• Author / Uploaded
• Filip Kovacevic

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GEPRÜFT

DE

HU

AT

RO

IT

CZ

UK

DK

AU

CH

PL

UA

RU

ZA

FR

SE

NL

ES

SG

BE

BY

NO

SK

FI

ne

lene

Po lye thy le

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

2

1

3

4

5

6

7

9

8

ction

ion/contra

Expans

200

160

120

80

40

10 0

]

∆ L [mm

This means that doubling the noise power (or inten noise sources sity) is the same with noise energ as increasing the ies (or intensities Let’s now supp noise levels by ) that are doub ose that we halve 3 dB or difference le compared to the noise powe the other. pressure corre s of 3 dB are equa r (or intensity) sponding to 80 l to an we want to and dB and we halve evaluate the reduc it, we obtain: tion in dB. If we consider the same 2 1  noise L = 10
lo p 

gth [m]

Pipe len

] ght L [m

8 10 9

Pipe len meter De Pipe dia

[mm]

6 5

g10 
 2  = 10
log10 0,5
10 8 = 77 dB   p0

tot

(

4

315

3

250

2,5

7

2

200

2

(

1,5

1,5

0

tion

n/contrac

Expansio

140 [mm]

0

1,0 0,5 arm H of flexible Length

Bf

[2.13]

L tot = 10
log   p   10
10 10   = 10
log10 10
10 8 = 90 dB   p0

2,0

180

)

This means that halving the noise power (or inten And what happ sity) is the equiv ens if we multi alent of reducing ply the noise energ the levels of noise y (or intensity) by 3 dB. by a factor of ten? 2 

1

TE SYSTEMS

TGM

100

NOISE IN WAS

Valsir product approvals.

ative)

ve/neg

] (positi ∆T [°C

erence ature diff Temper

ropy

RADIANT SYSTEMS

Characteristics, project design, calculation, installation and testing

Poly p

SISTEMI RADIANTI

CASSETTE

FLUSH CISTERNS

Waste systems inside buildings

Silere

TRAPS

L Bf [m]

SIFONI

arm

PLUS

QUALITY FOR PLUMBING

of flexible

Uff.Pub. Valsir - L02-345/1 - Marzo 2010

RAIN

PP

Technical manual L02-345/1

Length

PEHD

Characteristics, project design, calculation, installation and testing

Valsir product range.

L02-345/1

Technical manual L02-345/1

[m]

the noise levels

are increased

)

[2.14]

by 10 dB!

The concepts just dealt with are clearly show doubling the soun n in the curve d power is equiv in Figure 2.1 wher alent to increasing e we see that: ■ multiplyin g the sound powe the noise levels r by a factor of by 3 dB; ■ halving ten is equivalent the sound powe to increasing the r is the equivalent noise levels by of reducing the 10 dB; noise levels by 3 dB. ■

D"





D"

7 –7



 D"

7  – 7



 

D"



7  – 7









 7 7 



 Figure 2.1 Differ

ence in dB betwe

en two sound sourc

es with sound energ

ies of W and W 1 2 (or intensity J and J2 ) 1

22

Valsir S.p.A. Località Merlaro, 2 - 25078 Vestone (Brescia) Italia Tel. +39 0365 877011 - Fax +39 0365 81268 [email protected] - [email protected] [email protected] - [email protected] - [email protected]

OK_MT_L02_3

45-0.indd 22

20-02-2007

www.valsir.it

www.valsir.it

You can give us your opinion on Valsir and its products by using the form you will find into the “Services” section of our Web site.

www.valsir.it

14:45:43

1

Valsir waste systems

6

1.1

High density polyethylene electro-fusion waste and drainage system (HDPE)

6

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.7 1.1.6

6 7 7 8 8 8 8

1.2

Push-fit flame retardant polypropylene waste and drainage system (PP) 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7

1.3

1.4

Material Application field Dimensions Connection systems Quality marks Packaging Marking Material Application field Dimensions Connection systems Quality marks Marking Packaging

9 9 10 10 10 11 11 12

Push-fit triple layer waste and drainage system

13

1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.7 1.3.6

13 13 14 14 14 15 15

Material Application field Dimensions Connection systems Quality marks Packaging Marking

Push-fit soundproof waste and drainage system

16

1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.7 1.4.6

Material Application field Dimensions Connection systems Quality marks Packaging Marking

16 17 17 17 17 18 18

2

Noise in waste systems

19

2.1

Introduction

19

2.2

Sound

19

2.3

Noise and its measurement

21

2.4

Noise in buildings and Italian legislation

23

2.5

The acoustic performance of the Valsir waste pipes

26

2.5.1 The test methods 2.5.2 The results

26 27

Acoustics in the planning of soil and waste systems

30

2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4

30 32 33 36

2.6

2.7 2

Introduction Noise in waste systems Acoustic design Impact of system geometry on noise levels

Developments in Standards

40

3

Project design of waste systems

41

3.1

The discharge of used waters

41

3.2

Traps

42

3.2.1 Siphonage 3.2.2 Self-siphonage

43 44

Ventilation

44

3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5

44 49 55 56 58

3.3

Waste systems with primary ventilation Waste system with direct and indirect parallel ventilation Waste systems with secondary ventilation Waste systems with ventilation fittings Guideline in the choice of the waste system

3.4

Waste branches

59

3.5

Waste stacks

60

3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5

60 64 65 66 68

Division of waste stacks Waste stack deviation Connections to the stacks Configuration of the stack base Configuration of the stack relief vent

3.6

Waste manifolds

69

3.7

General rules for connections

70

3.8

Access fittings

73

3.9

Brackets

74

3.9.1 Preliminary considerations 3.9.2 Free anchoring 3.9.3 Rigid anchoring

74 76 81

4 Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

83

4.1

Introduction

83

4.2

Calculation of the flow rates

83

4.3

Dimensioning of waste branches

86

4.3.1 Dimensioning of branches without vent 4.3.2 Dimensioning of ventilated braches

86 87

Dimensioning of the waste stack

88

4.4.1 Dimensioning of stacks with primary ventilation 4.4.2 Dimensioning of stacks with parallel or secondary ventilation 4.4.3 Dimensioning of stacks with ventilation branches

88 89 89

4.5

Dimensioning of waste manifolds

90

4.6

Dimensioning examples

94

4.4

3

5 Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

111

5.1

Characteristics of ventilation fittings

111

5.2

Design and sizing of waste systems with ventilation fittings

113

5.2.1 Rules for the foot of the stack in waste systems with ventilation fittings 5.2.2 Rules governing waste stacks with ventilation fittings 5.2.3 Rules for branch pipes with ventilation fittings

115 119 125

Sizing examples

127

5.3

6 Sizing of rainwater drainage systems

139

6.1

Introduction

139

6.2

Calculation of rainwater flow rate

139

6.2.1 Calculation of roof surface

140

6.3

Sizing of rainwater downpipes

142

6.4

Sizing of rainwater collector pipes

144

6.5

Connection of rainwater pipes to waste and soil system

146

6.6

Sizing examples

146

7 Installation and testing

149

7.1

Transport and storage

149

7.2

Connection of pipes and fittings

150

7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 7.2.8 7.2.9 7.2.10 7.2.11

150 154 157 157 158 159 160 160 161 164 165

7.3

7.4

7.5

4

Connection by butt-welding Connection by electro-fusion sleeve Connection by expansion socket Connection by screw-threaded fitting Connection by screw-threaded fitting with flange bushing Connection by flanged fitting Connection by threaded fitting Connection by contraction sleeve Connection by push-fit socket Connection by sliding sleeve Connection by bi-joint sleeve

Fire-stop sleeve

166

7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4

166 167 167 168

Application field Usage restrictions, safety measurements and preservation Installation Normative references

Testing

168

7.4.1 Pressure testing 7.4.2 Flush test

168 168

Laying of sewers or non-pressure underground conduits

169

8 APPENDIX

171

A

Definitions

171

B

Flow in waste manifolds

173

C

The materials

174

C.1 C.2

174 175

Polyethylene Polypropylene

D

Normative and legislative references

177

E

Chemical resistance of HDPE and PP

178

F

Technical informations on products

189

F.1 High-density polyethylene (PE) drainage system F.2 Polypropylene (PP) drainage system F.3 Triple layer push-fit waste and soil system (TRIPLUS) F.4 Soundproof push-fit waste and soil system (SILERE)

189 189 189 189

Measurement units

190

G

9 CATALOGUE

194

9.1

High density polyethylene electro-fusion waste and drainage system (HDPE)

195

9.1.1 Range 9.1.2 Equipment and accessories

196 243

Push-fit flame retardant polypropylene waste and drainage system (PP)

251

9.2.1 Range 9.2.2 Equipment and accessories

252 284

9.2

9.3

Push-fit triple layer waste and drainage system (TRIPLUS)

285

9.3.1 Range 9.3.2 Equipment and accessories

286 302

9.4 Push-fit soundproof waste and drainage system (SILERE) 9.4.1 Range 9.4.2 Equipment and accessories

303 304 316

5

1 1.1

High density polyethylene electro-fusion waste and drainage system (HDPE)

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

PEHD No scrap material. Fast and very simple installation. Transport and handling operations simplified thanks to the reduced dimensions and the light weight of the products. Availability of a wide range of special parts that allow any type of installation to be carried out. Optimum compatibility with most chemical substances normally contained in waste water, does not come under attack by microorganisms. Thanks to the extremely smooth internal surfaces the pressure losses are minimum; furthermore, this guarantees the absence of deposits or bacterial flora. Absence of problems caused by currents.

1.1.1 Material The pipes and fittings are produced in high density polyethylene, characteristics of which are in compliance with the European Standards currently in force. The Valsir high density polyethylene pipes and fittings are black in colour with the addition of carbon black that ensures an optimum resistance to exposure to the sun. Table 1.1 Typical properties of the material.

Property

Value

Measurement unit

Test method

> 0.945

g/cm3

UNI EN ISO 1183 – 2

Melt Index 190 °C/5.0 kg

< 1.1

g/10 min

UNI EN ISO 1133

Modulus of elasticity

1000

MPa

ISO 527 – 2

22

MPa

ISO 527 – 2

Ultimate elongation

≥ 350

%

ISO 6259 – 3

Carbon black content

≥ 2.0

%

ASTM D 1603

Thermal stability (OIT) at 200°C

≥ 20

min

EN 728

Melt temperature of crystals

≥ 130

°C

EN 728

Linear heat expansion coefficent

0.20

mm/m⋅K

-

Flame resistance (France)

M4

Class

NF P 92 – 505

Flame resistance (Germany)

B2

Class

DIN 4102 / DIN 19535-10

Density at 23°C

Tear unitary load

6

1.1.2 Application field The Valsir pipes and fittings in polyethylene meet the requirements of the UNI EN 1519 Standard and can be used inside buildings destined for residential and industrial use and in particular for the following purposes: a) Waste pipes for domestic waste waters (low and high temperature). b) Ventilation pipes connected to the waste pipes previously indicated. c) Discharge of rain water inside the structure of the building.

