. adv. [L. secundum according to (1); regulam rule (2): according to the rule.]

Law.

In

accordance with the rule or standard

secundum tabulas

secundum according

adv. [L.

tabulas statutes, tables of the law

(2):

securius expediuntur negotia plus vident oculi

quam

to (1);

according to the

it

sed quaere. inquire.]

[L.

tempus

sed but

tempus time

flees, irretrievable

For

flies.

fugit.

(1);

Law. Examine

flees (6);

(4);

But, meanwhile, irretrievable time

shorter form, see

(1); fugit

it

quaere inquire

this point further.

But

(2):

Used

to

is

[L.

being questioned.

sed but

vide see

(1);

But

(2):

see.]

This

remark, followed by a quotation or citation, draws

commissa pluribus, et more

the reader's attention to a conflicting principle or

oculus. [L. securius

safely, easily, securely (5);

down

laid

sed vide

statutes.

of the law.] Law. In accordance with the

settled,

But meanwhile

(5):

(2); fugit

suggest that the correctness of a statement or rule

authority.

tables

flees (3); interea

flees.]

legis.

vacante

(1);

with the seat being vacant.] Chris-

expediuntur are prepared,

arranged, accomplished (4); negotia matters,

statement.

S.E.e.O. abbr. for salvis erroribus et omissis (q.v

segue

v.

[It. It

follows. There follows.]

Music.

1.

).

To

(3); et

and

move immediately from one compositional unit or theme to another. 2. To move imperceptibly from one

eyes

(7);

stage, level, or condition to another.

The conversa-

tion quickly

seguedfrom local gossip

to presidential

to several

politics.

n.

see

adeptly used his political connections as a segue into

businesses, affairs

( 1 );

commissa entrusted, assigned

(2);

pluribus to more, several (persons)

(6);

plus more

quam

(9);

vident see

(8); oculi

than (10); oculus eye (11): Matters entrusted

persons are settled more easily, and eyes more than an eye.] Assignments are completed more smoothly by several persons (rather than one),

and several eyes can see more than one. Cf. visu

etc.

and

testis

oculatus

testis

de

the contrary. Otherwise.

Used

in

books

to indicate

an exception to a stated rule, the rule to be applied in different circumstances

and the opposite of a previous

proposition. (1);

animo

(with) mind, intention, purpose (2): with settled inten-

With fixed intention or purpose. se defendendo adv. [L. se himself/herself (2); defendendo by/in defending (1): by/in defending himself/ tion.]

Law. In self-defense. The judge ruled that

accused committed homicide se defendendo. See homicidium se defendendo and vim vi etc.

the

sedente curia adv. [L. sedente (with) sitting with court the court

Seder

(1):

with the court

sitting.]

(2);

curia

Law. While

was sitting. During the sitting of the court. Sedarim or Seders [Heb. seder order,

n.. pi.

arrangement.] Judaism. Passover,

transition.

A meal

commemorating

the

on the

first

night of

exodus of the Jews

from Egypt, and consisting of prescribed foods and readings like the

Haggadah

(q.v.).

An

introduction.

cento hundred

n. [It. sei six (1);

The

1600s.

The 17th

century.

He

(2): the six

Used espe-

cially in reference to Italian history, literature,

Seigneur n.,pl. Seigneurs

and

and trecento.

Cf. cinquecento; quatrocento;

art.

[Fr. lord, squire,

nobleman.]

A gentleman. A feudal lord. A member of the landed aristocracy. There

sedato animo adv. [L. sedato with settled

herself.]

A

the organization.

seicento

hundreds.]

etc.

secus adv. [L. the contrary, otherwise, not so.] Law.

To

—

about him

in the

was something of the seigneur

ease with which he would walk into

the workers homes, '

take lunch,

sit,

.

.

.

(Chris Dunton

West Africa 1986).

in

semble adj.

[Fr. It

seems.

Used, especially

It

in legal

appears.] Law. Apparently.

judgments and

reports, to

express an apparent arrangement or a suggestion not

confirmed by

fact; e.g.,

or an obiter

dictum

still .

.

.

be employed

a statement

(q.v.).

in his

made by a reporter

Semble, the agent must

ordinary course of business

(Parry 1961:290).

semel

civis

semper civis. [L. semel once (1); civis semper always (3); civis citizen (4):

citizen (2);

Once is

a citizen, always a citizen.] Law. Citizenship

permanent.

semel heres, semper heres. heir,

successor (2);

[L.

semel once

semper always

(3);

(1);

heres

heres

heir,

358

semi-plena probatio

Once an

successor

(4):

The

of heir

status

is

heir,

always an

heir.]

Law.

presumption

permanent,

semi-plena probatio See probatio semi-plena,

is

semper eadem adj. [L. semper always (1); eadem the same (things) (2): always the same (things).] Always

eadem always

on

(1); in in,

(2);

dubiis doubtful (things)

to be preferred (5): Always in doubtful more favorable things are to be preferred.] Law. case of doubt, more favorable interpretations must

praeferenda

always be given preference. See in dubio, pars

semper in stipulationibus et id sequimur quod actum (8); in in,

on

(1);

(2); et

est. [L.

(3); in in,

on

and

all

everyone.

we

probandi of proving (3); burdens (4); ei him (5); qui who (6); agit brings a suit, prosecutes (7): At all times the compulsion of proving weighs upon him who brings a suit.] Law. At all times the compulsion See actori incumbit

semper paratus

senate of a university,

(2) ; consulto

semper always (1); paratus Always prepared.

—

n.

in

Law.

A

an action

of assumpsit, makes an allegation that he has always

comply with what is demanded. semper praesumitur pro matrimonio. [L. semper always (2); praesumitur it is presumed (1); pro in favor of, on the side of (3); matrimonio marriage (4): It is always presumed in favor of marriage.] Law. The validity of marriage is always presumed. semper praesumitur pro negante. [L. semper always (1); praesumitur it is presumed (2); pro in favor of, for (3); negante the one denying (4): Always it is presumed in favor of the one denying.] Law. The to

senatus of senate

By

(1):

by Senate's

decree or decision of the

Senate. See senatus consultum.

senatus consultum abbr. S.C. [L. ( 1 ):

n.,pl.

senatus consulta

(2);

consultum decree, decision

decree of the Senate.]

Roman Law. A decree of the

senatus of senate

Roman

Senate. In the early Republic, this decree

initially

advice to a magistrate, and did not carry the

which

it

was

acquired in the imperial period. [L. senatus of senate by decree of the senate.]

senatus decreto abbr. S.D. adv. (2) ; decreto

By

by decree

(1):

senatorial decision or decree.

Senatus Populusque

Romanus

abbr. S.P.Q.R. [L.

senatus senate ( 1 ); populus people, citizenry

and

(3);

Romanus Roman

Senate and

Rome. The Senate and the

People.] Ancient

People.

(4):

A formulaic expression used

in

(2);

que

Roman Roman

decrees and

official statements.

Motto of the Boy Scouts of America. plea by which a defendant, particularly been ready

[L.

by decree, decision

decree or decision.]

etc.

adj. [L.

flourish,

senatus consulto abbr. S.C. adv.

on the plaintiff/prosecution.

prepared, ready (2): always ready.]

such that there can be

accepted semper, ubique,

sempre adv. [It. always.] Music. Always in the same way. senatus academicus or senatus n., pi. senatus academici or senatus [L. senatus senate (2); academicus academic (1): academic senate.] The

sion, urgency, necessity (2);

lies

is

simple, simply.] Music. Simply.

[It.

way. Without

force of law

settles on,

nature

tenet, etc.

ab omnibus.

In a plain

sider the actual facts.

of proving a case

Human

semplice adv./adj.

always con-

semper necessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agit. [L. semper always, at all times (1); necessitas compulincumbit weighs upon,

general ones.]

no view, doctrine,

(4); ceteris other, all

other contracts

in

ubique everywhere, in every place (2); et and ab from, by (4); omnibus all (5): always, everywhere, and by all.] At all times, in all places, and by

sequimur we follow (7); quod which (10); actum est was done ( 1 1): In stipulations and other contracts we always follow that which was done.] Law. In stipulations

insunt are con-

(4);

Special things are always

(2):

(3);

stipulationibus stipulations, agree-

and

implied in

(1) ;

semper always

other (5); contractibus contracts (6); id that (9);

in,

The particular is implied in quando lex est specialis etc. semper, ubique, et ab omnibus [L. semper always

etc.

in ceteris contractibus,

semper

(3); specialia special, particular (things) (1);

implied

(3);

liberal (things) £4);

who

the general. See

et

semper

things

ments

tained

(q.v.).

benigniora more favorable,

In

specialia generalibus insunt. [L.

always

generalibus general (things)

in dubiis benigniora praeferenda. [L.

of the person

in favor

A rule applicable when opinion

equally divided. See actori incumbit etc.

semper

the same.

semper fidelis abbr. semper fi adj., pi. semper fideles [L. semper always, ever (1); fidelis faithful, trustworthy (2): Ever faithful.] Always dependable or trustworthy. During Ronke 's moments of tribulation, all her friends and associates deserted her, but Rose, semper fidelis, stood by her side, comforting, encouraging, and assisting her. The motto of the U.S. Marine Corps. semper idem masc. and neut. sing, form of semper semper

always

is

denies an allegation.

S.

en C. abbr. for societe en commandite

senex bis puer time

(2);

time.]

[L.

puer boy (3):

An old man

Senhor abbr. Snr. lord or master.]

of a

man who

is

(q.v.).

man ( 1 ); bis twice, a second An old man (is) a boy a second

senex old

1

is

twice a boy. Cf. bis pueri senes.

n., pi. .

Senhors or Senhores

Mister or Mr. Prefixed to the

[Port,

name

Portuguese or Portuguese-speaking.

A Portuguese man or one who speaks Portuguese. See babu; Herr; Monsieur; san; Sefior; and Signor.

2.

Senhora abbr. Snra 1

.

woman who 2.

n.,pl.

Senhoras

Mistress or Mrs. Prefixed to the is

[Port, mistress.]

name of a married

Portuguese or Portuguese-speaking.

A Portuguese or Portuguese-speaking woman who

married. Cf. Frau; Fraulein;

is

Madame; Mademoiselle;

Senhorita; Senora; Senorita; Signora; and Signorina.

359 Senhorita abbr. Snrta

young

mistress,

of an unmarried

Fraulein;

S.

1.

Senhoritas

[Port,

young

Miss. Prefixed to the

name

woman or girl who is Portuguese or

Portuguese-speaking.

speaking

n., pi.

lady.]

2.

A Portuguese or Portuguese-

woman who is unmarried. Cf. Frau; Madame; Mademoiselle; Senhora;

Senora Senorita; Signora; and Signorina. en N.C. abbr. for societe en nom collectif (q.v.).

Senior abbr. Sr.

Older

adj. [L. older.]

in

rank or age.

Used as a title in a proper name to indicate the older of two individuals with the same name, especially a n. father and his son. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Sr.

—

senior pi. seniors senior citizen.

2.

1

A person older in rank or age. A

.

A fourth-year student in high school

Se non e vero, e molto ben trovato. Giordano Bruno (15487-1600).

vero true (7): If

true,

it

(4); e

it is

not true,

is

non not

se if (1);

[It.

ben well

(5); it

is

Senor or Senor abbr.

it is

(3);

trovato found

(6);

Even if it is not ben trovato.

S. or Snr. or Sr.

or Senors [Sp. lord or master.] Sir.

(2); e

well found.]

a happy discovery. Cf.

it is

sensu stricto or stricto sensu adv.

1

n., pi.

Sefiores

Mister or Mr. or

.

A title of courtesy used for, or of, a Spaniard or man. 2. A Spaniard or Spanish-

[L.

sensu

sense

(in)

(2) ; stricto in strict (1): in the strict sense.] Strictly.

In a narrow sense.

friend, but

Mustapha

meaning

anima words is

sensus sense,

legis. [L.

verborum of words

(1);

spirit, is

sensu stricto, not my

is,

an acquaintance.

sensus verborum est anima

(2); est is (3);

The sense of The meaning of the words

soul (4); legis of law (5):

the spirit of law.]

the soul of the law. Cf. lex plus laudatur etc.

sensus verborum est duplex,

—mitis

et asper; et

verba semper accipienda sunt in mitiori sensu. [L. sensus meaning (1); verborum of words (2); est is (3) duplex twofold, double (4); mitis mild (5); et ;

and

(6);

words

or college. Cf. Junior.

non fertur

sententia

asper harsh, adverse

semper always

(9);

(7); et

and

verba

(8);

accipienda to be

(11);

understood, accepted (12); sunt are (10); in

on

in,

sensu sense (15): The meaning of words is twofold, the mild and the harsh (13); mitiori milder (14);

—

meaning; and words are always

to

be understood

Words have two

the milder sense.] Law.

in

possible

meanings: mild and harsh; they must always be

inter-

preted in the milder sense. n., pi.

sententiae [L. opinion, thought,

maxim.]

A wise saying or opinion. A Maxim.

sententia

a Spanish-speaking

belief,

speaking man. See babu; Herr; Monsieur; san;

—Sententiae Maxims,

Senhor; and Signor.

maxims or proverbs, such as those of Publilius Syrus

Senor a or Senora abbr. Sfira or

SRA

Senoras or Senoras [Sp. mistress, or Mrs. or

Madam.

or Sra

lady.]

1.

n., pi.

Mistress

A title of courtesy used for, or of, a

woman who is Spanish or Spanish-speaking. woman who is Spanish or Spanishspeaking. Cf. Frau; Fraulein; Madame; Mademoimarried 2.

A

married

Senhora; Senhorita; Senorita; Signora; and

selle;

SRTA or Srta n.,pl.

young mistress, young

SRITA

or Srita

Senoritas or Senoritas [Sp.

lady.]

1

.

Miss.

A title of cour-

woman or girl who Spanish-speaking. 2. An unmarried

tesy used for, or of, an unmarried is

Spanish or

woman who

of a collection of

title

century B.C.).

non judice

sententia a

lata

nemini debet nocere.

judge (5); lata passed, delivered (2); no one, nobody (8); debet ought, should

(4) ; judice

nemini (6);

to

nocere

do harm,

to

hurt, injure (7):

who

sentence passed by a judge

tion over the case

territorium jus sententia contra

rem judicatam. (1);

etc.

numquam

Frau; Fraulein;

Madame; Mademoiselle; Senhora;

(5) ; in into, to, against, for (6);

judicatam decided (7):

sensu prep. [L.

in the

honesto

in

Frankly. words.

honest

( 1 ):

in

]

With the meaning of. meaning (2);

(in) sense,

an honest sense.] Honestly.

Used of unprejudiced

interpretation of

Had he interpreted the words sensu honesto,

would have realized that there

is

he

nothing defamatory

sensu lato adv. [L. sensu

wide

(1): in

sensum

n.,

pi sensa

Sense-datum. sensus

n.

[L.

(in)

sense (2); lato

in

broad,

a broad sense.] In a wide sense. [L.

something

felt

A thing perceived by

or perceived.]

the senses.

sense or meaning.] Sense or meaning,

especially of words.

passes

rem

matter (8); A judgment against marriage

is

never a

final

A judg-

and complete

judgment.

vim

sententia facit jus, et legis interpretatio legis obtinet. [L. sententia sentence,

makes

(2);

jus right, law

(3); et

judgment and

);

facit

of law

Judgment

and interpretation of law obtains force

of law.] Law. Judgment gives a tion

1

of law (9); vim

force (8); obtinet obtains, acquires, has (7): right

(

(4); legis

(6) ; interpretatio interpretation (5); legis

makes

in the article.

(4); transit

never passes into a decided matter.] Law.

ment against marriage

sense (of)

sensu honesto adv. [L. sensu

matrimonium

(2);

never

transit in

judgment

[L. sententia sentence,

contra against, opposite (3);

has no jurisdic-

matrimonium numquam

marriage

be perceived by the senses.

sentence

ought to hurt no one. See extra

Spanish or Spanish-speaking. Cf.

Senhorita; Senora; Signora; and Signorina.

A

passed by not judge should do harm to no one.] Law.

is

sensibilia pi. n. [L. perceptible things.] Things that can

[L.

non not

sententia sentence, judgment (1); a by (3);

A

Signorina.

Senorita or Senorita abbr. Sfirta or or

(first

the

right,

and

interpreta-

of the law acquires the force of law. Cf. legis

interpretatio etc. and

omnis interpretatio

etc.

sententia non fertur de rebus non liquidis. [L. sententia sentence, judgment ( is

1

);

non not (2); fertur

brought, passed (3); de of, from, about, for (4);

360

senza sordini

rebus matters (5); non not (6); liquidis clear (7): Judgment is not brought about matters not clear.] Law. Judgment is not passed on matters which are

[It.

senza without (1); sordini mutes

without mutes.] Music. With string or brass instru-

ments unmuted.

ments

show

to

accused persons are charged

that the

separately.

separatim adv.ladj.

[L. separately.] Severally. Apart.

bonorum n. [L. separatio separation (1); bonorum of goods (2): separation of goods.] Roman

separatio

1

The

(a)

.

separation of the goods of a decedent

from those of the of a decedent to

The right of the creditors

heir(s). (b)

insist that his/her

from those of the

goods be kept separate

The goods of a

heir(s). 2.

decedent,

including the original ones and subsequent additions.

seppuku

[Japan, from

n.

seppu

(1) abdomen-cutting.] :

septemvir seven

seven.]

A

ku abdomen

to cut (2);

Hara-kiri

man (2): member of a vir

[L.

septem

tia

MacCabe

that

secrecy rule

.

.

.

s opponents Int.

had violated a

Feb. 16, 1981:46).

n. [L.

from sept(em) seven

(2) seven tens, seventy.] :

(1

);

-ginta tens

The 3rd century B.C.

trans-

of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, traditionally

said to have been translated seq. abbr. for

sequens

1.

seqq. abbr. for

1.

sequentibus

by seventy

(q.v.). 2.

sequentes

scholars.

sequitur

(q.v.).

(q.v.) or sequentia.

sequamur vestigia patrum nostrorum.

[L.

sequamur

us follow (1); vestigia footsteps, tracks (2); patrum (of) fathers (4); nostrorum of our (3): Let let

us follow the footsteps of our fathers.]

We

should

follow in the footsteps of our ancestors.

sequentes or sequentia

adj. In., pi.

abbr. seqq. [L. following.]

The

following.

sequentes or sequentia pi. of sequens

sequentibus abbr. seqq.

non praecedere.

debet ought, should

(3);

power, authority

come

should

(1);

(2);

justitiam justice

[L.

poten-

(4);

non

after,

sequitur abbr. seq. Logic. is

not before, justice. See potentia

etc.

sequiturs [L.

n., pi.

It

A logical inference from a premise.

follows.]

The article

centered on one premise from which the writer

derives

seraglio

many

useful sequiturs. Cf.

seraglios

n., pi.

non sequitur.

serraglio from Turk,

[It.

sarayi enclosure, harem, palace of a sultan.]

harem

1.

A

The portion of a Muslim household

(q.v.).

where the women of society.

2.

live,

completely secluded from the

A Turkish palace. A sultan's resi-

dence or palace. See zenana. ;

nimis too

[L. (in)

(q.v.).

following things.] In

(5);

vive live

hodie today

(6);

(7): Too late is the life of tomorrow; live today.] Tomorrow it is too late to live; live today. For a fuller form, see non est, crede etc.

open

serenades

n., pi.

air.]

1.

A

usually to a beloved.

2.

serenade a song

[Fr.

song sung

in the

open

Music.

3.

in the

air at night,

Any song sung

of a particular individual.

in the

honor

A composition

written for a small instrumental group.

—

v.

To honor

an individual with a song.

One by

seriatim [L. in a series.] adv. Serially.

He

one.

received a letter setting forth the

rather than terms ofhis appointment seriatim, b). laying down general principles, a number of trans.

.

actions will be taken seriatim (James 1982:246).

Done, arranged, or is

set

down

in

—

adj.

a series. His speech

essentially a seriatim rebuttal

of the allegations

leveled against him.

sermo index animi See index animi sermo. servanda

est

servanda

consuetudo

to

be observed

custom, usage, tradition

the following places.

crastina of

(1); vita life (4); est is (3);

tomorrow, tomorrow's

Separately, a)

(q.v.).

sequens abbr. seq.

A person appointed

not (5); praecedere to precede, lead (6): Power should follow justice, not precede (it).] Law. Power

serenade

Cf. decemvir.

Septuaginta

2.

of sequestration.

103/4 A.D.). Epigrammata 1,15. [L. sera late (2);

{Newsweek

.

.

receives as a

A person appointed to

body, group, board, council,

convening the Septemviri, the university court, on the

2.

.

sera nimis vita est crastina vive hodie. Martial (c.40-

.

lation

1

sequestrators

who

seven man, one of a body of

association, commission or ruling body of seven. considered Meanwhile MacCabe's supporters

ground

Law.

sequi debet potentia justitiam,

rest

(q.v.).

septemviri or septemvirs

n.,pl.

(1);

to execute a writ

debet sequi

Separate.

Law.

third party or trustee.]

sequi to follow

separaliter adv. [L. separately.] Law. Used in indict-

n.,pl.

or fern, seq u est rat rices [L. one

receive sequestered property.

not clear.

senza sordini adv. (2):

sequestrator oxfern, sequestratrix

loci

ubi causa agitur.

(7); est is (6); (1); loci

[L.

consuetudo

of place

(2);

ubi

Roman and Civil Law. A person who keeps the property disputed by the litigants, pend-

causa cause, case, reason (4); agitur is brought (5): The custom of the place where the case is brought is to be observed.] Law. The custom of

ing the settlement of the

the place

sequester

n., pi.

sequesters [L. trustee, depositary, me-

diator, go-between.]

sequestratio trustee.]

n.

suit.

[L. protection

Roman and

Civil

under a

third party or

Law. Sequestration. The

where

(3);

where the case

is

being handled must be

observed. servitia personalia

sequuntur personam.

separation or removal of a disputed property from

services (2); personalia personal (1);

the person in possession, pending the settlement of

follow (3);

the suit in court.

by the

court.

It

could either be voluntary or ordered

personam person

(4):

[L. servitia

sequuntur

Personal services

follow the person.] Law. The the duties and obligations of an individual follow that individual.

361 servitus

ment,

the condition of a servant, slavery, ease-

n. [L.

liability.]

Servitude. 2.

1.

Roman and

Law. Slavery.

Civil

Law ofNations. Subjection to another's

domination, contrary to the principles of natural servitus actus

n. [L.

right.

servitus the condition of a servant,

slavery, servitude, easement, liability (1); actus of

the right of way, of the right to drive through a place (2):

The

servitude of the right of way.] Law.

right to

non

tollendi

servitus the condition

n. [L.

of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement, altius higher (4);

non not

n. [L. from sesquipes a distance of one and one half feet: one and one half feet.] Extra-

sesquipedalia pi.

Words of many syllables. Her was filled with so many sesquipedalia that her audience was unable to discern her main point. ordinarily long words.

lecture

sextipara (2);

n.,pl.

sextiparas [Neo-L. from sext(us) sixth

par(io) give birth (1): giving birth for the sixth

time.] Medicine.

A woman who has

given birth for

the sixth time. Cf. multipara.

cross over the land of another. servitus altius

Shiatsu

liability ( 1

);

of building,

(3); tollendi

S.F. or

s.f.

abbr. for

1.

sans frais

sub finem

(q.v.). 2.

(q.v.).

S.F.S. abbr. for sine fraude sua (q.v.).

erecting (2): servitude of not building higher.] Law.

S.G. abbr. for salutis gratia

A

Shabbat n. [Heb. sabbat rest ] Judaism. Sabbath (q.v.). shah n. [Pers. shah king.] A hereditary monarch in Persia

which empowers the

right attached to a building

owner to prevent a neighbor from higher than his/her own. servitus

aquae ducendae

n. [L.

erecting a building

(Iran).

servitus the condition

of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement,

aquae of water

ducendae

(2);

to

liability (1);

be conducted

servitude of water to be conducted.] Law. to

The

(3):

right

conduct water to one's property through another's.

servitus

aquae educendae n.

[L. servitus the condition

of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement,

liability (1);

aquae of water (2); educendae to be drawn out (3): servitude of water to be drawn out.] Law. The right to run off water

servitus

from one's land into another's.

aquae hauriendae n.

liability (1);

aquae of water (2); hauriendae to be drawn out (3): servitude of water to be drawn out.] Law. The right to draw out water to one's property from another's. n. [L.

Shaitan

n.

[Ar. saytan

accuser.] Islam.

shaitans

shalom

An

The

evil spirit. Cf.

interj. [Heb.

say farewell

from Heb. satan adversary, devil. Satan.

in

— shaitan

pi.

Satan.

salom peace.] Used

to greet or

Jewish and also some Christian com-

munities. Cf. pax; salaam; and shanti.

shaman n.,pl. shamans [Russ. from Tungusian saman

]

A religious figure, especially in northern Asia, with magical, healing, and seeing powers from the supernatural world.

[L. servitus the condition

of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement,

servitus itineris

(q.v.).

servitus the condition of a servant,

shanti

n., pi.

shantis [Skt. peace.] Hinduism.

A

wish

for peace, used as a greeting or as part of the reading

of the Upanishads. Cf. pax; salaam; and shalom. shari'a or sharia or shariat or sheria or sheriat

n.

The body of laws Sunna (q.v.), governing

[Ar. shar'iah lawfulness.] Islam.

based on the Koran and the

slavery, servitude, easement, liability (1); itineris of

the religion and almost every aspect of life economic,

passage, way, going (2): servitude of passage.] Law.

servitus the

The estabMuslim country. The law of the land is the harsh Koranic Sharia and is administered {Newsweek Int. March 3, 1980:21). bytheulema,

condition of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement,

sharif or shareef or shereef or sherif n.,pl. sharifs or

The

right to cross over another's property.

See

servitus viae. servitus ne luminibus officiatur.

ne

liability (1);

n. [L.

order that not (2); luminibus to

in

lights (4); officiatur there

may be

an obstacle

(3):

servitude in order that there not be an obstacle to lights.]

Law. The

right not to

n.

of a

servitude of pasturing.]

Law. The right to pasture one's

cattle

on the property

of another. Cf. jus pecoris pascendi. servitus viae

n. [L.

servitude of the road.] Law.

ride or drive

servus servant (3):

( 1 );

viae ofway,

The right to walk,

over another's land. See servitus

Servus servorum Dei ( 1 );

n., pi.

itineris.

Servi servorum Dei [L.

servorum of servants (2); Dei of

servant of the servants of God.]

titles.

]

Fatima.

—Sharif An Arab

official or ruler, especially

The wife of the

ruler of Morocco. shhotzim [Yid. sheygets] A derogatory term for a non-Jewish boy. Cf. goy and shiksa. sheikh or sheik or sheykh or shaikh or shaykh n., pi. sheikhs or sheiks or sheykhs or shaikhs or shay khs [Ar. shaykh old man, chief] 1 The chief or head of

shegetz

n., pi.

.

servitus the condition of a servant,

slavery, servitude, easement, liability

Pope's

shareefs or shereefs or sherifs [Arab, sharif noble

sharifa n.,pl. sharifas [Arab, feminine form of sharif

servant, slavery, servitude, easement, liability (1); (2):

.

by a neighbor's

[L. servitus the condition

pascendi of pasturing

.

A male descendant of Muhammed and his daughter

noble.]

servitus pascendi

God

.

the governor of Mecca (q.v.) or the ruler of Morocco.

building.

(2):

lished law in every

have one's windows'

accessibility to light jeopardized

road

social, political, ethical, domestic, etc.

One of the

an Arab family, clan,

governor

in

tribe,

or village.

2.

A prince or 3. A Mus-

Arab or Muslim communities.

lim scholar or leader.

shekel in

n., pi.

shekels [Heb. sheqel

ancient and

coins.

Shiatsu

Used

n.

modern

Israel. 2.

in slang. Cf.

]

1.

Coinage used

Money,

especially

denarius and dinaro.

[Japan, short for shiatsuryoho: shi finger (

atsu pressure (2); ryoho treatment

(3): finger

1

);

pressure

362

shibboleth

treatment.]

finger and

A form of Japanese massage in which palm pressure is used on areas treated in

acupuncture.

shibboleth

shibboleths [Heb. shibbOlet stream,

of grain.]

when crossing

I.

The word used by Jephthah,

way. Used

pronounce

test to distinguish foreigners

that

it

is

used as

from indigenous

A

custom or practice which distinguishes one group from another. Ownership of a

Peugeot 504 saloon car

is

increasingly ceasing to

be the shibboleth of the middle class ofNigeria. 4. A slogan. A catchword. An almost meaningless expression or saying which

is

usually used by

members of

Language which is almost exclusively used by members of a particular group. 5. A platitude. A commonplace idea or saying. All of them are highly individual, all discuss some aspect ofthat worn shibboleth, the American Dream {Time Int. 1980). shikar n. [Hindi shikar hunt.] 1. The act of hunting. 2. That which is hunted. Game. v. To hunt. a group.

—

n., pi.

shikaris [Hindi shikari hunter

hunter of big game.

2.

]

I.

A

Someone who guides such

a

hunter.

shiksa or shikse

n.

[Yid. shikse.]

for a non- Jewish girl. Cf.

shiva or shivah or shibah

Judaism.

A period

A

derogatory term

goy and shegetz. n.

[Heb. shib'ah seven

of mourning for seven days

]

fol-

lowing a funeral.

n.

[Heb. destruction.] The Holocaust. The perse-

n., pi.

warlord.

shoguns [Japan,

Tycoon

1

hoc verbo (q.v

general.]

A

Japanese

1

manner. In

.

word or passage

to

way

or

an exact reproduction of the original. Used language or view without saying

so explicitly.

non n. [L. sic thus, in this way, yes (1); et and non not, no (3): yes and no.] Yes and no, the title of a theological work by Peter Abelard (1079-1 142). sic et non n., pi. sic et nons A form of medieval

Sic et (2);

—

argumentation in which scriptural passages were offered in a series

ad

sic itur

of exchanges without commentary.

AeneidlXML

astra. Vergil (70-19 B.C.).

[L. sic so, thus, in this (2);

ad

this

way there

way

(1); itur there is a

according to

to, at, for,

astra stars

(3);

a going to the stars.] This

is

2.

sub

is

going (4): In

the path

way) to the stars. This is what should be done, if one wants to achieve success, fame, prosperity, etc. sic passim adv. [L. sic so, thus, in this way ( 1 ); passim in different places, scattered about far and wide (2): thus in different places.] So throughout. Usually used to show that an idea, view, word or error, etc. can be found at different places throughout a book or other (or

published source. sic

semper tyrannis

[L. sic thus, in this

way (1); semper

is

the

(3):

way tyranny

Thus always

(or despotism)

should always end. This should be the fate of all tyrants

when

1865)

Spoken by John Wilkes Booth ( 1 838— Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)

killing

Motto of the State of Virginia. mundi. Thomas a Kempis (1380—

14, 1865.

gloria

sic transit

1471). Imitatio Christi 1,3,6. [L. sic so, thus, in this sit et finis

negotio impositus

est, finitur societas. [L. si if (1); alicujus

of any,

(4); rei (of) matter, thing, property, business,

way

(1); transit

glory (3);

away

passes by; passes

mundi of world,

away

universe

the glory of the world.]

Such

(4):

(2);

gloria

Thus passes

the transitory

is

affair (5); societas partnership, association (3); sit

nature of worldly glory or success. Ifwe are still here to

there should be (2); et and (6); finis end, termination

witness the destruction of our planet some five billion years or more hence, then we will have achieved

(7);

negotio business, affair (10); impositus imposed,

put on

(9); est is,

has been

(8); finitur is

ended,

ter-

something so unprecedented in the history oflife that

we should be

willing to sing our swan

minated (12); societas partnership, association (1 1): If there should be a partnership of any affair and an

Sic transit gloria

end has been imposed on the business, the associa-

1982:44).

tion

is

ended.] Law. If there

venture and the business the partnership

adhuc si

In such

1

Intentionally written in

deliberately written in that

to criticize a writer's

on April

sub hac voce (q.v.).

.

).

alicujus rei societas

some

2.

after a printed

was

(or despots).

(q.v.).

S.H.V. or s.h.v. abbr. for

si

is

it

it

to tyrants.] This

cution of European Jews by the Nazis.

shogun

that

that

numquam

always (2); tyrannis to tyrants, despots

shlemiel See schlemiel.

Shoah

show

ones. See

way.]

this

difficult for foreigners to

inhabitants. 3.

sic adv. [L. so, thus, in this

who

A word so

things are not to be malady by using familiar

new

try

manner. As follows.

XII:6). 2.

new

etc.

this

Gileadites, his followers, from the Ephraimites,

shikari

you need not

decurritur

the Jordan, to distinguish the

pronounced "sh" as "s" (Judges an acid

attempted.] If you can cure a

drugs,

n.,pl.

flood, ear

could cure by usual things,

is

is

is

a partnership for a

subsequently terminated,

similarly terminated. Cf. solvitur

societas etc.

nova non sunt tentanda. by usual, familiar (things) (4); mederi to heal, cure (3); possis you could, should be able (2); nova new (things) (5); non not (7); sunt are (6); te(mp)tanda to be attempted, tried (8): If you assuetis mederi possis,

[L. si if (1); assuetis

sicut alias time,

A

n.

mundi {Newsweek

song with joy.

Int.

March

[L. sicut just as, as (1); alias at

29,

another

some other time (2): just as at another time.] Law.

second writ sent out when the

first

could not be

executed. sic

utere tuo ut alienum non Iaedas. [L. sic so, thus,

in this

yours

way, (2);

in

such a

way

(3);

utere use

(1);

ut that (4); alienum another's (7);

tuo

non

may hurt (5): Use yours in such a way that you may not hurt another's.] Law. Use your not (6); laedas you

363 way that you do not hurt another's.

property in such a

See aedificare in tuo etc.; expedit reipublicae etc.; interest reipublicae ne sua etc.; interest reipublicae ut quilibet

ne quis

and prohibetur

etc.;

etc.

me Deus

sicut

utere tuo

etc.; ita

deus God

adjuvet. [L. sicut so

adjuvet

(2);

may

help

(1);

me me

(4);

So may God

(3):

at

natura

nec

ita

lex. [L. sicut

does

bound and

per by, through

(3);

(6); ita so, thus, in this

not,

nor (8); lex law

saltum

(5);

way

(9): Just as

(7);

not,

saltum

il

Both nature

(2) ; n'

.

.

.

pas not

[Fr. si if (1);

Dieu God

(4); existait existed (3);

faudrait would be necessary

God

to invent, devise (7): If

(6);

1'

him

(8);

did not exist,

il it

si

dis placet adv. [L. si if ( it

si

is

pleasing (2): if

it

is

1

if

there

in

Prefixed to the

Sir.

name of an

Signoras or Signore

S. or Sig. n., pi. 1.

Mistress or Mrs. or

Signorinas or Signorine

n.,pl.

young

mistress.]

1.

[It.

Italian woman or girl as a An Italian woman or girl who is Frau; Fraulein; Madame; Made-

name of an unmarried title

God

of courtesy.

unmarried. Cf.

2.

moiselle; Senhora; Senhorita, Senora; Senorita;

were no God.

and Signora.

pleasing to the gods.] If the

si

ingratum dixeris, omnia

dixeris. [L.

si if (1);

ungrateful, unthankful (3); dixeris

duo in testamento pugnantia reperientu r, ultimum est ratum. [L. si if (1); duo two (2); in in, on (5);

have said

(2);

pugnantia fighting (things) (3);

have said

reperientur will be found est

is (8);

ratum

valid,

(4);

ultimum

confirmed

If two conflicting clauses are is

accepted. See

menta cum duo siddur

n., pi.

cum duo

found

in

said (4): If

is valid.]

silent

arma

inter se etc. and testa-

life to (1):

Hail, victory.]

The Nazi

salute.

—

mountain range, points.

Used

n., pi.

i.e.,

A rugged

An

nap.

(5):

siestas [Sp. an afternoon nap.]

afternoon

rest.

silent

among

are silent/inactive;

i.e.,

leges.

favore; prego; and por favor.

A midday

A figure of speech in which two things are

compared.

3:00

similes [L. like, similar, resembling.]

n., pi.

Rhetoric.

A short rest or sleep. Students

siesta every afternoon from

For laws are

war the laws

(3);

vous plait abbr. S.V.P. [Fr. s' if (1); il it (2); vous you (4); plait pleases (3): if it pleases you.] If you please. Please. Cf. bitte schon; bitte sehr; per

simile

4:00 P.M.

fueris

arms, weapons

B.C.).

enim among, between (4); still

gives consent. Cf. qui tacit consentit.

to identify several ranges in the south-

of the school have to

arma. Cicero (106-43

[L. silent are silent,

s'il

one with many sharp and steep

and Sierra Nevada. n., pi.

.

consentionem significat. [L. silentio silence (1); consentionem consent, agreement (3); significat means, signifies (2): Silence means consent.] Silence

western United States, including the Sierra Madre siesta

1

silentio

ofthe crowd were enthusiastic and long-lasting.

sierra n.,pl. sierras [Span, rugged mountains.]

will

it all.

Also inter arma silent

[Ger. Sieg victory (2); heil hail, long

will

during war "the law of military necessity" operates.

Seig Heils The shouting of the Nazi salute. The Sieg Heils

have said ungrateful, you

leges inter

arms.] During

etc.

you

dixeris you will have

for (1); leges laws (2); inter

a will, the last

siddurim [Heb. arrangement.] Judaism.

inter/.

will

all (5);

If you say that a person is ungrateful,

Pro Milone IV, 1

Law.

A book of prayer. Sieg Heil

enim

omnia

you

all.]

you have said

the last (7);

(9): If two fighting

things will be found in a will, the last

young

Miss. Prefixed to the

ingratum

(6);

have

Rome,

A high-ranking adult male Italian.

gods are willing.

testamento will

si

Italian. 2.

lady, mistress.]

lady,

(5);

dis to the gods (3); placet

);

will

Senhorita; Senora; Senorita; and Signorina.

would

be necessary to invent him.] The concept of

would be necessary even

male

Signorina

inventer it

you

Prefixed to the

faudrait 1'inventer. Voltaire

(1694-1778). Epitres XCVI.

if

When

Madam. name of a married Italian woman. 2. A high-ranking married Italian woman. Cf. Frau; Fraulein; Madame; Mademoiselle; Senhora; [It.

etc.

Dieu n'existait pas,

Mister or Mr. or

Signora abbr.

and the law change slowly. See natura non facit

Si

/

See babu; Herr; Monsieur; san; Senhor; Senor;

nature does noth-

ing by a leap, so also the law does not.]

Roman way;

live just as there.]

and Signor.

leap,

nec also

.

adult

so as, just as (1); natura nature (2); nil nothing (4); facit

live in the

monumentum

do as the Romans do. When you are elsewhere, live as they do there. Sig. abbr. for 1. Signor (q.v.). 2. Signora (q.v.). Signor or Signore abbr. S. or Sig. n., pi. Signors (for Signor only) or Signori (for both) [It. lord, master.] 1

per saltum,

nil facit

Rome,

been elsewhere,

help me.] So help me, God. sicut

si

It is

"like," "as,"

usually introduced by words such as

and "just as;"

e.g.,

"As busy

as a bee."

similia similibus curantur. [L. similia like, similar

Romae, Romano vivito more; / si

(things) (1); similibus with similar, like (things) (3);

fueris alibi,

Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667). [L. si fueris you will have been (2); Romae at Rome

vivito sicut ibi.

curantur are cured, healed

if (

should be cured with similar things.] Similar rem-

1

);

(3) ;

Romano

(in)

way, manner

been

(8); alibi

in

Roman

(5); vivito live (4);

(6); si if (7); fueris

elsewhere

you

will

more

have been

Similar things

edies are used to cure similar diseases.

A principle

of homeopathy.

have

(9); vivito live (10); sicut

just as; as (1 1); ibi there (12): If you will

(2):

si

monumentum requiris circumspice. [L. si if (1); monumentum monument (3); requiris you seek,

364

simpatico

look fix

p

circumsp+ce

.

around (4V

look,

^vk around

look for a monument,

\oe

If

If you are look-

]

rg for - rcrera mcmcment. 7r.e tomb inscnpDoo of Christopher Wren ( 1 652-1 723) in Sl Paul's Cnmuhri m Ijomkm Cf si quaeris peninsulam amoenam cireumspice vear e. ag-eear e simpaoco j.: Soar s.m ir .

i

.

.

sample

Simple

2 guarantee

::"

u
of mearmg

Japwh

il

>

;

L-

i

•

i

atrthority.

L

sine die jhh- SJ). or s.d

aa> Se ng r.xec

sine wirhout(l); tfe

thou: an> rusher da> re ng

;

1

sine fraude sua _r (3);

-

S.F.S.

u.r.

sine without ilk

]L.

an his her own (2>

without his

her owa fraud.] Law. With no fraud on his her part sine ira et studio

^

a-jzl&L: (2); et

and

(3\;

o*Y Tacitus (c-55-cll7 ii w thout

sine r

»

mdm prtt

A.D.).

,

I

i

1

miji

(40 without

in-

dismtion and partisanship L] Without negame emooon arc ...thoc: aicng

ssue

sides.

.•?

#dMu

sine legrrima prole or sine prole legrrima Jon*-

:

SJ—P

T

.

.

sine loco

loco

Mr.

S^:-:«:t^

.

hasbeenpiocedmfrtmtof : A semh ance. A shadowy is :

.:

JC:ran.j..-

aiir SJ_ or

together.

(IX cum win (2Y together with.] Law. Along wufc. Accompnmod by. Used m actions of tort ami piUAiulkm to stmufy mat me wrong m w 2s rerrec-arec r> some vnowa ami uuinuw

sJ. adv. [L.

pUce uV. without

place.]

No

sue

without (It

place of putfic*

anno (veD nomine coo- SX.A^V otsJjj. (Zt mmmm year vd or 4); nomine name (5* without place. >ear th.:ct i-.e riace r-r oar. on. > ear 0: name

sine loco,

ad\ ,

3

[L. sine without (1>; loco place .

:r

;

sine loco et

[L simnlatthc'— r tor.

:

v

SJ»X. or s-pJ. ad\\ adj [L. sum without leginma eg.nm-e. a.o_ : prole r^srr.ng. child (3 1 without legitimate oflfepring or issue.] With children. See decessit sine prole

3> tse.fre-se

simulacmms

^.

.

or sJ-pc or

ill

s.~r

T

txxu decree, dec mmi (2X without (Ri

frande fraud

the Sest.

nimia :cv much. uuajMWk (6); (7); ui in. on (Sfc jnre right, fanr reprobarur s jondemnec. a .sarrre eo

(3); et

r out reason.] For bo reason

-

(

Undated

]

Undated.

simpticitas s:m.ruc:t>

jure reprobarur. [L simpticitas sanpoory (IV est .legibus

[L sine without

cJ.

ear

u.

nka:

si

of

— 1

on 0: the

r.terrreta:

_

sine deereto -im.

obtigat r.ncs

not h:nd:ng

>.mr on. >~r~a

>

Law. Without a judge's

simpocitas est legibus arnica.

or rarura

n neatnesses,

atnt .

Wim bo intention

of mailing ]

C: animo revocandi and anim

.>cr.g

re-.

aumno

3

jo- SJ). or suL J>. [L.

munditiis

( I

obtigat.

:s

[L. sine

reason

Horace (co^

ncnal hcnd

animo revocandi juV

reco-rr-

Srmme

animc

1—n oriuif of

1

1

.

With no intent of returning,

a

a\endccis no:

aple

pliciry.

sine

out the intention

See ca> eat emptor.

(2):

returning.]

anno orr^ S-A. or s-a. ~ ; _: i anno ear I

.an e

:

See animus non revertendi

simme

does not bind] Mere

mo_:

;i sine -

j.r.

obtigat. T_. simplei

mcves

obtigat hinds.

:b%

enendi

sine

non .5

re>-

liiim pfc re%rrtemfi of returning (3 r. without

me intention

has

a simple form.

roc

animo

mud.

rite act.

i::r?ca...rg.rr.:virg

—

m$ [L. simple.] Having a simpie strjctune. .m >e-:e-ce gee me me srucrcre wh:eh

simplei

sine

cXv

fjVor.V

persons. ifus~.

unJbivwn cv^nmined

W

anno con-

sd. et a.

T_.

sine --th.oct

locophce(2):ctaod(3); an*o>ear (4i without puce and year ] Without puce or > ear of puNKaoon. S3LF. sue mascuia prole or sine prole mascmla (1);

^

or sjh4>- or out

\

1

l

SJ»AL

or &4>m. adv. ou)L [L.

tOTh male, masnihne (2 U

suewmV

365 male offspring or issue.] Without male children. Without sons. See decessit sine prole

si

quid universitati

child (3): without

the fortifications of Troy, subsequently released the

mascula.

Greek warriors locked up in the "horse" and joined them in sacking Troy. 2. A perfidious person. A trai-

sine

nomine abbr. S.N. or s.n. adv. [L. sine without nomine name (2): without name.] Anonymously, numero adj. [L. sine without (1); numero number

tor

sine

(2)

:

without nurftber.] Without limitation or

Sans nombre

stint.

non

potest. [L.

sine without (5); possessione possession (6);

usucapio usucaption, prescription proceed

(4);

procedere

( 1 );

non not (3); potest can,

to

able (2): Usu-

is

was exposed and expelled. non appareat quid actum est, erit consequens ut id sequamur quod in regione in qua actum est frequentatur. [L. si if (1); non not (2); appareat it is evident, apparent (3); quid what (4); actum est was done (5); erit it will be (6); consequens fit (7); tion,

si

(q.v.).

sine possessione usucapio procedere

who achieves his ends by telling false stories. A who had wormed his way into the organiza-

Sinon,

( 1 );

ut that (8); id that (10);

caption cannot proceed without possession.] Law.

quod which ( 1

Prescription cannot be effected without possession.

trict,

Cf. praescriptio est titulus etc.

dominia

and transferuntur

est

that

( 1 );

age of 68. See defunctus sine prole and mortuus

( 1

(17);

usually

is

usually done

is

was done, done

it

will

be

opus

sit

in the place

where the agreement was made.

abbr. S.O.S. [L.

Should the need

prole.

sine prole superstite abbr. S.P.S. or s.p.s. adv. [L.

sine without (1); prole offspring, child (3); superstite surviving, remaining alive (2): without

si if (1);

opus need

(3); sit

arise.

Should the occasion demand

or require. If necessary. si

parva licet componere magnis Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Georgics IV, 176. [L. si if (1); parva small (things)

componere

surviving offspring.] Without a surviving child. See

(4) ; licet

decessit sine prole superstite.

compare, contrast (3); magnis with great (things)

qua non n., qua which

(1);

qua nons [L. sine without non not (3): without which not.]

sine

pi.

(2);

If

—

existence.

adj. Essential.

Absolutely necessary. Indispensable. thinks that he

is

sine

qua non

is

Cf. si

Any official who

obviously living in a

mony or rancor. Quietly. n., pi.

Without

may compare the small with the great. magna componere parvis.

plures sint fidejussores, quotquot erunt numero,

(5) ;

(3); sint there

Visitatorialpanels are expected

(1); in into, to, against, for (2);

entire (3): several into the whole.]

shall

the whole. Severally liable for the entire

numero

number

in

(7);

solidum the whole,

be

in

entire

(8): If there

how many soever they

number, they are bound

(as) individual

(persons) into the whole.] Law. If there should be

in

Law. Severally

(6);

should be several guarantors,

A form of enter-

solidum the whole,

plures

quotquot how many soever

be

tenentur they are held, bound

(11);

singspiels [Ger. Singspiel: sing(en)

Germany

shall

in into, to, against, for (10);

or solve problems sine strepitu.

8th-century

erunt they

si if (1);

should be (2); fidejussores

singuli individual (persons), several (persons) (9);

acri-

which comic dialogue is combined with the singing of folk songs. singuli in solidum adj. [L. singuli several, individual 1

to

(5):

allowed to compare small things with great

more, several

strepitu confused

sing (1); Spiel play (2): sing play.]

tainment in

allowed, permitted (2);

guarantors, sureties (4); ( 1 );

noise, din (2): without confused noise.]

singspiel

is

singuli in solidum tenentur. [L.

fool 's paradise. sine strepitu adv. [L. sine without

to settle disputes

it is

it

things.] If one

Something considered essential or indispensable. Air is

a sine qua non for human

fit

in the district

there should be (2): if there should be the need.]

sine prole legitima See sine legitima prole.

sine

(9);

regione region, dis-

frequentatur

not evident what

is

3);

on ( 1 5); qua which ( 1 6); actum

4); in in,

we follow that which

observed si

mascula See sine mascula

it

sequamur we follow

on

in in,

in which it was done.] Law. If the terms of the agreement are not clear, we need to apply the terms usually

prole offspring, offshoot (2): without offspring/issue.]

Without children. Mr. Jones died sine prole at the sine prole.

(1

);

was done

it

(12): If

etc.

sine prole abbr. S.P. or s.p. adv. [L. sine without

sine prole

place

1

several guarantors, whatever be their number, they are si

for

bound individually

quaeris peninsulam if (1);

amount due.

for the entire sum.

amoenam

quaeris you look

peninsula (4);

for,

amoenam

circumspice. [L

seek

(2);

si

peninsulam

pleasant, pleasing (3);

singuli in solidum tenentur. [L. singuli several, indi-

circumspice look around (5): If you look for a pleasing

solidum the

peninsula, look around.] If you seek a pleasant penin-

vidual (2); in into,

whole, entire

(4);

to, against, for (3);

are held several into the whole.]

severally for the entire liable for the

Sinon

n.,pl.

(1):

They

sula,

Law. They are

liable

Cf. si

tenentur they are held

amount due. Each of them

is

Greek Mythology. have deserted the Greek ]

1.

forces at Troy, told the Trojans false stories about

the

wooden

monumentum

requiris circumspice.

quid universitati debetur singulis non debetur, nec

quod debet universitas singuli debent.

whole amount.

Sinons [Gk. Sinon

A Greek who, pretending to

si

look around. Motto of the State of Michigan.

horse, persuaded them to drag

it

within

quid anything (2); universitati vidual (persons) (7);

nec nor,

1

);

is owed (3); singulis to indinon not (5); debetur it is owed and not (8); quod (that) which, what (9);

corporation (4); debetur

(6) ;

[L. si if (

to aggregate, entirety,

366

praegnantem

quis

si

debet owes

(1 1);

owed

(13): If anything is

owed

debent owe

to a corporation,

it is

owed

not

it is

to the individual

mem-

do the individual members owe what the

uxorem

quis praegnantem

sine liberis decessisse. [L.

non videtur

reliquit.

quis any (man)

si if (1);

praegnantem pregnant (4); uxorem wife reliquit left (3); non not (6); videtur he seems ;

(5); (7);

sine without (9); liberis children (10); decessisse to

have departed

(8): If

any man

left

a pregnant wife,

he does not seem to have departed without children.]

man

Law.

If a

he

deemed not

is

sirdar

dies, leaving

to

have died

holder (2): head holder.]

Siren

n.,pl.

ogy.

behind a pregnant wife,

An individual of great rank.

Sirens [L. from Gk. Seiren] Greek Mythol-

A sea creature, often half-female and half-bird,

which charms to death.

sailors with her

—

siren

of great beauty.

2.

1

song and leads them

A seductive and dangerous female

.

A device used to emit a loud, warning siroccos or sciroccos

n., pi.

scirocco wind from the south or south-east.]

humid southern wind,

[It.

A warm,

especially one blowing from

North Africa across the Mediterranean

into southern

Europe.

The place where something

If

want

be suffered

first

/

(2);

pacem peace (5): If you

you wish

desiderat s.j.

you want, para prepare for (4);

[L. si if (1); vis

(3);

want peace, prepare

for war.]

for peace, get ready for war. Cf. qui

etc.

abbr. for sub judice (q.v.).

S.J.D. abbr. for Scientiae Juridicae Doctor (q.v.).

skepsis or scepsis

skepses or scepses [Gk. exami-

n. pi. ,

nation, consideration, speculation.] Skepticism. Critical attitude or outlook. Skeptical approach.

skoal interj [Dan. and Norw. from skaal cup.] .

mazel tov and Salute. abbr. for 1. secundum legem

A drink-

S.L. ors.l.

originates, exists, or

is

(q.v

).

S.L.A.N. or s.l.a.n. abbr. for sine loco, anno (vel)

s.l.

et a. abbr. for sine loco et

S.L.P. or

S.M. abbr.

for

anno

(q.v.).

abbr. for sine legitima prole (q.v.).

s.l.p.

Sanctae Memoriae (q.v

1.

2.

).

Scientiae

(q.v.).

smorgasbord

smorgasbords [Swed. smorgas-

n.,pl.

smor butter (1); gas goose (2); bord table (3):

bord:

buttered goose table.]

A self-serve meal consisting 2. A

1.

of a variety of dishes served on a sideboard.

A collection. Miscellanea (q.v.).

The ad-hoc

committee met with a smorgasbord of ideas which were suggested to honor the occasion. S.N. or s.n. abbr. for

viscerum n. [L. situs position (2); inversus inverted (1); viscerum of the vital organs

nomine (q.v.). Snr. abbr. for Senhor (q.v.).

of the

Medicine.

vital organs.]

2.

Snr. abbr. for Senor

Snra. abbr. for Senora

venia verbo abbr.

pardon

don

(2);

verbo

s.v.v. [L. sit let there

for the

word

(3):

be

( 1 );

venia

Let there be par-

for the word.] Forgive (or pardon) the expression.

Sitzkrieg n.,pl. Sitzkriege or Sitzkriegs [Ger. Sitz seat ( 1 );

Krieg war (2):

seat war, sedentary or sitting war.]

Warfare by avoiding major battles,

a)

.

.

.

the mountain

you wish, want

amari

be loved

(3);

ama

love (4): If you wish to be loved,

love.] If you

want

to

vis

me

flere,

vis

(2);

est

/

primum

you wish, want

(2);

me me

ipsi tibi.

[L. si if (1);

(3); flere to

weep

(4);

sobriquets or

sobriquet nickname

]

'

March

12, 1979:57). b)

Jerry Rowlings,

Head ofState, has a number ofsobriquets, "J.J.,

"

"Junior Jesus,

our Moses. n., pi.

"

Ghana

's

including

"Jerry the Savior" and "Jerry

"

societates [L. co-partnership, associa-

tion in business.]

Roman and Civil Law.

or contract by which

resources in a

Partnership

two or more persons unite

common

their

stock to share in the profits.

societas leonina or leonina societas

be loved, be loving.

dolendum

Horace (65-8 B.C.). Ars Poetica 102-103. vis

to

[Fr.

has earned him the sobriquet 77 Maestro "... (Newsweek

societas

si if (1);

n., pi.

A nickname. A fanciful name or epithet, a) Hisfilm-making prowess soubriquets

is

IX,4. [L.

(q.v.).

(q.v.).

sobriquet or soubriquet

took to sitzkrieg with the intention ofwearing out the

amari, ama. Seneca (c.4 B.C.-65 A.D.). Epistles

(q.v.).

Snrta. abbr. for Senorita

Int.

enemy. Cf. blitzkrieg.

).

(q.v.).

Snrta. abbr. for Senhorita

war sputtered into something like a sitzkrieg {Newsweek Int. March 12, 1979:22). b) Quintus Fabius Maximus, acknowledging Hannibal 's superior generalship,

vis

(q.v

(q.v.).

organs sit

(q.v.).

sine

Snra. abbr. for Senhora

reversed.

secundum naturam

1.

A condition in which the position of the internal body is

nom-

ine (q.v.).

S.M.P. or s.m.p. abbr. for sine mascula prole

:

sine

2.

loco (q.v.).

tion or taxation.

(3) inverted position

you by you

(8): If

me to shed tears, you yourself

pacem, para bellum.

S.J. or

primum

is (5);

considered to belong for purposes of legal jurisdicsitus inversus

si

vis

wish

mixture.

situs n.,pl. situs [L. situation, location, position, site.]

si

si

to

is

it

it

by you

first suffer.

Magister

sound. sirocco or sciroccos

weep,

yourself.] If you

must

(6); est

(by) self (9); tibi

ing toast. Cf.

childless.

[Hindi sardar from Pers. sar head (1); dar

n.

to

bellum war

corporation owes,

(2)

me

want

not

and what the corporation owes do not owe.] Law. If anything is owed to

a corporation, bers, nor

be suffered

to

first (7); ipsi

to individuals,

individuals

si

dolendum

universitas aggregate, corporation

(10); singuli individual (persons) (12);

n.

[L. societas

partnership (1); leonina of lions (2): partnership of lions.]

Roman Law.

nership in which

Applicable to a proposed part-

some of

the partners take

all

the

.

367 while the rest get nothing. Such partnership

profits, is

void ab initio (q.v.). The expression

the story of the lion

of ships.] sail

all

the prey.

[L. societas partnership, associa-

n.

of ships

tion (1); navalis

derived from

which formed a hunting partner-

ship with other animals and took societas navalis

is

(2): partnership/association

An association

in

which a number of ships

together to facilitate mutual protection.

solo cedit

A partnership in

name.] Law.

which

the partners

all

are liable jointly and severally.

nomine pi. n. nomine in name

socii

comrades, partners

[L. socii

name

partners. Partners in

(1);

name.] Nominal

(2): partners in

only.

socius criminis n.,pl. socii criminis [L. socius associate,

accomplice

partner,

(1);

criminis of crime

(2):

asso-

of crime.] Law. Associate/partner/accomplice

ciate

omnium bonorum n. [L. societas partnership, omnium of all (2); bonorum (of) goods (3): partnership of all goods.] Roman Law. A

soi-disant adj. [Fr. soi oneself (2) disant calling (1):

partnership which covers all the goods of the associates

calling oneself, so-called, self-styled.] Supposed. Pre-

societas

association (1);

or partners. See societas universorum

Societas Sanctae Crucis abbr. S.S.C. society

( 1 );

bonorum. societas

n. [L.

sanctae of holy (2); crucis

(of) cross (3):

Roman Catholic Church.

Society of the Holy Cross.]

A religious society founded in London in

1855 by a

small group of Anglo-Catholic priests led by Father

Charles Lowder. societas

goods

universorum bonorum n. [L. societas part( 1 ); universorum of entire (2); bonorum (of) (3):

partnership of entire goods.] Universal

partnership.

A

tended. Would-be. The police have warned the general

public to be on their guard against a soi-disant busi-

nessman who has been duping unwary traders. soiree or soiree party.]

partnership which includes

all

the

societe

anonyme abbr.

[Fr. societe society, association,

(2); 1

.

anonymes

S.A. n.,pl. societes

anonyme anonymous

(1):

company, partnership

anonymous

French Law. Originally, a partnership

society.]

which the

in

name of only one member is used for conducting business, all other partners being strictly secret. 2. Civil

Law.

A

corporation in which the liability of

all

the

limited to the capital they have invested.

partners

is

Limited

liability

company.

Cf.

commandite.

society, association, (2);

company, partnership

acquets acquisitions

tions.]

Law.

couple

in

A

(3):

d' of

partnership of acquisi-

written contract

which they agree

( 1 );

made by

a married

to consider as joint prop-

company, partnership limited partnership, ited partnership.] in

societes

societe society, association, (1);

en

in (2);

commandite

commandite (3): company

Limited partnership.

which one party provides

in lim-

A partnership

capital to the other for

business, receiving a portion of the profits and being liable only to the extent

of the capital provided.

See commandite. societe en

en

nom

nom collectif abbr.

S.

en N.C.

n.,

pi

societes

collectif [Fr. societe society, association,

company, partnership

(1);

en

in (2);

nom name

(4);

collectif joint, collective (3): partnership in joint

gift (8);

old age does not vitiate a

Law. Old age, alone and by

a

gift, will

solatium

alone

(1);

ac

senectus

testamentum

will

gift, will,

or transac-

does not nullify

itself,

or transaction. solatia [L. solacium comfort, conso-

n., pi.

lation, relief, solace.]

Something which compensates

or alleviates, loss, suffering, or inconvenience.

for,

Damages soliste

n., pi.

or compensation for injured feelings.

A solo dancer. A hermit. A A card game

solistes [Fr. soloist.] Ballet.

solitaire n.,pl. solitaires [Fr. solitary.]

who

lives alone. 2.

played by one person or a

gem

with only one

1.

Games.

game

person based upon that game.

3.

more than one

for

A piece of jewelry

in its setting.

solitudinem faciunt pacem appellant. Tacitus (56/57

A.D.-C.118 A.D.). Agricola 30.

(4); n., pi.

donationem

itself,

Cf. conquets.

abbr. S. en C.

testamentum

(3); se itself (4);

tion.]

wasteland

commandite en commandite [Fr.

.

not (6); vitiat vitiates, nullifies (7): Alone and by

erty only things acquired during their marriage.

societe en

.

aut or ( 1 0); transactionem transaction (11); non

person

societe d'acquets n.,pl. societes d'acquets [Fr. societe

evening.

amusement to provide

vitiat. [L. sola

per by, through

(2);

old age (5);

An association,

in the

were not prevented

.

relating their exploits with

aut transactionem non

(9);

company.

.

1971:321).

societe abbr. ste n.,pl. societes [Fr. society, association,

society, partnership, or

.

sola ac per se senectus donationem,

and

company, partnership.] French Law.

soirees or soirees [Fr. evening

entertainment at colonial soirees (Suret-Canale

omnium

goods of the partners. See societas bonorum.

n., pi.

A party, reception or assembly

The tragedy was that they

from

nership

Accessory. See particeps criminis. Cf. in

in crime.

pari delicto.

(it)

peace.]

call 3):

solitudinem

[L.

make (1); pacem peace They make a wasteland,

They create a wasteland and

call

peace.

solo abbr.

A

faciunt they

appellant they

they call it

(2);

s. n., pi. soli

or solos

[It.

alone, lone, sole.]

performance, such as a song, dance,

—

recital,

or

adj. /adv. Performed or done by one person. done alone. Unaccompanied, a) He is so conceited that he dislikes working with a team and prefers to work solo, b) He was not the first solo oarsman to make the Atlantic crossing, but he covered the great(Newsweek in the shortest time est distance flight,

.

Int.

.

.

.

.

.

Oct. 6, 1980:57). Cf. pas seul.

solo cedit

quod

solo implantatur. [L. solo to soil (5);

cedit accrues (4);

quod

(that)

which, what

(1); solo

368

solo cedit

implantatur

soil (3); is

planted on (2): That which

is

planted on the soil accrues to the

ever grows on (or the

owner of the

is

soil.]

Law. What-

soil

and consisting of three or four movements

is

on

built

accrues to the

soil.]

erected on the soil belongs to the

See quicquid plantatur

etc.

That which

(2):

is

Law. Any building

owner of the

soil.

what what

is

according to

Law.

(2);

solvit ante

is

not

diem day

A plea in legal

money was (2);

solutio

n. [L.

not due, what

(3):

He

paid at the day.]

case concerning a debt that the

paid on the stipulated day.

diem

diem day

n. [L.

(3):

He

(2);

(3);

morte

adhuc similarly (1);

etiam also

socii.

a partnership

Gaius

(fl.

broken up, of partner

socii

dissolved also by the

is

broken up by the death of a partner. Cf.

si

is

alicujus

ambulando [L. solvitur it is dissolved, broken ambulando by walking (2): It is solved by walking.] The solution can be found not

solvitur

up, solved (1);

by thinking but by doing. solvitur eo ligamine

quo ligatur.

solved, broken up, solved

[L. solvitur

(1);

bound, united it

is

(5): It is

it is

eo by that

ligamine (by) bond, tie (3); quo by which

which

(4);

dis-

(2);

ligatur

dissolved by that bond by

A thing is dissolved in the

bound.] Law.

way in which it is bound. See eodem modo quo quid constituitur dissolvitur.

Somnium

Scipionis

Scipionis of Scipio

n. [L.

(2):

An

vation. 2.

opinion

Based upon a recent

poll.

sondage the politicians decided to include

this point

in their platform.

son et lumiere (1) ; et

n.,

pi son

and (2); lumiere

son sound

et lumieres [Fr.

light (3):

sound and light]

night show, usually at an historical

site,

1

.

A

which uses

the effect of recorded sound and dramatic lighting to tell

a narrative.

2.

A

flashy kind of writing

which

seeks the same sort of effect.

sophia

n.

[Gk. wisdom.] Intelligence and understanding. [Gk. sophrosun moderation, self-restraint,

n.

ment which plays

1.

A

human

in this range.

n. [L.

Biblicae biblical

sortes

lots, fates,

(1): biblical lots.]

biblical passages

used to

prophecies

(2);

Randomly selected

the future or seek the

tell

truth.

sortes Vergilianae

n. [L.

sortes

(2) ; Vergilianae Vergilian

selections from the

(

1 ):

lots, fates,

Vergilian

prophecies

lots.]

Random

works of Vergil (70-19 B.C.),

especially the Aeneid, used to

sortie

somnium dream,

sleep (1);

De

re publica (q.v.)

preserved by Macrobius and describing a dream by Scipio Aemilianus in which Scipio

is

given a vision

of the glory of Roman and of eternity by the ghost of

famous ancestor Scipio Africanus.

n., pi.

outburst.]

tell

the future or seek

sorties [Fr. going out, 1

.

coming

out, outlet,

A sally. A sudden attack on the enemy

by besieged troops. 2. An attack or combat mission by one plane. 3. The exit of a ship or a fleet of ships from a harbor. S.O.S. abbr. for si opus sit (q.v.). sostenuto adv. /adj. [It. sustained.] Music. With the sound sustained.

—

n.,pl. sostenuti or

note, chord, or passage

which

sotto voce or, simply, sotto adv. (1);

dream of Scipio.] The Dream

o/Scipio, a portion of Cicero's

his

archaeological work. Preliminary archaeological exca-

the truth.

rei etc.

is

sounding, boring, prob-

woman or a young boy. 2. A person with such a voice. 3. A musical part written for such a voice. 4. An instru-

societas partnership

morte by death (5);

(4);

[Fr.

Sounding of the earth before actual

1.

A

money

death of a partner.] Law. In addition, a partnership

it

sondages

n., pi.

sortes Biblicae

societas etiam

(6): Similarly,

(q.v.).

sondage

voice in the highest singing range, usually that of a

paid after the day.] Law.

c.l lO-c.180). [L. solvitur is dissolved,

solved

sounded, a

is

A short sonata

above: an upper range voice.] Music.

suit.

adhuc

which

after

was paid after the stipulated day, but before the beginsolvitur

that

Avoidance of extremes. Antonym of hubris (q.v.). soprano n., pi. soprani or sopranos [It. from sopra

plea in a legal case concerning a debt that the

ning of the

[It.

A

paid before the day.] Law.

money before the stipulated day. diem n. [L. solvit he paid (1); post

diem day

sonatinas

self-control, or temperance.] Self-control. Will-power.

dant paid the

(2);

n., pi.

small musical composition.] Music.

sophrosy ne

plea in a legal case concerning a debt that the defen-

solvit post

sonatina

solvit he paid (1); ante before

He

(3):

in different

tempos.

ing, borehole.]

etc.

payment (1); indebiti of owed (2): payment of is not due.] Civil Law. Payment of what is not owed. If a person pays what is not owed, performs labor which he/she is not obliged to, or abandons a right when he/she should not, this person may, in any of these cases, demand back what has been done as though it were a loan. solvit ad diem n. [L. solvit he paid ( 1 ); ad to, at, for. solutio indebiti

sounded, a

is

A composition usually

written for keyboard and several other instruments

inaedificatur

on the

built

which

that

[It.

See quicquid plantatur

quod solo inaedificatur. [L. solo to soil (5); accrues (4); quod (that) which, what (1); solo

soil (3);

sonatas

n., pi.

musical composition.] Music.

affixed to) the soil belongs to

soil.

solo cedit cedit

sonata

voce voice

low voice.

(2):

[It.

sostenutos

A

sustained.

sotto under, beneath

under voice.] In an undertone or

Privately, a)

was conversing

is

Though the notorious gossip

sotto voce, the equally notorious

busybody heard everything, b) The band 's rendition adj. Silent, undiswon loud applause. closed, or unconfirmed. In a low voice. The rumor, initially sotto voce, burst into the open and spread

sotto voce

like

wildfire.

—

369 sou

n.,

pi sous

former French coin worth five

[Fr.

centimes, about half a penny.]

A trifle.

sum of money. sou, he

is

.

Though he does not have a

n. [Fr.

comedy and and

flighty

sou peon

Any young woman who

opera. 2.

is

flirtatious.

n., pi.

soupcons

A

small quantity.]

[Fr. suspicion, conjecture,

small amount.

erudite lecturer has a delightful

A

little bit.

a)

The

way offlavoring his

scholarly discourses with soupcons ofpopularjokes. b)

No one is so depraved that a soupcon ofgoodness

cannot be found

Of subordinate rank. Assistant.

Of lower

rank.

Deputy. Usually used

sous under, beneath, below

adj. [Fr.

entendu heard, understood

(2);

heard under.] Under-

(1):

stood without saying. Their love affair was sous-entendu

our conversation.

sous seing prive

—

n.

adj. [Fr.

A tacit understanding. sous under, beneath, below

(1) ; seing sign, manual, signature (3); priv£ private (2)

:

under private

signature;

i.e.,

sign.]

Law. Under private sign or

//.

talent or characteristic peculiar to a particular group.

The specialite de specie

to,

likeness.] attributes

A

1.

n., pi.

souteneurs

under his protection.

[Fr. protector.]

A

male

souvenirs

A pimp.

[Fr.

Cf.

memory,

proxenete

recollection,

Memento

Keepsake. Something purchased by, or given

place, or person, a)

.

.

an ideal giftfor intrepid tourists

.

who want souvenirs ofsome ofthe world 's less photographed wonders (Newsweek Int. Aug. 23, .

.

.

1982:3). b) There are

many art objects

in the living

room ofDr. Cobold, souvenirs ofhis visits to numerous countries, c) The scar on the old man 's nose is a souvenir ofa puerile escapade.

—

attrib.

of a keepsake or remembrance,

a)

For the purpose

souvenir items;

b) souvenir T-shirts; c) souvenir cups. Cf. memorabilia. n., pi.

Soviets [Russ. sovet council.] Legislative

assemblies popularly elected at local, regional, and national levels in the Soviet Union.

ant of the Soviet Union.

—

—

Soviet An inhabit-

the Soviets The government

of the Soviet Union and

speciflcatio

Civil

3.

Law.

A

2.

common

Form, aspect

shape or appearance

from species form, species

[L.

n.

(2);

make (1): making species.] Roman Civil Law. Making a form or species. Something made into a new form or species becomes the property of the faci(o)

maker rather than

the

owner of the

original material.

Cf. droit d'accession.

its officials.

—

adj.

1

.

Pertain-

watched (fern.)

sovkhozy or sovkhozes khozya [Russ. sov(etskoe)

n., pi.

soviet (1); khoz(ya) farm(2): Soviet farm.]

A

farm

owned by the state of the U.S.S.R. where people work kibbutz and kolkhoz.

Summus

Pontifex

(q.v.).

veniunt

(1);

(5):

They come

come

come

to see; they

Women

they themselves be watched.]

watch the games; but

to the amphitheater to

they also

so that they themselves can be

watched. spectre

spectres

n., pi.

[Fr. ghost, apparition.]

An

ghost, phantom, or apparition. 2.

1.

A

imaginary,

haunting, or perturbing vision. With the spectre

of

imminent bankruptcy haunting him, Ziga recovered

and changed his

his sanity

spectrum

n.,pl.

lifestyle.

spectra or spectrums

image, apparition, form.]

1.

or display of colors which refracted

[L.

appearance,

Apparition.

is

A

2.

formed when

and passed through a prism.

band

light is

A continuous

3.