1

The UNI EN 1519 Standard establishes different applications identified with a specific marking: ■■ The “B” marking identifies pipes and fittings used inside or outside the building but anchored to the wall. The use is limited to the S16 series, this series cannot in any case be destined to underground applications of any type. ■■ The “D” marking identifies pipes and fittings underground used below the building at a distance no greater than 1 m from the same and connected to the building’s waste system. ■■ The “BD” marking identifies pipes and fittings destined for both uses as specified in the previous points. For this use nominal diameters equal to or greater than 75 mm belonging to the S 12.5 series, are allowed.

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1.1.3 Dimensions The diameters, the wall thickness and relative tolerances of the Valsir pipes in high density polyethylene are indicated in the following table. These values are in compliance with those set by the standards currently in force. Table 1.2 Pipe dimensional characteristics.

Nominal diameter DN [mm]

External diameter De [mm]

Minimum and maximum average external diameter [mm]

32

32

32.0

32.3

3.0

+0.5 0

40

40

40.0

40.4

3.0

+0.5 0

50

50

50.0

50.5

3.0

+0.5 0

56

56

56.0

56.5

3.0

+0.5 0

60

63

63.0

63.6

3.0

+0.5 0

70

75

75.0

75.7

3.0

+0.5 0

90

90

90.0

90.9

3.5

+0.6 0

100

110

110.0

111.0

4.2

+0.7 0

125

125

125.0

126.2

4.8

+0.7 0

150

160

160.0

161.5

6.2

+0.9 0

200

200

200.0

201.8

7.7

+1.0 0

250

250

250.0

252.3

9.6

+1.2 0

315

315

315.0

317.9

12.1

+1.5 0

200

200

200.0

201.8

6.2

+0.9 0

250

250

250.0

252.3

7.7

+1.0 0

300

315

315.0

317.9

9.7

+1.2 0

Wall thickness s [mm]

Series s

S 12.5 SDR 26

S 16 SDR 33

Our HDPE range was sized in order to cover the following series: DN 32 to DN 160 falls into the S 12.5 series, whereas DN 200 to DN 315 falls into the S 12.5 and S 16 series. 7

1.1.4 Connection systems

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1

Different methods can be used for connecting the pipes and/or fittings in polyethylene: ■■ Connection by butt-welding. ■■ Connection by electro-fusion sleeves. ■■ Connection by expansion sockets. ■■ Connection by screw fittings. ■■ Connection by screw fitting and flange bushing. ■■ Connection by flanged fittings. ■■ Connection by threaded fittings. ■■ Connection by contraction sleeves. ■■ Connection by push-fit sleeves. For more information on connections refer to the chapter “Installation and testing”.

1.1.5 Quality marks The quality marks pertaining to the construction of Valsir high density polyethylene pipes and fittings are the following:

IT

NO

DK

CH

AT

DE

RO

FR

NL

SE

BE

ZA

UK

AU

HU

1.1.6 Marking The Valsir polyethylene pipes carry the following informations: ■■ Reference standard. ■■ Producer name. ■■ Material (PE). ■■ Application field (B/BD). ■■ The pipe series. ■■ External diameter and wall thickness. ■■ The production line. ■■ The factory. ■■ Production period. ■■ The quality marks obtained in the various countries.

The Valsir polyethylene fittings carry the following informations: ■■ The producer name. ■■ Material (HDPE). ■■ The diameters and the nominal angle. ■■ The reference standard. ■■ Application field (B/BD).

1.1.7 Packaging To facilitate the transport and warehousing operations of the Valsir pipes and fittings the packaging is arranged as follows. - Pipes in light reinforced brackets. - Fittings in cardboard boxes.

8

1.2

Push-fit flame retardant polypropylene waste and drainage system (PP)

1

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

PP Totally waterproof seals thanks to the two lip elastomeric seal with support ring. No tools or particular utensils necessary. Fast an easy installation, transport and warehousing operations facilitated by the reduced sizes and the light weight of the products. Availability of a wide range of special pieces, all push-fit which allow any type of system to be created. Optimum compatibility with most chemical substances that are normally present in waste waters, does not come under attack by micro-organisms. Thanks to the extremely smooth internal surfaces the pressure losses are minimum; furthermore they guarantee the absence of deposits or bacterial flora. Absence of problems caused by currents.

1.2.1 Material The Valsir pipes and fittings in flame-retardant polypropylene are produced with a grey (RAL 7037) homo-polymer polypropylene which is stabilized for exposure to UV rays. They are smooth, shiny and free of irregularities that would otherwise compromise the functional aspect. Table 1.3 Typical properties of the material.

Property

Value

Measurement unit

Test method

Density at 23°C

> 0.90

g/cm3

UNI EN ISO 1183 – 2

Melt Index 230/2.16

< 3.0

g/10 min

UNI EN ISO 1133

Modulus of elasticity

1650

MPa

ISO 527 – 2

Tear unitary load

≥ 22

MPa

ISO 527 – 2

Ultimate elongation

≥ 500

%

ISO 6259 – 3

Melt temperature of crystals

≥ 160

°C

EN 728

Temperature Vicat B (50N)

95

°C

ISO 306

Linear heat expansion coefficient

0.11

mm/m⋅K

-

Flame resistance (France)

M1

Class

NF P 92–505 NF P 92–501

Flame resistance (Germany)

B1

Class

DIN 4102–1 DIN 19560–10

9

1.2.2 Application field

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1

The Valsir pipes and fittings in polypropylene meet the requirements of the UNI EN 1451 Standard and can be used inside buildings destined for residential and industrial use and in particular for the following purposes: a) Waste pipes for domestic waste waters (low and high temperature). b) Ventilation pipes connected to the waste pipes previously indicated. c) Discharge of rain water inside the structure of the building. The UNI EN 1451 Standard establishes different applications identified with a specific marking: ■■ The “B” marking identifies pipes and fittings used inside or outside the building anchored to the wall. The use is limited to the S 20 series, this series cannot in any case be destined to underground applications of any type. ■■ The “BD” marking identifies pipes and fittings destined for use both inside the building and underground in the area of the building structure. For this use nominal diameters equal to or greater than 75 mm are allowed.

1.2.3 Dimensions The nominal diameters, the nominal wall thickness and relative tolerances of the Valsir polypropylene pipes are indicated in the following table. These values are in compliance with those set by the standards currently in force. Table 1.4 Dimensional characteristics of the pipes.

Nominal diameter DN [mm]

External diameter De [mm]

Minimum and maximum average external diameter [mm]

32

32

32.0

32.3

1.8

+0.4 0

40

40

40.0

40.3

1.8

+0.4 0

50

50

50.0

50.3

1.8

+0.4 0

70

75

75.0

75.4

1.9

+0.4 0

90

90

90.0

90.4

2.2

+0.5 0

100

110

110.0

110.4

2.7

+0.5 0

125

125

125.0

125.4

3.1

+0.6 0

150

160

160.0

160.5

3.9

+0.6 0

Wall thickness s [mm]

Series S

S 20

1.2.4 Connection systems Different methods can be used for connecting the pipes and/or fittings in polypropylene: ■■ Connection with push-fit socket. ■■ Connection with a slip sleeve. Jointing of polypropylene pipes and fittings is by push-fit sockets that incorporate special rubber seals thus ensuring a perfectly water tight connection. The elastomeric seals are factory-fitted in a groove inside the connection socket. This rubber seal guarantees a safer seal when the pipe is oval or has been misaligned; slight slopes are also acceptable with these rubber seals. The seals are made of materials that guarantee optimum seal functionality and safety as well as the same service life as the pipes and fittings. In terms of dimensions, requirements, test method and frequency they fully meet German Standard DIN 4060 “Pipe joint assemblies with elastomeric seals for use in drains and sewers”. The production of seals for special articles carries the mark of Perizia Edile di Berlino PA-I (D). The polypropylene pipe lengths 150, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000 mm are supplied with just one socket. Valsir also supplies pipes with two sockets (except for De 90 with lengths of 500 and 750 and De 160) starting with the 500 mm length, to avoid material wastage, and pipes without sockets in lengths of 5000 mm for diameters up to De 125. The dimensional characteristics of the sockets are indicated as follows. For more information on connection methods please refer to the chapter “Installation and testing”.

10

Figure 1.1 Dimensional characteristics of the push-fit socket. α

e2

e

1

De

ds © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

C

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

A

Table 1.5 Socket dimensions.

External diameter De [mm]

Angle α

Socket diameter dsmin [mm]

Wall thickness e2,min [mm]

Length Amin [mm]

Length Cmax [mm]

32

15°

32.3

1.6

24

18

40

15°

40.3

1.6

26

18

50

15°

50.3

1.6

28

18

75

15°

75.4

1.7

33

18

90

15°

90.4

2.0

34

20

100

15°

110.4

2.4

36

22

125

15°

125.4

2.8

38

26

160

15°

160.5

3.5

41

32

1.2.5 Quality marks The quality marks obtained for the construction of Valsir polypropylene pipes and fittings are the following:

RU

IT

DE

AT

RO

FR

CZ

UA

HU

BY

1.2.6 Marking The Valsir polypropylene pipes carry the following informations: ■■ Producer name. ■■ Material (PP-H). ■■ The standard reference. ■■ The application area (B). ■■ The external diameter and wall thickness. ■■ Production period. ■■ Production line. ■■ The product mark.

The Valsir polypropylene fittings carry the following informations: ■■ Producer name. ■■ Material (PP-H). ■■ Connection diameters. ■■ Characteristic angle (for bends and branches). ■■ Standard reference. ■■ Application field. ■■ Product marks. ■■ Production period.

11

1.2.7 Packaging To facilitate the transport and warehousing operations of the Valsir pipes and fittings the packaging is arranged as follows.

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1

Pipes: - In reinforced wooden brackets for large packages. - In piles tied together with plastic elements. - In cardboard boxes for short lengths and reduced diameters. Fittings: - In cardboard boxes.

12

1.3

Push-fit triple layer waste and drainage system

1

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS High impact resistance even at low temperatures. Resistance to a vast range of chemical compounds even at elevated temperatures. Coupling system with pre-fitted single-lipped seal. Excellent soundproofing characteristics: thanks to its characteristics the Triplus system boasts noise levels of 12 dB(A) with flows of 2 l/s. The pipes are available in various lengths and with two sockets thus greatly reducing wastage. Colour RAL 5015.

1.3.1 Material The Triplus pipes are composed of three layers: an internal layer in copolymer polypropylene (PP), an intermediate layer in polypropylene with inert mineral loads. Table 1.6 Typical properties of the material.

Property

Value

Measurement unit

Testing method

Density at 23°C

> 1.02

g/cm3

UNI EN ISO 1183 – 2

Melt Index 230/2.16

< 5.0

g/10 min

UNI EN ISO 1133

Modulus of elasticity

1500

MPa

ISO 527 – 2

Tear unitary load

≥ 18

MPa

ISO 527 – 2

Ultimate elongation

≥ 100

%

ISO 6259 – 3

Melt temperature of crystals

≥ 160

°C

EN 728

Linear thermal expansion coefficient

0.08

mm/m⋅K

-

12

dB(A)

UNI EN 14366

Noise level* Lsc,A at 2 l/s flow rate

* For more details on the results and the noise measurements refer to “Noise in waste systems”.

1.3.2 Application field The Valsir Triplus pipes and fittings meet the requirements of the UNI EN 1451 Standard and can be used inside buildings (application area B) for residential and industrial use and in particular for the following applications: a) Waste systems for transporting domestic waste waters (low and high temperature). b) Ventilation pipes connected to the waste systems previously indicated. c) Rain water systems inside the structure of the building.

13

1.3.3 Dimensions The diameters, the wall thickness and the relative tolerances of the Triplus pipes are indicated in the following table. Tabella 1.7 Pipe dimensional characteristics.

Nominal diameter DN [mm]

External diameter De [mm]

30

32

32.0

32.3

1.8

+0.4 0

40

40

40.0

40.3

1.8

+0.4 0

50

50

50.0

50.3

1.8

+0.4 0

70

75

75.0

75.4

2.6

+0.5 0

90

90

90.0

90.4

3.1

+0.6 0

100

110

110.0

110.4

3.4

+0.6 0

125

125

125.0

125.4

3.9

+0.6 0

150

160

160.0

160.5

4.9

+0.7 0

200

200

200.0

200.5

6.2

+0.6 0

250

250

250.0

250.5

7.7

+0.8 0

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1

Minimum and maximum average external diameter [mm]

Wall thickness s [mm]

1.3.4 Connection systems Different methods can be used for connecting the pipes and/or fittings: ■■ Connection with push-fit socket. ■■ Connection with sliding sleeve. The Triplus pipes and fittings sockets incorporate a factory-fitted single lipped seal in a special groove. The single lipped elastomeric seals are inserted in a special groove that ensures a perfectly water-tight seal, safety and easy insertion. The seals have the same service life as the pipe and fittings. The seal dimensions, requirements, technology and control frequency thereof all meet the German Standard DIN 4060 “Pipe joint assemblies with elastomeric seals for use in drains and sewers”. For more information on connections refer to the chapter “Installation and testing”.

1.3.5 Quality marks The quality marks obtained for the construction of Triplus pipes and fittings are the following:

TGM

GEPRÜFT

RU

14

DE

AT

UA

DK

NO

1.3.6 Marking The Valsir Triplus fittings carry the following informations: ■■ Producer name. ■■ Brand name Triplus. ■■ Material (PP-M). ■■ Connection diameters. ■■ The application area (B). ■■ Characteristic angle (for bends and branches). ■■ Production period.

1

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

The Valsir Triplus pipes carry the following informations: ■■ Producer name. ■■ Brand name Triplus. ■■ Material (PP/PP-M/PP). ■■ The external diameter and wall thickness. ■■ The application area (B). ■■ Production period. ■■ Production line. ■■ The product marks.

1.3.7 Packaging For easy and correct storage, the packaging is arranged as follows. Pipes: - In reinforced wooden brackets for large packs. - In piles tied with plastic elements. - In cardboard boxes for short pipes and reduced diameters. Fittings: - In cardboard boxes.

15

1.4

Push-fit soundproof waste and drainage system

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1

Excellent soundproofing characteristics. Thanks to its structure the Silere system guarantees a significant soundproofing performance with flow rates of 2 l/s the noise levels are just 6 dB(A). Elevated mechanical resistance. The Silere system is made up of pipes and fittings with a large wall thickness. They are therefore extremely robust, and with equal loads they undergo less deformations than normal waste systems currently available. Elevated corrosion resistance. The Silere fittings resist corrosion by acids, oxidizing agents and inorganic reducers. The Silere pipes possess extremely smooth internal and external surfaces free from scale so that waste systems that are installed with Silere possess low pressure losses and are free from the formation of incrustations. The Silere waste system resists hot water in compliance with the German Standard DIN 1986 (working field from 0° to 95°C). The Silere waste system can transport waste waters with pH values between 2 and 12. The pipes are available in various lengths thus permitting the reduction of waste to a minimum.

1.4.1 Material The Silere pipes and fittings are made of polypropylene with a mineral load that resists water at elevated temperatures. Light grey in colour RAL 7035. Table 1.8 Typical properties of the material.

Property

Value

Measurement Unit

Test method

Density at 23°C

1.60

g/cm3

UNI EN ISO 1183 – 2

Elasticity modulus

2800

MPa

ISO 527 – 2

Tear unitary load

≥ 14

MPa

ISO 527 – 2

Ultimate elongation

≥ 80

%

ISO 6259 – 3

Crystal melting temperature

≥ 160

°C

EN 728

Linear heat expansion coefficient

0.08

mm/m⋅K

-

Noise level* L sc,A at 2 l/s flow rate

6

dB(A)

UNI EN 14366

* For more details on the results and the noise measurements refer to “Noise in waste systems”.

16

1.4.2 Application field

1.4.3 Dimensions The diameters, wall thickness and relative tolerances of the Silere pipes are indicated in the following table: Table 1.9 Dimensional characteristics of the pipes.

Nominal diameter DN [mm]

External diameter De [mm]

Minimum and maximum average external diameter [mm]

50

58

58.0

58.3

4.0

+0.5 0

70

78

78.0

78.3

4.5

+0.5 0

90

90

90.0

90.4

4.5

+0.6 0

100

110

110.0

110.4

5.4

+0.7 0

125

135

135.0

135.4

5.6

+0.7 0

150

160

160.0

160.5

5.6

+0.7 0

Wall thickness s [mm]

1.4.4 Connection systems Silere pipes and/or fittings use a number of connection methods: ■■ Connection by means of push-fit fitting. ■■ Connection by means of a sliding sleeve. ■■ Connection by means of a bi-joint sleeve. The Silere pipe and fitting sockets incorporate a factory-fitted single lipped seal inserted in a special groove. The single-lipped elastomeric seals are inserted in a special groove that ensures a perfectly water-tight seal and safety and easy insertion. The seals have the same service life as the pipes and fittings. The seal dimensions, requirements, technology and control frequency thereof all meet the German Standard DIN 4060 “Pipe joint assemblies with elastomeric seals for use in drains and sewers”. For more information on connections refer to the chapter “Installation and testing”.

1.4.5 Quality marks The quality marks obtained for the construction of Silere pipes and fittings are the following: TGM

GEPRÜFT

DK

AT

HU

AU

SE

NO

BY

17

1

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

The Silere waste system including pipes, fittings and sealing elements is suitable for the transport and the discharge of waters with pH values between 2 and 12 and a maximum temperature of 95°C. Given the elevated soundproofing characteristics it can be applied in all systems where it is necessary to respect the legislative requirements concerning acoustic pollution. In order to guarantee the excellent levels of silence of the systems it is necessary to use soundproofing clips equipped with anti-vibration rubber. The Silere pipes and fittings meet the requirements of the UNI EN 1451 Standard and can be used inside buildings (application area B) for residential and industrial use and in particular the following purposes: a) Waste systems for transporting domestic waste waters (low and high temperature). b) Ventilation pipes connected to the waste systems previously indicated. c) Rain water system inside the structure of the building.

1.4.6 Marking

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1

The Valsir Silere pipes carry the following informations: ■■ Producer name. ■■ Brand name Silere. ■■ The external diameter and wall thickness. ■■ The product marks. ■■ Production batch. ■■ Factory. ■■ Production date.

1.4.7 Packaging For easy and correct storage, the packaging is arranged as follows: Pipes: - In reinforced wooden brackets for large packs. - In shrink film for short pipes. Fittings: - In shrink film.

18

The Valsir Silere fittings carry the following informations: ■■ Producer name. ■■ Brand name Silere. ■■ Connection diameters. ■■ Characteristic angle (for bends and branches). ■■ Production period. ■■ The product marks.

2

Noise in waste systems

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Sound Sound is the propagation of mechanical energy in a medium (elastic solid, gas or liquid) through fluctuation waves (sonorous waves) that propagate at a typical speed depending on the medium. Table 2.1 Sound propagation velocity.

Medium

Velocity c [m/s]

Air

331

Helium

970

Hydrogen

1269

Oxygen

317

Water

1441

Salt water (marine)

1504

Methyl alcohol

1240

Bricks

3700

Cement

3100

Glass

6000

Lead

1200

Aluminium

5200

Marble

3800

Ice

3200

Cork

500

Mahogany

4000

Birch wood

3600

Hard rubber

1400

Soft rubber

70

The velocity in a gaseous medium is given by: c =

R T

[2.1]

where γ is the ratio between the specific heat at a constant pressure and the specific heat at a constant volume (for air in standard conditions it is equal to 1.4), R is the characteristic constant of the gas and T is the absolute temperature [K]. In particular, for air, the equation in relation to the temperature in degrees centigrade [°C], becomes:

c = 331.4 + 0.62 T

[2.2] 19

2

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

Noise is one of the main causes of the reduction in the quality of life in cities today. In fact, although the tendency in individual environments shows a fall in the highest levels of noise in areas at greater risk, there has been a parallel amplification of trouble areas that has resulted in the increase of the population exposed. Noise pollution is the most widely debated argument today, however, the tendency is to analyse the causes of external noise such as, for example, air and road traffic and to underestimate and overlook the causes of internal noise in buildings caused by technological installations such as, lifts, heating and air-conditioning, and waste systems, which is the subject of this document. To overlook the problem of “noise” in waste systems means, however, to ignore the Standards and Regulations in force that establish the project boundaries and the restrictions in noise levels. If we focus our attention on the Italian market, the reference document regarding the limits in noise levels for technological installations is the Decree dated December 5 1997 published in the Official Paper No. 297 on December 22 1997 that will be dealt with in the following chapters.

The velocity in a liquid or in a solid is given by: c = E

[2.3]

where E is the elastic modulus and ρ is the density. A sound wave is characterised by a wave length λ (measured in m) and a frequency f (measured in Hz) that are connected to the velocity of propagation in the medium c (measured in m/s).