(or wide) range/sequence of things, a)

The latter cover

a broadpolitical spectrum from ultra-leftists, Commu(New nists and radical intellectuals to right-wingers African 1979). b) The spectrum of things that can go wrong at even the most determinedly responsible news organization ranges from premeditated dis.

Int.,

short form of sovetskoe

veniunt they come

spectentur they might be seen,

ut so that, in order that (4); ipsae they

(6);

in order that

come

(2);

(3)

themselves

honesty

sovkhoz or sovkhos

watch

come

assembly.

S.P. abbr. for

common name.

given to materials.

ing to the Soviet Union. 2. Pertaining to a legislative

for wages. Cf.

class of individuals with

and bearing a

(43 B.C.-17 A.D.). ArsAmatoria 1,99. [L. spectatum

a person to remind one of an important occasion,

soviet

kind, appearance, resemblance, likeness.]

n. [L. in

spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae. Ovid

keepsake, memento.] Remembrance. (q.v.).

sarcasm

in thatfamily is

document does not enjoy

supported financially by a prostitute or pros-

n., pi.

maison

Coined money.

they

souvenir

la

and irony.

to see, to

titutes

or

by cutting trees sparsim. de la maison [Fr. speciality speciality ( 1 ); de of (2); la the (3); maison house (4): speciality of the house.] 1. The house speciality. The particular meal or dish for which a restaurant is known. 2. Any

judge or notary.

is

at intervals

to his property

the authenticity or validity of one signed before a

who

Spread

there.j

signed privately by the parties, but not

sealed or witnessed. Such a

souteneur

and

speciality

or appearance.

in titles.

sous-entendu

to

[L. here

widely. Adegoke sued Awofisan for committing tres-

species n.,pl. species [L. kind, appearance, resemblance,

in him.

adj. [Fr. under, beneath, below.]

sous

S.P. or s.p. abbr. for sine prole (q.v.).

sparsim adv. pass

greatly respected in his community.

from Provencal soubreto conceited.] A disrespectful, flirtatious female servant in French

soubrette 1

A penny. A very small

spes accrescendi

.

.

.

to

May 4,

spero meliora (things) (2):

.

.

honest misinterpretation (Newsweek

1981:47). [L. I

spero

hope for

I

hope

for

( 1 );

better things.]

meliora better I

hope

for the

better. n. [L. spes hope (1); accrescendi of growing up, increasing (2): hope of growing up.] Hope of survival or surviving.

spes accrescendi

370

spes impunitatis

spes impunitatis continuum delinquendi. [L. spes hope nity,

affectum tribuit impunitatis of impu-

(1);

freedom from punishment (2); continuum continu-

ous, uninterrupted (4); affectum disposition, inclination

wrong

gives (3); delinquendi of doing

(5); tribuit

Hope of impunity

doing wrong.] Law. Hope of impunity tends

man

dispose a

to crime.

spes recuperandi recovering

(6):

gives a continuous inclination of

n. [L.

(1);

etc.

spes successionis

n. [L.

spes hope

(1);

successionis of

succession, inheritance (2): hope of succession.]

Hope of succession/inheritance. Sphinx n. [L. from Gk.] Greek and Roman Mythology.

A hybrid creature with the head and upper torso of a woman,

body of a

the

and the wings of a

lion,

bird,

associated with death, and often represented on tombstones. Especially the creature

which posed the

riddle

—

Greek hero Oedipus. sphinx pi. sphinxes or sphinges Egyptian Mythology and Religion. A to the

1

.

creature with a

human head and

Any

a lion's body. 2.

individual or object mysterious and difficult to understand.

S.P.L. or

s.p.l.

splendide

abbr. for sine prole legitima (q.v.).

mendax

adj.

Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes

1,35-36. [L. splendide nobly, splendidly (1);

mendax

untrue, false, deceitful (2): nobly untruthful.]

Telling lies

in

the interest of a noble cause.

S.P.M. or s.p.m. abbr. for sine prole mascula (q.v

spolium

spolia [L. booty, prey, spoil.] Civil

n., pi.

Common Law. Something taken

away from

forcefully and illegally-

another.

(3);

de

of,

(1);

[L.

sponsalia betrothal,

per through, by

(2);

verba words

from, about, for (4); futuro future

betrothal through

(5):

words about the future.] Law. Engage-

ment through words about the future; i.e.. engagement validated by promise to marry or by references to living in the future as

husband and wife.

sponte sua See sua sponte. sponte virum mulier fugiens

sua careat.

nisi

by/of accord, willingly

mulier woman, wife

away from

et

adultera facta, dote

sponsi sponte retracta.

(2); et

(4); (1);

and

(5);

1

0);

sua her own

of, lose (8); nisi

(9);

sponte

virum man, husband

(3);

fugiens fleeing, running

adultera adulteress

facta having been made, having

dowry (

[L.

become

(6);

(7);

dote

careat should be deprived

unless (11); sponsi of bridegroom (14);

sponte by accord, free will (13); retracta brought back (12): A woman running away from the husband

by her own accord and having become an adulteress should be deprived of her own dowry, unless called back by the free will of the bridegroom.] Law. A

woman who larly after

willingly deserts her husband, particu-

committing adultery, should lose her

Romanus

sputniks shortform of sputnik (zemlyi)

[Russ. sputnik fellow traveler

( 1 );

zemlyi of the earth

The first satellite Union on October 4,

fellow traveler-of the earth.]

(2):

sent into space (by the Soviet

1957). Sr. abbr. for

SRITA

SRTA ss.

Senor

(q.v.).

or Sra abbr. for

Senora

(q.v.).

or Srita abbr. for Senorita (q.v.).

or Srta abbr. for Senorita (q.v.).

abbr. for scilicet (q.v.).

S.S. abbr. for

supra scriptum

(q.v

).

S.S.B. abbr. for Sacrae Scripturae Baccalaureus (q.v.).

S.S.C. abbr. for Societas Sanctae Crucis

(q.v.).

S.S.D. abbr. for Sacrae Scripturae Doctor (q.v

).

S.S.L. abbr. for Sacrae Scripturae Licentiatus (q.v.). st.

abbr. for stet (q.v.).

Stabat Mater Dolorosa

[L. stabat was standing (3); mater mother (2); dolorosa sorrowful, grieving (1): The griev ing mother was standing.] Christianity. The first words of a hymn commemorating the death of Jesus. n., short form Stabat Mater pi. Stabat Maters 1. The hymn itself. 2. Music. A composition based upon this hymn. stabit praesumptio donee probetur in eontrarium. [L. stabit will stand (2); praesumptio presumption ( 1 ); donee until, as long as (3); probetur it be proved (4); in into, to, against, for (5); eontrarium the con-

—

A presumption will stand until

trary (6):

sponsalia per verba de futuro

engagement

).

and

brought back by her husband of

S.P.S. or s.p.s. abbr. for sine prole superstite (q.v.). sputnik/?.,/?/,

SRA

at sea.

is

free will.

(q.v.).

recuperandi of

Used of goods captured

own

S.P.Q.R. abbr. for Senatus Populusque

hope of recovering.] Hope of recovering'

(2):

recapturing captured goods.

111,1

his

to pre-

See impunitas semper

spes hope

dowry, unless she

to the contrary.]

proved

An assumption will

it

be proved

remain valid

until

to the contrary.

staccato abbr. stac. or stacc. adj.

[It.

detached.] Dis-

comers of his mouth wrenched in a clown 's grimace as the voice machine-guns a blast of staccato croaks (Time Int. 1982). b) Whenever Ekechi meets Godwin, she is overwhelmed with love and her heart begins to beat connected. Abrupt. Jerky, a)

in

.

a frenzied staccato rhythm.

staccati

1

.

Music.

that

—

staccatos or

n., pi.

Releasing one note completely

before starting the next one.

sound or speech,

the

.

.

Something, such as

2.

comes out

in short

abrupt bursts.

stagnum n.,pl. stagna [L. standing water.] Lake, pool or pond which has no outlet. stante matrimonio adv. [L. stante (with) standing (2); matrimonio with marriage (1): with the marriage standing.] As long as the marriage continues. Stante matrimonio, to

engage

stare decisis

in

it is an offense for the husband or the wife amorous escapades with somebody else.

n. [L.

stare to stand

(1

);

decisis

by decisions,

by what has been decided or settled (2): to stand by decisions or what has been decided.] Law. A doctrine

which requires judges

to

follow precedent or

371 established legal principles based

on previous judgments

becomes absolutely necessary to remedy glaring and long continued injustice. Res judicata relates to a decision; stare decisis relates to a rule unless and until

it

or principle of law involved (Curzon 1979:241). See res judicata, stare decisis et non quieta movere. [L. stare to stand (1) ; decisis

by decisions

non not (4); quiet (6); movere to

quieta the undisturbed, the

move, disturb

To

(5):

(3);

stand by decisions and not to

disturb the undisturbed.]

and not

and

(2); et

Law. To abide by precedents

to disturb settled matters.

precedent, whereby a judge

is

The principle of

bound generally

to

apply principles and rules contained in earlier decisions, rests

on the doctrine of stare decisis

quieta movere.

.

.

et

non

(Curzon 1979:241). See res judicata.

stasis n.,pl. stases [Gk. position, state, condition.]

nancy. Stagnation.

1

.

Stag-

A state of stagnant or stable equi-

librium reached by opposing forces or society in

its

stigma

The

affairs before the war. The treaty was based on the status quo ante belium.

of

state

essentially

Cf. uti possidetis 2.

statuta pro publico

commodo

[L. statuta statutes ( 1 );

pro for,

late interpretantur. in favor of (2);

publico

commodo advantage, convenience (4); late

public (3);

broadly, widely (6); interpretantur are interpreted

public advantage are interpreted Law. Statutes made for the public good are

(5): Statutes for

broadly.]

given a broad/liberal interpretation.

statutum generaliter est intelligendum quando verba statuti sunt specialia, ratio

statutum

autem

generalis. [L.

statute (1); generaliter generally (4); est

is (2); intelligendum to be understood (3); quando when (5); verba words (6); statuti of statute (7); sunt are (8); specialia special (9); ratio reason (1 1); autem

however (10); generalis general

but, is

(12):

A statute

be understood generally when the words of the

to

Law.

statute are special but the reason (is) general.]

development, a) His Middle East peace-making process

When the words of a statute are special, but the reason

{Newsweek Int. Jan. 1, 1979:40). is making no effort to move the nation out ofthe economic, social and political stasis

for

is

near

stasis,

.

.

.

new regime

b) The

bequeathed by its predecessor.

Medicine. Stagnation,

2.

it is

general, the statute

must be understood (or

interpreted) generally. See generate

S.T.B. abbr. for Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus

slowing, or stoppage of the flow of fluid in the body,

S.T.D. abbr. for Sacrae Theologiae Doctor

such as that of blood

ste.

in the veins or arteries.

magni nominis umbra. Lucan (39-65 A.D.). Pharsalia 1,135. [L. stat stands (4); magni of great (2) nominis (of) name (3); umbra shadow, shade ( 1 ): The shadow of a great name stands.] There stands the shadow of a great name.

stat

;

status n.,pl. statuses [L. position, state, condition, rank, situation.]

A person's legal

1.

condition or position.

A political entity's legal condition. 3. Rank or position a community or society. My daughter has attained the status of a mother. 4. A relative rank in a hierar-

an inscribed monument.]

monument shaped Stella

maris

star

of the

professor as a stepping stone to a political career. 5.

Recognition, high rank or prestige. Established net-

works facilitate the search for condition or state of affairs.

status. 6. Situation,

From

time to time he

gives reports on the status of the negotiations. status

quo

quo in

n. [L.

which

which.]

The

exist-

ing state of affairs at any particular time. The reforms

were vigorously opposed by several powerful

indi-

who had a vested interest in the status quo. status quo ante n.,pl. status quo ante [L. status state, condition, position (1); quo in which (2); ante before viduals

(3) the state in :

affairs.

The

which

state

of

before.]

state

affairs prevalent before,

certain date or the present time. tion,

The previous

i.e.,

of a

The new administra-

which arrived with copious promises, has done

A

stone or slab bearing

stem ma

Roman

n., pi.

maris of the sea

or

many churches [L.

from Gk.

ships among family

members of manuscripts of a given

work. The book

a collection of short biographies,

is

each with a stemma ofthe subject. n., pi. Stentors [Gk. StentOr]

Stentor

fifty

ful

Iliad

whose shout was

ordinary men.

2.

1.

A

herald in

as loud as those of

A person who has a very power-

was delivered by a man good orator but also a Stentor.

or loud voice. The eulogy

who

is

not only a

stet abbr. st. [L. Let

it

stand.]

Do

not delete. Ignore a

previous order to cancel or omit. Used

in the correc-

tions of manuscripts or printer's proof. stet

processus

(2):

n. [L. stet let

stand

( 1 );

processus process

Let the process stop/stand.] Old English Legal

Practice.

An entry in the record of a legal

action putting

a stop to proceedings.

stigma

stigmata or stigmas [Gk. tattoo-mark,

n., pi.

Mark of shame, infamy,

quo ante belium n. [L. status state, condition, position (1); quo in which (2); ante before (3);

A disgrace, ignominy, or stain, a)

belium war

ness until

which before the war.]

to

stemmas

mark, spot.]

(4): the state in

(2):

A genealogical tree showing relation-

nothing to effect changes in the status quo ante. status

A

Catholic Church. Title given

stemmata

wreath, garland.]

2.

like a pillar.

Mary, the Mother of Jesus, and

Homer's

status state, condition, position (1);

(2): state/position in

.

n. [L. stella star (1);

sea.]

to

of

1

an inscription and often used as a gravestone.

dedicated to her.

the status

stelae or stelai or steles

n., pi.

from Gk. stele a block or slab used as a memorial,

[L.

in

Woodrow Wilson used

(q. v.).

(q.v.).

abbr. for societe (q.v.).

stela (L.) or stele (Gk.)

2.

chical system.

dictum

generaliter est intelligendum.

ofAfrica.

.

.

it

1.

will sufferfrom the stigma ...

(Y.Y.

in

or discredit.

The political history

ofincomplete-

West Africa 1982). b) The

372

stiletto

constituency elected as

who

its

senator a

man ofprobity

leaves no stone unturned to avoid the stigma of

corruption. 2.

An identifying or distinctive mark.

The

wearing the stigmata of a —pi. stigmata Wounds resembling those on the

boy takes great delight scout,

in

body of the crucified Jesus Christ which mysteriously appear on the bodies of some devout Christians (e.g., St.

Francis of Assisi) and are believed to be super-

stiletto n., pi. stilettos

one with

[It.

dagger.]

1.

A dagger,

espe-

and tapered blade.

short, narrow,

A

heel shaped like such a dagger.

spike heel.

sewing instrument used to poke holes

in fabric.

2. 3.

A A

—

v.

To kill with a dagger. stilus virum arguit [L. stilus style (1); virum man (3); 1

.

arguit makes clear, proves

(2):

Style proves the person. Cf.

Style proves the man.]

Le style, c'est Thomme

meme. stimulus n.,pl. stimuli

[L. prick,

Something

Incentive. Spur.

goad, incentive, spur.]

that arouses to activity.

The new management introduced a number offringe benefits

which proved to be a stimulus to productivity.

stipendium

n.,pl.

stipendia or stipendiums [L. stipend,

stirps n.,pl. stirpes [L. stock of a tree, family, lineage,

Branch of a family.

A person who is the

ancestor of a branch of a family. See per stirpes.

S.T.L. abbr. for Sacrae Theologiae Licentiatus

(q.v.).

S.T.M. abbr.

(q.v.).

stratum

for

n., pi.

Sacrae Theologiae Magister

strata or stratums [L. that which

spread out, a covering, bed, couch.]

1

.

A

is

layer or

bed, as of sedimentary rock, earth, atmosphere, tissue,

archaeological findings, etc.

group or tional etc. It

level,

A

2.

socio-economic

comprising people of similar educa-

background, profession, income,

status, cultures

took care to foment feelings of mistrust and

dislike

among

the various strata

of society

.

.

.

(Suret-Canale 1971:440).

makes (2); Fortuna Fortune,

whom

wishes

of strict ( 1 ); juris

of strict law/right.] According

(of) right,

to strict law.

Applicable to a license or privilege which a person enjoys not by his/her own right but as an indulgence,

and so must be observed strictly. See strictissimi juris. strictissimi juris adv. [L. strictissimi of strictest (1);

Deus stupor

vult she wants,

Fortune makes

she wants to destroy.]

quem

vult etc. and

One whom

Juppiter vult

etc.

stupors [L. senselessness, astonishment,

n.,pl.

stupidity.]

1

.

Medicine.

A condition

marked by

in-

creased senselessness and diminished awareness,

by the use of drugs.

especially caused

An

shock and surprise. stupor mundi n.

[L.

A state

2.

of

inability to think.

stupor senselessness, astonishment,

stupidity (1);

mundi of world

of the world.]

A person of great international power,

and reputation, who

influence, at the

same

(2): the

is

astonishment

respected and feared

ofFrederick II, the

time. After the death

Roman emperor's sphere ofauthority was definitely restricted to German soil

stupor mundi,

in 1250, the

Sturm und Drang n. [Ger. Sturm storm (1); und and (2); Drang stress (3): storm and stress.] 1. A German literary movement of the late 1 8th century which was a revolt against the Enlightenment. This movement was characterized by native genius, linguistic realism, and emotionalism, and emphasized the revolt of the individual against societal injustice. Cf. Aufklarung. 2.

A time of storm and stress.

a) Barely

Turmoil. Turbulence,

two months after his hands-down reelection

West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt

victory,

faces a gathering economic Sturm und Drang (News-

week Int. Dec.

15, 1980:46). b) In his personality

we

find a union ofall the impulses ofthe sophistic movement, whose period of Sturm und Drang reached a

11,2,73. [L.

his/her

own

and privileges. See

stricti juris.

(2): in strict law.]

See sensu

According

( 1 );

jure

(in) right,

to strict law.

stricto.

strictum jus See jus strictum

Strukturwandel

Wandel change

n.

change.] Structural

[L.

(in/by) nature (2):

cuique

own

In

its

own

suapte in/by

by

its

own

to

each

(3);

pleasure to each.]

(1);

its

own (

1 );

natura

nature.] Intrinsically.

nature.

sua sponte or sponte sua adv. sponte free

own

[L.

sua by

will, accord,

accord.]

his/her/its

impulse

Of one's own

(2):

by

accord. Will-

ingly. Freely.

The court accepted the statement of

the accused as

an exhibit after satisfying itselfthat it

was made sua sponte. See ex mero motu. suave adj. [Fr. pleasant, sweet, nice, mild, 1.

[Ger. Struktur structure (1);

(2): structure

(1);

one's

pleasure.

suapte natura adv.

his/her/its

stricto jure adv. [L. stricto in strict

(2):

Each person has a pleasure of his/her own. To each

According

to the strictest right. Applicable to licenses

sua one's own

voluptas pleasure

own

stricto sensu

whom

(4);

to destroy (6):

Fortune wishes to destroy, she makes stupid. Cf. quern

juris (of) right, law (2): of the strictest law/right.]

law

perdere

(5);

symbolic end in his dramatic death (Lesky 1 966:357).

stricti juris adv. [L. stricti (2):

foolish, stupid (3); facit

Fate (1); quern (one)

sua cuique voluptas Statius (c. 45 A.D.-C.96). Thebaid

[It.

1.

the end of a composition, especially an oratorio.

law

Syrus (c.85-43 B.C.). Sententiae 613. [L. stultum

narrow, close, con-

Music.

succession in a

1978).

Int.

The entrance of voices in close fugue. 2. An increase in tempo near

stretto n.,pl. stretti or strettos stricted.]

economists and union bosses (Time

(Cary 1970:780).

wages.] Salary or pay.

offspring.]

is

stultum facit Fortuna quern vult perdere. Publilius

stupid one

naturally inflicted.

cially

change. In West Germany, Strukturwandel ...

constantly on the lips of industrialists, politicians,

Agreeably affable, in

soft.]

Pleasant, especially to one's senses. 2. Urbane. polite, gracious,

manner (though possibly

smooth or easy

insincere).

373 modo,

suaviter in

fortiter in re adv. [L. suaviter

sweetly, pleasantly (1); in

on

in,

(2);

modo manner on

(3) ; fortiter bravely, strongly (4); in in,

re

(5);

matter, thing, property, business, affair (6): sweetly in

manner, bravely

in the matter.]

Gently

in

manner,

sub rosa

When

taken away, the state tumbles down.]

magis-

cease to be respected, the state collapses,

trates

sublato fundamento cadit opus. [L. sublato (with)

fundamento with

having been taken away

(2);

foundation, basis (1); cadit

falls (4);

opus

structure,

resolutely in execution. Applicable to a person (or

building (3): With the foundation having been taken

anything) who, very politely but resolutely, refuses

away, the structure

to

succumb

and

to pressure

Jim tendered his

letter

to

change his/her mind.

of resignation and, though

pressure was exerted on him from

he

all corners,

comported himselfsuaviter in modo, fortiter in re. sub anno abbr. S.A. or s.a. [L. sub under, beneath (1);

anno year (2): under the year.] date. Used for reference to

by a

Invariably followed entries in a series

of

annals or in a chronicle.

subauditur

n., pi.

subauditurs

[L.

It is

understood.]

Something implied or understood. sub colore juris adv.

[L.

sub under ( 1 ); colore color (2);

juris of right, law (3): under color of right.]

Under the

show of right, power, or law. sub conditione adv. I adj. [L. sub under, subject to (1); appearance, color, or

condi(c)ione condition dition.]

(2):

under or subject to con-

Law. Conditional. Conditionally. Used for

expressing condition

in

a conveyance and for creating

[L.

sub under, beneath

dio bright,

(1);

clear (2): under bright (light).] In daylight. In the

Alfresco

air.

open

(q.v.).

sub towards ( 1 ); finem end (2): towards the end.] Near the end. sub hac voce abbr. S.H.V. or s.h.v. [L. sub under ( 1 ); hac this (2); voce word, voice (3): under this word.] Used for references to headwords in dictionaries and other works arranged alphabetically. See in verbo. sub hoc verbo abbr. S.H.V. or s.h.v. [L. sub under (1); hoc this (2); verbo word (3): under this word.] Used for references to headwords in dictionaries and works arranged alphabetically. See in verbo. sub judice abbr. S.J. or s.j. adj. /adv. [L. sub under, [L.

power of (1); judice judge (2): before Under judicial consideration. Unde-

etc.

principali with principal

removed

away.] Law.

When the principal

is

ducit

etc.

lite

sub

modo adv.

[L.

sub under

sub nomine adv.

(4)

;

( 1 );

tollitur

effectus effect (3):

taken away, the effect

cause

causa

is

is

(2);

causa with

taken away, removed

With the cause having been is

removed.] Law.

When

the

removed, the effect disappears. See cessante

etc.

and ubi aliquid impeditur

[L.

sublata (with) having been taken away

veneratione with respect, veneration

tuum of

( 1 );

(3);

magistra-

magistrates, public functionaries (2); res

publica the

republic (4); ruit tumbles down, With respect of magistrates having been

state,

collapses (5):

modo

litigation.

limit, restric-

[L.

sub under (1); nomine name (2): of. Under the title or

of.

sub pede sigilli

of seal

See sub

subpoena

sub under

adv. [L.

sigilli

(1);

sigillo.

n., pi.

subpoenas

sub under

[L.

penalty (2): under penalty.] Law.

a person

named

in

it

an action

in

answer the

bill

is

appear

to

for noncompliance. 2.

dant

pede foot (2); seal.] Under

under the foot of the

(3):

1.

in court

under penalty

The process whereby a defen-

ordered to appear

of the

poena

(1);

A writ ordering

plaintiff.

—

v.

court and

in

To

serve a sub-

poena on, or summon with a writ of subpoena. He adv. Under was subpoenaed to appear in court.

—

penalty.

subpoena ad testificandum n.,pl. subpoenas ad testificandum [L. sub under ( 1 ); poena penalty (2); ad to, at, for,

according to

testificandum testifying

(3);

under penalty for testifying.] Law. Under penalty

A writ ordering a person to appear in court under penalty for noncompliance.

subpoena duces tecum n., pi. subpoenas duces tecum [L. sub under (1); poena penalty (2); duces you will bring (3); tecum with you (4): under penalty you will bring with you.] Law. A writ ordering a person to produce at trial documents or evidence deemed pertinent to the case

under

trial,

non-compliance being

punishable with a fine or imprisonment.

sub potestate adj.

etc.

sublata veneratione magistratuum, res publica ruit.

(1); lite lawsuit,

Under

under the name.] In the name

to testify as witness

cause, case, reason

(1);

non

condition, or restriction.

to testify.

having been taken away, removed

taken

under qualification.] Under qualification,

tion (2):

matter was sub judice, and so he would not comment

sublata causa, tollitur effectus. [L. sublata (with)

is

removed, the ad-

sub under, beneath

adv.[L.

dispute (2): under dispute.] Law.

cided. Undetermined. The police officer said that the

Cf. res judicata.

is

similarly removed. See accessorim

junct

(2);

away,

tollitur is taken

( 1 );

been taken away, the adjunct

sub

sublato

away

adjunctum adjunct (3): With the prin-

(4);

(4):

it.

[L.

cipal having

a judge.] Law.

on

A structure collapses when

(with) having been removed, taken

seal.

sub finem abbr. S.F. or s.f.

before, in the

ducit

falls.]

removed. See accessorium non

is

sublato principali tollitur adjunctum.

caption

a conditional estate.

sub dio adv.

the foundation

under power.]

[L.

sub under ( 1 ); potestate power (2):

Roman Law.

Applicable to members of

the family under the control of the paterfamilias (q.v.).

sub rosa

adj. [L.

sub under

(

1

);

rosa rose

the rose.] Secretive. Confidential.

as a

member of a sub rosa

(2):

under

David has enrolled

society.

—adv.

notice or publicity. Confidentially. Privately.

Without

A

client's

3"4

mitrmctiom to v.:

e\r~ess or -

re

m

legal pnxtirkmer

V

..

r

:r

s

e~: -

•

s*r

~:~ re

cc

;-c

-e~

-

m

chambers is The meaning of the

~rsu.

secec

.ml-

cer re

-ose - as r.ur£

i

Live-

;.

sea

X sub under

subsiientiour.

asrec L

e

•

re

i

(3):

ill

1

1

1

jEQz

nnder the aspect of eaernky.] From

nerscecr. e of

Ir

ecerr. r>

a—ar.iec

esserta: rarure or

.:>

lilerary

X

sub uroer

LLocL-L-cc serrr

of perpeauky. coauinuunce rortruance

-

or ner~>?ru:r>

l

,

...

.

]

sub specie potestam cf rcvi cr 5

As

uroer

rroe

;l?- i ?::>e:^.L. See hac %oce arc in \erbo

* Tr. socces

success (1): de of

swcro

ut

|

5

or artistic *ork *ii>ch

.zc

is

~>c

sru-iuXc

|

mainh ann rxnabie

.--r-jgeovs

s

.

J

By then, *it*o*x.

'S

re

^

X

sab uroer

c""

^

±e hope -

or?c:'.

c: T

.

rci-e

r.:-cr.

r,

c~

:Curo-:

A

* 1

;.-

'tvo^-Lrr.'us

substrata or substratums

srreac uroer

s

e.

X

lt>:

or a>er cf a sur> : ; -

su cr as earth or roc

;

cart ar r r_-. er

(IV.

de of

succes success (Uu* of(uVesunae success of esteerrX Ntid success.

:

uotk anus, n¥na>

sncces fou i

1

achieve I

cv mjnojn

succ£> c tsr^jt.

Tr

r ^'&ekmmL Nov. socces success 2

.

IS,

198236V

fou risire. rnad

msj Agnantorer-u^asDc

snccessio ab inre>uto

X

-

(3V snrrrssinn front aa :c

does

r

—:~r-L

re--

:

55

5

^un

Cfsnb specie

-5

2

Tr

1. specie

record .:ar or.] la tne nope of reo

eru^vjv.Yflc sosubstratum

esteerru recarc:

*r_r.

]

snb uroer 1. sperore

res:-", srr: u

i

>er:

(2V snaousnue snobbery (3V success of snobbery.] 7r.e success, acclaim or notoriety woo by a thenars

(IV a uiid

snb spe rwonciSationB

>

Vroer

..

aetcrartatis

uroer

;;>.

aauerar. or arrcspc

-f

e

r -

socces de snobcsme i Tr. succes success

specie

;

ser.r arce cf rc - er

uroer rre

5

b.\vi

sub uroer

JL.

V

CVCOTi- U S^CCsS S£ SCUrLTUif

«UCJ

succes d'estnne

c

.e:- L-eL5oro;sec:. c:er-rr»

.vrecr

As ar

cortrur.

i

..

.

uur.

sub specie ten pons

ar r:csru:e

snccessio

intestate.] lanr.

S.jcessior

.r

«-c

success,

swu mm^

Smu ssion I

the even: cf mtestacy.

Inncritancc of tnc property of aa intestate, Cf bereditas ab intestate arc beres ab intestate succuba or succubus pi sneenbae or sneenbior socenbuses A5eoes a! I xr trorr L succuba a rerscr v.hc ues unDerneai-

ce _

.

r:

snyposon)y tnkes Ac form of n araanan and engages -

2

se\_a

r:c-;;_-sc

X

sab at uroer

.

sno one

s

own (2V puiinii rcsk. perfl. nazard (3V at ore's own risk.] At bis ber own risk or cost. See sno

sneenrritnr tnere

pericuio

is (5 'u

2

uroer the

-

s.v. .

t

X .

snb under sec

:"; -

.

.

verb*

- ;

es

:

;

rre-

••

r.er.

re;, are as eer

fibre, arx:

meretrii

sneenrritnr minori: facins est lapsus jnrentnm.

aasner

sub verbo urr - S.V. or

l~

A derror. devfl, or fiend. 3. A pfosntnte or «rx~ve

Cf cocotte, femme sub sue pericuio uu~

ore

I

l;:;:i-^

ntni * o/dbejuW ananSnnnn/ cmsaomtswMjbr

i

.:

specie

perennitans

under roe aspect of

.5 ;

5

ar?ce

M-^;-.TO-wi-r4>

t-l-

.

voce

(1);

j

Lsrec.

: -

sab under

;.;l^:^.:^:^ success Ik success, acclaim, or rK*oriety ofa

-TOii.

sub specie perennitaas ir.

-

s.v. [L.

ccr.er.t- cr assoc :ators

n

M—

. r

-

«

.

a

I

S.V. or

-?i: .;-L>

:;

of absurdity

1\ 1 nil

1

rxri-Jc s~r r:;

•

:

sr:: cc- fierce

".;

of eternity

u sigilio seal

1

err* r

mwtvoky (2): under the wotd.] Used fia leSaences

socces de ridicule ridicule 2

council table,

subsigiUojjvar X. sub under

sub voce

nunori

>

is

a ennnaag to ndp or aid

cto> yoaanj (person)

kapsns

[L.

( 1

(2V facnas easy (OX est (3V jnvenmtis of

slip, error, failing

our 4V Theretsarnanang lobdp a young person; : : - r s eas> ] Lorn. Minors are helped. t

ar er-or

375 sudum pactum

suda pacta

n., pi.

pactum agreement, compact

[L.

sudum

(2): clear

clear

( 1 );

agreement.]

falsi

pi.

suggestiones

summum jus, summa injuria. topmost

most

Law. Clear compact or agreement. suggestio

superficies

falsi [L.

suggestio

suggestion, representation (1); falsi of falsehood, untruth (2): suggestion of falsehood.] Law. False representation or statement. Suggesting what

is false.

Deliberately misrepresenting something by either

of its own

class (2):

of its own. Unique.

of its own

( 1 );

generis (of) kind,

Of one's own

(2):

and social

civil

Deemed

of occupancy is and .

.

.

own

Qualified to enjoy

right.]

full

Not being a minor any more.

rights.

competent, and enjoying

sui juris. Cf. alieni juris;

suite

full legal rights to

own affairs. See homo homo alieni juris; and

(2); summa highest, topmost (3); injuria injury summa highest, topmost (5); lex law (6); summa

topmost

highest,

(7);

crux

torture;

misery

right brings

Highest

(8):

suites [Fr. retinue, attendants, train, con-

tinuation, succession, series.]

company of attendants

1.

Retinue.

A train or

or followers, especially the

private staff of a ruler or high public official,

extreme injury; extreme

(or strict) law brings extreme misery;

i.e., strict

insis-

tence on one's legal rights, without regard for equity,

Summus

Pontifex abbr. S.P.

pontifex pontiff

(1);

who

n. [L.

summus

highest pontiff]

(2):

highest

Supreme

The Pope.

Pontiff.

sumo n. [Japan.] A Japanese form of wrestling for men. Sunna or Sunnah n.. pi. Sunnas or Sunnahs [Ar. sunnah

established practice, custom.]

the traditional practices

sui juris.

n., pi.

summa

lex,

highest, topmost (1); jus right,

could do incalculable harm to others.

(1); juris (of) right,

take care of or conduct one's

non

to others.

summa

Law. Extreme

statutory right

sui juris adj. [L. sui of one's

law

summum

injuria;

A

sui generis (James 1982:25).

it is

summa

right, highest injury; highest law, highest misery.]

though a right ofoccupancy has many characteristics lease,

injury;

kind/class.] In a class or category

a right granted to a "native" or "non-native"

of a

do incalculable harm

jus,

crux. [L.

law

sui generis adj. [L. sui

injuria injury (4): Highest law, highest

rights could

(4);

untrue. See suppressio veri.

highest,

summa highest, top-

Law. Extreme right brings extreme

summum

say what

summum

[I

jus right, law (2);

);

1

rigorous insistence on a person's strict legal

e.,

action or speech, even though one does not actually is

(3);

injury.] 1.

(

1.

A

body of

and customs of Islam based

on the sayings and deeds of the Prophet Mohammed. 2.

Any practice or custom observed by an individual or

A body of such practices

a community.

Cf

and customs.

Hadith.

accompany him/her on a journey for official purposes. 2. A number of rooms in an apartment building, hotel, train, etc. regarded as a set or unit and used by one

Sunni

person or a group of persons. The Minister and his

Sunni or Sunnis A Muslim who recognizes this succession. A Sunnite Muslim. sunt lacrimae rerum. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid 1,462. [L. sunt there are (1); lacrimae tears (2); rerum

entourage held discussions with their counterparts

A set or group of matched furniA number of musical compositions regarded

in their hotel suite. 3. ture. 4.

as a set and played one after another.

With highest distinction. Used to

indicate the

highest performance in school or university.

See

magna cum

summa

potestas

laude.

n. [L.

highest, topmost (1);

highest power.] Highest

(2):

power or authority. A "state " had a different basis from that of other organisations in that it included summa potestas, that is, superior power residing in some individuals (Curzon 1979:62).

summa

ratio

n. [L.

summa highest, topmost (1);

reason, rule (2): the highest reason.] rule.

ratio

The supreme

Applicable to law.

(2): the

summum

jus

highest good.]

n.

jus right, law

treme

[L.

The supreme good.

summum

(2): the

Cf. aequitas.

highest, topmost (1);

highest right/law.] Law. Ex-

right. Strict legal right.

the

There are tears of things.] (or basically) tragic.

first

four caliphs.

Exact or rigorous law.

Human

See hinc

pi.

affairs (3):

life is

illae

—

inherently

lacrimae and

lacrimae rerum. suo motu adv.

suo by its own ( 1 ); motu (by) impulse,

[L.

by its own impulse.] By its own impulse or initiative. The court has power suo motu to order the distribution of the property of the deceased. See ex

(2):

mero motu.

suo periculo adv. (1);

periculo

his/her

own

[L.

peril.

suo

at

hazard

risk,

one's own, his/her

(2): at

one's

own

own

risk.]

At

See sub suo periculo.

sup. abbr. for supra

(q.v.).

superficies n.,pl. superficies [L. upper side, surface, top,

improvements,

summum bonum n. Cicero (106-43 B.C.). De Officiis 1,2,5. [L. summum highest, topmost (1); bonum good

sunniy follower of the Sunna.] That part

Mohammed to have been

motion

summa

potestas power, authority

[Ar.

of matters, things, property, business,

summa cum laude aav.ladj. [L. summa highest, topmost (2); cum with (1); laude praise (3): with highest praise.]

n.

of Islam which considers the legal successors of

characteristics

The

surface.

fixtures, buildings.]

1.

The

external

of something. Superficial appearance.

Some people pay more

attention to the

superficies than the substance prisingly,

Things

ofa thing and, not surare usually duped. 2. Roman and Civil Law.

like

houses or other structures that are so

in-

extricably connected to a piece of ground as to form part of

it.

Also an owner's alienation of the surface

376

superficies solo

of the ground

in return for a

See quicquid plantatur

periodic rent.

etc.

Lift

superficies solo cedit. [L. superficies structure, building (1) ; solo to ground, soil (3); cedit accrues (2):

Law. Structures

ture accrues to the ground.]

(things) (1); (3):

[L.

A struc-

constitute

a part of the ground. See quicquid plantatur

superflua non nocent.

non not (2); nocent do harm,

hurt, injure

supersedeas

n.,pl.

You

[L.

should desist,

A common law writ orderof proceedings at law. 2. A writ from a

refrain or forbear.]

ing a stay

Law.

1

.

court of appeal prohibiting execution of a writ by

reason of an appeal.

Supplices Latin the

The Suppliants. The

pi. n. [L. suppliants.]

title

of Hiketides, a play by Aeschylus about

myth of the daughters of Danaus, who come

as

suppliants to Greece in order to avoid marriage With their

Egyptian cousins.

suppressio veri

n.,pl.

suppressiones veri

sio suppression (1); veri

the truth.]

of truth

gestio falsi and,

when proved,

is

is

[L.

suppres-

suppression of

(2):

Law. Concealment of the

law and equity, suppressio veri

truth. In

both

equivalent to sug-

to the

advantage of

the injured party. See suggestio falsi; suppressio veri, expressio falsi;

and suppressio

veri, suggestio

falsi. [L.

suppressio sup-

pression (1); veri of truth (2); expressio expression

of falsehood

(3); falsi

(4):

Suppression of truth

is

an

expression of falsehood.] Law. Suppression of the truth is

analogous to expression of falsehood. See

suppressio veri. [L.

suppressio suppres-

sion (1); veri of truth (2); suggestio representation,

of falsehood

Suppression of

suggestion

(3); falsi

the truth

a suggestion of falsehood.] Law. Suppres-

(4):

sion of the truth implies falsehood. See suppressio veri.

supra abbr. sup. adv. [L. above, before, previously, formerly.] Above. In the previous or earlier part of S.S. [L.

scriptum written

earlier in the

supremo

n. [It.

of an army.

supra above, on the top

(1): written

above.] Written

2.

1

.

Commander-in-chief

The supreme head of etc. 3.

a government

A supreme authority.

[Ar.

surah from Heb. sura row,

line.]

Islam.

A

le

pont

d' Avignon [Fr.

populace.

sutra n.,pl. sutras [Skt. sutra thread,

scripture. Cf.

suttee or sati

Kama

Buddhism. Sacred

2.

[Hindi sat! true, virtuous.] Hinduism.

n.

The practice, now illegal, of self-immolation of a widow upon her husband's funeral pyre as the ultimate 1.

act

of conjugal devotion.

suttees or satis

2. pi.

woman who performs such an act. suum cuique [L. suum one's own, cuique

each

to

own

his/her

A

(2);

each one's own.] To each

(1): to

according to his/her due. Giving to each one what one deserves. Social justice demands that people should be treated on the principle of suum cuique. Cf. Jeder nach etc.

suum cuique tribuere [L. suum one's own, his/her own (3); cuique to each (2); tribuere to give; assign ( ): To give to each one's own.] Suum cuique (q. v.). 1

suus heres or suus haeres See heres suus. s.v.

abbr. for

1.

sub verbo

(q.v.). 2.

sub voce

(q.v.).

S.V.P. abbr. for

swami 1.

n.,pl.

plait (q.v.).

venia verbo

(q.v.).

swamis [Hindi svami

master.] Hinduism.

A religious instructor. 2. A mystic. A yogi (q.v.). A term of honor for such a person,

swastika

n.,pl.

swastikas [Skt. svastika from su good

good being.] 1 A good luck symbol Near East, and elsewhere,

(1) ; asti being (2):

found in

vous

s'il

s.v.v. abbr. for sit

.

in ancient India, the

which the four arms of a cross are extended with

right-angled arms in either a clockwise or counter-

clockwise direction.

2.

The symbol of

National Socialist (Nazi) party.

syce

n.

[Hindi.]

syllepsis

n., pi.

3.

A

the

German

flag with such

A groom or stable worker. syllepses [Gk. sullepsis: sun together

by which a predicate belonging a verb or an adjective, (i.e.,

sur on

(1); le the (2);

pont

in the city

surrogata

of Avignon.

[L. that

which

is

pro-

substitute.] Substitute or substitution.

one subject

is attrib-

1.

noun) but agrees grammatically with

only one of them;

"The boys were The use of a word to two or more other words in

e.g.,

grammatically related

the verb in girl." 2.

such a way that for one the sense; e.g., "His

(4);

to

The use of a word, e. g. which governs two or more

uted to several.] Rhetoric.

song about a bridge posed as a

A short

Sutra.

while for the other or others

n., pi.

rule.] 1.

one dealing with law,

philosophy, or even grammar.

Avignon Avignon (5): on the bridge of Avignon.] The title of a popular French bridge (3); d' of

surrogatum

whispering or mutter-

[L.

tyrannical regime, vociferous popular out-

happy and likewise the

chapter of the Koran.

Sur

susurruses

make way for the susurruses of the intimidated

other words

Cf. generalissimo. n.

in the Eucharistic liturgy.

n., pi.

(2) ; lepsis taking, seizing (1): taking together, a figure

work.

supreme person.]

department, organization,

sura

up (1); corda hearts (2): up your hearts." Part

an emblem.

work. Cf. infra and post.

supra scriptum abbr. (2) ;

bursts

3.

suppressio veri, suggestio falsi.

is

lift

ing sound.] Mutterings, especially of discontent.

S.V. or

falsi.

suppressio veri, expressio

this

of a refrain

susurrus

sursum

Christianity. "Lift

rule or wise saying, especially

hurt.

supersedeas

[L.

up heart.]

Under a

etc.

superflua superfluous

Superfluous things do not do harm.] Superfluities

do not

sursum corda

literal

sense

it is

is

applicable,

the metaphorical

argument was so cogent and per-

suasive that he demolished not only his opponent's thesis but also the

opponent himself." Cf. zeugma.

.

377 sylloge n.,pl. sylloges [Gk. sulloge gathering, collecting,

summary, symbiosis

collection.]

n.

A compendium. A collection.

symbioses [Gk. sum biosis: sun with, bio(s) live ( 1 ): living with, companion-

together (2);

good fellowship.] 1. The mutually beneficial living together of organisms of different species. 2. Mutually beneficial cooperation between persons, groups, bodies, etc. a) Some partners remain bound ship,

in

awful w edlock by a kind of symbiosis

in

which

mutual dependency may go hand in hand with mutual

{Newsweek Int. July 13, 1981:45). publishers and writers need themselves in an

loathing. b)

.

.

.

.

.

which must be encouraged by the

intricate symbiosis

(2);

[Gk. sumpatheia: sun with, together

n.

path(os) feeling, suffering

one

that interlocks

words together tightly:

"poor dilapidated John's car" for "poor John's dated car."

syncope

tl,

syncopes

pi.

with, together (2);

[L.

kope

from Gk. sunkope: sun

cutting

The shortening of

Rhetoric.

A

Medicine.

temporary loss of consciousness

caused by inadequate oxygen

in the brain.

synecdoches ..pi. synecdoches [Gk. sunekdokhe: sun with, together (3); ek out of. from (2); dekh(omai) receive, take ( ): taking from (someone or something) 1

with,

(2): feeling

sym-

Rhetoric. a

whole

The representation of a

or "ship" for "sailors."

.

.

.

1970:250).

synesis (2);

sympathetic, likeable, attractive.]

Pertaining to a person, place, or thing which

(

):

1

sense rather than grammatical

when

English

agree-

in

mood.

collective noun: e.g.. "If the

(2);

may

quite sympathique! [Fr.

fantastique fantastic

symphonie symphony

(1): fantastic

"The Fantastic Symphony," an 1830

symphony.]

orchestral

work

symposium

symposia or symposiums

n., pi.

[L.

from

Gk. sumposion: sun with, together (2); posi(s) drinking (1): drinking with, a drinking-party. the

which a drinking-party

A

drinking-party

at

is

2.

A

all.

briefly

at

which

the guests

a

the quality

1982). 4.

.

Title

B.C.) al.

in

in

freely. 3.

A meeting or

number of participants speak

s contribution to the

of a spell (Ben Okri

in

topics.

symposium West Africa

A collection of views on a topic, particularly

one published by a journal or periodical. 1

engaged

on some aspects of a topic or on related

A discussion. Xgugi had

room

Ancient Greece.

social gathering or banquet at

which people exchange ideas conference

1.

which music was played, there

was singing and, above conversation.

held.]

—Symposium

of a philosophical dialogue by Plato (4277-347

in

which Socrates, Alcibiades. Aristophanes

discuss the nature of love at a drinking party.

et

2. Title

n.,

pi.

general view, seeing abstract.

all

A summary,

together.]

to refer to a

A

brief outline.

abstract or brief outline of

a book, treatise, play, film. etc. The crimes of the Shah are innumerable. Even a synopsis would be too long for me to present in a single session {Time Int.

1980). Cf. epitome.

synthesis

pi.

n.,

syntheses [Gk. sunthesis: sun with,

together (2); thesis putting, placing

composition, combination.]

1.

( 1 ):

putting together,

The combination of

various or diverse elements, factors, parts, ideas, forces, substances,

etc. into

one consistent or coherent whole.

The product of such combination. Much of Grazier's analysis is plainly derivative: a synthesis of the views of American critics from Daxid Riesman to Milton Friedman {Newsweek Int. Feb. 23, 1981:50). 2. Deducing particular instances

Syrinx

n.

[L.

Mythology.

from general causes or

principles.

from Gk. Surinx.] Greek and

Roman

A nymph who escaped the amorous advances

of the god Pan by transformation into reeds. From

god made

cal

prized possessions at a drinking party.

syrinxes Music. Pan-pipes.

together (2); khusis pouring (1): pouring together,

used

synopses [Gk. sunopsis:

these reeds the

synchyses [Gk. sugkhusis: sun with,

is

sun with, together (2); opsis seeing ( 1 ): seeing together,

B.C.) in which Socrates and others discuss their most

n.,pl.

semantic

committee so desires, they

of a philosophical dialogue by Xenophon (4347-7355

synchysis

to

Occurs commonly

decide the question."

synopsis abbr. synop.

An

by Hector Berlioz (1803-1869).

a plural

rule.

pronoun

is

is

for "house"

sending together, union.] Lin-

The joining of a word according

able and likeable or suitable to one's taste or

That dress

"roof

syneses [Gk. sunesis: sun with, together

n., pi.

(hi)e(mi) send

guistics.

part for the whole,

for the part, the general for the specific, the

specific for the general, etc.; e.g,

Symphonie fantastique n.

1

cutting sounds

from the middle, as "e'en" for "evening" or "even." 2.

of tragedy, which was not action but pure passion, used theforce ofsympatheia, through which the spec(Jaeger tators shared the emotions of the chorus [Fr.

cutting with.]

( 1 ):

word

a

pathy.] Fellow-feeling. Sympathy. The earliest form

sympathique adj.

e.g..

dilapi-

together with, understanding one thing with another.]

two groups {The Guardian 1986).

sympatheia

A confusing word order, espe-

confusion.] Rhetoric. cially

pi.

,

Syrinx

instrument also

which

air is

of reed

to

the

known

first

pan-pipes, a musi-

—syrinx

pi.

reed instrument

in

as a syrinx.

A

blown through sections of varying lengths

produce sounds.

T T. or 3.

abbr. for

t.

tenor

T.A. or

t.a.

tableau

tempo (q.v.). tomus (q.v.).

1.

(q.v.). 4.

2.

(q.v.).

tacenda pi.

tableaux or tableaus

Scene. Artistic grouping, a)

[Fr. picture,

tacent satis laudant. Terence (died c. 1 59 B.C.). Eunuch

A vivid descrip-

111,2,23. [L.

One of the striking

(2);

admirable tableaux of rural life, b) The play opens with an impressive tableau (Lesky 1966:394). c) This .

.

make

to

.

the opera into a series

nightmares and arresting tableaux (Time d)

.

.

.

the report interspersed scenes

Int.

of mutilations

tableaux vivants

n., pi.

[Fr.

scene.]

tumed

A

performance

skit or

in

which

with

du

—

An

which

action, word, or thing

permitted

among

the

—

or religious group.

n., pi.

is

members of a v.

(1) ; in in,

on

shipwreck.] Law.

of a second mortgagee,

not

ambiguis ambiguous, doubtful (things)

particular social

always

table,

(3):

tabula rasa

n.,pl.

in

to acquire the first

tabulae rasae

Blank

mind before a

slate. it

rubbed

Used

tabula

there

talis

smoothed or rubbed

to describe the state

of the

receives external impressions. Before

with, as

it

ambiguity, the passage or clause should be

way

that

an inconvenient and

absurd decision may be avoided. See

man can be really objective and impartial, he must

approach an issue

is

interpreted in such a

has sur-

tablet, slate

(6); est is (4); ut

and absurd thing may be avoided.] Law. Whenever

semper

[L.

(1):

(2);

absurd (thing) (11): Interpretation in ambiguous is always to be done such that the inconvenient

incumbrance It

fienda to be made, done

on

semper

things

a

English law.

(2) ; rasa smoothed, slate.]

in

(5);

in,

(3);

may be avoided (12); inconveniens inconvenient (thing) (9); et and (10); absurdum

board

plank

interpretatio interpretation (1); in

that (8); evitetur

know of the existence

and get satisfaction even before the second. vived in tacking

semper fienda est, ut absurdum. [L. talis such

(7);

tabula plank,

who did

translation.

interpretatio in ambiguis

taboos or tabus

Used with reference to the power of

a third mortgagee,

tafasir [Ar.] Islam. Explanation, under-

evitetur inconveniens et

To forbid a particular action,

n. [L.

and VV eltschmerz

n., pi.

forbidden or not

naufragio shipwreck

(2);

Loathing of life. Deep discontent. Cf. mal

from mere talis

word, or thing. tabula in naufragio

loathing, dis-

standing and interpretation of the Koran as distinct

forbidden.] Forbidden or not permitted, especially by religious or social beliefs.

life.

siecle

tafsir

actors reenact a story or scene. restricted,

is silent.

gust (1); vitae of life (2): weariness of life.] Disgust

silent, cos-

taboo or tabu adj. [Polynesian, tabu set aside,

enough

Music. Silence. Used to indicate a

taedium See tedium. taedium vitae n. [L. taedium weariness,

tableau

picture, depiction, scene (2); vivant living (1): living

It is silent.]

place in the music where a part

and deaths with tableaus ofArgentines at work and at play (Newsweek Int. May 9, 1983:44). tableau vivant

(1); satis

enough. Through their silence they praise. tacet [L.

of

1979).

tacent they are silent

laudant they praise (3): They are silent-enough-

they praise.] They are silent enough; they praise

features ofthe book is the author 's ability to present

allows him

things which must be silent.] Items

are embarrassing, controversial, etc.

abbr. for testantibus actis (q.v.).

n., pi.

n. [L.

or subjects which must not be discussed because they

description, scene.] Picture. Image. tion.

tempore

interpretatio

absurdum

et

378

semper fienda

est, ut evitetur

inconveniens, et ne judicium

sit

illusorium. [L. talis such (5); interpretatio interpretation (1);

done

semper always (3); fienda to be made,

(4); est is (2);

avoided (10);

were, a tabula rasa.

talis interpretatio

etc.

ut that (6); evitetur

absurdum absurd

may be

(thing) (7); et and

379

(8);

ne

God.

inconveniens inconvenient (thing) (9); et and (11); order that not (12); judicium judgment (13);

in

sit

be (14); illusorium illusory, worthless (15): Interpretation is always to be done such that the absurd

See

less).

interpretatio in

talis

[Heb. cover.] Judaism.

A prayer shawl worn by Jews

mieux

(2):

so

much (1); mieux better So much the better! Tough! Cf. tant so

interj. [Fr.

much

better.]

much

prayer. 3.

Any hymn of praise.

interj. [Fr.

tant so

worse.] So

much

Tantra or tantra

disgusted with the

worn by Jews during morning prayer except on Holy Days. te

judice adv.

judge

much

(1); pis

worse

(2):

so

the worse! Cf. tant mieux.

religio potuit

much

to

guide

[L.

tantum

(1); religio religion, religious scruple (4);

potuit could,

was able

(3);

suadere

to urge, suggest

malorum of evils

(2): So much of evils could Such a magnitude of evils religion

religion urge.]

could urge people to commit.

in a brisk

tarde venit

sheriff or

late (2);

venit it came (1): It was received by the

late to

be executed before

.

[L.

Astronomy.

from Gk.]

1.

Greek

A bull-shaped constel-

The second dominant from April 20 through

near Aries.

sign of the zodiac,

2.

Astrology.

A person born under this sign.

tchotchke See chachka.

(

1

):

tempo

[Gk. end,

for

abbr. T. or

Ultimate end or purpose.

(q.v.). 2.

or temp,

t.

time, interval.]

[It.

limit.]

tempo

1.

tempore

(q.v.).

tempi or tempos

n., pi.

Music. The rate of rhythmical

1.

movement of a passage

.

.

(2) ; et

.

or piece.

{Newsweek Int. April

and

We praise you,

God.]

We praise you,

(3);

.

.

.

as the tempo of

14, 1980:16). 2. Pace.

we (4); mutamur we change, are

nos

(5); in in,

change and

on

(6); illis

we change

them, those

(7):

Times

them.] Times change and

in

we change

with them. For fuller form, see tempora mutantur; nos et etc. Cf. Autres temps etc. tempora mutantur; nos et mutamur in illis. / quo

modo? fit semper tempore pejor homo. John Owen (15607-1622). Epigrams.

mutantur change, and in,

tecum vivere amem, tecum obeam libens. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 111,9,24. [L. tecum with you (1); vivere to live (3); amem I would love (2); tecum with you (4); obeam I would die (5); libens with pleasure, willing (6): With you I would love to live; with you I would die with pleasure.] I would like to live with you and with pleasure I would die with you. Te Deum n., pi. Te Deums short form of Te Deum Laudamus [L. te you (2); Deum God (3); laudamus praise

temp. abbr.

changed

Elysium; Hades; and Valhalla.

20. 3.

any physical means.

n., pi. teloi

of these passionate desires become reflected in the quick tempo of the action {West Africa 1987). tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis. [L. tempora times (1); mutantur change, are changed

A writ which

1

tact or

telos

A composition for this dance or

and Roman Mythology. The infernal regions or the Lower World. 2. Hell. 3. A place which looks like

lation located

a distance, as though under the influence

Rate of activity or movement. The intensity and urgency

Tartaruses

[L. bull.]

at

step

any officer too

n., pi.

movement at a distance.] The apparent movement

:

of things

dance

tarde

Law.

telekineses [Neo-Gk. from Gk. tele

dance

of this dance.

n. [L.

late.]

2.

n., pi.

a distance, far off (2); kinesis movement, motion

[It.

A traditional

the day of return.

we

Knowledge of

Italian

Music.

1.

tempo.

in the style

May

(q.v.).

the music quickened, couples launched into a familiar

ta ran telle or tarantellas

n., pi.

from Taranto.]

hell. Cf.

Clairvoyance

of spiritual powers, without the application of con-

suadere malorum. Lucretius

DeRerum Natura 1,72.

(C.94-C.55 B.C.).

Taurus n.

judice (with being)

(1);

means. telekinesis

(1)

Tartarus

with you

[L. te

with you being judge.] With you as judge.

at a distance.]

A secret writing or teaching

which uses symbolic, often erotic, language believers to a higher state of reality.

came

(2):

a distance, far off (2); gnosis knowledge ( 1 ): knowledge

Buddhism, andJainism.

tarantella

small

Hebrew

bible

at

(5);

Two

[Heb. tepilin attachments.]

leather boxes containing phrases from the

loom, doctrine.] Hinduism,

so

[L. taedium tediousness.] BoreAs a man of action, he soon got tedium ofsedentary work.

tediums

or monotony.

tefillin pi. n.

n. [Skt.

tantum

n.,pl.

distant occurrences obtained through mysterious

tant pis. tant pis

words of Latin hymn

first

telegnosis n.,pl. telegnoses [Neo-Gk. from Gk. tele at

every morning. tant

The

1.

A musical composition based upon this

2.

dom

etc.

tallith or tallis n., pi. tallithim or talliths or tallisim

Christianity.

of praise.

tedium

and inconvenient thing may be avoided and in order that judgment not be illusory.] Law. Interpretation

must always be carried out in such a way that the absurd and the inconvenient may be avoided, and in order that judgment may not be illusory (or worth-

tempore

(3);

on

(in)

mutamur we

(6); illis

way

are

tempora times

(1);

we

(4); et

change, are changed

(5); in

(2);

nos

quo in what (8); modo becomes (13); semper always (12);

them, those

(9); fit

[L.

changed

tempore with time

(7);

(10); pejor

worse

(14);

homo

Times change and we change in them. / In what way? With time, a human being always becomes worse.] Times change and we change with them. How? With time, people always get worse. For shorter form, see tempora mutantur, et nos etc. Cf. Autres temps etc. tempore abbr. T. or t. or temp. [L. in the time of] person,

human being

(11):

Followed by a name, ordinarily

that

of a king, queen,

Tempore Paschale or other ruler.

380

Used for approximate chronology when is unknown. See Tempore Regis.

the exact date

Tempore Paschale

or Paschale

P.T. [L. tempore

or:

Passover

(2): at the

at

time

Tempore

(1);

abbr. T.P.

Paschale of Easter,

time of Easter.] At/during Easter.

In Eastertide.

Tempore Regis abbr. T.R. [tempore at time ( of king

(2): in the

1 );

regis

time of the king.] During the reign

n. [Ft.

temps

time, weather (2);

perdu

The irretrievable past. Recherche du temps perdu and fugit

lost (1): lost time.] Past time.

Cf.

A

la

irreparibile tempus.

tempus deliberandi n.

voice in

4.

The natural

the sensitive singer,

allowed to an heir to decide whether to accept the

who

scales

Economist 1987).

teras n.,pl. terata [Gk. wonder, marvel, portent, sign.]

An

Monster.

organism, such as a fetus, which on

account of genetic or other causes is grossly amorphous.

sumendum abbr.

T.D.S. or t.d.s.

three times (2); die in a

taken

(1): to

day

be taken thrice

be taken three times

affairs (3): time,

of things. but,

devouring of things.] Time, devourer

Initially, the problems

seemedformidable

thanks to tempus edax rerum, everything has

evaporated. See

tempus

est edax rerum. [L. tempus time (1); est is edax devouring, rapacious (3); rerum of matters,

things, property, business, affairs (4):

of things.] Time devours

things;

i.e.,

on

[L. that

in

former times indicated the kind of tenure which was vested in the grantee. ,

dogma deemed to be true, especially one prevalent among members of a party, organization, ion, doctrine, or

profession, or school. The students re/used to sing the

and salute theflag,

insisting that such

practices are against the tenets oftheir religion. n.,pl.

tenors [L. holding on, holding

continuance, uninterrupted course.]

course of thought or literary work.

.

.

starting

terminus ad quern limit,

term

which

The

and finishing point of a route. Tip of something.

(3):

ad

(1);

n.

terminus boundary, end, according to (2); quern

[L.

to, at, for,

the end to which.] Destination. Deadline.

ment], there

no natural terminus ad quern short of of the employee by reference to

is

the retirement date to limit the

damagesfor wrongful dismissal

terminus ante quern limit,

term

n. [L.

.

.

terminus boundary, end, (2); quern which (3): the

ante before

(1);

end/limit before which.]

A date or time

lished as the latest possible limit

firmly estab-

of a period. Used by

historians to fix the latest possible date

of an event. The

nus ante quern ofhis birth is 1940. Cf. dies a quo. terminus a quo n. [L. terminus boundary, end, limit, term (1); a from (2); quo which (3): the end/limit from which.] 1 The starting point of an activity. The

.

in

West Africa 1986).

in

an activity or a course. A

2.

.

point of origin. 2.

terminus post quern limit,

term

n. [L.

post after

(1);

end/limit after which.]

(2);

quem which

A date or time

1935, while the terminus ante

man oftenacity ofpurpose

quem of his birth quem is 1940, he

is is

terra cognita n.,pl. terrae cognitae [L. terra land (2)

cognita

known

(1):

known

land.]

A

familiar envi-

ronment or known surroundings. terra cotta abbr.

ground, land

ments ofbusybodies.

earth.]

Character, nature, or habit. This

Used

clearly Paul's contemporary. See dies a quo.

unperturbed by the criticisms and insubstantial com-

an authentic work which bears the unmistakable

(3): the

firmly estab-

historians to fix the earliest possible date of an

event. Since the terminus post

.

See

terminus boundary, end,

The general

Procedure, trend, or direction

(q.v.).

lished as the earliest possible limit of a period.

by

proceeds, like the planets, on the tenor ofhis course,

3.

Terminus post quern

dies a quo.

theories that

1. .

have radicalised the general tenor of liberation thought in the Third World (Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe

is

boundary,

.

tenet n. pi. tenets [L. He/she/it holds or maintains.] Opin-

fast,

[L.

age ofhis parents and his career suggest that the termi-

which must be

be held.] Law. Used to introduce a clause which

tenor abbr. T. or t

termini or terminuses

n., pi.

end, limit, term.] Finishing point. Starting point.

(Freedland 1976:252). Cf. dies a quo.

quickly. For fuller form, see sed fugit etc.

national anthem

terminus

die day (3): thrice in a day.]

(2);

which

See tempus edax rerum. tempus fugit. [L. tempus time (1); fugit flies, runs away, flees (2): Time flees.] Time flies. Time passes

tenendums

(1); in in,

time solves prob-

lems. In law, e.g., an usucapio (q.v.) which goes

n., pi.

To

daily.

Time is devouring

unchallenged for a long time becomes a possession.

tenendum

be

to

Medicine.

Purpose. In the case of such a contract [of employ-

est etc.

tempus (2);

[L. ter thrice,

sumendum

ter in die abbr. T.D. or t.d. adv. [L. ter thrice, three

times

matters, things, property, business,

(3);

in a day.]

Medicine. Three times a day.

rerum of

his sugar-

$39, 000 an eveningfor appearing at a medium-sized

inheritance or not. Cf. beneficium abstinendi and

(2);

down

indicated in 4 (above): "A tenor these days can get

potestas abstinendi.

tempus edax rerum Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.). Metamorphoses XV,234. [L. tempus time (1); edax devouring

male singing

coated songs and sweet tenor for his new LP (Newsweek Int. March 26, 1979:35). 5. A person who sings, or an instrument which plays, the kind of note

ter die

tempus time(l); deliberandi of deliberating (2): time of deliberating.] Roman, Civil, and Scots Law. The time which in former times was [L.

adult

highest range. "I'm loosening up, "says

its

Italian festival, "... (The

of the king. See tempore.

temps perdu

tenor ofits author.

1.

TC n.,pl.

(2);

terra cottas

[It.

terra earth,

cotta cooked, baked (1): baked

A hard, fired, usually reddish and unglazed

material used for earthenware. 2.

An object such as a

381

pot,

bowl, or figurine

brownish orange terrae Alius See terra firma

\

material. 3.

A

adj. terra-cotta

A

made from such

—

brownish red or orange color.

The color of clay,

color.

filius terrae.

terra earth, ground, land (2); firma

n. [L.

firm, strong (1): firm ground/earth.] Solid ground.

Dry

land.

A secure Jfoothold.

terra ignota

;

n., pi.

terrae ignotae [L. terra land (2)

unknown (1): unknown land.] An environment or unknown surroundings.

unfamiliar

land.]

(2);

unknown

incognita

(1):

unknown

An unknown territory. An unexplored subject.

Books written by Europeans would make us believe that, before Christopher Columbus voyage of exploration, America was a terra incognita. '

terra intacta

ground, land

[L. terra earth,

n.

(2);

intacta untouched (1): untouched land.] Unexplored,

untouched

land. Implicit in his discussion

.

.

the

is

.

fact that the Upper Region remains terra intacta as

far as excavation in

j

is

concerned,

.

.

.

(Roger G. Thomas

West Africa 1982).

manens vacua occupanti conceditur. [L. terra earth, ground, land (1); manens remaining, staying

terra

(2);

vacua unoccupied, vacant (3); occupanti

occupying (5); conceditur

is

to

granted, given (4):

one

Land

remaining vacant is granted to the one occupying.] Law. Land which remains vacant is given to the first person to occupy it. See res nullius naturaliter etc. terra nullius

nobody

terra earth, ground, land (1); nullius of

n. [L.

Land which has not been Land which belongs to nobody.

land of nobody.]

(2):

annexed by any

nation.

cum

terra transit

onere. [L. terra earth, ground, land

(1); transit passes, is transferred (2);

cum

with

(3);

onere burden, load (4): Land passes with the burden.] Law. Land is transferred with its incumbrance. Cf. res transit etc.

terrazzo

terrazzi

n., pi.

[It.]

A

marble or stone floor

mortar and highly polished.

set in

terre-a-terre adj. [Fr. terre earth, ground, land (1); a

toward,

in,

earth.]

.

1

to,

by, with, until (2); terre earth (3): earth to

Performed on the floor or ground. Performed

The dancer is most admirable when he does terre-a-terre dancing. 2. Performing with

with hardly any elevation.

the feet very close to the floor or ground. The terre-a-

up a very outstanding Commonplace, unimaginative, prosaic

terre dancers in the troupe put

performance.

3.

or matter-of-fact. Down-to-earth. The guest

of honor

almost ruined the occasion with his terre-a-terre speech.

tertium quid t

third what.]

n. [L. 1

.

tcrtium third

(1);

quid what

third party

a

Something lying between two mutually

exclusive things, but sharing features of both.

i

(2):

of uncertain

status. This is

2.

A

a case of a

husband, wife, and a tertium quid. tertius

gaudens

n. [L.

tertius third

ing (2): a third rejoicing.] Law.

( 1 );

rejoic-

A third party benefits

from a dispute between two other

parties.

[L.

tertius third (1);

(2):

a third intervening.]

Civil Law. A third person who intervenes. A person who interpleads, i.e., between parties to a suit, usually to protect his/her own interests.

terza rima

n. [It.

terza third (1); rima rhyme

(2): third

A type of poetry in which the second line of

verse written in triplets rhymes with the verses of the next

triplet.

first

and

This form of rhyme

La Commedia Divina

(q.v.)

is

third

used

by Dante Alighieri

(1265-1321).

cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur, ultimum ratum est; sic est, cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in eodem testamento. [L. testamenta wills (3); cum when (1); duo two (2); inter among (6); se themselves (7); pugnantia fighting (5); reperiuntur are found (4); ultimum last (8); ratum approved ( 0); est is (9); sic so (1 1); est it is (12); cum when (13); duo two (things) (14); inter among ( 7); se themselves ( 8); pugnantia fighting

testamenta

1

1

1

reperiuntur are found (15); in eodem the same (20); testamento will (16);

two

in,

on (19);

When

(21):

among themselves, the when two things are found

wills are found fighting

last is

approved; so

fighting

it is,

among themselves

in the

same

will.]

Law.

When there are two conflicting wills, the last is accepted. The same

when there are two conflicting same will. See cum duo inter se

rule applies

provisions in the

etc. and si duo in testamento etc. testamenta latissimam interpretationem habere

debent. est (4);

[L.

testamenta wills

( 1 );

latissimam broad-

(5); habere debent ought, should (2):

interpretationem interpretation

to have, hold, regard (3);

Wills should have the broadest interpretation.] Law. Wills should be interpreted very broadly.

testamenti factio See factio testamenti.

testamentum n., pi. testamenta [L. will, testament ] Civil Law. A testament. Will. testamentum destitutum n.,pl. testamenta destituta [L. testamentum will (2); destitutum abandoned, deserted (1): an abandoned will.] A deserted will, i.e., an inheritance which no one has entered on. Cf. hereditas jacens.

testamentum inofficiosum inofficiosa [L.

testamentum

n., pi.

testamenta

will (2); inofficiosum

undutiful, inofficious (1): an undutiful testament.] Civil

Law.

or duties,

A will i.e.,

which does not

fulfill

obligations

a will that violates natural duty and

deprives children and parents of their rightful share in the estate.

See donatio inofficiosa.

testamentum omne morte consummatur.

[L.

testamen-

tum will (2); omne every, all (1); morte by death (4); consummatur is consummated, perfected (3): Every will is

gaudens

n.

interveniens intervening

in

terra incognita n.,pl. terrae incognitae [L. terra earth,

ground, land

tertius interveniens

rhyme.]

ignota

i

testantibus actis

consummated by

by the death of the

death.]

testator.

Law. All

wills are perfected

See legatum morte

testantibus actis abbr. T.A. or

t.a. [L.

etc.

testantibus

(with) testifying, bearing witness (2); actis with the

382

testatoris ultima

As

acts/deeds (1): with the acts testifying.]

the acts

show. As the acts indicate. As shown by the

perimplenda secun[L. testatoris of

testatoris ultima voluntas est

dum veram wish

intentionem suam. ultima

testator (3);

(2); est is (4);

last (1);

intentionem intention

wish of a

testator is to

his/her true intention.]

be

fully

voluntas

(9);

be

veram

Law.

A testator's last will must

n.,pl. testata [L. that

which has demonstrated, Law.

1

.

The por-

and contains the operative

ad

to,

You

satisfying (4):

a writ

(2);

No one can

nemo debet

oculatus unus plus valet

head

a

to,

head

(3):

testis

quam quam

auriti decern. auriti decern.

tete-a-tetes or tetes-a-tetes [Fr. tete

n., pi.

(1);

toward,

to head.]

in,

by, with, until (2); tete

A private or confidential con-

versation or interview, especially between .

.

the head ofFrance

.

down for a

involved.

is

esse etc.

See plus valet oculatus tete-a-tete

be

's

two persons.

was sitting Francois

largestfarm union

tete-a-tete with President

Mitterrand (Newsweek Int. Feb. 22, 1982:9).

—

adj.

capias you should take

satisfaciendum

quiet night, enjoying a tete-a-tete dinner at a secluded

according to

to, at, for,

able (2):

As he strolled on the crowded sidewalk, Tony found himself tete-a-tete with the girl he had been avoidingfor the pastfour years. 2. Private. Done between two persons. The two lovers had a

Testatum capias ad satisfaciendum (q.v.). testatum capias ad satisfaciendum or testatum capias n. [L. testatum that which has demonstrated declassed,

(1);

is

own cause.] Law. No one can be

a witness in a case in which he/she

head

etc.

2.

or borne witness

a witness in his/her

testis

executed according to his/her true intention.

states the consideration

esse to be (3); potest can,

suam his/her (7): The last

fully executed according to

of a deed of conveyance which, among other things,

words.

ness (4);

Cf.

declared, or borne witness to, a writ.] tion

nemo in sua causa esse potest. [L. testis witnemo no one (1); in in, on (5); sua one's own, his/her own (6); causa cause, case, reason (7);

testis

true (8);

to (6);

See interest reipublicae suprema testatum

will, desire,

perimplenda to be fully executed

secundum according

(5);

acts.

(3);

should take a writ for satisfying.]

1

.

Face

villa.

to face.

—

adv. Privately. Face-to-face.

With no

third

An additional writ issued by a court of one county

person present. The lovers had a quiet night, dining,

to a sheriff of another county, if the judgment debtor

conversing and reading tete-a-tete. Cf. vis-a-vis. Tetragrammaton n. [Gk. tet(ta)ra four(l); gramma letter (2): four letters.] The four letters (YHWH or JHVH) representing the Hebrew name for God.