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

c =

f

[2.4]

Not all sounds that exist in nature can be heard by the human ear. The field of sounds that can be heard by man is limited to a frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz approximately. We therefore define: ■■ Infrasounds as pressure oscillations with frequencies below 20 Hz, that therefore cannot be heard by the human ear. ■■ Sounds as pressure oscillations with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. ■■ Ultrasounds as pressure oscillations with frequencies above 20 kHz, that therefore can be heard by the human ear. The sound intensity is the quantity of power J transported by the sound wave per surface unit perpendicular to the propagation direction and it is represented by the following relation: J =

peff2 c

[2.5]

where ρ is the density of the medium in which the sound is propagated [kg/m3]. The absolute sound intensity is not easy to measure, it is therefore preferable to measure the relative intensity of a sound that is to measure in Bell or in tenths of a Bell (dB). The dB is a value that indicates the logarithm on a base of 10 of the ratio between the intensity J (or the pressure p or the power W) of a sound and the reference intensity J0(or the pressure p0or the power W0). The following are some definitions. The sound pressure level:

(

)

L p = 20 log10 p p0 = 10 log10

p p0

2

[2.6]

The sound intensity level:

(

L J = 10 log10 J J0

)

[2.7]

The level of sound power:

(

L W = 10 log10 W W0

)

[2.8]

where p0 = 2·10-5 Pa corresponds to the lowest pressure perceptible by the human ear at a frequency of 1000 Hz, J0 = 10-12 W/m2 corresponds to the sound intensity of a sound wave the pressure of which is equal to the minimum threshold of hearing p0e W0 = 10-12 W corresponds to the power of a source that produces on a spherical surface of 1 m2 the pressure equal to the minimum hearing threshold p0. The use of the dB as a measurement unit has some advantages: The dB is the smallest difference of sound power that can be detected by the human ear. ■■ The variability of acoustic pressures is very wide and the use of the logarithmic scale limits the scale thus simplifying it. ■■

20

2.3 Noise and its measurement Noise can be defined in different ways: ■■ From a physical point of view it is the irrational mixing of sounds with different frequencies and intensities. ■■ From a psychological point of view it is any type of unwanted sound (ANSI definition) or an acoustic phenomena that produces a hearing sensation considered unpleasant. To measure noise levels phonometers are employed, and with such instruments it is possible to determine the noise intensity in dB. Since the sensitivity of the human ear depends on the noise frequency (a sound of 20 dB is below the hearing threshold if issued at 100 Hz whereas it can be heard if issued at 2500 Hz), the measurement of the noise intensity must be “contemplated” to keep in consideration the different response of the human ear. For this reason the level of noise is expressed as 10 times the decimal logarithm of the sum of the squares of the ratios between the components pi of the noise pressure (measured at different frequencies) and the reference pressure p0: L = 10 log10

2

[2.9]

The weights Ki assigned to each pressure component define the contemplation curve that can be of the A, B and C type. The A type curve is the one that most commonly takes into consideration the response of the human ear and therefore such observations are indicated with the symbol dB(A). The following table gives an idea of the noise levels in relation to the source: Table 2.2 Noise levels.

Level in dB(A)

Description

0

Hearing threshold

20

Whispered voice

40

Quiet office

60

Normal conversation

80

Car, orchestra

100

The inside of a car at 120 km/h

120

Pneumatic drill (pain threshold)

140

Plane

In the case of several noise sources, the total level is not given by the sum of the single levels expressed in dB but by expressing in dB the sum of the squares of the noise pressures. To clarify this concept an example will be made. Let us consider 2 sources of noise 80 dB each and we need to evacuate the total level of noise. The levels of noise pressure of the sources are given by the following expression:

p p0

L = 10 log10

2

= 80 dB

[2.10]

from which, by inverting it, we get:

p p0

2

L

= 10 10 = 108

[2.11]

The sum of the levels of pressure is given by the sum of the squares of the noise pressures and therefore:

L tot = 10 log10

p p0

2

p + p0

2

(

)

= 10 log10 108 +108 = 83 dB

[2.12]

21

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

p ki i p0

2

This means that doubling the noise power (or intensity) is the same as increasing the noise levels by 3 dB or differences of 3 dB are equal to noise sources with noise energies (or intensities) that are double compared to the other. Let’s now suppose that we halve the noise power (or intensity) and we want to evaluate the reduction in dB. If we consider the same noise pressure corresponding to 80 dB and we halve it, we obtain:

1 p 2 p0

L tot = 10 log10

2

(

)

= 10 log10 0.5 108 = 77 dB

[2.13]

This means that halving the noise power (or intensity) is the equivalent of reducing the levels of noise by 3 dB. And what happens if we multiply the noise energy (or intensity) by a factor of ten? L tot = 10 log10

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

p 10 p0

2

(

)

= 10 log10 10 108 = 90 dB

[2.14]

the noise levels are increased by 10 dB! The concepts just dealt with are clearly shown in the curve in Figure 2.1 where we see that: ■■ Doubling the sound power is equivalent to increasing the noise levels by 3 dB. ■■ Multiplying the sound power by a factor of ten is equivalent to increasing the noise levels by 10 dB. ■■ Halving the sound power is the equivalent of reducing the noise levels by 3 dB. Figure 2.1 Difference in dB between two sound sources with sound energies of W1 and W2 (or intensity J1 and J2). dB

15

+10 dB

10

W2 = 10 W1

5

W2 = 2 W1

+3 dB

0 5

10

15

20

25

30 W2/W1

W2 = 0,5 W1

-3 dB

-5

-10



22

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

2.4 Noise in buildings and Italian legislation In recent years there has been an increase in the problems relating to noise emissions produced inside buildings that involve different aspects from urban development to constructions techniques, from the distribution of rooms to the level of silence of plumbing systems. Respect for the conditions of acoustic well-being in homes but also in the workplace has become an essential requirement in buildings. Surroundings can be considered satisfactory from the point of view of acoustic comfort when the noise that the inhabitants have to support is such as not to create damage to their health and to allow adequate conditions for relaxation and for work. The sources of noise that influence life inside buildings are multiple: ■■ External noises caused by automobile traffic, airplanes, etc. ■■ Noises caused by walking, by children playing or by particular lifestyles (diffusion of music or televisions at full volume, the use of musical instruments), etc. ■■ Noises caused by installations such as air-conditioners, heating systems, pumps, drains, etc.

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

Figure 2.2 Noises in households.

Air traffic noise

External noise

High volume music Installation noise

Internal sources Children playing

Walking noise

Car traffic noise

External noise

2

Installation noise © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

End their propagation mode can be: ■■ By air, when the sound waves, either directly or through partition walls, are transmitted from the source to the listener; ■■ Structurally, when the sound waves that reach the listener, are generated by blows and vibrations produced on the structures of the building in which the disturbed room is located. Figure 2.3 The propagation of noise in households.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

23

The legislative document that establishes the fundamental principles for the protection of the household surroundings from acoustic pollution (according to and to the effect of article 117 of the Constitution) is the ordinary law of Parliament n. 447 dated 26/10/1995 also known as “The Law on acoustical pollution” (published on the Ordinary Supplement of the Official Gazette n. 254 dated 30/10/1995). The law, with the intent of systematically regulating the subject of noise in buildings, has seen to the diffusion of documents for: a) the definition of the authorities and the control organs; b) the determination of the detection and measurement techniques of acoustic pollution; c) the definition of the criteria for the design, execution and the renovation of building constructions; d) the determination of the passive acoustic requirements and their components with the aim of reducing the human exposure to noise.

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

Point d) of the abovementioned list was confronted by the Decree of the President of the Ministers dated 5 December 1997 (published in the Official Gazette n. 297 dated 22 December 1997) which, with the objective of reducing the human exposure to noise, establishes that: 1) the acoustic requirements of the internal sources of noise (technological systems), 2) the passive acoustic requirements of buildings and their working components (vertical and horizontal partitions). In particular, the noise level of technological systems (services) must respect the following limits: ■■ L ASmax ≤ 35 dB(A) for intermittently operating services (lifts, drains, bathrooms, hygienic services and taps). ■■ L Aeq ≤ 25 dB(A) for continuously operating services (heating systems, aeration and conditioning). Noise measurement must be carried out in the room with the most elevated level of noise and this room must not be the same as the room where the noise originates. Figure 2.4 Measurement of the noise levels of installations. Technical room (cavity)

Measuring room

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

The decree classifies the rooms in relation to the destined use according to the following table: Table 2.3 Classification of household rooms (D.P.C.M. 5/12/1997).

24

Category

Destined use

A

Residential buildings or similar

B

Office buildings or similar

C

Buildings for hotels, guesthouses or similar

D

Buildings for hospitals, clinics, or similar

E

School buildings or similar

F

Buildings for recreation or worship, or similar

G

Buildings for commercial activities, or similar

And for each type of room, establishes, not only the restrictions on the technological installations, but also the sizes that determine the passive acoustical requirements of the building components and the internal sound sources. From the following table it can be seen that the soundproofing power of walls, acoustical insulation of front walls and walking noise are taken into consideration. Table 2.4 Limits established for each type of building (D.P.C.M. 5/12/1997).

Equivalent continuous level of sound pressure for technological insulations

D2m,nT,w

LnT,w

L ASmax

L Aeq

55

45

58

35

25

Residences, hotels and guesthouses

50

40

63

35

35

Schools

50

48

58

35

25

Offices, places of worship, recreational and shopping activities

50

42

55

35

35

Facade standardised acoustic insulation

Hospitals

Category

2

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

Normalised level of walking noise

Maximum level of sound pressure for technological installations

Apparent sound proofing power of room separation elements Rw

25

2.5 The acoustic performance of the Valsir waste pipes In 1997 Valsir started a difficult undertaking in the research and verification of the acoustic insulation capacity of pipes destined for use in the waste systems of buildings. The tests carried out in the Fraunhofer Institut fur Bauphysik in Stuttgart, recognised as being the best laboratory for acoustic tests, evaluated the sound absorption capacity of the products and determined whether they met the requirements of the laws and standards in force. The testing campaign, the last tests of which were carried out in July 2006, achieved excellent results and allowed interesting comparisons to be carried out between the various product lines manufactured in the Valsir factories.

2.5.1 The test methods

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

The reference standards used for the tests are UNI EN 14366:2004 and DIN 4109:1989 (together with DIN 52219:1993) that specify the measurement methods and the evaluation of the results. The test building is made up of a completely insulated room with thick walls made of a sound absorbing material of high quality. It is a real buildings with four floors (with an internal height of 3050 mm), two of which, indicated in the figure as EG and UG, are the reference floors for noise detection divided by a wall made of concrete with a weight of 220 kg/m2 (250 kg/m2 for the European Standard UNI EN 14366) to which a waste stack is anchored. The measurement floors are each divided into two rooms: the front room is where the pipe is installed, the back room contains no installation and picks up the noise vibrations transferred to the partition wall; the back rooms have a volume of 70.4 m3 (surface area of about 23 m2) while the front rooms are 52.6 m3 (surface area of about 17 m2). Figure 2.5 Layout of test system. Partition wall

DG Ceiling

EG

EG

Ground floor rear

Ground floor front

UG

UG

Underground floor rear

Underground floor front

KG © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Cellar

The waste flow (continuous) is ensured by means of a pumping station that guarantees a precision of 5% and which supplies different levels of flow in relation to the internal diameter of the pipe as can be seen in Table 2.5 The acoustic pressure levels are measured in third octaves with frequencies from 100 Hz to 5000 Hz. Table 2.5 Measurement flow in relation to the dimensions of the waste pipe to be tested.