Law. has

moved

(q.v.)

to the latter

county and a writ of ca.

sa.

has been returned, indicating that he/she cannot

be found testatus

in the

county of the issuing court.

n. , pi. testati [L.

testament.] Civil Law.

one who has made a

will or

A person who has made a will.

A testate. A testator. ponderantur, non numerantur. See ponderantur testes, non numerantur.

testibus praesentibus [L. testibus with witnesses (1);

praesentibus (with) present present.] In the presence

(2):

with witnesses

of witnesses.

testimonia ponderanda sunt, non numeranda. testimonia testimonies, evidences

to

be counted

[L.

ponderanda

(1);

sunt are (2); non not (4); numeranda

(5):

Testimonies are to be weighed, not

counted.] Law. Testimonies must be evaluated by their

weight, not their number. See ponderantur testes

testimonium

n., pi.

(1)

:

n. [L.

received text.]

textus text (2); receptus received

The

testimonia or testimoniums

evidence, attestation, testimony.] Law.

etc.

[L.

The concluding

snakes.

thanatophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. thanato(s) death (2);

phob(os) fear

fear

of death.

thaumaturgus

(1): fear

n., pi.

." .

and conand

.

person

who

attests,

A witness. A person who gives testimony

or witnesses a document.

de visu praeponderat aliis. [L. testis witness de of, from, about, for (2); visu sight, vision (3); praeponderat is regarded as superior to, outweighs

testis

(1);

(4); aliis others (5):

others.]

Law.

threnos

n., pi.

(2): theater

A witness from sight outweighs

An eye-witness outweighs others.

plus valet unus

etc.

and securius expediuntur

from Gk.

(q.v.).

of the world.] The theater as

threnoi [Gk. threnos lament.]

of sorrow, especially for the dead. of theology

(2);

of Theology.] theology

(2);

A

song

A dirge. [L.

theologiae

baccalaureus bachelor ( 1 ): Bachelor

An undergraduate degree in

Theologiae Doctor abbr. Th.D.

2. Testicle.

[L.

excessive

Th.D. abbr. for Theologiae Doctor (q.v.). theatrum mundi n. [L. theatrum theater (1); mundi

Theologiae Baccalaureus abbr. Th.B. n.

the witnesses. testis n., pi. testes [L. witness, a 1

thaumaturgi

An

Th.B. abbr. for Theologiae Baccalaureus

a mirror of the world.

.

of death.]

thaumaturgos: thaumat(os) wonder (1); erg(on) work (2): wonder-worker.] A person, especially a magician or saint, who performs miracles. Thaumaturge.

of the world

tains such information as the date, the parties,

of death.] Poisonous

(2) ; ophi(s) serpent (1): serpent

conveyance, which usually begins with "In witness whereof, the parties to these presents

manu-

of the Bible.

thanatophidia/?/. n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. thanato(s) death

or authenticating clause of a deed or instrument of

testicle.]

established text in a

script tradition, especially that

testes

to be weighed (3);

textus receptus

n. [L.

theology.

theologiae of

doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher of theology.]

Doctor of Theology.

A terminal

graduate degree

in J

theology.

Theologiae Magister abbr. Th.M.

n. [L.

theologiae of

See

theology (2); magister master ( 1 ): Master of Theology .]

etc.

A predoctoral graduate degree in theology.

.

383 theophobia

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. theo(s)

n.

phob(os) fear

of God.]

(1): fear

An

God

(2);

excessive fear

of God. thesauri or thesauruses [L. from Gk.

n., pi.

thesauros treasure, treasury, store-house.]

I.

A collec-

of information or words, especially one respecting

A

a particular discipline.

dictionary of

synonymous

An encyclopedia. For 130 years Roget 's

expressions.

Thesaurus has been the book that writers, students, crossword-puzzle addicts and logophiles turned to "

? when they wondered, "What 's another wordfor (Newsweek Int. April 26, 1982:34). 2. Storehouse, repository or treasury. A room in the residence ofthe Basseys has been converted into a thesaurus ofpriceless articles. thesis n., pi. theses [Gk. laying down, situation, position assumed and requiring proof] 1. A statement advanced for discussion and proof, a) His thesis is simple: the African was the slave because disease .

.

selected him for the role (Kofi Akainyah in West Africa

1986) b) The scholar's .

though ably argued,

thesis,

had a fundamentalflaw and was with difficulty demolished by the discussants.

A dissertation

2.

outcome of original

incorporating the

or essay

research, espe-

one conducted by a candidate for a high academic

cially

degree under competent direction or supervision. Also, an essay written by an undergraduate

who

is

a

thug

abbr. for Theologiae

[Hindi thag.]

n.

one working tiara

n., pi.

M agister

(q.v.).

A hoodlum or ruffian, especially A crown or ceremonial

headpiece.

Aeneid 11,49. even

(3);

fear Greeks

when

et

dona

[L.

ferentes. Vergil (70-19 B.C.).

timeo

dona

I

fear

gifts (5);

(

1

);

Danaos Greeks (2);

ferentes bringing (4):

I

even bringing gifts.] I fear the Greeks even

they bring

gifts; i.e.,

Be on your guard when

dealing with your enemy, even

be nice or should offer gifts.

if

he/she/they should

An allusion to the wooden

horse given to the Trojans by the Greeks. tinea pedis

worm tinnitus

tirade

n. [L.

speech.

A

i.e.,

(2):

foot.

A ringing in the ears.

i.e.,

of

insults.]

A

vituperative

protracted or prolonged speech, usually

of

A continuous fire or vol-

insults, invective, etc. a)

man " out of the

way,

it

The "press-

was time for her

to release

a tirade of insults on her challenger {The Guardian 1987) b) Unionist opposition to the Anglo-Irish .

agreement turned that Stormont experiment into one long tirade ofineffectual protest ( The Economist 1 987).

tmesis

n., pi.

tmeses [Gk. tmesis cutting, division.]

Linguistics. Separation

of the constituent parts of a

compound word by the intrusion of a word or phrase; e.g.,

transfiguration, clarification (3):

death and transfiguration.] "Death and Transfiguration,"

an 1 889 symphonic poem by Richard Strauss 1949) about a dying

man remembering

( 1

864-

his past

and

preparing for his death.

toga

n., pi.

togas [L. gown, garment.]

garment normally worn

in public

1.

The

loose outer

by an ancient Roman

male citizen. 2. Any similar loose wrapper, like the kente cloth

the

of a Ghanaian, which

left

ered. 3.

arm

is

is

draned

in

such a way that

covered while the right arm

is left

uncov-

An official, professional, or academic gown. An

interesting aspect

ofthe convocation ceremony was the of graduands and members of the

colorful procession

academic staff, each wearing his/her toga.

An official position.

he assumes omnipotence and omniscience, and

ecutive,

in the process

toga

makes himselfa laughingstock togae viriles

virilis n., pi. virilis

(1);

4. Authority.

Clothed with the toga ofa chiefex-

[L.

toga gown, garment

of a man (2): garment of a man.]

garment or toga, which the ancient wearing

started

at puberty, i.e., at the

.

A man's youth

age of about

Symbol of maturity,

fourteen. 2. Maturity.

1

Roman

especially

the toga

virilis.

Augustine of Hippo (354-430

A.D.). Confessions VIII, 12,29. [L. tolle pick

up

(3); lege

up, read, pick up, read.] Pick 1.

e.,

tolle

up

(1);

read (4): Pick

up and read

(the book,

the Bible).

voluntatem

tolle take

et erit

omnis actus indifferens. [L. (1); voluntatem will, inclierit will be (6); omnis every,

way, remove

nation (2); et and (3); all (4);

actus

neither

good nor bad

act, action (5); (7):

indifferens indifferent,

Remove the will and every

Take away the will, and every action will be neither good nor bad. See actus non facit etc. torn us n.,pl. tomi abbr. T. or t. [L. from Gk. tomos a action will be indifferent.] Law.

pedis of foot

tirades [Fr. diatribe, vituperative speech,

of insulting language.

ley,

(1);

ringing.] Medicine.

string or volley,

full

worm

tinea

of foot.] Medicine. Athlete's n. [L.

n., pi.

Verklarung

(2);

runs.

Tod death (1); und and

[Ger.

lege read (2); tolle pick

timeo Danaos et

by big chords and complicated

Tod und Verklarung n.

tolle lege tolle lege

tiaras [Gk. crown.]

A free-style

intellectual maturity.

gang,

in a

touched.] Music.

[It.

composition for the keyboard, especially the organ,

A person who holds a responsible position should not behave like one who is yet to wear

candidate for an honors degree.

Th.M.

toccata n.,pl. toccatas

characterized

thesaurus

tion

Torah

"what idea soever" for "whatsoever idea."

volume, book.] A book, especially a serious one or one volume in a series. A tome. tontine n.,pl. tontines [Fr. from Lorenzo Tonti (1635— 1690?).] Finance. A scheme in which investors recutting,

ceive shares

in

a fund and earn annuities for a certain

period of time, after which the remaining fund

awarded topos

n.,pl.

topoi [Gk. place.]

form or theme, especially

Torah

n.

is

to the surviving investors.

A traditional or customary literature or art.

[Heb. instruction, teaching.] Judaism.

1.

The

books of the Hebrew Bible. The Pentateuch. 2. The scroll containing these books, read at Jewish services. 3. The collection of Jewish religious law first five

and learning, both written and

oral.

384

torso

torso 1.

torsi or torsos or torsoes

n., pi.

The trunk of a human

being,

stock, stem.]

[It.

body excluding

i.e.,

and torso were covered with blood {Newsweek Int. Nov. 12, 1 979: 1 5). b) Seidu wore a shirt which fitted his torso tightly and emphasized his masculinity. 2. The part of a garment which covers the human trunk. 3. The trunk of the statue of a human being, especially one which is nude or whose head and limbs are mutilated. 4. A thing such as a literary or artistic work which is mutilated or was not completed by the author the head and the limbs, a) His hands

or

Something such as the trunk of a

artist. 5.

which resembles a human being's totidem verbis adv.

totidem

[L.

tree

torso.

in just

so many, just

many ( 1 ); verbis (in) words (2): in so many words.] In so many words. See in totidem verbis. toties quoties adv. [L. toties so many times (1); quoties as (2): so many times as.] As often as. Repeatedly. as

Whenever the occasion arises. The President has been with the whole

power

(with) strength, energy,

strength/power.] With ously. Energetically.

who

He

viribus

(1);

with the whole

(2):

one's might. Very vigor-

all

is

a very industrious man

executes every assignment

by the whole (1); caelo (by) by the whole heaven.] In a diametriopposite way. In an entirely different fashion.

sky, heaven (2):

His position

totum tenet

differs toto caelo from

et nihil tenet. [L.

my own.

totum the whole

He

(2);

has the whole and has

Law. Applicable, inter

nothing.]

alia (q.v.), to joint

thrust!

touched, a

[Fr.

interj.

A

a touch.]

hit,

good

A good point! Used to admit a good hit, thrust,

point, etc. in fencing, debate, or accusation.

"Touche, " said Ben, admitting the validity ofa point

urged by

his opponent.

—

n., pi.

A good hit,

touches

thrust, point, etc. in fencing, debate, or accusation.

tour de force (1);

de of

strength.]

tours de force

n.,pl.

A

[Fr.

tour

force strength, power

(2);

wonderful feat of strength or

One London

as a tour deforce b)

feat, trick

(3): feat

extraordinary performance in the literary, field, a)

Donald Erb

.

.

's

.

critic

skill.

of

May 30,

Trombone Concerto

.

1983:64). .

.

tirely.

was a

pardon, forgive to

(6):

To understand

zon.]

n., pi.

tours d'horizon

A survey. A general

retreat

.

.

.

was

to

U.S. foreign policy in the

survey. The

of hori-

purpose of the

Middle East, Iran and South-

Tous pour un, un pour 1

tour course,

conduct a thorough tour d 'horizon of

west Asia (Newsweek Int. March 3 1

(

[Fr.

(3): circuit

,

1

803-1 870). Les Trois Mousquetaires IX.

everything,

it is

is

same as forgiving everything. Tout comprendre rend tres indulgent. Mme. de Stael ( 1 766- 1817). Corinne XVIII,5 [Fr. tout everything .

comprendre to understand, comprehend (1); rend makes (3); tres very (4); indulgent lenient, forbearing (5): To understand everything makes (one) very lenient.] Understanding everything makes a (2) ;

person very tolerant.

court short

all (1);

short, in short.] In brief.

(2): all

The allegorical equation of

Hermes with speech tout court, logos, is reflected in our word hermeneutics (Burkert 1985: 1 58). tout de suite adv.

[Fr.

tout

all,

entirely (1);

ately.]

Right away.

Toute nation a seph

De

le

de

in (2);

Now.

gouvernement

Maistre (1753-1821). (2);

a has (3);

government (5); qu' which

le

qu'elle merite. Jo-

[Fr.

toute every

(6); elle

Dumas [Fr.

(1);

gouvernement

the (4); it,

she

(7);

merite

deserves, earns (8): Every nation has the government

which

it

deserves.] Nations get the governments they

deserve. n. [Fr.

tout everything (1); ensemble

together (2): everything together.]

The general

ef-

of something, such as a work of art. Something

fect

considered as a whole.

Tout

perdu fors l'honneur. Francis

est

(1494-1547).

[Fr.

tout

I

of France

perdu lost honneur honor

all (1); est is (2);

(3) ; fors except, save (4);

1'

the (5);

(6) All is lost except honor.] Everything :

is lost

except

honor.

possibles Voltaire (1694-1778). Candide 30.

tout

all (

best (5);

of the

1 );

est is (2);

dans

(9);

in (6); le the (7);

mondes worlds

worlds.

A

Gottfried

tout

le

is

tous

[Fr.

pour for (3); ce this (4); mieux meilleur best (8); des

(11); possibles possible

of the possible

this best

for the best in the best of all possible

reference to the positive philosophy of

Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716).

haut monde

high, upper (3);

n. [Fr.

tout

all (1); le

monde world (4):

all

the (2); haut

the high world.]

All the elite of the society. Yves Saint Laurent toasted

of couture last week with a lavish bash for 1,000 .... drawing tout le haut monde and some lesserfolks, too (Newsweek his twentieth anniversary as the king

980: 1 2).

tous. Alexandre

by,

En-

the

worlds.] All

of (2); horizon horizon

in,

to deed.]

pardon everything.] Understanding everything

(10): All is for the best in

1980:44B).

circuit (1); d'

all

Absolutely. Thoroughly.

March

tour d' horizon

toward,

to,

Tout comprendre, c'est tout pardonner. [Fr. tout everything (2): comprendre to understand (1); c' it (3); est is (4); tout everything (5); pardonner to

half mad, jazz-inspired tourdeforce (Newsweeklnt. 3,

a

all (1);

with, until (2); fait deed, act (3):

An Tout est pour le mieux dans ce meilleur des mondes

artistic, etc.

hailed the performance

(Newsweeklnt.

one for all.] All for one Les Trois Mousquetaires.

tout a fait adv. [Fr. tout

tout ensemble

tenancy.

touche

Cf.

all.

nation nation

tenet he holds, has (1); et and (3); nihil nothing (5); tenet he holds, has (4):

and one for

suite succession (3): entirely in succession, immedi-

totis viribus.

toto caelo adv. [L. toto

cally

pour for (2); un one (3); un one (4); pour for

1 );

tout court adv. [Fr. tout

granting indulgence toties quoties. totis viribus adv. [L. totis

all (

(5) ; tous all (6): All for one,

385 Int.

Feb.

beau monde and haut

1982:50). See

8,

trattoria

to transfer

no more

one who receives than is in who delivers.] Law. Delivery

to the

the possession of the one

monde. le monde n. [Fr. tout all, entirely (1); le the monde world (3): all the world.] Everybody.

tout

tout Paris

n. [Fr.

tout

all (

Paris Paris (2):

1 );

(2);

should or can transfer to the recipient no more than is

all Paris.]

possessed by the one

See

nemo

dat qui

who makes

The "beautiful people" of Paris. Affluent fun-loving becomes Parisians. The ruse works, and Vicky the sensation oftout Paris {Newsweek Int. March 29,

tragedienne or tragedienne

1982:49). Cf. le tout Paris.

trahison des clercs

.

tout seul

tout

n. [Fr.

all,

entirely

( 1 );

.

.

seul alone (2):

all

Completely alone.

alone.]

tout simple

simple

n. [Fr.

tout

entirely (1);

all,

simple easy,

Fr. tout all ( 1 ); un one (2); sound one sound.] Of the same sound. With the same sound. Idem sonans (q.v.). T.P. abbr. for Tempore Paschale (q.v.).

tout

un sound [Obs.

sound

(3): all

Tempore

T.R. abbr. for

[L.

n.

owner

transference of a corporeal thing by the

somebody

in return for

traditio brevi

manu

n. [L.

to

brevi by short

(2);

in the

clavium

transfer

n. [L.

traditio handing over, delivery,

of possession

(1);

clavium of keys

(2): deliv-

ery or transfer of keys.] Law. Transfer of ownership

of goods

warehouse by the symbolic

in a

act

1.

of deliv-

Eclogues

quemque

manu n.

[L. traditio

ery, transfer of possession

(1);

handing over, deliv-

longa by long

(2);

manu

(by) hand (3): delivery or transfer of possession by

one.]

Each one

tranche

n.,pl.

is

One's own pleasure draws each

attracted

tranches

by what

interests him/her.

[Fr. slice, installment.]

Portion

or installment. Portion of bond issue for distribution

another country. The World Bank has released an

tranche of 250 million dollars out of a total

of 452 million

to

be granted

to

Nigeria

.

.

.

{Sunday

Tribune 1986).

tranche de vie

de of (2); vie

n. [Fr.

tranche

slice,

of

life (3): slice

life.]

installment (1);

A

piece of real

especially in art and literature.

life,

transferuntur dominia sine titulo et traditione, per usucaptionem, scil., per longam continuam et pacificam possessionem. [L. transferuntur are transferred (2);

dominia absolute ownerships title (4); et

(1);

and (5); traditione

delivery (6); per through, by (7); usucap(t)ionem

usucaption

(8); scil.(icet) that is to say,

namely

(9);

which the

the property in the hands of the receiver

peaceable, peaceful (14); possessionem possession

A

form of delivery

in

or orders the delivery of the property at the receiver's

(15):

house.

title

chartam

traditio loqui

draws, drags (3); sua one's

own, his/her own ( 1 ); quemque each one (4); voluptas

per through, by (10); longam long (1 1); continuam continuous, unbroken (12); et and (13); pacificam

long hand.] Law.

owner puts

treason of intellectuals

voluptas. Vergil (70-19 B.C.).

11,65. [L. trahit

sine without (3); titulo

ering keys. traditio longa

The

of a 1927 book by Benda.

in

name of another reaches agreement with the latter to hold possession in his/her own name. traditio

title

trahit sua

initial

manu (by) hand (3): delivery by short hand.] Law. An implied delivery in which a person who possesses something

tragic

comedienne.

trahisons des clercs J. Benda

n.,pl.

betrayal of scholars.]

traditio handing over, deliv(1);

Cf.

(1873- 1956). [Fr. trahison treason, perfidy, betrayal (1); des of the (2); clercs scholars, learned men (3):

something.

of possession

ery, transfer

A

in tragedy.]

by extension, any actress.

pleasure, delight (2):

regis (q.v.).

handing over, delivery, transfer of possession.] Civil Law. Delivery of possession, i.e.,

traditio

actress or,

tragediennes or

n., pi.

an actress

[Fr.

who desert academic pursuit and take to politics. 2. The

Altogether simple.

(2): entirely simple.]

tragediennes

the delivery.

etc.

facit. [L. traditio

handing over,

Absolute ownerships are transferred without

and delivery through usucaption, namely through

long, continuous, and peaceable possession.]

may be

Law.

delivery, transfer of possession (1); loqui (to) speak

Absolute ownership

chartam paper (3); facit makes (2): Delivery makes a paper speak.] Law. Delivery causes a deed to speak; i.e., a deed becomes effective when there is

and delivery through usucaption, that is to say, through

(4);

amplius transferre debet vet potest, ad

eum

qui accipit,

[L. traditio

quam

est

apud eum qui

tradit.

handing over, delivery, transfer of pos-

session (1); nihil nothing (6); amplius more, further (7);

transferre to transfer

(2); vel

or (3); potest can,

(5); is

debet ought, should

able (4); ad

to, at, for,

accipit

eum one, him/her (9); qui who ( receives, accepts (11); quam than (12);

is

apud

according to

(13);

(14);

eum

(8);

in the

possession

of, in the

one, him/her (15); qui

who

1

0);

est

power of

(16); tradit

surrenders, delivers (17): Delivery ought, or

is

able,

title

and uncontested possession. Cf.

praescriptio est titulus

etc.

and sine possessione etc.

transgressione multiplicata, crescat poenae

delivery. Cf. in traditionibus etc.

traditio nihil

long, continuous,

transferred without

inflictio.

See multiplicata transgressione, crescat poenae inflictio.

transire

n., pi.

through.]

transires [L. to pass, cross over, go

A customs document indicating the cargo,

the consignors), and the consignee(s), and permitting the passage of the vessel.

transitus n.,pl. transituses [L. passage.] Passage of a

person or thing from one place to another. Transit. trattoria n.,pl. trattorias

ment which food.

sells

[It.

restaurant.]

An

establish-

meals, especially Italian home-style

A public eating-house. A restaurant (q.v.).

A

Trauermusik

386

two course meal with house wine has climbedfrom $10 to $15 9,

.

.

.

a nice trattoria

1.

Threefold. Triple.

(Newsweek Int. May

3.

Having three levels. A

in

triptyque

1983:39).

Trauermusik

Trauer mourning (1); Musik music (2): mourning music] Music of Mourning, a string composition by Paul Hindemuth (1895-1963), written in 1936 on the occasion of the death of King George V of Great Britain. trauma n., pi. traumata or traumas [Gk. wound, [Ger.

n.

heavy blow.]

A physical wound or injury caused fall, or a blow. 2. A psychologically

1.

by violence, a

or emotionally shattering experience, a) the trauma

of divorce; b) The Nigerian national trauma

1967-70

the

is

war. The one thing Nigerians do not

civil

want to see is a repetition ofthat conflict (Odumegwu

Ojukwu c)

.

.

.

Newsweek

in

Int.

Japan recovered from

Aug.

8,

the trauma

trecento

n.

[It.

.

.

.

The

The

Used

14th century.

Too much. That 's tres cool.

tres chic adj. [Fr. tres very (1); chic stylish (2): very

Very

stylish.

Very

tria capita pi. n. [L. tria three

heads.]

sophisticated. Cf. chic.

( 1 );

capita heads

namely libertas "freedom," civitas "citiand familia "family rights" (q.v.).

civil status,

(q.v.),

trid. abbr. for

triduum

triduo

tridui or triduos [It./Sp.]

n., pi.

three days.

Triduum

triduum abbr.

Roman

1.

Catholic

of prayers

1

(1);

n.,pl.

triduums

[L. three days'

A term or period of three days. Church. A period of three days communion.

first

trienniums or triennia

[L. tres three

(2): three years, three years' time.]

biennium.

trios [It./Sp. three persons.]

n., pi.

period of

that usually precedes an important reli-

annus year

1.

A

musical

composition designed for three voices or instruments.

A dance performed by three persons. 2. A set or group of three persons,

singers, dancers, things, etc. a)

They

are the very model ofa modern major company, even

though two-thirds of the trio has scant experience on the stage (Newsweek Int. June 22, 1981:50). ,a a trio ofcharacters: an oil engineer (West Africa secretary and a Bedouin guide b) There

is .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

1982).

tripara

n., pi.

triparas [Neo-L. from tr(es) three

par(io) give birth

Medicine.

( 1 ):

(2);

giving birth for the third time.]

A woman who has given birth for the third

time. Cf. multipara,

triplex n.,pl. triplexes [L. threefold, triple, a threefold

portion.]

Something which

A

.

of automobiles and thus

movement

facilitates their

across international'boundaries. 2. Art.

A group of three

painted or carved panels which are hinged together.

triskaidekaphobia

n.

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. triskaideka

three-and-ten, thirteen (2); phob(os) fear(l): fear of three-and-ten.] Superstitious fear of the

number "13."

triste adj. [L./Fr. mournful, sad.] Miserable. ful.

Sorrow-

Low-spirited, a) a triste musical group; b) a triste

performance.

at the bittersweet

successio

memory of her lost love. [L. tristis

n.

mournful, sad

successio succession, inheritance heritance.]

triumvir

(1);

mournful

(2):

in-

See hereditas luctuosa.

n.,pl.

triumvirs or triumviri

[L. tr(es) three

man, one of a body of three.] A member of a ruling body of three. That left Meese, (1) ; vir man(2): three

and weightiest of the triumvirs (Newsweek Int. Jan 18, 1982:28). Cf. decemvir. trivia pi. n. Used as either sing, or pi. [L. from trivium a place where three roads meet, crossroads, intersection, frequented place.] The meaning is influenced by trivialis [L. vulgar, commonplace, trivial.] Insigthe third

.

.

.

a reference to critics who expect the

Trivialities, a) ...

historian to record all kinds oftrivia, like the emperor 's

A period or epoch of three years. Cf. trio

A

(q.v.).

gious occasion such as a feast or

triennium

1

nificant or unimportant things or matters. Trifles.

(q.v.).

trid. n., pi.

time, three days.] 2.

(2): three

Roman Law. The three elements of a person's

zenship"

(2): three folds.]

document issued by departments of customs or motoring associations which permits temporary importation

tristis

and art. Cf. cinquecento; quatrocento; and seicento.

stylish.]

from Gk. triptukhos

couragement. Dismay. She was overcome by tristesse

especially in reference to Italian history, literature,

tres adv./adj. [Fr. very.] Very.

[Fr.

ptux fold

of the war,

(The Guardian 1986). 1300s.

triptyques

tr(es) three (1);

tristesse n. [Fr. sadness, sorrow.] Unhappiness. Dis-

tre three (1); cento hundred (2): the

three hundreds.]

n., pi.

triplex building. Cf. duplex.

1983:14).

post 1945, to become the greatest technologically

advanced country

from

Having three apartments.

2.

is

threefold.

—

adj.

dinner conversation.

.

.

(Laistnen 1966: 152). b) Though

he holds a very important position, he devotes most

of his time trivium

to trivia.

n. [L.

from

way

tr(es) three (1); vi(a) road,

where three roads meet, an intersection.] Medieval Europe. The initial course of study in the liberal arts, i.e., grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Cf. quadrivium.

(2) three roads, a place :

troika n.,pl. troikas [Russ. group of three.]

1

.

A Russian

drawn by a team of three horses abreast. 2. A team or body of three authorities, leaders, rulers, etc. A triumvirate. The poster is dwarfed by huge red-and-black portraits of Lenin, Marx and

carriage or vehicle

of the same troika are also avail(Newsweek Int., July 6, 1 98 1 1 7). trombone n., pi. trombones [It. a big trumpet.] Music. 1 A brass wind instrument with a bell-shaped mouth and a long tube with a U-shaped slide which moves Engels. Pictures

able on T-shirts

.

.

:

.

.

to create various pitches. 2.

A person who plays this

instrument in an orchestra or band.

trompe l'oeil n.,pl. trompe Poeils [Fr. trompe deceive, trick (1); T the (2); oeil eye (3): deceive the eye, deceptive painting of still

life,

deception, illusion, camouflage.]

Art work, especially painting, which

is

so realistic

.

387 that

it

a)

—

easily deceives the eye.

of trompe

1'oeil.

From 6000

So

realistic that

adj. Characteristic

it

can be deceptive,

of marble mosaic floors, up

sq. ft.

monumental stairways, past trompe I 'oeil wall panels, rich

brocaded drapes

.

.

(Time

.

concludes that even on

Germany

"a trdmpe

is

Int.

1982). b) Barzini

best postwar behavior,

its

I 'oeil

Protean country,

"

unpredictable force that continues to mystify frighten the rest

of Europe (Newsweek Int. May

an

and 23,

troubadour n., pi. troubadours [Fr. from Provencal trobador composer.] 1. One of a group of lyric poets

who flourished

France and northern

in

Italy

erant minstrel.

A

troupes

uses the

members of a circus

or

tice

touring troupe of the popular

company (Newsweek Int.

New

outfit.]

A

appren-

York-based

[Fr. outfit,

bride's personal outfit,

which usually includes clothes, household

linen,

and

A lucky find.

trouvailles [Fr. a find.]

n., pi.

tsaddik or tzaddik

tsaddikim or tzaddikim or

n., pi.

tsaddiks or tzaddiks [Heb. saddik righteous,

An

just.]

extremely righteous and holy man,

especially, for Hasidic Jews, a religious

and

spiritual

guide and authority. In Chaim Potok's The Chosen,

Danny 's father was a

tsaddik

who expected his son

to follow in his footsteps.

n., pi.

port wave.]

A

gigantic

tu es sacerdos in

aeternum.

sacerdos priest

aeternum

[L. tu

you

(1); es

Woes.

you are

guardian

A

n. [Fr.

tuteur

(2); officieux unofficial semi-official, infor-

is

de famille (q.v.),

who

appointed tutor or guardian of a child

less than fifteen years

not

is

of age and serves in loco

parentis (q.v.) to him/her.

tuteur subroge

tuteurs subroges

n., pi.

gate guardian.] French Law.

guardian, there

is

[Fr.

subroge surrogate, deputy

(2);

i.e.,

A

tuteur

(1): surro-

surrogate or deputy

one who performs his/her duties when

conflict

of interests between the substantive

erratur

(2);

it

is

erred, there

from, directly after,

erring (1); ex out of,

is

away from

(3);

mitiore more lenient, mild

(5);

more

safely from the

safer to

more

make a mistake on

mercy). See in dubio, pars

semper

n., pi.

tu

you

est

is (

it

(5);

est errare

.

.

we do not return the II in Newsweek Int.

quoques

also.]

[L. tu

you

(1);

quoque

You too. A retort by a person

made by another are equally applione making them, a) One of the most

justice.]

oftu quoque

[i.e.,

in setoff and

degenerated into a session oftu quoques as the parties kept charging one another with the same offenses. n. [L.

turpis base, disgraceful (1); causa

cause, case, reason (2): base cause.]

Law.

A

immoral or scandalous cause or consideration;

base, i.e.,

a

erring It is

the side of leniency (or etc.

quam

acquietando

quam

in

ex parte

semper always

from, directly

(2);

in acquitting

parte

after,

away from

(9);

misericordiae of mercy (11); from, directly

after,

always safer

away

of justice

part, side (14); justitiae

to err in acquitting than in

Law.

It is

always safer to make a mistake

mercy rather than on the pars etc. tutti adj./adv. all

[It.

all.]

in

on the side of

acquittal rather than in punishment,

A

that

is

Law.

punishing, from the side of mercy than the side of

cable to the

is

of,

part, side (10);

quam than (12); ex out of,

direct

counterclaims] (Hanbury 1962:42). b) The arbitration

There

lenient side.]

errare to err (4); acquietando

ex out

parte

It is

.

parte side, part

(4):

quam than (6); in in, on (7); puniendo punishing

that the allegations

natural retorts

);

1

(15):

aeternum

in

more safely

tutius erratur ex parte mitiorc. [L. tutius

You are a priest into perpe-

Oct. 15, 1979:56).

turpis causa

guardian.] French Law.

tuteur officieux orfern, tutrice officieuse

(13);

perpetuity (5):

too, also (2):

[Fr.

guardian, trustee, or tutor of a minor.

from

once given (Pope John Paul

quoque

etc.

(q.v.).

pi tuteurs

(3); in into, to, against, for (4);

You are a priestfor ever. Priesthood isforever.

Tu es sacerdos

tu

n.,

con-

guardianship.] Law. Care or education

n. [Fr.

under a tuteur

(8);

tsuris or tzuris n. [Yid. tsores.] Trouble. Difficulty.

gift

tutelage

justitiae. [L. tutius safer (3);

nami wave (2): ocean wave caused by an

[Japan, tsu port (1);

earthquake or volcanic eruption.

tuity.]

An immoral

and so unenforceable. See ex turpi causa

tract

puniendo, ex parte misericordiae

tsatske See chachka.

(2);

agreement (2): base contract.] Law.

tutius

tsar See czar.

tsunami

turpis base, disgraceful (1);

guardian and the child.

accessories.

Judaism.

n. [L.

contractus drawing together, shrinking, contract,

guardian

July 14, 1980:31).

trousseaux or trousseaus

n.,pl.

bunch, wedding

trouvaille

turpis contractus

the consent of parents or the conseil

foffrey 11, the

etc.

See ex turpi

suit.

etc.

A person of not less than fifty years of age who, with

especially a group of theatrical performers, dancers,

trousseau

causa

mal ( 1 ): unofficial or informal guardian.] French Law.

A company,

band.]

[Fr. troop,

scandalous or base and so deemed inad-

An itin-

2.

promote a cause.

poetry, music, etc. to n., pi.

who

person

from the

is

equate to support a contract or a law

medium of

eleventh century to the thirteenth century.

ballet

cause that

tuteur

1983:53).

troupe

Tyche

side ofjustice. See in dubio,

Music. All perform. Used to

performers to participate.

section of a composition in

—

which

n., pi.

all

tuttis

parts play

simultaneously.

tuum

n. [L.

yours.]

Law. Your property. Cf.

meum

et

tuum.

Tyche

n.

[Gk. tukhe\] Fortune. Providence. Fate.

Chance. Coincidence. kill

Good

fortune.

We must therefore

a cock to Tyche for the great papyrus discovery

(Lesky 1966:202).

.

.

388

tycoon

tycoon

n.,

prince.]

pi tycoons [Japan, taikun great ruler or 1. Shogun of Imperial Japan. A Japanese

military governor in the period before the revolution

of the mid-nineteenth century than the emperor.

2.

A

who was more powerful

person of immense power,

wealth, and influence, especially one engaged in

merce, or industry, a) a motor tycoon; b)

.

.

.

com-

the British

soccer-pool tycoon bought seven horses for (Newsweek Int. Aug. 2, 1982:41). $13,950,000 .

3.

.

.

A powerful leader, especially in the political arena.

u usque ad

u.a. abbr. for

having been removed

(q.v.).

impedimentum the Where something is

fiber alles adv. [Ger. fiber above, over (1); alles (2): above everything.] Over everything Deutschland fiber alles.

everything else. Cf.

Ubermensch n., pi. Ubermenschen above (1); Mensch human, person Superman.

son.]

Zarathustra

A term

(2): the

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). Cf.

uberrimae fidei adj.

[L.

tracts fact.

abundant good

which require

In the case

by Untermensch.

of the faith.

fullest faith.]

causa,

obstructed by

and sublata

etc.

ubi bene

ubi when, where

ibi patria. [L.

well (2); ibi there (3); patria country,

Where well,

Law.

Applicable to con-

is

(1);

bene

home

(4):

home (or country) doing well. Bawa left his

there country.] One's

where one

the place

is

fatherland ten years ago when a combination ofpo-

disclosure of every relevant

full

is

removal of that factor removes the

factor, the

obstruction. See cessante causa etc.

treatise

uberrimae of most abundant,

fullest (1); fidei (of) faith (2):

Of the most

one

over per-

having been removed, the obstruc-

removed.] Where something

tion is

derived from Also sprach

an 1883 philosophical

(q.v.),

thing, with that thing

[Ger. fiber over,

removed (9); impediment (8): obstructed on account of one (7); tollitur is

obstruction,

of contracts uberrimae fidei, full disis required both by law

litical

turbulence

and a shattered economy rendered

He now

lives happily in a foreign and by equity Q\artio\xry 1962:652). See uberrima fides. country and his motto is Ubi bene ibi patria. uberrima fides n. [L. uberrima most abundant, fullest ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est. [L. ubi when, where (1); fides faith, confidence, trust (2): the most abun(1) caritas charity, affection (2); et and (3); amor dant faith.] The most abundant good faith. Absolute love (4); Deus God (5); ibi there (7); est is (6): Where candor and honesty. Perfect good faith. Contracts of there are charity and love, there God is.] Anthem of life insurance demand a spirit of uberrima fides. the ecumenical community of Taize in southeast See uberrimae fidei. France. The Passion ofJesus was read aloud in eight ubi aliquid conceditur, conceditur et id sine quo res languages, followed by the chanting of "Ubi ipsa esse non potest. [L. ubi when, where (1); {Newsweek Int. May caritas et amor, Deus ibi est"

closure of every material fact

life

intolerable.