Internal diameter of the pipe [mm] Measurement flows [l/s]

26

70 ≤ Di < 100

100 ≤ Di < 125

125 ≤ Di < 150

0.5 - 1

0.5 - 1 - 2 - 4

0.5 - 1 - 2 - 4 - 8

2.5.2 The results The testing campaign involved numerous tests being carried out in 1997, 1998, 2004 and 2006 and the excellent results obtained following the development of the Silere and Triplus waste systems are indicated in the diagrams and tables which follow. The tests were carried out both with 2 clips per floor and with 1 clip per floor as the latter represents the typical installation configuration in residential buildings. Consider that the values obtained were rounded up to whole numbers as requested by the reference standards. Table 2.6 Levels of noise pressure expressed in dB(A) measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Silere pipe 110x5.6 in compliance with DIN 4109 and UNI EN 14366. The results were obtained by the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart, using acoustically insulated pipe clips.

Pipe

Silere

Flow rate [l/s] 0.5 1 2 4 Levels of noise pressure dB(A)

Test certificate

Anchorage

UNI EN 14366

P-BA 223/2006

2 clips per floor

-2

1

6

14

DIN 4109

P-BA 221/2006

2 clips per floor

1

4

8

17

DIN 4109

P-BA 222/2006

1 clip per floor

-1

2

6

14

Table 2.7 Levels of noise pressure expressed in dB(A) measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Triplus 110x3.6 in compliance with DIN 4109 and UNI EN 14366. The results were obtained by the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart, using acoustically insulated pipe clips.

Pipe

Triplus

Flow rate [l/s] 0.5 1 2 4 Levels of noise pressure dB(A)

Reference standard

Test certificate

Anchorage

UNI EN 14366

P-BA 227/2006

2 clips per floor

1

6

12

16

DIN 4109

P-BA 225/2006

2 clips per floor

3

8

12

19

DIN 4109

P-BA 226/2006

1 clip per floor

1

5

10

16

Figure 2.6 Layout of the test system with 2 clips per floor.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 2.7 Layout of the test system with 1 clip per floor.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

27

2

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

Reference standard

It can be observed that by eliminating an anchor clip the levels of sound pressure in the measurement room located behind the installation wall of the waste stack are reduced by several dB. This behaviour is due to the fact that the vibrations that are transferred to the installation wall through the clips are reduced. Negative values correspond to very low sound pressure levels that are not detected by the human ear and are near to the detection threshold of the laboratory instruments (for more details see chapter 2.2).

Figure 2.8 Levels of noise pressure Lsc,A expressed in dB(A) measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Silere pipe 110x5.6 and Triplus pipe 110x3.6 in compliance with UNI EN 14366. The results were obtained by the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart using acoustically insulated pipe clips (certificate P-BA 223/2006 for Silere and certificate P-BA 227/2006 for Triplus). 18 Silere 16

Triplus 16

14 14 12 12 Level of noise pressure LSC,A [dB(A)]

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

For flow rates of 1 l/s (typical discharge of a dishwasher or a bathtub) and for flow rates of 2 l/s (typical discharge of a WC with a 7.5 l cistern) the Silere waste system is more silent than the Triplus waste system by 6 dB(A) (values relative to the UNI EN 14366 standard) which is the equivalent of reducing by more than half the levels of sound pressure. Triplus therefore is an optimum waste system with excellent soundproofing characteristics but the top of the range is undoubtedly Silere which enables the achievement of levels that would be difficult to reach by other waste systems on the market.

10

8

6 6

6

4

2

1

0

1

-2

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

-2 0,5

1

2

4

Discharge flow rate [l/s]

Similar tests were carried out with the objective of evaluating the difference between the noise levels of the Silere system, traditional systems in polypropylene (PP) and those in cast iron. The results achieved are shown in the following diagram and table and demonstrate the difference in the noise levels compared to those obtained with cast iron expressed in dB(A).

28

Table 2.8 Difference in the levels of noise pressure Lsc,A expressed in dB(A) measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Silere pipes 110x5.6 and Polypropylene pipes 110x2.7 compared with the levels of noise of cast iron 100x3.5 in compliance with DIN 4109. The results were obtained by the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart, using acoustically insulated pipe clips (certificate P-BA 113/2004e).

Flow rate [l/s] 0.5 1 2 4 Difference in the levels of noise pressure dB(A) compared with cast iron pipes

Pipe Cast iron

Reference

Polypropylene (PP) Silere

+ 50%

+ 44%

+ 25%

+ 8%

- 8%

- 6%

+ 5%

+ 4%

2

Figure 2.9 Percentage difference of the sound pressure levels Lsc,A measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Silere pipe diameter 110x5.6 and polypropylene diameter (PP) 110x2.7 relative to the noise levels of cast iron pipe diameter 100x3.5 to DIN 4109. The results were obtained by the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart using soundproofing pipe clips (certificate P-BA 113/2004e). 60 Silere polypropylene (PP)

50

30

+44%

+50%

20

-6%

-8%

0

+4%

Cast iron reference

+5%

10

+8%

+25%

Percentage differences of sound pressure levels [%]

40

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

-10 0,5

1

2

4

Discharge flow rate [l/s]

29

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

It is evident from the test results that the soundproofing performance of Silere pipes is very similar to that of cast iron. With flow rates of 2 and 4 l/s the difference is +1 dB(A), 4 to 5% but with flow rates of 0.5 and 1 l/s the difference is negative thus making Silere one of the best performing soundproofing waste systems. As revealed in previous paragraphs, the specific weight of the product plays an important role in achieving good levels of soundproofing; the specific weight of cast iron is 7.2 g/cm3 whereas Silere is 1.6 g/cm3; the soundproofing values obtained are due to the elasticity of the material and its molecular structure.

2.6 Acoustics in the planning of soil and waste systems 2.6.1 Introduction Acoustics in the design of soil and waste systems must first of all identify the cause of noise inside the systems; it is extremely important to locate the critical points within the system and adopt measures that will dampen noise transmission which can be both airborne or structure-born. Figure 2.10 Airborne sound from a waste stack.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 2.11 Structure-borne sound from a waste stack that is anchored with an anti-vibration pipe clip.

30

Waste systems are characterised by airborne and structure-borne sound; it is therefore necessary to adopt measures in planning and installation aimed at reducing both. To reduce air-borne sound the pipework must be insulated acoustically by placing walls between the pipework and the room in which the noise impact needs to the dampened (soundproofing). In this case, the type of partition wall, and in particular, its weight, are key elements in efficient soundproofing.

Figure 2.12 Reduction of airborne noise of a waste stack with a technical cavity wall.

2

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

Cavity wall

To reduce structure-borne noise that is generated by a waste system it is necessary to insulate the piping from the building structure by using pipe clips equipped with anti-vibration rubber. These clips act as springs thus reducing the vibrations that the pipe tends to transfer to the walls. The construction characteristics of the clip are therefore of fundamental importance; insufficient elasticity of the rubber lining, for example, or excessively tight anchoring of the pipe can compromise the acoustic performance of the system.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 2.13 Reduction of structure-born noise of a waste stack with anti-vibration pipe clips.

Anti-vibration clip

31

2.6.2 Noise in waste systems When a waste system is operating, noises originate inside the pipe, which then starts to vibrate due to the fall of the discharged liquid, which: ■■ Hits against the walls of the vertical stack. ■■ Hits against the walls of the horizontal pipes due to changes in direction. ■■ Can suck air upstream thus pressurizing the air downstream (siphoning). Greater part of the noise is produced inside the pipe itself but the vibrations generated are transmitted from the pipe walls to the surrounding area and to the bracketing systems and consequently the building structure. Figure 2.14 Noise transmission in waste systems.

But also on the propensity of the pipe to vibrate and this depends on its structural characteristics and in particular: ■■ Its mass. ■■ Its elasticity, which depends on its modulus of elasticity and its geometry. ■■ Its dampening capacity which depends on the pipe structure (use of several materials).

Figure 2.15 Influence of structure and pipe clips on noise levels.

By way of summary, in order to dampen the level of noise caused by waste systems, it is advisable to: ■■ Choose a pipe with good soundproofing characteristics. ■■ Make sure planning is carried out correctly. ■■ Make sure installation is carried out correctly by using suitable products.

Figure 2.16 Influence of pipe on noise levels.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Noise propagation inside a waste system therefore depends on: ■■ The characteristics of the pipe clips. ■■ The changes in direction. ■■ The absence or under-sizing of ventilation systems. ■■ The composition of the building structure.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

32

2.6.3 Acoustic design In planning waste and soil systems several architectural acoustics criteria for controlling the noise produced by systems need to be followed. Whether these criteria can be applied or not, obviously depends on the structure and geometry of the property and it is therefore strongly recommended consulting those involved in architectural engineering. Sanitary fixtures and relative waste pipes must be positioned in cavity walls that are not adjacent to bedrooms or living rooms. It is advisable to create technical cavity walls in which the waste pipes are installed and to position them in the same area as the sanitary fixtures. ■■ The sanitary fixtures of each floor must be positioned above each other in order to reduce the necessity of stack offsets, which are a source of noise. ■■ If the above is not possible, then measures must be taken to protect against the noise by increasing the acoustic insulation of the installation walls and the pipes themselves. ■■ ■■

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

Figure 2.17 Positioning of technical cavity walls for pipework installation. CORRECT

NOT RECOMMENDED Technical cavity wall between the kitchen and the bedroom

Technical cavity wall of the kitchen on the external perimeter Kitchen

Kitchen

Bedroom

Bathroom

Living room

Bathroom

NOT RECOMMENDED Technical cavity wall between the bathroom and the bedroom

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Kitchen

CORRECT Technical cavity wall of the bathrooms on the external perimeter

Bathroom

Bedroom

CORRECT Technical cavity between the bathroom and the kitchen of the same dwelling unit

Kitchen

Bedroom Bathroom

■■

Bedroom

Living room

Living room

Living room CORRECT Technical cavity wall of the kitchen on the xternal perimeter

Bedroom

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

P ositioning of the pipes inside the technical cavity wall must be on the thickest wall and possibly in the corner. The installation of pipes on thin walls and above all in the centre of the wall can favour the diffusion of structural noise due to vibrations in the wall.