;

.

.

.

.

aliquid something (2); conceditur

conceditur without

is

(7);

granted (6); et also

quo which

non not

granted (3);

(5); id that (4);

sine

ubi cessat

ipsa itself (10); esse to be,

stops, ceases (4);

is

decurritur it

something

extraordinary,

is

also granted. See

cuicunque

remedy

aliquis etc.

nary.]

ubi aliquid impeditur propter tollitur

impedi men turn.

[L.

unum, eo remoto

ubi when, where

aliquid something (2); impeditur

vented

(3);

is

propter on account of

(thing) (5); eo with that (thing) (6);

(4);

unum

remoto

resort

one

remedium

hastened, there

uncommon

ceases, there

Where to

decurritur

(1);

obstructed, pre-

is

ibi

decurritur ad

ubi when, where

is

cure,

(1);

cessat

remedy

(3);

(2); ibi there (5);

hastening, recourse

is

had (6); ad to, at, for, according to (7); extraordinarium

granted, anything without which the is

[L.

ordinarium ordinary, usual

able (11):

When something is granted, that also is granted without which the thing itself cannot exist.] Law. When grant cannot exist

.

remedium ordinarium,

extraordinarium.

(12); potest can,

.

18, 1981:52).

prop-

(8); res matter, thing,

erty, business, affair (9);

exist (13);

is

is

(8):

Where

the ordinary

hastening to the extraordi-

the ordinary

remedy

the extraordinary.

is

ineffective,

See

we

numquam

etc.

ubicunque est injuria ibi damnum sequitur. [L. ubicunque wherever, wheresoever (1); est there is

(with)

389

(2) ; injuria injury,

wrong,

insult (3); ibi there (4);

damna

ubi

390

damnum damage (5); sequitur follows (6): Wherever there

damage follows.] Law. Wherever there or a wrong, damage follows. Cf. actio

injury

is

an injury

is

non datur

damna dantur victus victori in expensis condemnari debet. [L. ubi when, where (1); damna damages (2); dantur are given (3); victus the defeated, vanquished (party) (4); victori to the victorious (party)

to

on (7); expensis payments (8); condemnari

be condemned, sentenced

Where damages

(5):

Where the law compels anyone to show

Law. Where the law compels a person

(6);

debet ought, should

are given, the defeated party

(5) ; ratio reason (7); ejus

accepted (10); est

and

its

it

party should be sentenced to pay the costs of the vic-

eadem

ratio, ibi

judicium.

same same

lex; et

de similibus idem

ubi when, where

[L.

(3); ratio

(1);

reason (2); ibi there

law

(6); lex

(5); et

and

(7);

de

(4);

eadem eadem

(11);

idem the judicium judgment (10): the

same; and about similar things the judgment

is

the

is

Where the same reason

is

operative, the

same law operates; and where the cases are similar, same judgment is passed. See de similibus idem

the

See also lex plus laudatur

est judicium.

eadem ratio, ibi idem (1); eadem the same (3);

ubi

same

(5);

jus. [L. ubi

ubi when, where

[L.

we

nos

(5);

debemus we

ratio reason (2); ibi there

jus right, law

(6):

the same, the

is

Where the

same law.] Law. Where same law prevails. See de

idem est judicium. ubi innocens damnatur pars patriae exsul. [L. ubi where, when (1); innocens innocent (2); damnatur is condemned, convicted (3); pars part, piece (4); similibus

patriae of the country

an innocent exiled.]

is

Law.

(5);

exsulat

is

exiled (6):

When

condemned, a piece of the country

When

an innocent person

unjustly, a piece of the country

is lost

is

is

convicted

along with the

right,

ibi

law

remedium.

[L.

ubi when, where

jus

remedium remedy (4): a remedy.] Law. Where there is

(2); ibi there (3);

Where a right, a right, there

there

is

a remedy. Cf. actio non datur

ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum. (1);

(1);

jus right, law

(3);

[L.

etc.

ubi when, where

incertum uncertain

(2); ibi

nullum no (5): Where uncertain right/law, there no right/law.] Law. Where the right/law is uncertain, there is no right/law. ubi lex aliquem cogit ostendere causam, necesse est quod causa sit justa et legitima. [L. ubi when, where ( I ) lex law (2); aliquem one, anyone (4); cogit compels (3); ostendere to show (5); causam cause (6); there (4); jus right, law (6);

;

necesse necessary

(8); est

causa cause, case, reason (I I) ;

it

is (7);

(10); sit

quod

(1); lex

law

non not

(2);

that (9);

should/may be

justa just (12); et and (13); legitima legitimate

distinguere to distinguish

ought, should (7):

Where

(3);

should not

(8);

the law does

we also should not distinguish.] Law.

where the law does not mark a

difference,

either.

ubi major pars

est, ibi

totum.

[L.

ubi when, where

major greater (2); pars part (3); est is (4); ibi there (5); totum the whole (6): Where the greater part is, there the whole.] Where the greater part is, (1);

whole is;

e.g.,

the votes of the majority rep-

majus continet

resent the decision of the whole. See

minus. ubi matrimonium, ibi dos. [L. ubi when, where

(1);

matrimonium marriage (2); ibi there (3); dos dowry (4): Where marriage, there dowry.] Where there is marriage, there

monium

is

nullum matri-

a dowry. Cf. ubi

etc.

ubi non est directa lex, standum est arbitrio judicis, vel (1);

lex

procedendum ad similia. [L. ubi when, where non not (3); est there is (2); directa direct (4); law (5); standum to be stood (7); est it is (6);

arbitrio by decision, judgment (8); judicis of judge (9) ; vel or

ad

person.

ubi jus,

we

there the

etc.

when, where

the same, there the

the reason

reason general,

its

(6) ;

is

the

special, but

the

from, about,

of,

the same, there the law

is

special

distinguit distinguishes (4); nec and not, not also

In a case

idem

is

be accepted generally.]

the

not distinguish,

reason

to

generaliter est intelligendum.

same (12); est is Where the reason

(4);

is

must be applied generally. See generate dictum

for (8); similibus like, similar (things) (9);

same.] Law.

is

Where a law

is (9): it

accipienda to be

ubi lex non distinguit, nec nos distinguere debemus.

torious party.

eadem

it

reason general,

Law. Where a law

in payments to the victorious Law. Where damages are given, the losing

generalis general

its (6);

(8) ; generaliter generally (11);

party.]

est

show cause,

to

ubi lex est specialis, et ratio ejus generalis, generaliter accipienda est [L. ubi when, where ( 1 ); lex law (2); est is (3); specialis special (4); et and

ought to be condemned

ubi

cause,

necessary that the cause be just and legitimate.]

it is

the cause must be just and lawful,

etc.

ubi

(9); in in,

(14):

( 1

0);

procedendum

to

be proceeded

(11);

according to (12); similia similar (things) (13): Where there is not direct law, it must be stood by the decision of the judge or proceeded to to, at, for,

similar things.] Law.

we must

Where

there

no

is

direct law,

abide by the decision of the judge or refer

to similar cases.

quoad non not (3); est there is (2); lex law (4); ibi there (5); non not (7); est there is (6); transgressio transgression (8); quoad as far as (9); mundum world (10): Where there is

ubi non est lex,

mundum.

[L.

not law, there

non

ibi

est transgressio,

ubi when, where

is

not transgression, as far as the world.]

Law. Where there

is

sion, as far as the

world

crimen sine

(1);

no law, there is

is

no transgres-

concerned. Cf. nullum

lege.

ubi non est principalis non potest esse accessorius. [L.

ubi when, where

(1);

non not (3);

est there

is (2);

391 principalis principal (4);

can

be

(5); esse to

Where

there

is

(7);

non not

(6);

potest there

accessorius accessory

(8):

not a principal, there cannot be an

Where

accessory.] Law.

there

is

no

principal, there

can be no accessory. See accessorium non ducit etc. ubi nullum

matrimonium

ibi

nulla dos. [L. ubi when,

matrimonium marriage (6): Where no marriage, there no dowry.] Where there is no marriage, there is no dowry. Cf. ubi matrimonium etc. where

nullum no

(1);

ubi quis dclinquit, (1);

(2);

nulla no (5); dos dowry

(3); ibi there (4);

ibi

quis anyone

punietur.

(2);

ubi when, where

[L.

delinquit does wrong, trans-

gresses (3); ibi there (4); punietur he/she will be

punished will

(5):

Where anyone does wrong, there he/she

A

who

Thule of the country and pray fervently not to be transferred there.

ultimatum thing.]

1.

n., pi.

3.

A remote goal, objective or end.

ultimata or ultimatums

n.,

Where

are they?]

A

(1);

sunt they

lament for times past

and forgotten, as in the expression snows of yesteryear?" The old timers spent their reunion voicing a series of ubi sunts. ubi supra abbr. U.S. or u.s. adv. [L. ubi when, where (1); supra above (2): where above.] Where above mentioned. At the place mentioned above. Used for

whose rejection

negotiation of treaties or contracts and

would mark

and necessitate

the end of the negotiation

The demand

resort to other measures, usually drastic.

ofthe workers was tantamount to an ultimatum. final

end or objective. Cf. ultima

2.

A

ratio.

ultima voluntas testatoris est perimplenda secun-

dum veram

intentionem suam.

voluntas will

[L.

ultima

last (1);

of testator (3); est

(2); testatoris

is (4);

dictum

suprema

etc.

ultimo abbr. ult adj. in the

[L. in the last,

i.e.,

month.] Occurring

Of the

preceding month. Last month.

ultimum supplicium

(q.v.).

n. [L.

ultimum extreme,

supplicium punishment, penalty

abbr. for ut infra (q.v.).

U.J.D. abbr. for Utriusque Juris Doctor

(q.v.).

ukulele n.,pl. ukuleles shortform uke pi. ukes [Haw.

(2): the

ultimum

pretamur.

A small guitar-like instrument with four strings usually

punishment, penalty (3); esse to be (4);

strummed with one hand and fingered with the ult. abbr. for ultimo (q.v.).

other.

farther side,

.

or intentionally concealed. Initially, his suggestions

seemed altruistic, but had ulterior motives. ulterior causa

n. [L.

diate cause

soon became clear that he

more remote

causa

(1);

more remote cause.] Hidden or

Everybody kept emphasizing the imme-

of the

event,

and hardly anybody gave a

thought to the ulterior causa.

ultima ratio

n. [L.

ultima

last,

extreme

(1); ratio

management provedfutile,

ultima Thule n.

[L.

last

the workers went

(l);ThuleThule(2): furthest Thule.]

known

on

ultimatum.

ultima most distant,

inhabitable region

con-

The

When all attempts at negotiations

strike as the ultima ratio. Cf.

(2);

inter-

supplicium

mortem death

We interpret the extreme penalty to be

death alone.] Law.

punishment

is

By our interpretation, the extreme mors dicitur etc.

death alone. See

ultim us heres or ultimus haeres

remote

(1);

remote

heir.]

heres

heir,

n. [L.

successor

ultimus

(2):

last,

Feudal Law. The sovereign, who

fied to take property

most

the last or most is

quali-

when no capable heirs are available.

ultra adj. [L. on the farther side of, beyond, above,

exceeding.] Fanatical. Extreme. Going beyond, or is

considered

proper, a) ultra revolutionaries; b) ultra Christians; c) ultra fun. 2.

—

n., pi.

ultras

1.

Fanatic. Extremist.

A person belonging to a political group in France

of the 19th century,

who were mostly

returned

emigres and advocated a restoration of the social

sideration, plan, course (2): the last plan.] resort or argument.

extreme

doing more than, others or what

ulterior

cause, case, reason (2): latent cause.

it

last,

solam alone (6); interpretamur we understand,

interpret (1):

more remote, beyond.] 1 Further. The recommendation was accepted without ulterior discussions. 2. Remoter. // was apparent that the administrator had no plans immediate or ulterior. 3. Situated or located on the further side. She intends to visit the ulterior region soon. 4. Latent on the

(5);

[L.

last (1);

extreme or

last punishment.] The death penalty. ultimum supplicium esse mortem solam

'ukulele: 'uku flea(l); lele jumping (2): flea-jumping.]

ulterior adj. [L. farther,

preceding

month. The tenth meeting ofthe committee was held on the 15th ultimo. Cf. proximo.

bibliographical references. u.d. abbr. for ut

with

[L. the final

A final proposition or condition made in the

with his/her true intention. See interest reipublicae

where

the area

was committed. pi ubi sunts [L. ubi where

and things

u.i.

Many Nigerian

lost

trial in

transgresses

the offense

"Where

of the habitable world.

servants regard a certain town as the ultima

are the

person

the law should be brought to

are (2):

farthest point civil

perimplenda to be fulfilled, thoroughly satisfied (5); secundum according to (6); veram true (8); intentionem intention (9); suam one's own, his/her own (7): The last will of a testator is to be thoroughly satisfied according to his/her true intention.] Law. The last will of a testator must be fulfilled in accordance

be punished.] Law.

ubi sunt

ultra vires

furthest, 1.

extreme

Most northerly

Norway.

Often

2.

The

political order

before the

1

which prevailed in the period pref. Beyond. Beyond

789 Revolution.

—

the ordinary. Extreme, a) ultramarine; b) ultra-

fashionable; c) ultra-conservatism. Cf. ne plus ultra. ultra

to the ancient Greeks.

identified with Iceland, Ireland, or

and

crepidam

adv. [L. ultra

beyond

(

1

);

crepidam

sandal (2): beyond a sandal.] Shortform for ne sutor

supra crepidam judicaret (q.v

).

ultra vires adj. /adv. [L. ultra beyond, exceeding (1); vires power, strength (2):

beyond power/strength.]

392

umbilicus

Law. Beyond the scope of irregularly.

Used

and officials.

legislative bodies, is

legal authority.

to describe acts

ultra vires, b) It

is

—

Acting

of corporations, The contract

adj. a)

obvious that any act ultra vires

ofa company may not be whether the purported

ratified

by

its

ratification is

shareholders,

by a simple or

special majority or, indeed, by the unanimous assent adv. The of every member (Olawoyin 1977:269). police officer acted ultra vires. See extra vires.

2.

The

umbra

umbilici or umblicuses

n., pi.

bellybutton.]

[L. navel,

Anatomy. The navel or bellybutton.

1.

center. Cf.

n.,pl.

omphalos.

umbrae or umbras

[L. shade,

shadow

]

A shadow cast by a heavenly body, moon, during an eclipse. 2. A person who

acts like a

shadow. Someone

.

Astronomy.

who

follows another

[Ger. environment, surroundings.]

n.

1

.

Th*

natural environment. 2. Milieu (q.v.).

una voce (2)

:

una with one

adv. [L.

(1);

with one voice.] Unanimously. With no dissent.

Un ballo in maschera

[It. un a (1); ballo ball (2); in in maschera mask (4): a ball in mask.] "A Masked

Ball," an

1

859 opera by Giuseppe Verdi

(1

8

1

3- 1 90 1

modeled on the assassination of Gustav IE of Sweden.

uncore prist

n.

[Obs. Fr. uncore

(2): still ready.]

Law.

that he/she has been,

what

still (1);

prist ready

A plea by which a party claims and

is,

ready to pay or perform

legitimately required of him/her.

is

Unding

n.

[Ger. a non-thing, nonsense, absurdity.]

An

absurdity.

und

und

and (1); so so, thus (2); weiter wider, further (3): and so further.] And so on. Et cetera. Une Saison en Enfer [Fr. une one, a (1); saison season (2); en in (3); enfer hell (4): a season in hell.] A in Hell, a collection

poetry by Arthur

unigravida single,

n., pi.

once

of French symbolist prose

n., pi.

(2);

unitas

aggregate

of deed

(2): the

universitas juris

aggregate

n. [L.

(1); juris

right.] Civil

aggregate of a

A group of corporeal things of the

Law.

deed.] Czv/7

universitas the entirety, whole,

n. [L.

(1); facti

e.g.,

a flock of sheep.

universitas the entirety, whole,

of right, law

(2): the

Law. The aggregate or

person's rights and

liabilities.

aggregate

totality

of a

Many things, both cor-

poreal and incorporeal, which are regarded as a unit

and belong

to a person; e.g., an estate or a legacy.

A

corporate body of rights.

personarum

n. [L.

universitas the entirety,

personarum of persons (2): aggregate of persons.] Civil Law. A number of

whole, aggregate

(1);

persons in an organization, such as a corporation, institution, or state, operating together as

pendent

universitas

rerum

whole, aggregate

n.

[L. universitas the entirety,

(1);

rerum of matters, things, prop-

erty, business, affairs (2): the entirety

Law.

an inde-

unit.

of things.] Civil

A number of objects which, though

connected to one another, are

in

not really

law regarded as a

whole.

uno absurdo dato, infinita sequuntur. [L. uno with one (1); absurdo (with) absurd (thing) (2); dato (with) having been granted, conceded (3); infinita

gravida pregnant

(1):

pregnant

A woman who is carrying her first

(5):

countless (things) (4); sequuntur With one absurd thing having been

granted, infinite things follow.] is

When one absurdity

granted, an infinity of absurdities follow suit.

Untergang des Abendlandes n. Oswald Spengler (1880-1936). [Ger. Untergang setting, decline (1); des of the (2); Abendlandes Occident, west (3): decline

personarum

n.

(2):

1

.

The German title of Oswald Spengler's

ing gradually from

Europe and the Americas towards

The decline of Western Civilization. In term en sen n.,pl. Untermenschen [Ger. unter under (1); Mensch human, person (2): the under person.] An inferior person. A term derived from Ubermensch Asia.

uniparas [Neo-L. un(us) one,

par(io) give birth

persons

follow

The Decline of the West (1918, 1922). 2. Spengler's argument that the ascendancy of civilization was mov-

(1):

single,

giving birth once.]

A woman who has given birth to only one A uniparous woman. Cf. multipara.

arum of

universitas facti

of the West.]

Medicine. child.

el-

A corporation.

unigravidas [Neo-L. un(us) one,

pregnancy. Cf. gravida.

once

It

Rimbaud (1854-1891).

(2);

once.] Medicine.

unipara

absolutely inadequate.

infinite, endless,

so weiter abbr. U.S.W. or u.s.w. adv. [Ger.

Season

is

and canon law.

whether composed of one or more than one

ement.

the

voce (with) voice

The proposal was accepted una voce. Cf. dissentiente

(3) ;

civil

aggregate.] Something considered by the law as a unit,

universitas

constantly.

Umwelt

maxim of the

universitas n.,pl. universitates [L. the entirety, whole,

of

usually the

1

a

is

same class considered as a whole;

Cf. intra vires.

umbilicus

testimony of one witness

[L. unitas unity (1);

person-

unity of persons.] Law.

The

(q.v.) in

Also sprach Zarathustra

(q.v.),

an 1883

philosophical treatise by Friedrich Nietzsche

1900) and used

in

Nazi Germany

( 1

844-

to refer to a person

bond or unifying factor that subsists among persons classified as inferior. Untersuchungsrichter n. [Ger. Untersuchung invessuch as husband and wife or decedent and heir. tigation (1); Richterjudge(2): investigating judge.] unius omnino testis responsio non audiatur. [L. unius of one (2); omnino at all (6); testis (of) witGerman Law. Investigating magistrate. Juge destruction (q.v.). ness (3); responsio response, answer (1); non not (5); audiatur should be heard (4): The response of unum est necessarium Luke 10:42. [L. unum one one witness should not be heard at all.] Law. The thing (1); est is, has been (2); necessarium necessary

393 One

(3):

thing

One

necessary.]

is

thing

needful.

is

Jesus said this to Martha in reference to her com-

Mary was

plaint that her sister

chores to

unum

sit at

neglecting domestic

the feet of Jesus.

it

is (1);

tacere to be

unum

one (thing)

say nothing (3);

silent,

aliud another (thing) (4); celare to hide, conceal (5):

one thing

It is

to say nothing, another to conceal.]

not obligatory for a vendor to

Law. Thus, though

it is

reveal defects of a

commodity,

it

a culpable act if

is

he/she attempts to hide them. See aliud est celare etc.

unum

necessarium Luke 10:42. necessarium necessary

( 1 );

The

most important

single

necessarium

est

(2):

unum

[L.

one thing

one necessary

thing.]

Based upon

unum

thing.

(q.v.).

unumquodque dissolvitur eodem ligamine quo ligatur. [L. unumquodque each individual, every (thing) (1); dissolvitur

is

eodem

dissolved (2);

with

same (3); ligamine (with) band, tie (4); quo with which (5); ligatur it is bound, tied (6): Each individual thing is dissolved with the same band with the

which

it

is

bound.] Law. Every obligation

same manner in which

in the

it

is

dissolved

was made. See eodem

modo quo quid constituitur dissolvitur. unumquodque eodem modo quo colligatum est, dissolvitur. [L. unumquodque every single, each individual (thing) (1); eodem in the same (3); modo way, manner

(in)

est

was

it

solved

way

quo

(4);

in

combined

united,

which (6);

(5);

colligatum

dissolvitur

is dis-

Every single thing is dissolved in the same which it was established.] Law. See eodem quo quid constituitur, dissolvitur. (2):

in

modo uomo universale n., pi. uomini universali [It. uomo human being, man (2); universale universal ( universal man.] A Renaissance man. Someone who has 1 ):

skill in

a wide

number of fields.

urbi for city

(1); et

and

broad knowledge and

Urbi

Orbi

et

world

[L.

(3): for the city

Rome

Church. For

(2);

orbi for

and the world.] Reman Catholic

and the world. Applicable to a

papal proclamation to be observed by

members

all

of the church.

;

thetical origin n.,pl.

of a specific language.

An

of water

As

version (2): original text.]

(1);

The

Text

original

according to

(4): as far as to the

usque ad filum viae adv. according to

at, for,

road

[L.

at, for,

.

ubi supra (q.v.).

according to

usque as

2.

ut supra (q.v.).

far as

(2): as far as to.]

As

( 1);

ad

to,

far as.

usque ad caelum or usque ad coelum adv. [L. usque as far as, all the way (1); ad to, at, for, according to (2) caelum sky, heaven (3): as far as the sky.] Law. ;

As

far as heaven.

Up

to the heavens.

A

rule in law

); ad aquae

(

(3);

1

of the stream.

line

usque as

( 1 );

(3);

ad

middle or central

line

to,

viae of

thread of the road.] Law.

(4): as far as to the

far as the

far as

filum thread

(2);

As

of the road. See ad

filum aquae.

usque ad medium filum aquae adv. [L. usque as far as ( 1 ); ad to, at, for, according to (2); medium middle (3); filum thread (4); aquae of water (5): as far as to the middle thread of the water.] Law. As far as the middle of the stream. See ad filum aquae. usque ad nauseam [L. usque all the way ( 1 ); ad to, at, according to

for, all

the

way

usucapio n. capture

(2);

nauseam sickness, nausea (3): To the very point of nausea.

to nausea.]

[L.

usu by use, enjoyment (2); capio

(1): seizing

by

seize,

of owner-

use. Acquisition

by prescription, usucaption.]

ship by use, acquisition

Roman Law. Acquisition of ownership by continuous possession or occupation of property in good faith for the period of

and two years

usura

n., pi.

on

interest

one year

in the

usurae

[L. usury.] Civil

Law. Usury or

usurae usuries,

n. [L.

usurarum of usuries,

interests.]

case of movables

loan.

usurae usurarum pi (1);

in the

case of immovables.

Roman Law. Compound

usura maritima

n. [L.

interests

interests (2): interests of/on

usura usury,

interest.

interest (2);

itima maritime, marine ( 1 ): maritime/marine

Law.

Interest

on bottomry, which

is

mar-

interest.]

proportional to

the risk. n. [L. a taking into use, making use.] Civil Law. Interruption of usucapio (q.v.) by the real owner

usurpatio

of the property.

usus

n. [L.

Roman Law.

use, enjoyment.]

of using something.

2.

A

1.

Use. The

personal and inalien-

able right to use real or personal property with the

permission of the owner.

usus et fructus or usus fructus or usufructus n. [L. usus use, enjoyment (1); et and (2); fructus enjoyment use and enjoyment.]

right

Roman Law.

Usufruct.

of using and enjoying the profits or

another's property without having

Brown

thought that the estate

though

in fact

it

's

heir,

was given by the latter in

having been said

uteromania

n.

of

dominion of

full

U.S.W. or u.s.w. abbr. for und so weiter ut dictum abbr. U.D. or ut diet. [L. ut as said,

The

fruits

unaware ofthe origiBrown and Mrs. Whyte, was the former 's property,

the property. Mr.

1

far as

See ad filum aquae.

nal arrangement between Mr.

u.a. adv. [L.

its

etc.

thread of water.] Law.

middle or central

far as the

solum

filum thread

which a broad family of manuscript versions is derived.

usque ad abbr.

has the sky as

usque as

[L.

(2);

version of a text, especially the earliest text from

U.S. or u.s. abbr. for

air

obsolete rule. See cujus est

usque ad filum aquae adv.

(3):

Urtexte [Ger. from ur- original

text, written

limit.

act

Ursprache n., pi. Ursprachen [Ger. from ur- original (1) Sprache speech, language (2): original speech.] 1. The hypothetical earliest human language from which all other languages are derived. 2. The hypoUrtext

landowner's right of

that the

to, at, for,

est tacere, aliud celare. [L.

(2); est

uteromania

(2): as said.]

As

(1);

dictum

directed.

[Neo-L. from L. uter(us)

Gk. mania madness, insanity, passion

usufructus.

(q.v.).

womb

(2);

(1): insanity

394

uti

womb.] A woman's excessive desire for sexual andromania uti adv. [L. to use.] Civil Law. For necessary use, as opposed to frui (q.v.), i.e., for enjoyment.

expressing one of the prin-

fear affect

cipal reasons for punishing criminals.

uti frui adv. [L. uti to

use

(1); frui to

The

(and) enjoy.] Civil Law.

enjoy

right to use

(2): to

use

something

semper

all.

ut res magis valeat

quam

(2) ;

magis more,

ment

perish,

may be wasted

gratia adv. [L. utilitatis of usefulness, expe(2);

for the sake

gratia for the sake

of,

on account of (1):

On account of expediency.

of expediency.]

ut infra abbr. ut inf. adv. [L. ut as (1); infra below (2): as

below.] See subsequent section. Used for biblio-

(2):

An

you possess

use

to use.]

(1); possidetis 1.

you possess Civil Law.

Roman and

interdict for determining the right to the posses-

sion of

immovable property and

for keeping things

as they are until the settlement of the suit. 2. Internu tional Law.

A principle in peace treaties to the effect

by force of arms.

Cf. status

quo ante bellum and

n.

[Neo-L. from Gk. (o)u not, no

place (2): no place.] Nowhere. paradise which gives litical treatise

its

The

name to

poesis poetry

Thomas More

pictura painting, (3): like

art

of painting

painting poetry.] Poetry

like painting.

perveniat

the punishment all.]

A maxim

(q.v.), charitable

Utriusque Juris Doctor abbr. U.J.D. of each of two, of both

may

which

bequest.

n. [L.

utriusque

(2); juris (of) right,

law

(3);

of Both Civil and Canon Law. degree

utrubi

n., pi.

A terminal

graduate

and canon law.

in civil

utrubis [L.

in

Roman and Civil Law. An right to possess

which of two

places.]

interdict for deciding the

movables and keep them in statu

quo (q.v.) pending the final decision. It serves the same purpose as uti possidetis (q.v.) in the case of

supra above (2): as above.] See previous section. Used for bibliographical reference. Cf. ut infra. ux. abbr. for uxor [L. wife.]. uxor non est sui juris, sed sub potestate viri. [L. uxor wife ( 1 ); non not (3); est is (2); sui of her own (4); juris

poena ad paucos, metus ad omnes perveniat [L. ut in order that, that (1); poena punishment (2); ad to, at, for, according to (4); paucos few (5); metus fear (6); ad to, at, for, according to (7); omnes all

to

strong rather than perish.] Law. That the thing

be effective rather than be wasted. governs, inter alia

may

order that the thing be

fictional island

Utopia, a 15 16 po-

about the ideal state by

[L. ut as, like (1);

(8);

(6): in

prevail, be

than (5); pereat

ut supra abbr. U.S. or u.s. or ut. sup. adv. [L. ut as

ut pictura poesis Horace (65-8 B.C.). Ars Poetica 361

is

quam

top(os)

(1);

(1478-1535).

(2);

(3);

immovables.

utrubi.

Utopia

that,

doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher of each of two laws.] Doctor

graphical references. Cf. ut supra. uti possidetis [L. uti to

may

rather (4); valeat

be effective

diency

pereat. [L. ut in order

that (1); res matter, thing, property, business, affair

strong,

(frui q.v.).

See impunitas

etc.

not only for necessity (uti q.v.) but also for enjoy-

utilitatis

ut

A maxim

for the

pleasure. See

may reach, may reach

arrive (3): In order that to a few, fear

Law. That punishment may

may

reach

affect a few, let

( 1 );

(of) right,

power

law (5); sed but (6); sub under (7); potestate

(8); viri

own

right but

wife

is

of husband

(9):

A wife

is

not of her

under the power of her husband.]

A

not independent, but under the authority of

her husband. An obsolete legal maxim, uxor sequitur domicilium viri. [L. uxor wife (1); sequitur follows (2); domicilium abode, domicile (3) viri of husband (4): A wife follows the abode of her husband.] The residence of a wife follows that of ;

her husband.

V V. or v. abbr. for (q.v.). 4.

via

1.

verso

versus

(q.v.). 2.

vice

(q.v.). 5.

(q.v.). 6.

(q.v.). 3.

vide (q.v.).

7.

verte virus

vadium vivum or vivum vadium n. [L. vadium pledge (2); vivum living (1): living pledge.] Security for a loan which involves giving an estate to the creditor

(q.v.).

who

vacantia bona or vacantia See bona vacantia.

vacatur

n., pi.

vacaturs

[L.

It is

vacated.]

A

vae

order vacating a proceeding.

vacua possessio

n. [L.

vacua empty, vacant, unoccu-

A possession which is free, without burden, and

can be alienated.

vacuum n.,pl. vacua or vacuums [L. something empty, vacant.] Empty space. Isolation from external influences, a) Mr.

vacuum

Adewale 's demise has

left

vacuum. A vacuum cleanen vade in pace [L. vade go (1); in

—

a profound

adj. Relating to a

in,

on

1

(2);

pace peace

2.

A

These words are also applied

to

giving an estate as security for a loan on

money be

estate.

of the pledged

payment of the

debt. Cf.

farewell.

The

of the guests were so 1.

Male

chambre n., pi.

valets de

(1);

chambre

[Fr.

valet

de of (2); chambre cham-

man's personal male servant who, among other and runs errands.

hold of a noble. valet de place

of place.]

n., pi.

(1);

valets de place [Fr. valet footman,

de of (2); place place

Valhalla

to the

[Late L. from

manservant

by a

travel

tourists. Cf. cicerone.

Old Norse Valholl: valr battle-

slain warriors (1); holl hall (2): battle-slain warriors' hall.]

1

.

Norse Mythology. The hall where warriors slain

on the battlefield spend eternity 2.

395

n.

(3):

A courier. A person employed

agency to serve as a guide for

not repaid, the mort-

do not contribute vadium vivum.

hotel or any public estab-

Though having the same meaning as valet, the valet in a palace or the house-

A pledge in which the rents or article

the vales

A

de chambre usually works

mortuum vadium n. [L. vadium pledge (2); mortuum dead (1): dead pledge.] A mort-

gagor loses the

greeting.

functions, takes care of his clothes

or

the

why

Goodbye.

well."] Farewell.

A

employed by a

manservant

if

vales

ber (3): manservant of chamber.] Valet. Man-servant.

any tempter.

profits

n., pi.

carried or rides.

"Be

footman, manservant

Get behind me, Satan. The words of Jesus when tempted by the devil at Matthew 16:23, Mark

i.e.,

—

A man

valet de

Satan.]

gage;

is

valete [L.

care of the clothes of guests.

.

me Satana. [L. vade go (1); retro behind me me (3); Satana Satan (4): Go behind me,

condition that,

condita

conquered

lishment to perform personal services such as taking

vade retro

vadium mortuum

Ab urbe

victis to the

employed by a man to perform personal services such as taking care of clothes and running errands.

businessmen.

4:8.

);

obviously strained.

2.

and Luke

1

valet n.,pl. valets [Fr. footman, manservant.]

Something which a person regularly carabout. The briefcase is the vade mecum of most

8:33,

(

servant

manual. Simi's work has become a standard vade

(2);

pi.

host wondered

Go in peace.] Go in the peace of God. vade mecum n., pi. vade mecums [L. vade go (1); mecum with me (2): Go with me.] A handbook. A

ries

v.,

Adieu.

(3):

mecum.

vadium mortuum.

Woe to the conquered!] Woe to the vanquished.

upon which a god vale

of many relatives and friends. a vacuum and is hardly bothered by

activities outside his world.

Cf.

Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.).

victis!

(2):

of the estate have paid

until the profits

vahanna or vahan «., pi. vahannas or vahans [Skt. vahana vehicle.] Indian Mythology. The vehicle

in the lives

b) Aliyu lives in

it

money borrowed.

V,49,9. [L. vae woe, alas

pied ( 1 ); possessio possession (2): vacant possession.]

Law.

keeps

off the

court's

Heaven.

in feasting

A state of eternal bliss.

with the gods.

Elysium

(q.v.).

396

Vanitas

Vanitas

A form of still-life

vanity, conceit.] Art.

n. [L.

popular in 17th-century Holland into which objects

which suggest moral lessons and the

are incorporated

brevity of life.

vanitas vanitatum!

inter/.

vanity, conceit (1);

Ecclesiastes

vanitatum of

1

:2. [L.

vanity of vanities!] Vanity of vanities!

(2):

vanitas

vanities, conceits

Used

as a

warning about the ultimate futility of human endeavor. varia lectio different

n., pi.

( 1 );

variae lectiones [L. varia varied,

lectio reading (2): different reading.]

different version

of the text, usually based upon another

manuscript reading. Cf. v

A

A

n., pi.

vendettas

revenge, vengeance.]

[It.

hereditary feud in which one family seeks to

wreak vengeance on another family or a member of that family for an offense done to the family or one of its members. The vendetta between the Abayomi clan and the Falana clan originatedfrom a land dispute many decades ago.

A

2.

and protracted

bitter

feud. Alleging an anti-government vendetta, officials

refused to renew the work visa of the Australian

Broadcasting Company 's Jakarta correspondent

(Newsweek Int. July

.

.

1980:19).

7,

a sale or vending.] Civil Law. Sale or

n. [L.

contract of sale.

A collection of the

of various (persons).]

[L.

1.

venditio

difficilior lectio.

ariatim adv. [L.] In various ways.

variorum

vendetta

various notes and commentaries collected in the com-

venditioni exponas abbr. V.E. sale (2);

n.

venditioni for

[L.

exponas you should expose, exhibit ( 1 ): You

should expose/exhibit for sale.] A writ ordering any works of an author. competent official to sell goods, obtained under a fieri et mutabile semper / fern in a. Vergil (70-19 facias, or lands seized. See fieri facias. B.C.). AeneidTV, 569. [L. varium fickle, untrustworthy (thing) (2); et and (3); mutabile changeable (thing)* venez-ici adj. [Fr. venez come (1); ici here (2): Come here.] Seductive, beguiling, or tempting. She appeared (4); semper always (1); femina woman (5): Always without warning on thousands ofbillboards througha fickle and changeable thing is / woman.] A woman is a fickle and changeable thing. Cf. Elle flotte etc. out France a pert mystery model wearing a venez-ici Vaterland n. [Ger. from Vater father (1); Land land, smile and a minuscule bikini (Newsweek Int. Sept. country (2): fatherland.] One's native land, especially 21, 1981:33). Germany for Germans. venia aetatis n. [L. venia favor, indulgence (1); aetatis plete

varium

—

vates

n., pi.

phetic

vates [L. prophet, poet.]

skill.

A poet with pro-

A prophet-poet.

vaticinatio ex eventu [L. vaticinatio prediction,

prophecy

ex

(1);

after,

following

(2);

eventu occur-

rence, event (3): prediction after the event.] Prediction

something after

after the occurrence. Predicting

occurrence. Socrates promises in the Apology others.

.

.

.

.

.

its

that

would continue the work oftesting people.

Ifwe take this sharply as a vaticinatio ex eventu,

.

.

.

(Lesky 1966:515). See ex eventu. vaticinium ex eventu

var.

of vaticinatio ex eventu

A

comic performance, especially composed of varied skits and performers. adj. Pertaining to such a light comic n. [Fr. light

comedy.]

light

—

performance. v.c. abbr. for

verbi causa

1.

(q.v.). 2.

visum cultum

is

v. cel. abbr. for vir

celeberrimus

V.E. abbr. for venditioni exponas

primus

vel

cum

primis

Come Holy

first

(person) (2); vel or (3);

cum

first

(persons) (5): either the

first

Either be

with

primis

or with the

or together with the

first

(4);

primus

first.

first.]

Motto of

Adisadel College (Cape Coast, Ghana). / luna minores Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,12,47-48. [L. velut just as, like (1); inter among, in the midst of (3); ignis fires (5); luna moon (2); minores smaller (4): like the moon among the

velut inter ignis

fires.]

Like the

moon among the stars.

towered above his colleagues,

of Horace,

to put

it

in the

velut inter ignis luna minores.

Brian

words

(q.v.).

come (1); Creator Come, Creator Spirit.] The first words of an

Spirit, Creator.

ancient Christian hymn. venienti occurrite

(1) ;

morbo. Persius (34-62 A.D.). Satires

venienti while coming (3); occurrite meet

morbo disease (2): Meet the disease while comAttempt

to cure the disease at its early stage.

Cf. principiis obsta.

venire facias or venire

n. [L.

venire to

come (2);

facias

you should cause ( 1 ): You should cause to come.] 1 A writ for summoning a specific number of qualified .

persons for jury service

ance

(q.v.).

[L. vel either (1);

enjoy the rights of a person

creator (2); Spiritus spirit (3):

drawn.

(q.v.).

to

of full age or sui juris

veni Creator Spiritus [L. veni

entire

(q.v.)-

smaller

who

ing.]

vaudeville

A privilege granted to a minor

which permits him/her

111,64. [L.

(q.v.).

vel

of age (2): favor/indulgence of age.] Roman and Civil

Law. Privilege of age.

list

3.

at

a particular time. 2.

An

of potenial jurors from which a jury English Law.

in court

A writ ordering

of a person

who has been

is

the appear-

indicted on a

penal statute.

venire facias ad respondendum (2) ; facias

n. [L.

venire to come

you should cause (1); ad to,

at, for,

accord-

respondendum answering (4): You should cause to come for answering.] Law. A writ summoning ing to (3);

a person indicted for misdemeanor to appear

venire facias de novo or venire de novo to

come (2);

in court.

n. [L.

venire

you should cause ( 1 ); de of, from, novo new (4): You should cause to

facias

about, for (3);

come from new.] Law. You should cause to come anew. A new writ summoning a jury afresh for a retrial

because of irregularity or impropriety

in the

397 summons, or unacceptable

first

verdict, or a reversal

veni, vidi, vici. abbr. v.v.v. Julius Caesar (100-44

came

B.C.). [L. veni

I

quered

came,

I

(1); vidi

saw,

I

I

I

saw

(2); vici

I

con-

conquered.] Julius

Caesar's quasi-telegraphic announcement of his victory

over Pharnaces

of Zela

in

69 A.D.)

at

at the battle

quoted by Suetonius (born

c.

47 B.C. As 1,

37. Elated

by his spectacular victory in the competition, the victor,

quoting Julius Caesar, said "Veni,

venter

n., pi.

mother. James was Mr.

toward,

in,

vici.''''

Bond 's son by hisfirst venter.

ventre stomach, belly

adj. [Fr.

( 1 );

a

to,

by, with, until (2); terre earth, ground

ground.]

(3): belly to the

1

Belly-flat

.

Describing an animal

2. Art.

vidi,

venters [L. belly, womb.] Law. Wife or

ventre a terre

in swift

on the ground.

movement with

legs stretched out parallel to the ground.

venues [Fr. coming, arrival, advent.] Law. The place where alleged events of an action 1 at law took place. 2. Law. The place from which jurors are drawn and where the trial of the case takes place.

venue

n., pi.

.

3.

The

verba sunt indices animi.

[L.

quocunque

verba words

scene, real or imaginary, of an event. 4.

A

place chosen for a proposed meeting, especially a

meeting for a sporting event, a

political rally, enter-

tainment, lectures, etc.

mind (4): Words are indicate thoughts

sunt

(1);

animi of

are (2); indices indications, pointers (3);

of judgment.

(3):

Veritas, a

Words

indications of the mind.]

and intentions. See index animi

sermo.

verbatim adv. words;

i.e.,

[L.

word

for word.] In the exact sarqe

of the speaker or document. Everything

you said will appear in

the papers verbatim

—

.

.

(

.

The

Guardian 1 986). adj. Reported or reproduced word for word. The prosecutor tendered in evidence a verbatim statement of the accused person

recorded at the police

verbatim

station. Cf.

et litteratim abbr. verb, et

verbatim word

's

mot lit.

confession

a mot. adv. I adj. [L.

word (1); et and (2); litteratim letter for letter (3): word for word and letter for letter.] Exactly as written. Anybody who reproduces parts for

of a book, verbatim et litteratim, for sale without obtaining permissionfrom the publishers or the author, mayface court action for infringement ofa copyright. See de verbo in verbum. verbi causa abbr. v.c. [L. verbi of word (2); causa for the sake

( 1 ):

of word.] For example. For

for the sake

instance.

verbi gratia abbr. V.G. or v.g. adv. [L. verbi of word (2);

gratia by favor, for the sake

(1): for the

sake of

Roman Mythology. The A woman believed to bear close

the word.] For the sake of example. For instance. For

resemblance to Venus, goddess of love and beauty.

verbomania n. [Neo-L. from L. verb(um) word (2); Gk. mania madness, insanity, passion (1): passion for words.] Verbosity. Use of too many words. verbomm obligatio verbis dissolvitur. [L. verborum of words (2); obligatio obligation (1); verbis by

Venus

n., pi.

Venuses

goddess of love.

2.

[L.]

1.

A beautiful, graceful, and charming woman. vera causa

verae causae

n., pi.

causa cause, reason, case

The real

cause.

vera copula

The true cause

n.,pl.

copula union

[L.

veranda or verandah

true, real

( 1 );

Philosophy.

for an action or event.

verae copulae

(2): real

vera

(2): true cause.]

[L.

vera

true, real

( 1 );

union.] Full sexual intercourse.

n.

[Hindi

varanda

]

An

exten-

sion to a house usually roofed but open at the sides

accepted

[L.

(3);

verba words

sunt are

accordance with

(2);

(1);

accipienda to be

secundum according

to,

subjectam subject (5); materiam matter (6): Words are to be accepted in accordance with the subject matter.] Words must be in

words (4); dissolvitur is dissolved (3): An obligation of words is dissolved by words.] A verbal obligation can be dissolved by word of mouth. See

quo quid constituitur verboten

or screened. Cf. piazza.

verba accipienda sunt secundum subjectam materiam.

example.

(4);

understood according to the subject matter.

verba generalia generaliter sunt in telligenda.

adj. [Ger. forbidden.] Forbidden. Prohibited.

—

n.,pl. verbotens Smoking in buses is verboten. Something forbidden. An intriguing aspect of that

school 's philosophy ofdiscipline

verbum

[L.

verba

verbum verbum

sapienti sat. See

General words are to be understood generally.] Gen-

(2); sat

enough

must be interpreted generally.

Cf. generale dictum etc. and generalia verba etc. verba in ten tioni, non e contra, debent inservire. [L. verba words (1); intentioni intention (4); non not

verbum

sapienti sat est.

sapienti sat est. abbr. verb. sap. or

verbum word

eral statements

from

sapienti short form of verbum satis sapienti

sap. [L.

(3);

that the children,

wrong, are guided by verbotens.

intelligenda to be understood (4):

sunt are

is

instead of being taught to distinguish right

(q.v.).

words (2); generalia general ( 1 ); generaliter generally (5);

eodem modo

dissolvitur.

enough.]

( 1 );

verbum

sapienti to wise (person)

(4); est is (3): A word to the wise is A wise person needs only a word of warning.

verbum satis sapienti. abbr. verb. sap. or verb or verbum sap. See verbum sapienti sat est. Veritas

[L. truth.] Truth.

sat.

Motto of Harvard University.

should be subservient to the intention, not vice versa.

Deo est. [L. Veritas quocunque whomsoever (3); dicitur it is said (4); a from (6); Deo God (7); est is (5): Truth, by whomsoever it is said, is from God.]

See falsa demonstratio non nocet.

Truth, whatever be

(5); e

from

(6);

contra against, opposite

(7);

debent

Words ought from the opposite.] Words

should, ought (2); inservire to serve (3): to serve the intention, not

Veritas, a

quocunque

truth (1); a

by

dicitur, a

(2);

its

source,

is

from God.

Veritas

Veritas

habenda

habenda

398

est in juratore, justitia et judicium

in judice. [L. Veritas truth (1);

held, regarded (3); est

habenda on

in in,

is (2);

to

be had,

juratore

(4);

Adagba versus Adegbite; b) Unimaid versus 2. As the alternative of. In contrast to. Freedom versus servitude. a)

Unilag.

juror (5); justitia justice (6); et and (7); judicium

verte abbr.

judgment (8); in in, on (9); judice judge (10): Truth is to be had in the juror, justice and judgment in the judge.] Law. The juror must evince truth, the judge justice and judgment. Cf. ad quaestionem facti etc.

vertex

Veritas et Utilitas

and

Utility.

and (2); and Usefulness.] Truth

[L. Veritas truth (1); et

utilitas usefulness (3): Truth

The motto of Howard

nothing

nisi unless,

cealed

(5):

veretur

(3);

except

to

of (2);

be hidden, con-

Truth fears nothing except to be concealed.]

Truth fears nothing but Veritas

fears, is afraid

abscondi

(4);

its

nimium altercando

est point in a in the

vertigo

nimium

amittitur. See

crown.]

The top or crown,

geometric figure, or the highest point

movement of a heavenly body. n., pi.

vertigines or vertigoes [L. a turning

round or whirling, a sensation of dizziness, whirling, dition in

1

around

in space. 2.

one's vicinity seem to be

in

which one seems to be turning

Mental dizziness, giddiness, con-

fusion, or bewilderment.

1

.

verves

n., pi.

[Fr. zest,

warmth, high

mance of works of literature, music,

errorem demonstrationis. [L" Veritas truth (1); nominis of name (2); tollit removes, takes away (3); errorem error, mistake (4); demonstrationis of description, designation (5): The truth of name removes the error of description.] Law. Use of the proper name takes away the errors caused by mere description. See falsa demonstratio non nocet.

in

Veritas vos liberabit. John 20: 15. [L. Veritas truth (1);

vos you

(3); liberabit will free (2):

Truth will free

The truth will set you free. The motto of The Johns Hopkins University. veritatem qui non libere pronuntiat proditor est you.]

veritatem truth

veritatis. [L.

non not

pronuntiat tells,

utters (3);

(7); est is (6); veritatis tell

the truth freely

who

(4);

qui (one)

who (1);

(2); libere freely,

does not

vers de societe

openly, frankly (5); proditor traitor, betrayer

of truth

(8):

He who does not

a betrayer of truth.]

is

A person

vers poetry

n. [Fr.

(1);

de of (2); societe

society (3): poetry of society.] Witty, usually sarcastic, light poetry

composed

for the

amusement of sophisti-

cated readers. This most versatile ofRoman poets

[i.e.,

Ovid] composed various kinds of vers de societe with unfailing dexterity

vers d'occasion

occasion

(3):

.

.

n. [Fr.

.

(Cary 1970:581).

vers verse ( 1); d' of (2); occasion

verse of occasion.] Occasional verse.

Poetry composed to commemorate a particular anniversary or event

haute couture, Yves Saint Laurent

By assiduous practice in translating d 'occasion ofthe Hellenistic

who walks vestigium token.]

lyric

metres (Cary

n.,

pi.

vers

lib res [Fr.

libre free (1): free verse.]

vers verse, poetry

(2);

A poetic form which does not

use rhyme, meter, and other standard features of poetry,

verso abbr. V. or verso

v. n., pi.

versos short form of folio

vestigia [L. footprint, sign, trace,

Trace or mark,

i.e., left

by

a person or thing.

Veterinariae Medicinae Doctor abbr. V.M.D. veterinariae of veterinary

(2);

n. [L.

medicinae (of) medi-

cine (3); doctor teacher (1): teacher of veterinary medicine.] Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.

A terminal

graduate degree in veterinary medicine.

veto

n.,pl.

vetoes [L.

I

forbid.]

Act of forbidding some-

thing such as a plan, proposal, or a)

bill.

The

right or

There was general

of the president 's veto of the bill passed by House of Representatives, b) Abimbola resents

criticism

the

her parents veto ofher proposed marriage to Aminu. v. To refuse to approve. The president vetoed the '

—

bill passed by the House of Representatives. Vetus Tes tarn en turn n. [L. vetus old, ancient (1); testamentum testament (2): old testament.] The Old Testament. The Latin version of the Hebrew bible. Cf. Novum Testamentum.

vexata quaestio See quaestio vexata.

by

for verbi gratia (q.v.). force.] Forcible. Forcibly.

By

force.

Way, —prep. [L. by way, by road.] 1 By way of. Her goods were shippedfrom New York via London to Tema. 2. Through the me-

via n.,pl. viae or vias [L. path, way, road, street.]

v. or vs.

of or towards.]

1

.

prep. [L. turned in the direction

Against;

.

dium

By means of. Somejournalists try to attract

of.

readers attention via sensational headlines. '

via affirmativa

(q.v.). Cf. recto,

versus abbr.

The author

road, passage, or right of way.

1970:464). vers libre

Jan. 2, 1984:58). b)

Law ofEvidence.

vi adj.ladv. [L.

manipulating the various

But

showed the

with the verve of a teenager.

n., pi.

V.G. or v.g. abbr.

in

.

enthusiasm. Felicia s grandfather is an octogenarian

writers he

Catullus] attained an effortless ease

.

wrote the novel with such verve that every part of it seems to be pregnant with life. 2. Vitality, energy,

the highlyfinished vers [i.e.,

art, etc. a) .

verve that has long kept high fashion indisputably

French (Newsweek Int.

power to forbid or prevent a plan,

the truth freely betrays truth.

tell

spirits.]

Vivacity or vigor in the composition or perfor-

altercando Veritas amittitur. Veritas nominis tollit

A morbid con-

Dizziness. Giddiness.

.

which things

turning around one or in

verve

concealment.

Turn over. Turn the page.

as the head of a body, the top of a mountain, the high-

or giddiness.]

University.

Veritas nihil veretur nisi abscondi. [L. Veritas truth (1); nihil

v. [L. turn.]

n.,pl. vertices [L. top,

i.e.,

another party or team.

n.

[Late L. via way, road (2); affirmativa

affirmative (1): affirmative way.] Theology.

of affirmative or positive statements

The use

in describing

399 the nature of God;

God

i.e.,

stating

what God

not what

is,

suggestion which does not enjoy the support of author-

Cf. via negativa.

is not.

antiqua old or path

(1);

via way, road (5); est

The old way the one

is

the safe way.]

is

Catholic Church

A

tuta

crucis of

Roman

and Anglican Church. The

Stations

of fourteen representations,

and via

omnis innovatio

tuta safe (3):

(4);

vi

aut clam adv.

[L. vi

secretly, covertly (3):

not have a deputy.] Law. via path, way, road (2); dolorosa

in turn

way along her via dolorosa we can underwhy this weary old woman turns into an avenging demon who gloats over the impotent raging of her victim (Lesky 1966:374). to

b)

.

(Newsweek Int. Feb. n. [L.

vice-reine

"To get a license

wife.

viae of path, way, road (2); servitus

via lactea

way, road

milk-white ( 1 ): milky way.]

axy

in

which

1

.

(2);

is

The constellation or galis located. 2. Greek

Mr. Drob

The use of nature of God;

a belief that one can only state what

God

is.

God

is

not,

Cf. via affirmativa

n.,pl. viatica

1.

Traveling allowance.

For

was given a viaticum of The communion or Eucha-

the conference, each official

rist

2. Christianity.

administered to one

who

is

likely to die soon.

via trita est tutissima. [L. via path, way, road (2); trita

trodden, frequented, familiar ( 1 ); est safest (4):

having been

With the reversal of relations.

man who strongly believes that a hus-

a

direct and control his wife rather

vicini viciniora

praesumuntur scire.

bors ( 1 ); viciniora nearer (places)

presumed

are

(2); scire to

know

[L. vicini neigh-

(4);

(3):

praesumuntur Neighbors are

know nearer places.] Law. Neighbors presumed to know the neighborhood. Cf. lex

presumed are

to

The

is (3);

trodden/familiar path

Established procedure

is

vi

by force (1); clam by right granted (4) by force, secretly, or by right granted.] Law. Forcefully, secretly or by permission of the owner.

clam aut precario adv.

[L. vi

secretly (2); aut or (3); precario :

Cf. nec vi etc.

or viaticums [L. traveling money,

provision for a journey.]

$500.00.

lot,

intendit vicinum etc. [Late L. via way, road (2); negativa

negative statements in describing the

not what

repre-

than vice versa.

Via media

negative (1): negative way.] Theology.

viaticum

is

band should guide,

generally preferable to extremes. See aurea

i.e.,

place of (1);

The governor of a province, colony, or

reversed.] Conversely.

mediocritas n.

in

The king's

altered, reversed (2): with the condition

A course of action

midway between two extremes.

via negativa

place of the king.]

position (1); versa (with) having been changed,

earth's solar system

ground, way, course or conception. lies

viceroys [Obs. Fr. vice

(2): in

country. Cf. vice-reine.

lactea milky,

and Roman Mythology. The breast milk which flowed from the goddess Hera when she nursed the infant hero Heracles. This milk became the constellation. via media n. [L. via path, way, road (2); media middle, mean (1): middle road.] The middle path, road, which

viceroy's

vice versa abbr. v.v. adv. [L. vice with condition,

[L. via path,

n.

A

place of the queen.]

(2): in

n., pi.

sentative.

the right to walk, ride, and drive over the

i.e.,

land of another.

of.

A woman who is a viceroy (q.v.).

roy king

servitude, service (1): servitude of way.] Right of

way;

Taking the place

vice-reines [Fr. vice in place of (1);

n., pi.

reine queen

viceroy

23, 1981:48).

etc.

c) Vice-President; d) Vice-consul.

.

dig a private well is via dolorosa, "says Ben-Meir

viae servitus

be delegated. See delegata potestas

substitute for. a) Vice-Chancellor; b) Vice-Chairman;

a long

.

(4): A deputy does A delegated power cannot

deputy

Kwadwo Bonsu has been appointed ChiefAccountant vice Peter Kwofie, who has retired. —pref. One who occupies or takes the place of. One who acts or is

painful series of experiences, a) After following her

stand

substitute,

In the place of. Succeeding.

—via

A painfully arduous path or route. A very

dolorosa

vicarium

vice abbr. V. or \.prep. [L. in the position, stead, duty.]

route of Jesus from the judgment hall of Pontius Pilate

Golgotha for crucifixion. Cf. Via Crucis.

the safe path.]

non habet vicarium. [L. vicarius substitute, (1); non not (2); habet has, holds, regards

(3) ;

to

is

or secretly.

vicarius

Dolorosa.

The

via path, way, road

by force (1); aut or (2); clam by force or secretly.] Forcibly

which worshipers meditate and pray. Cf. Via n. [L.

via

trita est tutissima.

deputy

sorrowful, painful (1): sorrowful/painful road.]

( 1 );

The trodden path

signifying scenes of the Passion of Christ, before

Via Dolorosa

etc.;

trita via tuta.

trodden, frequented, familiar

in the past.

(1);

etc.;

via trita via tuta. [L. via path, way, road (2); trita

safe road

cross.]

way/road of the

series

antiqua

See via

See via trita est tutissima. Via Crucis n. [L. via path, way, road

of the Cross.

is (3);

The

which has been used

cross, gallows (2):

or precedent. See

ity

via antiqua via est tuta. [L. via path, way, road (2);

safe (4):

vide ante

is

tutissima

the safest.]

preferable to innovation.

Thus, a court of law will normally not accept a novel

ludorum n., pi. victores ludorum [L. victor ludorum of the games (2): victor of the games.] The winner of a series of athletic competitions.

victor

victor (1);

The New York Yankees are baseball 's perennial victor ludorum. vide abbr. v. or vid.

v.

[L. See.] See.

Refer

to.

Used

for

bibliographical references.

vide ante v. [L. vide see ( 1 ); ante before (2): see before.]

Used

in

books

to refer the reader to a previous pas-

sage or item. See vide supra and vide ut supra.

400

vide infra

vide infra abbr. V.I. or

below, beneath

vide see

v.i. v. [L.

See below.] Used

(2):

(1);

infra

books

in

to

refer the reader to a subsequent passage or item.

See vide post. permitted

(1):

it

it

permitted to see.] Law. Clearly.

is

Of course. Namely.

Expressions such as "namely,

"

" "to wit " or "that is to say " are called the "videlicet.

video meliora, proboque;

deteriora sequor. Ovid

/

(43 B.C.-17 A.D.). Metamorphoses VII,7-8. [L.

video I see ( 1 ); meliora better (things) (3); proboque

and

I

approve of (2); deteriora worse (things)

sequor

I

things;

/ 1

follow

(4):

I

see and

the better course, though

The legal profession

is

approve of better

I

follow worse things.]

(5);

observe the maxim "Video meliora proboque, vide post

[L.

v.

vide see

(1);

post after (2): See after of

vide supra abbr. V.S. or v.s.

above

(2):

v. [L.

vide see

(1);

supra

See above.] See vide ante and vide ut

supra. vide see

v. [L.

ut as (2); supra above

( 1 );

See as above.] See what

for bibliographical references.

stated above.

is

Used

See vide ante and vide

n., pi.

vidimuses

[L.

inspection of, for instance,

We have seen.] Official a document. A certified

copy of a document.

Boheme n. Bohemian (3):

vie de

de of (2); Boheme of a Bohemian.] Bohemian

[Ft. vie life (1);

life

The unconventional, free, easy-going, adopted by some artists.

life-style. life-style

vie en rose

n. [Ft.

vie

life (1);

en

in (2);

rose rose

(3):

A naive, unrealistic view of the world, one seen through rose-colored glasses. Based upon song lyrics made famous by the French chanlife in rose.] i.e.,

teuse Edith Piaf (1915-1963).

armis adv.

[L. vi

in course oftime the allegation that the trespass was committed vi et armis came to be used as common

form in order to preserve the jurisdictional propriety (Rogers of an action brought in those Courts .

1975:31). Cf.

manu

vieux marcheur n. (2):

have been patrolling the area Of, belonging

attrib.

of vigilantes,

characteristic

to, relating to,

The government

a)

[Ft.

troublemakers

.

.

.

(New African

1981). b)

lady-killer.

.

.

matters into

non dormientibus, jura subveniunt. and (4); non not

[L. vigilantibus the vigilant (3); et (5);

dormientibus the sleeping

(1) ;

subveniunt

aid, assist,

(6);

help

jura

laws

those who are vigilant, not those who are asleep.] Law.

who care,

assist those

not those

who do

See leges vigilantibus

care, about their rights.

not

etc.

vigilantibus lex succurrit. [L. vigilantibus the vigi-

(2)

:

law

vigilantibus vigilantibus,

succurrit aids, helps, assists

(1);

The law helps

the vigilant.] Law. See leges

etc.

non dormientibus, aequitas subvenit.

dormientibus the sleeping subvenit aids,

assists,

(5);

non not

aequitas equity

(4); (1);

helps (2): Equity helps those

who are vigilant, not those who are asleep.] The law helps those who are watchful, not those who are not. There

is

an important maxim, "Vigilantibus, non

dormientibus, aequitas subvenit, " expressed in the

vernacular as "delay defeats equities 1962:306). Cf. leges vigilantibus

"

(Hanbury

etc.

vignette n.,pl. vignettes [Fr. small vine, an ornamental border, text illustration.] in

1.

A border or illustration

a text, especially one which

is

not marked off by a

grape vine.

2.

Architecture.

was often a The use of a grape vine

as carved decoration. 3. Photography.

A

depiction

of only the upper body, or even the head alone, with a darkened background.

4.

A short sketch or description

of a person, place, incident,

etc.

—

v.

1

.

Photography.

To make a photograph of only the upper body or the head alone. 2. To offer a short sketch or description of a person, place, incident,

etc.

villa n.,pl. villas or villae [L./It. country-house, farm.]

A large country residence. A suburban or rural manone used as a place of retreat from

by an affluent person. Expatriates live in sprawling villas behind manicured hedges Nairobi (Newsweek Int. 19, 1982:23).

An

elderly profligate.

evocat auroram.

auroram dawn

rights,

The laws help

(2):

sion, especially

An

old

An old man who spends most of his time

(1); ales bird (2);

some

.

ofleft-wing whites already are taking their own hands (Newsweek Int. Feb.

vieux old ( 1 ); marcheur walker

[L. vigil

wakeful, awake

evocat summons,

(4):

The wakeful

urban

calls forth (3);

bird

summons

life

.

.

in

My

vim

having fun with women. Cf. roue. vigil ales

..

vigilante groups

forti.

an old walker.]

is

contemplating setting up vigilante groups to identify

lined border. Originally, this decoration

by force (1); et and (2); armis by arms (3): by force and arms.] By force of arms. Used to qualify trespass and applicable to the common-law action for damages in respect of trespass to property or person. In its original legal meaning "trespass " signified no more than "wrong "... and

vi et

—

[L. vigilantibus the vigilant (3);

supra.

vidimus

vigilantes

every night.

lant (3); lex

vide ut supra (3):

law and order. With the increasing rate

The laws

below.] See vide infra.

A

to maintain

"

deteriora sequor.

to pro-

ofburglary,

23, 1981:11).

to

enough

vigilantes [Sp. guard, policeman.]

n., pi.

vigilantibus, et

such that the lawyer has

early

member of a group of citizens who have volunteered

follow the worse course.

I

up

Ghana, Legon.

see and approve of

I

is

claim the arrival of dawn. Motto of the University of

vigilante

videlicet abbr. viz. adv. [L. vide(re) to see (2); licet is

dawn.] The wakeful bird

vi repellere licet,

fiat moderamine sumendam vindictam,

modo

inculpatae tutelae, non ad

sed ad propulsandam injuriam. [L. vim force

(3);

vi with force (4); repellere to repel (2); licet

it

is

"

401 allowed, lawful (1); dition that (5); fiat

modo is

it

provided only, on con-

done

with/under direction, control blameless

(6);

moderamine inculpatae of

(7);

(8); tutelae (of) defense, protection (9);

ad to, at, for, according to (11); be taken (13); vindictam vengeance, revenge (42); sed but (14); ad to, at, for, according to (15); propulsandam to be warded

non not

(10);

sumendam

to

off(17); injuriam injury (16):

It is

force with force, on condition that

lawful to repel

it is

done under

the direction of blameless defense, not for ven-

geance

to

be taken, but for injury to be warded

off] Law.

It is

lawful to repel force with force,

provided only that it is prompted by blameless defense, not to take vengeance but to ward off injury.

See homicidium and se defendendo. amor patriae Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid

vincet

VI,823. [L. vincet will conquer

amor

love (1);

Love of country conquer.] Love of one's country will win out

patriae of country, fatherland will

(3);

(2):

vincit qui se vincit. [L. vincit conquers (4); qui (one) (1); se

one's self (3); vincit conquers

(2):

conquers oneself conquers.] The person

conquers or controls himself/herself is the vinciunt leges. [L. vinciunt bind

(2); leges

One who

is

proof. See

praesumptio

violenta and probatio plena

virago

n.,pl.

etc.

viragoes or viragos

1

.

and courageous woman, especially one who, physi-

and mentally, has the qualities of a man. and Xanthippe. Cf. androgynus. vir bonus dicendi peritus Cato the Censor. [L. vir man, male, husband (2); bonus morally good (1); dicendi cally

See

Amazon

of speaking

(4);

morally good

peritus experienced, skilled

man

of probity accomplished

of the

in speaking.

ideal orator in ancient

it

were,

"vir

bonus

dicendi peritus. vir celeberrimus abbr. v. cel.

husband guished

(2); (1):

[L. vir

n.

man, male,

celeberrimus most celebrated,

A

most celebrated man.]

most

distindistin-

guished man.

virement

virements

n., pi.

[Fr. transfer, clearing.] in

i.e.,

bookkeeping

and accounting. vir et

uxor censentur

man, male, husband

in lege (1); et

una persona.

and

law

(6);

una one

Husband and wife are

in

[L. vir

uxor wife

(2);

(5); lege

them, as

a

The definition

Rome was

laws

(1):

(3):

A man

experienced of speaking.]

censentur are believed, held, thought

a strong vinculum between

Emmanuel and Jacob which makes

manlike woman,

[L. a

A shrew. A quarrelsome, nagging, overbearing woman. 2. A very strong heroic maiden, female warrior.]

victor.

The laws bind.] The laws have binding force. vinculum n.,pl. vincula [L. bond, fetter, chain.] A link. Unifying bond. There

is full

uxor sunt

Administrative transfer of funds,

(over personal interests).

who who

strong presumption

vir et

persona person

(7);

law deemed

(3);

(4); in in,

(to be)

on

(8):

one per-

A married couple are legally considered to be a single person. A common law rule which is son.]

Law.

no longer rigidly observed. See omnia quae sunt etc.

uxor sunt quasi unica persona. [L. vir man, (1); et and (2); uxor wife (3); sunt are vindication (1); rei of a matter, thing, property, busi(4); quasi just as if, as one might say (5); unica sole, ness, affair (2): establishment of a right of a thing.] single (6); persona person (7): Husband and wife are, Civil Law. Establishing one's right to a thing. so to speak, one person.] Law. A husband and wife vindicatio servitutis n. [L. vindicatio establishment are like one person. See omnia quae sunt etc. of the right, vindication (1); servitutis of servitude vir et uxor sunt quasi unica persona, quia caro et sanguis unus; res licet sit propria uxoris, vir tamen (2): establishment of a right of servitude.] Roman Law. Establishment of one's right to a servitude. ejus custos, cum sit caput mulieris. [L. vir man, See actio confessoria. male, husband (1); et and (2); uxor wife (3); sunt vindicatio ususfructus n. [L. vindicatio establishment are (4); quasi just as if, as one might say (5); unica of the right; vindication (1); ususfructus of usufruct, one (6); persona person (7); quia because (8); caro use and enjoyment (2): establishment of the right of flesh ( 1 0); et and (11); sanguis blood ( 1 2); unus one usufruct.] Roman Law. Establishment of one's right (9); res matter, thing, property, business, affair (14); inseparable.

vindicatio rei

vir et

n. [L.

vindicatio establishment of a right,

and enjoyment. See actio confessoria.

to use

vindicta

/

nemo magis gaudet quam

licet although,

femina. Juvenal

(c.60-1 17 A.D.). Satires XIII, 191-192. [L. vindicta

vengeance, revenge

magis more

one,

nobody

gaudet rejoices in, takes pleasure than (5); femina woman (6): No one /

cum

since (22);

No

more than

revenge than a woman.

in

a

woman.]

violenta praesumptio aliquando est plena probatio.

violenta forcible, vehement (1); praesumptio presumption (2); aliquando sometimes (4); est is (3); [L.

full (5);

is

probatio proof (6): Vehement presump-

sometimes

full

proof] Law. Occasionally

to,

individual

man, male, husband

yet ( 1 8); ejus

one takes more delight

tion

(17); vir less,

takes pleasure in revenge

plena

notwithstanding (13);

propria belonging

(1);

(3);

(4);

quam

in (2);

nemo no

male, husband

its

( 1

6);

(19);

sit is;

be (15);

uxoris of wife

tamen

neverthe-

(20); custos guard, keeper (2

1 );

caput head (24); mulieris of woman, wife (25): Husband and wife are just as if one person because they are one flesh and sit

he

blood; although a thing wife, nevertheless the is

is

(23);

may be

husband

the head of the wife.] Law.

(a)

belonging to the

is its

keeper, since he

Husband and wife

are,

so to speak, one person because they are one flesh

and blood; although property may belong to the wife, nevertheless the husband keeps it, since he is the head

402

virginibus puerisque

of the household. As a rule of civil law, the maxim

no longer quite

valid.

See omnia quae sunt

is

etc

virginibus puerisque adj. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes virginibus for maidens

111,1,4. [L.

and for boys

(2): for

puerisque

(1);

maidens and boys.] For

and boys. Applicable, especially,

girls

books considered

to

young woman.]

n. [L. virgin,

near Leo and Libra.

2.

Astronomy.

1.

A

woman and located

constellation shaped like a young

The

Astrology.

of

sixth sign

the zodiac dominant from August 23 through Septem-

ber 22.

A person bom under this sign.

3.

virgo intacta

n.,pl.

young woman untouched

intacta untouched, intact

virgin.]

A woman who

an

(1):

has not experi-

virtuoso or fern, virtuosa

n., pi.

virtuosi or virtuosos

or fern, virtuose or virtuosas

learned, virtuous,

[It.

A person interested in pursuing knowledge. A savant (q.v.). A person who does research in the skilled.]

1

.

arts. A group of virtuosi have published of their research on sea life in the Journal

sciences or the results

of Natural Sciences. in the technique a)

When

it

2.

A person who is very skilled

of a fine

comes

art,

for instance a musician,

gentlemen

to singing praises, both

are virtuosos {Newsweek

Feb.

Int.

1982:51). b)

8,

Perlman, Prince of the new violin virtuosos {Newsweek Int. April 14, 1980:36). adj. Of char-

—

acteristic

on a passport by

of relating to, pertaining to, exhibiting the

or ability ofa virtuoso, a). Woody Allen, the film-maker, comic and virtuoso jazz clarinetist style

.

.

.

{Time

Int.

1979). b)

{Time

Int.

1982).

//

.

.

was a virtuoso performance

An endorsement

—

qualified to proceed.

is

v.

1

Seth has got his passport visaed

to.

may soon departfor Italy.

he

2.

of the country of destina-

officials

tion that the bearer

To ratify

2.

To

.

and

or approve

Topics ofpapers to be read at the confer-

officially.

ence have already been visaed.

power (1); a from, by

vis a fronte n. [L. vis force,

A

force from the front.]

(3):

(2);

physical

force from the front. Cf. vis a tergo. vis

armata n.

[L. vis force (2);

force.] Civil

vis a tergo

enced vaginal intercourse.

form and content.

satisfactory in

fronte front

virgines intactae [L. virgo virgin,

(2);

.

give a visa

suitable for youths.

Virgo

n., pi. visas [L. things that have been seen.] 1 An endorsement of a document by a superior officer, indicating that it has been examined and found to be

visa

(2);

Law. Armed

arm ata armed ( 1 ): armed See vis

force.

cum

vires a tergo [L. vis force

n., pi.

tergo back

a from

A force or

a force from the back.]

(3):

armis.

( 1 );

pressure from behind. Mr. Mulira approaches every

assignment enthusiastically and acts as though propelled by vis a tergo. See a tergo. Cf. vis a fronte. vis-a-vis prep. [Fr. vis face

( 1 );

a

to,

toward,

in,

by, with,

until (2); vis face (3): face to face, opposite, in regard to a

person opposite.]

1.

Opposite. Face to face with.