Figure 2.18 Installation of pipework in the technical cavity wall. CONFIGURATION TO BE AVOIDED

CONFIGURATION RECOMMENDED

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

2

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

33

To limit airborne noise, it is therefore recommended to install the waste pipes inside a technical cavity wall, which, due to the acoustic insulation properties of the walls, reduces the noise transmitted to the outside. The technical cavity wall, however, can result in an increase in the level of airborne noise inside the wall due to the “resonating chamber” effect thus, in some degree, neutralising the insulation effect of the walls themselves. This increase is influenced by the geometry of the technical cavity wall and by the surface of the wall of the technical cavity wall adjacent to the measurement room; values of about 6 dB to 10 dB can be measured for cavity walls where the wall next to the measurement room has a depth of 0.3 m to 1 m. ■ To reduce the “resonating chamber” effect it is recommended to cover part of the internal walls with a sound-absorbing material such as mineral wool, for example, with a thickness of 40 mm that can completely cancel the increase in noise. ■

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

Figure 2.19 Installation of pipes in the technical cavity wall partially covered with a sound-absorbing material.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Elastic insulating sheath

P assage through floor slabs and walls must be carried out in such a way as to acoustically separate the pipework from the building structure in order to reduce the transmission of vibrations, produced during operation of the waste system. It is therefore suggested to cover the pipes with an elastic insulating sheath with a minimum thickness of 5 mm. ■■ If the pipe needs to be embedded in the wall it is recommended to create gaps in order to create the “cavity” effect thus avoiding contact between the pipe and the building structure. If there are contact points with the bricks or there is the risk that contact could be created during vibration of the pipe, it is suggested to cover the stack with an elastic insulating sheath with a minimum thickness of 5 mm. ■■ If the pipe is completely embedded in the concrete then it is not required to insulate it in that the mass of concrete will control the acoustic transmission of the noise. With a layer of 50 mm of concrete the level of noise is reduced by about 30 dB. ■■ To limit the structure-born noise it is recommended to reduce the contact points with the wall to a minimum; to control therefore the transmission of vibrations to the structure the number of clips must be limited, at most, the passage through the floor slab can be used as an anchor point. ■■

Figure 2.20 Passage through a floor slab and a wall.

Elastic insulating sheath

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Elastic insulating sheath

34

■■

 ranching connections must be made with 87.5° branches (or 88.5° depending on the type of waste system). As compared with 45° B branches, they ensure that flow into the waste stack is slower and lower levels of noise are generated (for more details see chapter 3.5.3).

Figure 2.21 Connection to waste stack. Right-angle inlet branch

2

■■

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

T he foot of the stack must also be studied in order to reduce the impact caused by deviation of the flow that proceeds from the waste stack to the horizontal collector pipe. The use of two 45° bends separated by a piece of pipe whose length is equal to twice the nominal diameter of the stack ensures the lowest level of pressure and noise (for more detail see chapter 3.5.4).

Figure 2.22 Configuration of foot of stack.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

N 2D

35

2.6.4 Impact of system geometry on noise levels To estimate the noise of a system from a design point of view it is necessary not only to consider airborne noise but also to consider structure-born noise, the latter being decidedly complex in that it is influenced by the type of building envelope, the quality of the anchors and the installation geometry. The simplistic analysis of some technical documents, also to be found in Internet, risk generating unrealistic results; an analysis that only takes the effect of the cavity wall and the dampening effect of the wall into account, leads to results that are decidedly lower than those obtained in practise, that also consider the influence of the structure: the level of structural noise is usually greater than the level of airborne noise and therefore cannot be disregarded. A complete evaluation should also be carried out on the analyses at the various frequencies and not on the sound level measured. The values indicated in this chapter, if not otherwise specified, have been obtained from measurements of airborne noise (normalised noise level La,A ) made in front of the waste pipe and their sole scope is to give an idea of the impact of the waste system geometry on the level of noise generated. For a complete analysis (that also takes the noise transmitted by the building into account) measurements must be made on-site as established by D.P.C.M. 5/12/1997. Phonometric measurements that are conducted in the laboratory (in compliance with the standards DIN 4109 and EN 14366 in force) employ a continuous flow of water with values of 0.5 l/s, 1 l/s, 2 l/s and 4 l/s; in practise, however, the maximum level of noise reached is generated by toilet flushing. In this case, we have a discontinuous flow caused by the actuation of a flush cistern that discharges a predefined volume of water. It was found that the level of noise caused by the use of a WC flush cistern, regardless of the volume of water discharged (from 4.5 l to 9 l) is the same as the noise produced by a continuous flow of water of 3 l/s. For this reason the values that follow relate to such a flow that is defined as reference flow. All the values that follow, that can be taken into consideration for all the Valsir waste and soil systems, are provided only as a guideline.

2.6.4.1 Localization of noise The most elevated level of noise in a waste system can be measured at the foot of the waste stack. For this reason the stack foot must be created by following the suggestions given previously. In any event, the waste stack emits a noise level of about 5 dB lower than the noise emitted at the foot of the stack, whereas the collector pipe emits a noise level of about 10 dB lower than the foot of the stack.

2.6.4.2 Flow of waste water The influence of the waste flow is such that when it is doubled, noise levels increase by approximately 3 dB(A). The values shown in the figure relate to a De 110 mm vertical waste stack and represent the increase or the reduction in the level of noise regarding a reference flow rate of 3 l/s. Figure 2.23 Influence of the waste flow on the level of airborne noise, measurements conducted with De 110 mm vertical waste stack. Q=16 l/s +7 dB(A)

+7 +6

Q=12 l/s +6 dB(A)

+5

Q=10 l/s +5 dB(A)

+4 Increase/reduction of airborne noise level [dB(A)]

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

Q=8 l/s +4 dB(A)

+3

Q=6 l/s +3 dB(A)

+2 +1 0

Q=3 l/s reference 2

4

-1

-8

36

10

12

14

16

Increase in flow Increase in noise level

-4

-7

8

Q=2 l/s -2 dB(A)

-3

-6

6

Waste water flow [l/s]

-2

-5

Q=4 l/s +1 dB(A)

Q=1 l/s -5 dB(A)

Q=0,5 l/s -8 dB(A)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

2.6.4.3 Vertical stack diameter The diameter of the vertical waste stack also plays a rather important role; with an increase in the pipe diameter, the radiating surface also increases and consequently so does the noise level. The values shown in the figure relate to a reference flow rate of 3 l/s and represent the increase or the reduction in the level of noise for a reference stack of diameter 110 mm. An increase in size of the vertical waste stack from 110 mm to 125 mm can lead to an increase in the level of airborne noise of 1 dB(A). Figure 2.24 Influence of the stack diameter on the level of airborne noise, measurements conducted with a flow rate of 3 l/s. +5

2

De 200 +5 dB(A) +4 De 160 +3 dB(A)

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

Increase/reduction of airborne noise level [dB(A)]

+3

+2 De 125 +1 dB(A)

+1 De 110 reference

0

80

120

100

140

160

180

Diameter [mm] -1 Increase in diameter Increase in noise level

De 90 -2 dB(A)

-2

-3 De 75 -3,5 dB(A)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

-4

2.6.4.4 Fall height The fall height, measured as the distance between the connection point of the branching and the foot of the stack, has an influence such as to increase the level of airborne noise by 3 dB(A) going from 3 m to 12 m. Beyond 12 m the flow reaches a constant velocity and therefore sound emissions do not increase any further. Figure 2.25 Influence of the fall height on the level of airborne noise.

h ≥ 12 m +2 dB(A)

Increase/reduction of airborne noise level [dB(A)]

+2

h=9 m +2 dB(A)

+1

0

-1

h=6 m reference 3

h=3 m -1 dB(A)

6

9 Fall height [m]

12

Increase of height Increase in noise level

-2

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

37

2.6.4.5 Stack offset The creation of a stack deviation composed of two 45° bends on the same measurement floor leads to an increase in airborne noise of 8.5 dB(A) in a polyethylene waste system and 5.5 dB(A) in a Silere waste system. Figure 2.26 Influence of the stack deviation on the level of airborne noise.

45°

2

+5.5 dB(A)

Silere

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

Presence of a stack offsets

45°

Triplus

+7 dB(A)

+8.5 dB(A)

Polyethylene

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

0

+1

+2

+3

+4

+5

+6

+7

+8

+9

Increase in the level of airborne noise [dB(A)]

2.6.4.6 System with ventilation fittings From an acoustic point of view, a ventilation branch is similar to a stack offset, in that it also represents a critical point in a waste system. Valsir was the first to develop the technology to produce ventilation fittings in materials that are characteristic of the Silere and Triplus waste systems and the results were of immediate interest. In fact, waste systems that incorporate Triplus and Silere ventilation fittings reduce airborne noise levels by 3 and 4 dB(A) as compared with waste systems that incorporate polyethylene ventilation fittings. These solutions allow waste systems with ventilation fittings to the created that, in many cases, as compared with polyethylene waste systems, do not require coverings with soundproofing materials. Figura 2.27 Influence of the ventilation fitting on the level of airborne noise.

+3.5 dB(A)

Presence of a ventilation fitting

Silere

Triplus

+4.5 dB(A)

+7.5 dB(A)

Polyethylene

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

0

+1

+2

+3

+4

+5

+6

Increase in the level of airborne noise [dB(A)]

38

+7

+8

+9

2.6.4.7 Bracketing of the vertical waste stack The transmission of structure-born noise produced by a waste system depends on numerous factors among which the type of pipework, the characteristics of the wall onto which the pipe is secured and the bracketing system employed. The fewer the number of brackets employed for anchoring the pipe, the lower the transmission of structure-born noise. From the tests conducted in the laboratory, it was revealed that, regardless of the type of waste system used (polyethylene, polypropylene, Triplus, Silere), going from two clips per floor to one clip per floor, the level of noise is reduced by approximately 2÷3 dB(A). It is however imperative that brackets with anti-vibration rubber inserts are used to reduce the vibrations transferred from the pipe to the wall.

2

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

39

2.7 Developments in Standards The introduction of the Law 447/1995 for protection against noise pollution contributed to strengthening the commitment to the creation of techniques and methods that allow the estimation of “the acoustic performance of building techniques” with the aim of reducing the noise transmitted and received by buildings. The estimation of passive acoustic requirements is an extremely important subject for project designers that must choose, during the planning phase, building and installation techniques that meet the limits set by the Decree “Determination of the passive acoustic requirements of buildings” dated 5 December 1997.

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

2

The Standard that meets these needs is the UNI EN 12354 Standard “Building acoustics – Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of products” divided into five parts: ■■ Part 1: Airborne sound insulation between rooms. ■■ Part 2: Impact sound insulation between rooms. ■■ Part 3: Airborne sound insulation against outdoor sound. ■■ Part 4: Transmission of indoor sound to the outside. ■■ Part 6: Sound absorption in enclosed spaces. Each part of the standard proposes calculation methods for the estimation of the acoustic performance of buildings that in some cases are quite difficult to implement and require specific calculation software. As for the estimation of the level of noise of installations, the project standard prEN 12354-5 “Building acoustics – Sound levels due to service equipment” is under development (at the time this handbook was being printed). The aim of this part of the Standard will be to supply a practical approach to the estimation of the sound level caused by systems and their influence on the acoustic insulation of a building, supplying some indications on the correct installation methods. The subject is very complex and difficult to deal with analytically because: ■■ Constructions have an elevated number of structural types. ■■ Constructions have an elevated number of system configurations. ■■ The realisation techniques of the systems are varied and chaotic. This document will contain calculation models to estimate the sound pressure level in buildings due to service equipment such as sanitary installations, loading and discharging of water, mechanical ventilation systems, heating and cooling systems, boilers, lifts, pumps and other auxiliary service equipment. The final part of the project standard prEN 12354-5 will describe the main systems in buildings, the type of noise transmitted and calculation examples. In particular, for waste systems, attempts are being made to implement analytical methods for estimating the levels of sound energy based on the laboratory measurements carried out in compliance with the UNI EN 14366 Standard.

40

3

Project design of waste systems

3.1 The discharge of used waters The waste waters produced in buildings (houses, offices, hospitals, schools, hotels, etc.) can be differentiated in the following manner: ■■ Black waters essentially from residential buildings that are the result of domestic activities or sanitary hygienic fixtures such as pans and urinals. ■■ Grey waters essentially from residential buildings that are the result of domestic activities or hygienic sanitary fixtures with the exception of pans and urinals. ■■ White waters that derive essentially from rain (atmospheric water) or from irrigating gardens, kitchen gardens and parks. The waste system must be divided in order to separate the black and grey waters from atmospheric waters to avoid the risk of saturating the system in the case of significant rainfalls that would lead to a heavy increase in the flow rate of the waste waters.

Figure 3.1 Structure of a waste system in a residential building.

Ventilation conduit

Trap

Waste stack

Waste branch

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Waste manifold

The waste system must be capable of guaranteeing: ■■ A rapid discharge of the flow, the absence of deposits and sediments, the water seal and the seal against gas in order to protect hygiene standards in the rooms and hence the health of the users. ■■ The project pressure levels when in function thus allowing the re-integration of air that is drawn and pushed during the discharge. 41

3

Project design of waste systems

The waste system is made up of: ■■ Straps mounted directly onto the sanitary fixtures such as washbasins, bidets and sinks, positioned on the floor in the case of tubs and showers, incorporated into the fixture in the case of pans and urinals. ■■ Waste branches made up principally of horizontal pipes that connect traps with the waste stack. ■■ Waste stacks made up principally of vertical pipes that connect the branches with waste manifolds. ■■ Waste manifolds made up of pipes that are characterised by small gradients as compared with horizontal pipes that collect the water deriving from the waste stacks to transport it to the sewers. The waste manifolds can be placed underground or suspended from the ceiling of the cellar or garage. ■■ Ventilation conduits made up essentially of vertical pipes that when connected to the waste network restrict pressure oscillations and guarantee silence in the operation of the sanitary fixtures.

3.2 Traps The trap is the component that ensures the water seal thus preventing the escape of foul smelling gases into the room. The water seal is obtained by means of trapping a certain quantity of water that acts as a “water plug” characterised by a certain height defined as “water guard”. When the sanitary fixture is flushed, the weight of the liquid generates sufficient pressure on the inlet side of the trap to push the stagnant water toward the exit side of the trap and therefore into the waste branch and in sequence, the waste stack. When the flush has terminated, the pressure equilibrium between the two sides of the trap is re-established and a new “water plug” is created that ensures the water seal of the system. The water guard of the trap, in accordance with the European Standard UNI EN 12056, should be no less than 50 mm in order to ensure the efficiency of the “water plug”, also when the waste system is in use and if pressure or back pressure is generated inside the system network. Another important consideration is linked to the fact that the presence of the “water plug” must be guaranteed also when the sanitary fixture is not in use and when climatic conditions create the gradual evacuation of the water (especially during summer months). With an average evaporation of the water of approximately 1.5 mm a day, the water seal can thus be guaranteed for about 30 days. Figure 3.2 Water guard in the traps.

3 © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

h

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Project design of waste systems

h

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

h h

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

When a sanitary fixture flushes large quantities into the waste system, phenomena of compression and back pressure are created that influence the “water plug” in the trap. These phenomena are caused by the pressure variations Δp that can either be positive (pressure overload) of negative (back pressure): positive pressures pa + Δp act on the water contained in the trap and push it from the exit side toward the inlet side, negative pressures pa - Δp suck the water from the inlet side toward the outlet side of the trap. These pressure changes set the “water tap” in the trap in motion and modify its configuration; if the waste system is not correctly dimensioned, the variations in pressure can be of such an entity as to move the “water plug” until it has been completely removed thus causing the escape of foul-smelling gas. Figure 3.3 Movements of the “water plug” in the trap. pa

pa

pa +Δp

pa © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

pa -Δp pa

h

Equilibrium

42

Pressure overload

Back pressure

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

3.2.1 Siphonage Take a look at the system layout indicated in Figure 3.4 When sanitary fixture B is flushed, a “water plug” in the stack is created which moves downwards thus provoking a pressure that is greater than the atmospheric pressure further down. Such a difference could be such as to push the water in the trap into fixture C causing the emission of foul-smelling gas into the room; this phenomenon is called siphonage caused by compression. Simultaneously the “water plug” generates back pressure in fixture A which, if of a significant entity, sucks the water from the trap thus eliminating the water seal from the same and in doing so, causing the emission of a foul-smelling gas into room; this phenomenon is called siphonage caused by aspiration. Of course these phenomena can be more or less serious and are in general influenced by factors such as: ■■ Insufficient water guard in the trap. ■■ Insufficient diameter of the waste stack. ■■ Absence of a ventilation system. ■■ Incorrect configuration at the base of the stack.

3

Figure 3.4 Effects of siphonage. A

Project design of waste systems

B

C © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 3.5 Siphonage caused by back pressure (point A) and compression (point C).

ir

als 0V

.

p.A

S.

1

©

20

43

3.2.2 Self-siphonage Self-siphonage occurs in horizontal waste branches when they are too long or when the trap is too narrow. In this case the phenomenon is not caused by the “water plug” generated by one of the fixtures but by the flushing of the fixture itself. Self-siphonage may lead to the removal of the trap seal causing the emission of foul-smelling gas into the room in question. To explain this phenomenon we can see what happens when attempting to transfer liquid (petrol, oil, wine, etc.) from one container to another with the use of a small diameter tube. Once all of the liquid has been transferred, no trace of it is left inside the tube and that is exactly what happens inside a waste branch and the trap of the sanitary fixture. Restrictions on the length of waste branches are defined in the European Standard UNI EN 12056-2 and are indicated in the chapter on system dimensioning. Self-siphonage is identified when the trap of the fixture being flushed makes a noise that is similar to human “snoring”. When such a noise is issued from the trap of a fixture not currently in use, then the cause is aspiration siphonage; compression siphonage on the other hand is identified by a gurgling sound that is generated inside the trap when one of the fixtures in the system is being used. Figure 3.6 Self-siphonage of a sanitary fixture.

Project design of waste systems

3

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

3.3 Ventilation The maintenance of the pressure levels inside the waste system network and the elimination of the effects of siphonage are guaranteed by suitable vent systems of the conduits. Vent systems are made up of pipes connected to the waste system that ensure a flow of air to limit the variations in pressure and guarantee the silent operation of the sanitary fixtures. During flushing the flow pushes the air in front and creates a back pressure, this back pressure calls on new air by means of the vent stack. The European Standard UNI EN 12056 defines different configurations of the vent systems both for the waste stacks and the waste branches. In practice, it is possible to use numerous alternative solutions to the basic configurations defined by the standard and that offer numerous variations that are suitable for resolving system requirements.

3.3.1 Waste systems with primary ventilation This is the most economical and widely used system. Ventilation is guaranteed by the extension of the waste stack to the roof; this end piece of pipe-work is defined as the waste stack vent header. As an alternative to the roof extension it is possible to use vent valves that guarantee the inlet of air into the stack but impede the discharge of foul-smelling gas into the room. Primary ventilation systems have the following characteristics: ■■ It is the most simple and economic system. ■■ The primary ventilation system eliminates the effect of aspiration siphonage but not compression siphonage. While the back pressure above the fixture is compensated for by the inlet of air through the stack vent, the increase in pressure at the base of the stack cannot be compensated, therefore, other particular configurations in the waste manifold are necessary depending on the number of floors in the building. ■■ The European Standard UNI EN 12056 requires that the stack vent be no smaller in diameter to the waste stack. ■■ Waste branches must be no longer than 4 m and must have a minimum slope of 1% (for more details refer to the chapter on waste system dimensioning).

44

Figure 3.7 Waste system with primary ventilation.

Aeration valve

Stack vent

3

It is possible to create ventilation manifolds to which the waste stacks are connected before exiting onto the roof. In this case dimensioning is carried out by considering the ventilation manifold as a waste manifold with a filling degree of 50%. It is not recommended to connect more than three waste stacks to the same ventilation manifold. Figure 3.8 Waste system with ventilation manifold.

Ventilation manifold

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

45

PROjECT DESIGN OF WASTE SYSTEMS

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

3.3.1.1 Primary ventilation system for up to 2 storeys buildings (h ≤ 4 m) For buildings with maximum 2 storeys in which the distance between the highest and lowest discharge point is h ≤ 4 m then the fixtures can be connected directly to the stacks even if the waste manifold is suspended from the ceiling of the underground floor. The functioning of this type of configuration is guaranteed by the fact that the pressure that is generated at the base of the stack is of such an entity as to have no effect on the sanitary fixtures connected on the ground floor. Figure 3.9 Primary ventilation, 2-storey building (h ≤ 4 m), manifold in the pavement of the underground floor.

3

First floor

Project design of waste systems

h≤4m

Ground floor

Underground floor

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 3.10 Primary ventilation, 2-storey building (h ≤ 4 m), manifold on the ceiling of the underground floor.

First floor

h≤4m

© 2009 Valsir S.p.A.

Ground floor

Underground floor

46

3.3.1.2 Primary ventilation systems for 3 up to 5 storeys buildings (h ≤ 12 m) For buildings with as many as 5 storeys in which the distance between the highest and lowest fixture is h ≤ 12 m a pressure is generated that is cancelled at about 3 m in height from the base of the stack. To avoid that the pressure has a negative effect on the fixtures nearest the stack base, it is necessary to connect them to the waste network in a different manner depending on the position of the manifold. ■■ If the manifold is in the pavement of the underground floor, the fixtures on the ground floor can be connected directly to the stack since the pressure does not interfere with their functioning. ■■ If the manifold is connected to the ceiling of the underground floor then the fixtures on the ground floor must be connected to the waste manifold at over 1 m from the base since, in this case, the pressure that is generated would interfere with their functioning. Figure 3.11 Primary ventilation, 3÷5 storey building (h ≤ 12 m), manifold in the pavement of the underground floor.

Figure 3.12 Primary ventilation, 3÷5 storey building (h ≤ 12 m), manifold on ceiling of underground floor.