As compared with. The Syrians are well aware they are in a much inferior position vis-a-vis Israel and that it is not a realistic option to start a war 2.

{Newsweek Int.

Jan. 4, 1982: 1 7). 3. In relation to.

taking into account the nation its

population,

vis-a-vis

A

1.

.

.

{West Africa 1986):

.

person

other, as in an indoor

who

is

...

resources vis-d-vis

's

—

n., pi.

face to face with an-

game or dance. One who

a corresponding or equal position.

A

holds

person paired

with another as a date, an escort, a partner,

etc.

strength, virtue (1); et

Throughout the dinner Mat kept gazing at his vis-d-vis, smiling and admiring her. 2. A private, inti-

(3):

mate conversation.

virtute et armis [L. virtute (by/with) courage, valor,

and (2); armis (by/with) arms by courage and by arms.] By valor and arms. Motto of the State of Mississippi. virtute officii adv. [L. virtute by virtue (1); officii of office (2): by virtue of office.] Because of one's office.

Ex

officio (q.v.). a)

the metropolis, acting virtute

ordered the

officii,

the term "legal

.

assets" comprised only what

came

.

.

to the repre-

sentative virtute officii (Hanbury 1962:450). n., pi.

our society, and {Newsweek Int. Feb. in

it

etc. a)

"Emigration

is

a virus

can spread very quickly

16, 1981:14). b)

.

.

.

"

the seven

higher institutions in Anambra had been closed for fear of the solidarity virus spreading into the other campuses {The Guardian 1988). vis

n. [L.

force,

face. In

sit

A tete-a-tete (q.v.). 3. A carriage facing each other.

company of each

other.

—

adv. Face to

The seats of the bus

are such that passengers have to

sit vis-d-vis.

Odes

111,4,65. [L. vis force (1); consili

from

of wisdom,

mole (with/

sense (3); expers devoid

of, free

under) weight

tumbles down, goes to ruin

(6); rait

(2);

sua with/under its own (5): Force, devoid of wisdom, tumbles down under its own weight.] The use of force which is not based upon wisdom crumbles under its own weight. The sage concluded (4);

viruses [L. a potent juice,

venom, poison.] 1. A poisonous element or agent which is the cause of an infectious disease. 2. An infection. Something which has an infectious effect, morally, intellectually,

which people

The sole administrator of vis consili expers mole rait sua. Horace (65-8 B.C.).

demolition of the building, b)

virus abbr. V. or v.

in

power, strength.] Force or power.

—

pi.

on misuse of power with:

his speech

expers mole ruit sua. vis

cum armis n.

arms, weapons

viscus

[L. vis force (1); (3):

"vis consili

"

cum

with

(2);

armis

force with arms.] See vis armata.

viscera [L. the interior or inner part, the

n., pi.

inner parts of the body, the organs.] Medicine. internal

of 1962

organ of the body. .

.

details a

.

vires Legal strength or legitimacy. Cf. extra vires;

Tanganyika

intra vires; and ultra vires.

{New African

.

.

.

A

plan

secret

to

capture a crocodile

and concoct a poisonfrom its viscera 1979).

—

An

CIA memorandum

pi. Interior

.

in .

or inner contents.

403 The policemen conducted a thorough search of the and sofas to examine

house, tearing apart mattresses their viscera.

power

vis divina n. [L. vis force,

God. See actus Dei nemini vis inertiae

1.

of movement.

The

tries to

its

position or

quo

(q.v.) to

change.

power ( 1 ); legibus

inimica hostile, inimical

(4); est is (2);

hostile to laws.]

is

of inac-

A tendency for a person, insti-

2.

vis legibus est inimica. [L. vis force,

laws

(2): force

change

(3):

Law. The use of force

is

hostile to the law. vis

major n., major

(2) ;

pi. vires

[L. vis force,

A

A natural force which cannot be pre-

human agency;

e.g.,

a storm, earthquake,

damnosus. power

or flood. See actus Dei nemini est vis

power

greater, bigger (1): a greater force.]

superior force.

vented by

majores

medicatrix naturae

medicatrix healing

[L. vis force,

n.

naturae of nature

(1);

(2);

(3): the

The healing power of nature. moments of misfortune, tribulation, and despondency, it is advisable to maintain one 's presence of mind and submit to vis medicatrix naturae. healing force of nature.]

In

vista

n., pi.

vistas

[It.

sight,

view, vision.]

sum ma brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,4,15. [L. vitae of life (3); summa sum, total (2); brevis short (1); spem hope (8); nos us (5); vetat forbids (4); incohare to commence, begin (6); longam long (7): The short

vitae

sum of life forbids us to commence long hope.] power

physical resistance of

tution, etc. to prefer the status

Force

An act of

damnosus.

of inactivity, idleness

Inertia (q.v.)

matter to a force which state

est

vires inertiae [L. vis force,

n., pi.

(1) ; inertiae tivity.] 1.

to

divina divine

(2);

divine force.] Civil Law. Divine force.

(1):

vix ulla lex

1.

A

far-

short span does not permit us to

expectations.

nuova

vita

life.]

nuova new

vita life (2);

n. [It.

Changing one's

(1):

maltreating his wife for a decade, Mr. Chuks has realized the senselessness

a vita nuova. See

Viva!

interj. [It./Sp.

La

ofhis attitude and adopted

vita nuova.

Long

Live!]

live! a)

Viva Federal

Republic of Nigeria! b) 1 ,500 supporters briefly blocked her way along the route, banging on the car .

.

.

and shouting "Viva Peron" {Newsweek Int. Dec. Viva

il

Papa!

viva

interj. [It.

May

may

live (1);

(3):

the

15, 1979:48).

vivat! interj. [L. Let him/her live.

Long life! Long life and See Viva and Vive.

May

he/she

prosperity to ...

!

(with) voice (2): with living voice.] Orally.

which showed a beautiful

of mouth.

2.

of thickly-forested

An

extensive mental

When Sam saw a photograph of Vicky, mind was immediatelyfilled with vistas of the good old days. visum cultum abbr. v.c. [L. visum seen (1); cultum

voce.

—

—

examination.

See ore tenus.

Seen cultivated.

cultivated (2): seen cultivated.] Botany.

power (1); vitae of life

(2):

a

power (2); viva living (1): The principal that the power its weight or mass multiplied

vis viva n. [L. vis force,

of an object

by vita

is

equal to

speed squared.

its

vitae [L.

n., pi.

A

short biographical sketch.

See curriculum vitae. vita activa life.]

Practical

life.

A

life

of action.

.

.

.

necessity which forces the philosopher the happiness activa

of the

the ethical

away from

vita contemplativa to the vita

ofpolitical life (Lesky 1966:530).

Cf. vita con-

long but vita

longa ars [L. vita art (2); brevis short ( 1 ); longa

(3);

ars

Long

art (4): short life,

life is short.

contemplative

long

art.]

Art

is

Art survives the lifetime of the

contemplativa

n. [L.

(1):

or philosophical

long

artist.

vita life (2); contemplativa

contemplative

life.

live! Hail!

of Ghana! See Viva and

Up

with!

vivat.

la difference! [Fr. vive long live (1); la the (2); (3):

Vive

vive

le roi! interj. [Fr.

king

Let the king

(3):

Long

live the difference.]

life.]

Cf. vita activa.

Intellectual

let live (1); le

live.]

Long

the (2); roi

live the king!

vivum vadium See vadium vivum. v.

[L.

He/she

lived.]

A tombstone inscription indi-

cating the length of the deceased's

sed

si

life.

quae omnibus commoda

majori parti prospiciat,

utilis est. [L.

sit,

vix

hardly, scarcely (1); ulla any (3); lex law (4); fieri to

be made, to become

which

(6);

(5);

omnibus

suitable (8); sit

is,

potest can,

to all (9);

may be (7);

majori greater (13); parti

templativa. vita brevis

[Fr. let live.]

vix ulla lex fieri potest

vita life (2); activa active (1): active

n. [L.

viva voce Oral examination.

n., pi.

difference difference

vixit

life.]

By word

Hurray for the difference between the sexes!

force/power of life.] Living force.

living force.] Physics.

interj.

Vive the people

Vive

voce

( 1 );

He gave an account of the incident viva We intend to conduct a viva voce

hisformer girlfriend, his

Vive

live.]

Hurrah!

adj. Oral.

vision or view.

vis vitae n. [L. vis force,

the (2);

il

Pope live!] Long live the Pope! Arriving that morning for a prayer service at St Patrick's, his face lit up into a benign, contented smile as cries of "Viva il Papa" and applause drowned out the organ music (Newsweek Int. Oct.

Papa Pope

viva voce abbr. v.v. adv. [L. viva with living

vista

19,

1983:30). See vivat and Vive.

After the curve, they entered a stretch of the road

interrupted by valleys.

new

a

lifestyle for the better. After

reaching or distant view along a corridor or opening.

hills

Life's

embark on long-term

is

able (2);

commoda sed but

part, side

(

1

( 1

quae

favorable,

0); si if (

4);

1 1

);

prospiciat

take care of (12); utilis useful

it

should provide

for,

(1

6); est

Hardly can any law be made which

is

suitable to

part,

it is

which

is

it

is (

1

5):

all,

but

useful.]

if it

should provide for the greater

Law. There can hardly be any law

satisfactory to

all,

but, if a

care of the interests of the majority,

law should take it is

useful.

404

viz.

viz. abbr. for videlicet (q.v.).

V.M.D.

Medicinae Doctor

artis pi. n. [L.

(1);

of art

artis

vocabula expressions, designa-

(2):

expressions of art.] Technical

expressions. Technical terms.

prudentum.

definitiones

artium of arts,

dum

according

sunt are

(4);

secun-

(3);

accordance with

in

to,

vocabula expressions

[L.

professions (2); explicanda

skills,

be explained, unfolded

to

not entitled to damages for an act for which he/

his wife to

adultery,

son

vocabula artium explicanda sunt secundum (1);

tiff is

man who encourages who connives at that

she gave permission. Thus, a

(q.v.)-

vocabula tions

damages. Generally, a plain-

injury is not entitled to

abbr. for Veterinariae

(5);

explanations

definitiones

definitions,

prudentum of

experienced, skilled (persons)

(6); (7):

is

who

commit

adultery, or

not entitled to damages. Similarly, a per-

receives a defamatory letter and gives

others to read

the one

is

who

is

it

to

spreading the infor-

mation contained therein and so cannot sue the writer for defamation.

volk 1

.

See qui non improbat, approbat.

volks [Ger. and Dutch Volk people, race.]

n., pi.

The pure German people, especially during the Nazi South Africa. The Afrikaners. 3. South Africa.

era. 2.

Colored employees of whites under apartheid

(q.v.).

the definitions of skilled persons.] Law. Technical

Volksbewegung n.,pl. Volksbewegungen [Ger. Volks of people (2); Bewegung movement (1): movement

expressions must be explained in accordance with

of people.] Popular movement, agitation or stir. Spon-

Expressions of arts are to be explained according to

the definitions of experts.

vocatio in jus

taneous upsurge of national feeling.

vocatio calling, summoning

n. [L.

a calling

in into, to, against, for (2); jus right, law (3): into law.] Early Roman

Law. Summons to court;

i.e.,"

upon the debtor to follow

the practice of orally calling

one to court. vogue n.,pl. vogues

(1);

.

.

Popular

Paris couturiers tried

.

bring the '60s miniskirt look back into vogue

to

Jan. 5, 1981:60). b)

.

.

the conference

.

will violate the so-called national security law which

vogue

is still in

.

.

.

{Time

Int.

strations against the invasion

by another are not in vogue

.

.

demon1985). c) of an African country .

.

.

.

{New African

1978).

2.

A person or thing that is fashionable or in fashion

at

a particular time or place. In the postwar years,

when existentialism became an international vogue. {Newsweek Int. April 28, 1980:63). voila

Voila

inter/. [Fr.

le

There

it is.]

1838). [Fr. voila there

That

that

is,

.

The

spirit

istics

volksgeists [Ger. Volksgeist:

Volk

of a people. The distinguishing character-

of a particular nation or ethnic group.

(3);

is (1); le

de of (4);

( 1

the (2);

Volk people, race

754-

com-

la the (5); fin

Lied song, poem

(2);

(1):

song

A folk-song, especially a German one. 2. South Africa. A national anthem. of people.]

1

.

Volkerwanderung n.,pl. Volkerwanderungen

[Ger.

Volker peoples (2); Wanderung wandering, migration (1): wandering of the peoples.] Migration of peoples, especially that of the Teutons, Slavs, and Huns into Europe, beginning in the 2nd century A.D. and ending about the

1

1th century.

volo ignorari et nihilo reputari. [L. volo (1);

et

There!

commencement de la fin. Talleyrand

mencement beginning end

n., pi.

people, race (2); Geist spirit (1): spirit of people.]

volkslied n.,pl. volkslieds [Ger. and Dutch Volkslied: [Fr. fashion.] 1. Popularity.

favor, acceptance or use. a)

{Newsweek Int.

volksgeist

I

wish, want

ignorari to be ignored, be paid no attention

and

(3); nihilo

nothing

(5);

(2);

reputari to be reck-

oned (4): I wish to be ignored and to be reckoned worth nothing.] I wish to be ignored and reckoned to be of no value. (as)

volte-face

n. [Fr.

turning-round.] Reversal. About-face.

is

Total change. In a dramatic volte-face, Salihu

where the end begins. In reference to the defeat of Napoleon at Borodino in 1812. Seele commence-

changed from a staunch supporter of the National Popular Party to its most fiery opponent. voluit, sed non dixit. [L. voluit he wished, willed (1); sed but (2); non not (3); dixit he said (4): He wished, but did not say.] Law. He may have so wished, but

(6):

ment

etc. for

voir dire

speak

n.

is

the beginning of the end.] This

a shorter form.

[Obs. Fr. voir truth, true (2); dire to say;

(1): to

speak the

truth.]

Law.

A

examination which a witness or juror to ascertain

whether he/she

is

preliminary

may undergo

incompetent to serve

as witness or juror by reason of his/her interest in the cause. The witness

volens

adj., pi.

had to swear on

his voir dire.

volentes [L. willing.] Law. Willfully.

With purpose. Of choice.

A person is volens,

if he/

he did not say

so.

voluntas defuncti

Used with reference n.

The

expressa observetur.

oppose. Cf. sciens.

deed

who

(6);

(2): desire

of the

doni

will

[L.

voluntas

(2); in in,

(of) gift (8); sui

on

will, desire (1);

(5);

charta paper,

of one's own, his/her

injuria. [L. volenti to the willing (4);

own (7); manifeste clearly, manifestly (3); expressa

wrong

expressed, represented (4); observetur should be

done not done to fit is

(3);

injuria injury,

A person

observed

willingly/knowingly exposes himself/herself to

in his/her

(1): Injury is

to wills.

will, desire (1);

of the deceased. voluntas donatoris in charta doni sui manifeste donatoris of donor

non fit non not (2);

voluntas

defuncti of the dead, deceased deceased.] Law.

she either expressly gives consent or tacitly does not

volenti

[L.

the willing.]

Law.

The will of the donor clearly expressed deed of gift should be observed.] Law. The

(9):

405 of the giver, clearly stated

intent

in the

deed of gift,

voluntas est justa sententia de eo quod quis post voluntas

fieri velit. [L.

sententia decision, opinion (4); de

eo that

for (5);

some one

suam

(8);

from, about,

of,

quod which (7); quis any one, mortem death (13);

(6);

post after (11);

own

one's/his/her

velit wishes,

will, desire

justa just, true, reasonable (3);

(1); est is (2);

be done (10);

(12); fieri to

A will is a true decision about

wants (9):

which someone wishes to be done after his/her death.] Law. A will is a true decision on what a person wants to be done after his/her death. that

own

voluntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia. voluntas

purpose crimes

will, desire

(3);

(5):

( 1 );

will

[L.

and (2); propositum aim,

et

distinguunt distinguish

The

(4);

maleficia

and the aim distinguish crimes.]

Law. Intention and purpose distinguish crimes. See actus non facit etc. voluntas in delictis, non exitus spectatur. [L. voluntas will, desire (3); in in, on ( 1 ); delictis crimes (2); non not (4); exitus result, end (5); spectatur is looked at (6): In

crimes the will, not the result,

In criminal cases,

what

is

not the result. See actus

looked at] Law.

is

considered

non

voluntas reputatur pro facto.

is

reputatur

(3);

facto deed, act, fact (4):

act.

(2);

The intention is

See actus non

will, desire

pro

is

as, for

reckoned

considered to

testatoris of testator (2); est

ambulatory, alterable

ad

to, at, for,

(4);

is (3);

usque

according to

ambulatoria

as far as, all the

way

extremum

last,

(6);

naturally aroused a vortex

The

city,

ofconjectures and specu-

A stormy, tempestuous, or turbulent center.

lations. 4.

being the capital of the country, became of every national characteristic, particu-

the vortex

larly evil influences. 5.

A predicament, force, pursuit,

or situation which inexorably draws one. The religion

had such magnetism and popular appeal that within a short time it had sucked large numbers ofpeople into its vortex. Cf.

vox audita perit. ( 1 );

[L.

maelstrom, vox voice, utterance, spoken word

audita having been heard

(2); perit perishes (3):

The spoken word, having been heard, perishes.] The spoken word disappears as soon as it is heard. Cf. vox emissa volat

etc.

vox emissa volat, littera scripta manet. [L. vox voice, utterance, spoken word (1); emissa having been uttered (2); volat flies (3); littera letter (4); scripta

having been written

(5);

manet remains (6): The spo-

ken word having been uttered

the letter having

flies,

been written remains.] The spoken word disappears, but the written

vox

(3):

word remains. Cf. vox audita perit. [L. vox voice (1); et and (2);

praeterea nihil

et

further, besides, hereafter (4); nihil

more. Sound but no sense. but

vox

nothing

voice and nothing further.] Voice and nothing

it

was

He delivered a long speech,

clearly vox et praeterea nihil.

nihili n., pi.

voces nihili

[L.

vox voice

of nothing (2): voice of nothing.]

facit etc.

voluntas testatoris est ambulatoria usque ad extremum vitae exitum. [L. voluntas will, desire ( 1 );

to (5);

Anything which resembles a whirlpool or whirl-

praeterea

voluntas

as the deed.] Law. Desire or intention

be the same as the

the intention,

facit etc.

[L.

reckoned, computed

(1);

is

3.

wind. The secrecy which surrounded the decision

should be followed.

mortem suam

voyageur

(1); nihili

A meaningless word

or phrase, especially the result of a scribal or printing

The numerical sequence in the margin of the page was apparently no more than a vox nihili. vox populi abbr. vox pop. n., pi. vox populis [L. vox error.

voice (1); populi of people

(2): the

voice of the

utmost (7); vitae of life (9); exitum end, termination (8):

people.] Popular view or sentiment, a) Conceivably,

The will of a testator is alterable as far as to the last end of life.] Law. The will of a testator is changeable right up to

allegiances to comply with the vox populi

the final

moment of life. See legatum morte etc.

Int.,

voluntas testatoris habet interpretationem latam et

benignam. [L. voluntas will, desire (1); testatoris of testator (2); habet has, holds, regards (3); interpretationem interpretation et

and

of the

(5);

benignam

testator has a

liberal,

broad and

Law. The will of a testator

is

(7);

latam broad (4);

favorable (6):

The will

liberal interpretation.]

interpreted broadly

Carter could try to persuade electors to switch their

and

Nov.

voluntas ultima testatoris est perimplenda secundum

principally attributable to its stubborn refusal to respect

vox populi.

vox populi vox Dei. [L. vox voice ( 1 ); populi of people (2) vox voice (3); Dei of God (4): voice of the people, ;

voice of God.] The voice of the people

of God.

voyage a Cythere n.,pl. voyages a Cythere until (2);

intentionem suam.

pursuit of,

whirlpool, whirlwind.]

cyclone's eye.

2.

1.

A A powerful, destructive

Whirlwind. Tornado.

Whirlpool.

water current which moves very rapidly

manner, sucking down anything

that

in a circular

comes

within.

of love.

the voice

trip (1);

a

to,

Cythere Cythera

toward,

(3): a

[Fr.

in,

voyage

by, with,

voyage/trip to

A voyage to the island of Aphrodite, goddess A trip to the island of love. A quest for, or

Cythera.]

vortices or vortexes [L. whirl, eddy,

is

A saying quoted by Alcuin (c. 735-804).

veram intentionem suam. See testatoris ultima voluntas est perimplenda secundum veram n., pi.

(Newsweek of the regime is

1980:33). b) The fall

journey, voyage,

liberally.

vortex

3,

amorous pleasure. Mike

's

voyage a Cythere

ended in ignominy when he was chased away by the girl

's

boyfriend.

voyageur n.

[Fr. traveler.]

A worker, boatman or guide

hired to transport materials in the Canadian and U.S.

Northwest.

406

voyant

voyant oxfern, voyante n.,pl. voyants orfern, voyantes [Fr.

person

etess.

who can see.] A seer. A Prophet or proph-

A clairvoyant (q.v.). Arthur Rimbaud's theory

ofpoetry demanded that the poet dismantle senses to become a voyant. voyeur

n., pi.

voyeurs

[Fr.

a looker.]

1.

his/her

A peeping Tom.

The voyeur

V.S. or

v.s.

versus

vue d'ensemble (1); (T

A person who steals the pri-

jam now (2);

(3);

vino to wine

,

A person who pries inordinately, usu-

ally searching for scandalous events, acts, or sights.

The

sordid domestic fight between Mr. and Mrs. Vandyke

ofseveral voyeurs, who came to ofsympathetic neighbors. vraisemblance n. [Fr. from vrai true (1); semblance likeness, similarity (2): true likeness.] 1. Theater. The attracted the attention

the residence in the guise

i.e.,

sentations should be true to

life. 2.

that theatrical repre-

or description of a person or thing.

A realistic portrait

vues d'ensemble

[Fr.

vue view (3):

a

A comprehensive view or opinion

which takes cognizance of everything that is relevant. vulgoque Veritas jam attributa vino est. [L. vulgo generally, commonly (5); que and (1); Veritas truth

Hopper is the thrill ofthe crime {Newsweek Int. March

principle of verisimilitude,

n.,pl.

of (2); ensemble whole, general effect

vacy ofanother, and part ofthe pleasure to befound in 2, 1981: 43). 2.

(q.v.).

abbr. for vide supra (q.v.).

view of the whole.]

derives sexual pleasure from observing the sexual acts

of others.

vs. abbr. for

attributa attributed, assigned (6);

(7); est is (4):

And now

monly attributed to wine.] Truth to

come

out of wine.

is

truth is

com-

generally believed

A proverb quoted by Pliny the

Elder (A.D. 23-79) in Historia Naturalis XIV, 141. Cf. in vino Veritas.

vulgus n. or

[L. the

common

v.v. abbr. for

common people.] The populace, rabble

people. See canaille. 1.

vice versa (q.v.). 2. viva voce (q.v.).

v.v.v. abbr. for veni, vidi, vici (q.v.).

w Waldsterben

n.

Wald forest, woods (1); sterben

[Ger.

was anathema

elevation

Weltanschauung

to white

be destroyed (2): forest dying.] The destruction

notwithstanding, most blacks remained optimistic

to environmental

(Tunde Adeleke, unpublished seminar paper,

Walpurgis of St. Walpurga (2); Nacht night (1): night of St. Walpurga.] Walpurgisnight. The night of April 30th (the night 1 preceding May Day) when, according to German superstitious belief, witches go out to display their

Weltburger n., pi. Weltbiirger [Ger. Welt world (1); Burger citizen (2): world citizen.] A cosmopolitan.

to die,

of forest and other plant

due

life

Unimaid, 1987).

pollution.

Walpurgisnacht

[Ger.

n.

A citizen of the world.

.

powers. Witches' sabbath.

A

particular midnight

when witches and sorcerers supposedly meet to pay homage to the devil, to celebrate rites, and to take

A

part in orgies. 2. like a

situation or event

sight,

ture (2):

(2):

which looks

nightmare or orgy, a) The marriage, a product

of love at first

Welt world (1); Literatur literaThe literature of the world. A literature shared by people around the world. Weltpolitik n. [Ger. Welt world (1); Politik politics Weltliteratur

(2):

mark the anni-

Wanderjahr

Wanderjahrs

n., pi.

wander

Cf.

n.

[Ger.

A

sense of

(2);

und and

woman, and

song.]

tude towards

life in

[Ger.

(3);

Wein wine (1); Weib

Gesang song

An expression

(4):

wine,

of a carefree

are pleasures like drink, sex, and music. Cf.

outlook. of,

(2):

atti-

Wer

Weltanschauungen

or

world view.]

1.

World view

or

A philosophical view respecting the purpose

and the course of events

ogy. Philosophy of

life.

world

city.]

A

city

(1);

of international

n.

A cosmopolis (q.v.).

[Ger. turning.] Turning-point. Turnabout.

in,

[Ger.

Wende turning (

A

moment of

1 );

Punkt point

decisive change,

especially in the events of a novelle (q.v.).

Weltanschauungs [Ger. Welt world ( 1 ); Anschauung view, perception

vitae.

Wer nicht liebt Wein, Weib und Gesang, Der bleibt

nicht liebt

pi.

and taedium

Weltstadts [Ger. Welt world

(2): turning-point.]

which the only things that matter

Wein etc. Weltanschauung n.,

(2):

Wendepunkt n.

sadness, especially a yearning for the past.

woman

siecle

n., pi.

policies.

[Ger. sadness, melancholy.]

Wein, Weib und Gesang

pain

or disgust with, the con-

Change in direction. Critics of the Administration have been harping upon the needfor a Wende in its

A strong desire for travel-

ing, especially globe-trotting. n.

at,

affairs.

Schmerz

(1);

standing and significance in the area of commerce,

wandern wander (2); Lust desire

wandering.]

Welt world

[Ger.

n.

politics, culture, etc.

Wende

(1): desire for

Wehmut

mal du

Stadt city

wander ( 1 ); Jahr year (2): wander year.] A period of travel, especially for a young person or a journeyman

Wanderlust

or world politics.

and decision on, international

of,

dition of the world. Pessimism. Sentimental sadness.

to

worker.

literature.]

world pain.] Distress

Weltstadt

[Ger.

[Ger.

politics.] International

Weltschmerz

versary of the association was climaxed by a party

which proved to be a Walpurgisnacht.

world

Discussion

soon became a never-ending

Walpurgisnacht. b) The ceremony to

n.

world

the world. 2. Ideol-

The realization that Black

407

ein

Narr

sein

1546). [Ger.

Leben

lang. Martin Luther

(1483-

Wer who (2); nicht not (3); liebt loves,

is in love with (4); Wein wine (5); Weib woman (6); und and (7); Gesang singing, song (8); Der that one (1); bleibt remains, stays (9); ein a, one (10); Narr foolish man, fool (1 1); sein his (12); Leben life (13);

lang long (14): That one

who does

not love wine,

life long.] He who does not love wine, woman, and music, remains

woman, and

singing remains a fool his

a fool throughout his

life.

408

wertfrei

wertfrei adj. [Ger. from free (2): value free.]

Wert

value, worth (1); frei

Without moral

bias.

Free from

[Ger. from

n.

Wert

value, worth (1);

Freiheit freedom (2): value freedom.] Freedom from

moral bias or value judgment.

Westpolitik

n.

[Ger.

west west

policy (2): west policy.]

pean countries

spectacular success of West

Wirtschaftswunder (Time

program

value judgment.

Wertfreiheit

in the

Int.

Germany 's

1979). b)

.

.

.

the

moderator pointed out that the days of West Germany's Wirtschaftswunder. were clearly 's

.

over (Newsweek Int. Dec.

.

6, 1982:14).

Wissenschaft n. [Ger. knowledge, science, scholarship.] (1); Politik politics,

The policy of eastern Euro-

to establish political

and economic

ties

with the countries of western Europe after the

fall

of Communism.

Wirtschaftswunder n. [Ger. Wirtschaft economy (2); Wunder wonder (1): wonder of the economy.] Economic miracle, specifically West Germany's amazing economic recovery after the Second World War, i.e., the 1950s and 1960s, a) Thefirm prospered through the first and second World Wars, and atfirst shared

The

careful and meticulous use of the scientific method in the pursuit of knowledge. Academic scholarship. See Geisteswissenschaften.

Wunder kind n.,pl. Wunderkinder or Wunder kinds [Ger. Wunder wonder (1); Kind child (2): wonder child, infant prodigy.] 1. An infant or child prodigy. 2. A person who shows exceptional ability in a very difficult profession or field at a very early age. He was playing a role scripted largely by budget director David Stockman, the new wunderkind of Washington (Newsweek Int. Feb. 16, 1981:1).

X Xanthippe n.,pl. Xanthippes [Gk. Xanthippe

] 1

of Socrates, notorious for her bad temper.

woman

.

Wife 2.

fondness for foreign things.] Excessive interest

A

fondness

of bad temper. See virago.

eign things.] Excessive fondness for or attachment

etc.

There

is

especially

manners,

institutions,

xenophobia.

xenophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. xeno(s) foreign,

customs,

n.

(2);

phob(os) fear (1): fear of foreign things.]

-widespread xenomania in the country,

nal or

among young men and women.

of foreign fashions,

alien

Irratio-

abnormal fear or hatred of foreigners as well as institutions, culture, etc.

France

has a long tradition ofxenophobia, but sometimes even

[Neo-Gk. from Gk. xeno(s) foreign, alien

(2); philia love,

Teng marches his people toward

modernization {Time Int. 1978). See xenomania. Cf.

See xenophilia. Cf. xenophobia. xenophilia

in,

or attraction to foreign things. Xeno-

philia breaks out as

xenomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. xeno(s) foreign, alien (2); mania passion, rage (1): passion or rage for forto foreign fashions,

for,

fondness, affectionate regard (1):

409

Frenchmen Int.,

Nov.

8,

think

it

little too far. {Newsweek xenomania and xenophilia.

goes a

1982:26). Cf.

yah rzeit n., pi. yahrzeits [Yid. from German Jahr year (1);

Zeit time (2): year time.] Judaism.

y£-y6 adj.

The anniversary

of a person's death, marking the end of the

yakuza

n., pi.

zation.

yang n.

music of this

[Japan, mobster, gangster, rack-

.

yin

yang

sun, light, masculinity.]

The cosmic

n.

1.

moon, darkness,

[Chin, yin

n.

[Skt.

yogah union,

duism, Buddhism,

used

in the

and Jainism.

and peace.

Hin-

A geometric design

armulke or yarmelke n. [Yid.] A Jewish prayer cap. yashmak or yashmac n., pi. yashmaks or yashmacs [Turk.] A veil covering the face of Muslim woman

2.

n., pi.

The cosmic

is

used to

in

1.

Hinduism.

A

which physical and

attain spiritual

understanding

Exercises used to achieve such physical

yogis [Skt. yogah union, joining.]

Yom Kippur n.

[Heb.

propitiation (2):

A

yom day (1); kippur atonement,

day of atonement.] Judaism. The Day

of Atonement, a day of fasting and prayer for propi-

in public. n., pi.

[Heb. yeshibah] Judaism. cially for the study

The

practioner of yoga (q.v.).

v

yeshiva or yeshivah

enthusi-

and mental control. yogi

tantra (q.v.) for meditative purposes.

femininity.]

joining.]

mental control [Skt. a supporter, fastener.]

is

this culture. 2.

Cf. yang.

yoga

Cf. yin.

yantras

Enthusiastic

culture.

form of religious discipline

n.,pl.

Describing the 2.

A person who

principle of active masculinity in Chinese philosophy.

y antra

I.

principle of passive femininity in Chinese philosophy.

A criminal. Cf. dacoit, mafia, and petit truand.

[Chin,

n.

—

about or connected with

astic

1 The network of Japanese crime organizations. The Japanese mafia. 2. A member of such an organi-

eteer.]

from Eng. yeah-yeah.]

about this culture.

official

period of mourning.

yakuza

[Fr.

popular youth culture of the 1960s.

yeshivas or yeshivot(h)

A religious school, espe-

of sacred

tiation

yored

who

texts.

410

of the sins of humankind.

n., pi.

yordim [Heb. one who descends.]

emigrates from

Israel.

A person

z zaibatsu

n., pi.

zaibatsu [Japan, from zai wealth

batsu powerful individual or family family wealth.]

1.

(1):

in

(2);

powerful

A commercial enterprise controlled 2. A conglomerate or

payment or tax used

for the purposes

An

A person

[Ger. Zeit time (1); Geist spirit (2): time

of the nation was not taken into consideration, b) A single generation, by numbers alone, will have changed the nation 's Zeitgeist from young to old {Newsweek Int. March 30, 1981:33). Zen n. [Japan, from Chin, chan meditation.] Buddhism. A branch of Buddhism which emphasizes meditation over religious devotion as the means to personal enlightenment. n., pi.

ters.] In

the

A journey

or

30-40

A musi-

strings stretched over a

]

Judaism. The religiously-

symbolic, knotted fringe on a garment, especially the tallith (q.v.) or

Zoilus

prayer shawl.

n.,pl. Zoili or

Zoiluses [L. from Gk. Zoilos.]

1.

A

Greek rhetorician and philosopher of the 4th century B.C.,

who was

notorious for his bitter criticisms of

the philosopher Plato, the rhetorician Isocrates, and,

above all, the epic poet Homer. and carping critic.

An extremely bitter

2.

A person who takes delight in unwar-

ranted fault-finding.

See momus.

Zollverein n.,pl. Zollvereins [Ger. Zoll customs, duty

zenanas [Hindi zenana women's quarlive in seclusion.

A harem

(1);

Verein union (2): customs union.]

(q.v.).

states

observe free trade

among

imposing a uniform tariff on [Gk. yoke, band,

A figure of speech in which

a noun, adjective, or verb governs a

A tariff union.

An arrangement or system whereby several

See seraglio.

zeugma n., pi. zeugmata or zeugmas bond, joining.] Rhetoric.

ziarats or zearats [Urdu from

zizith pi. n. [Heb. sisith

India and Persia the section of a house where

women

cats

sound box. Usually played horizontally either

flat

Administration failed dismally mainly because the Zeitgeist

"The boys, dogs, and

with the fingertips or with a pick. Cf. cithara.

intel-

of an

applicable

[Ger. Zither from L. cithara from

n.

cal instrument with

lectual atmosphere, cultural trend, taste, etc.

is strictly

applies to each of them

Gk. kith ;ira a stringed musical instrument.]

in India.

of the age, time, or era.] Moral and

it

pilgrimage to a holy shrine.

age, time, or era. a) The reforms introduced by the

zenana

n., pi.

zither or zithern

charged with collecting land taxes

meaning

Pers. ziyarat visit, pilgrimage.] Islam.

annual

poses and almsgiving.

its

in a different sense; e.g.,

of religious pur-

zamindar or zemindar n. [Hindi zamindar.] n.

that

ziarat or zearat

cartel (q.v.).

zakat «.[Arab. zaka(t) almsgiving.] Islam.

spirit, spirit

way

one of the words, or

entered the house, shouting." Cf. syllepsis.

by a single powerful family.

Zeitgeist

such a

to only

states

or

many

themselves, while

which do not belong

to the union.

zut alors!

number of words

411

inter/. [Fr.

zut darn,

damn

(2);

alors then, in

that case, therefore (1): in that case, darn.] Darn!

f

\V

A

Mirabile Visu!* An indispensable reference for those who work and play with words The World Dictionary

of Foreign Expressions

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for

who

encounter the foreign words and phrases that permeate spoken and written English and seek a fuller understanding of them. It contains abbreviations, single words, and phrases from a wealth of languages including: Afrikaans, Arabic, Aramaic, Chinese, Dutch, French, Greek, German, Italian, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Hindi, Inuit, Japanese, Latin, Persian, Portuguese, Provengal, Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Turkish, and Yiddish. those

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[World Dictionary]

mirabile visu seeing.] his

interj.

Amazing

is

[L.

to see!

bedroom opening

recommended for all public and academic libraries. Library Journal, July 1999 mirabile wonderful

Mr.Adigan

(1)

;

visu in the seeing

(2):

entered his residence and, mirabile visu, he

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