3 Fourth floor

Fourth floor

Project design of waste systems

Third floor

Third floor

Second floor

Second floor

h ≤ 12 m

h ≤ 12 m First floor

First floor

Ground floor

Ground floor © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

≥1m

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Underground floor

Underground floor

47

3.3.1.3 Primary ventilation system for buildings with over 5 storeys (h > 12 m) For buildings with over 5 storeys in which the distance between the highest and the lowest fixture is h > 12 m a pressure is generated that is then cancelled above 3 m in height from the base of the stack. To prevent the pressure having a negative influence on the fixtures nearest the stack base it is necessary to connect the latter to the waste manifold by dividing the stack. To aid the ventilation of the second waste stack it is necessary to connect it to the main stack by means of a piece of pipe-work called “loop vent”. The loop vent guarantees the flow of air required to limit the pressure differentials inside the second waste stack when one of the fixtures is use.

In any case Valsir recommends a parallel ventilation system in buildings made up of over 5-6 floors.

Figure 3.13 Primary ventilation, building with over 5 storeys (h > 12 m), manifold in pavement of underground floor.

Figure 3.14 Primary ventilation, building over 5 storeys high (h > 12 m), manifold in ceiling of the underground floor.

PROjECT DESIGN OF WASTE SYSTEMS

3 Fifth floor

Fifth floor

Fourth floor

Fourth floor

Third floor

Third floor

h > 12 m

h > 12 m

Second floor

Second floor Vent loop

First floor

First floor

Ground floor

Ground floor

Vent loop

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

≥2m © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

≥2m

48

Underground floor

Underground floor

3.3.2 Waste system with direct and indirect parallel ventilation This is a system made up of a vent stack that runs parallel to the waste stack. In systems with a direct parallel vent, the vent stack is connected to the waste stack, in systems with an indirect parallel vent, the vent stack is connected to the waste branches. Again, in this case, the waste stack is extended to the roof (relief) or it ends in the room with an aeration valve. Depending on the number of floors that need to be served, the vent stack may have intermediate connections with the waste stack that ensure a sufficient circulation of air within the network. Characteristics of parallel vent systems: ■■ Not as economical as primary vent systems. ■■ Suitable for buildings with more than 2 storeys. ■■ The parallel vent system eliminates the aspiration and compression effect of the traps in that it allows the air to circulate from the base up to the relief vent, by means of the vent stack. ■■ A s compared with primary vent systems, with parallel vent systems it is possible to increase the waste flow rates by 30÷40% without increasing the diameter (see chapter on waste system dimensioning). ■■ The European Standard UNI EN 12056 sets a minimum diameter for the parallel vent stack in relation to the diameter of the waste stack (see chapter on waste system dimensioning). ■■ If the parallel vent is direct, the waste branches must have a maximum length of 4 m and a gradient of at least 1%, if indirect, the branches can be as long as 10 m with minimum gradients of 0.5% (for greater detail refer to the chapter on waste system dimensioning).

3

Figure 3.15 Waste system with parallel vent (direct and indirect). Stack relief vent

Project design of waste systems

Stack relief vent

Vent stack (indirect parallele)

Vent stack (direct parallel)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 3.16 Waste system with parallel vent (direct and indirect) with variations. Stack relief vent

Vent stack (direct parallel) Aeration valve

Vent stack (indirect parallel)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

49

3.3.2.1 Direct parallel vent system for buildings with 3 to 5 storeys (h ≤ 12 m) For buildings with up to 5 storeys the parallel vent stack is connected near the base of the stack and at the top, at the relief vent. To avoid the possibility of foam rising, the ground floor must be connected in a different manner depending on the position of the manifold. ■■ ■■

If the manifold is in the pavement of the underground floor, the ground floor fixtures can be connected directly to the stack. If the manifold is attached to the ceiling of the underground floor, then the ground floor fixtures must be connected to the waste manifold at over 1 m in height from the base to avoid the possibility of foam rising.

Figure 3.17 Direct parallel vent, 3÷5 storey building (h ≤ 12 m), manifold in the pavement of the underground floor.

Figure 3.18 Direct parallel vent, 3÷5 storey building (h ≤ 12 m), manifold in the ceiling of the underground floor.

Project design of waste systems

3 Forth floor

Fourth floor

Third floor

Third floor

Second floor

Second floor

h ≤ 12 m h ≤ 12 m First floor

First floor

Ground floor

Ground floor © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

≥1m

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

50

Underground floor

Underground floor

3.3.2.2 Direct parallel vent system for buildings with over 5 storeys (h > 12 m) For buildings with more than 5 floors the parallel vent stack must be connected on each floor by means of intermediate vent connections. If there is an elevated number of floors, the use of intermediate connections can be avoided as long as they are made at intervals of at least every four floors. As with primary vents, again in this case, the fixtures nearest to the base of the stack must be connected to the waste stack by means of a second stack (division) and to favour the ventilation it is necessary to connect it to the main stack by means of a “vent loop”. Connection to the manifold must be made at a distance of at least 2 meters from the base of the stack. Also for the fixtures connected to the second stack, connection to the vent stack by means of intermediate connections is necessary. In chapter 3.5.1 criteria are indicated for the division of the stack in relation to the number of floors that need to be served. Figure 3.19 Direct parallel vent, building with over 5 floors (h > 12 m), manifold in the pavement of the underground floor.

Figure 3.20 Direct parallel vent, building with over 5 floors (h > 12 m), manifold in ceiling of the underground floor.

3 Fifth floor

Fourth floor

Fourth floor

Third floor

Third floor

Intermediate connections

Intermediate connections

h > 12 m

h > 12 m

Second floor

Second floor Vent loop

First floor

First floor Vent loop

Ground floor

Ground floor © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

≥2m

Underground floor

Underground floor

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

≥2m

51

Project design of waste systems

Fifth floor

3.3.2.3 Indirect parallel vent system The geometrical configuration of the indirect parallel vent stack does not depend on the number of floors; it is connected to the waste branches and is used when the distance between the most distant fixture and the waste stack exceeds 4 m. This system is employed when the fixtures are arranged in rows, in buildings such as schools, barracks, etc. In any case, to avoid the rising of foam, the connection of each floor to the waste stack must observe the criteria as indicated for direct parallel vent systems (see chapter 3.5.1). When the length of the branches exceeds 10 m it is recommended to use intermediate vents connected halfway along the waste branches (see Figure 3.25). Figure 3.21 Indirect parallel vent, 3÷5 storey building (h ≤ 12 m), manifold in the pavement of the underground floor.

Project design of waste systems

3

Figure 3.22 Indirect parallel vent, 3÷5 storey building (h ≤ 12 m), manifold in the ceiling of the underground floor.

Fourth floor

Fourth floor

Third floor

Third floor

Second floor

Second floor

h ≤ 12 m

h ≤ 12 m

First floor

First floor Vent loop

Ground floor

Ground floor © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

≥1m

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

52

Underground floor

Underground floor

Figura 3.23 Indirect parallel vent, building with over 5 floors (h > 12 m), manifold in the pavement of the underground floor.

Figura 3.24 Indirect parallel vent, building with over 5 floors (h > 12).

Fifth floor

Fifth floor

Fourth floor

Fourth floor

3 Third floor

Third floor

Second floor

Second floor

First floor

First floor

Vent loop

Vent loop

Ground floor

Ground floor © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

≥2m Underground floor

Underground floor

≥2m

53

Project design of waste systems

h > 12 m

h > 12 m

Figure 3.25 Indirect parallel vent, intermediate ventilation of the branches with lengths of over 10 m.

Project design of waste systems

3

> 10 m

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

54

3.3.3 Waste systems with secondary ventilation This type of system is made up of a vent stack that runs parallel to the waste stack. A ventilation network is connected to the waste stack and to all of the fixtures by means of a spigot bend or trap (branch ventilation). As with the other systems, the waste stack is extended to the roof (relief vent) or else ends in the room by means of an aeration valve and as with parallel ventilation systems, depending on the number of floors to be served, the ventilation stack can have intermediate connections with the waste stack that ensure a better circulation of the air inside the network. Characteristics of secondary ventilation systems: ■■ Expensive, not only because of the quantity of material required, but also due to the complexity of the system. ■■ Suitable in very tall buildings where fixtures are used contemporarily. ■■ Suitable where the sanitary fixtures and the stacks are positioned along the same wall in that any windows, doors, openings, spigots, would compromise the possibility of ventilating the fixtures by connecting them to the vent stack. ■■ A s with the parallel ventilation system it is possible to increase the flow rates of the waste stack by 30-40% as compared with primary ventilation systems and the flow rates of the branches by 50% (see the chapter on waste system dimensioning). ■■ The European Standard UNI EN 12056 sets a minimum diameter for parallel vent stacks in relation to the diameter of the waste stack (see the chapter on waste system dimensioning). ■■ The diameters of the vent pipes of the branches are specified in the European Standard UNI EN 12056 (see chapter on waste system dimensioning). ■■ The branches can reach 10 m with minimum gradients of 0.5% (for more details refer to the chapter on waste system dimensioning).

3

Project design of waste systems

Figure 3.26 Waste system with secondary ventilation.

Ventilation of the branch

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

55

3.3.4 Waste systems with ventilation fittings These are waste systems created with special fittings known as ventilation fittings that do not require the use of the aforesaid parallel or secondary ventilation systems and that allow the diameter of the vertical waste stack to be reduced with equal flows. While sizing of the branchings and collector pipes must comply with the methods established by the European Standard UNI EN 12056-2, calculation of the vertical waste stacks equipped with ventilation fittings, requires the application of special rules that are described in the chapter that deals with the sizing of waste systems with ventilation fittings.

3

The characteristics that distinguish systems with ventilation fittings are the following: ■■ This system is particularly suited to very high buildings or where the flow rates and simultaneity coefficients are important (hotels, barracks, office blocks, schools, hospitals, etc.). ■■ It is extremely cost-effective in buildings higher than 7 to 8 storeys. ■■ It does not require any parallel ventilation, the vertical waste stack is simply extended out onto the roof (as with primary ventilation). ■■ It allows an increase in flow in the waste stack of 45 to 55% as compared with a parallel or secondary ventilation system. ■■ It significantly reduces pressure fluctuations inside the vertical waste stack thanks to the particular shape of the ventilation fitting. ■■ Just two waste stack sizes in relation to the waste water flows: DN 100 (De 110 mm) and DN 150 (De 160 mm).

Project design of waste systems

Figure 3.27 Waste system with ventilation fittings.

Ventilation branch

Vent loop

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Standard branch

56

Figura 3.28 The two ventilation fitting models manufactured by Valsir. DN 100 (De 110)

DN 150 (De 160)

DN 100 (De 110)

DN 100 (De 110)

DN 70 (De 75)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN 70 (De 75)

3

Project design of waste systems

57

100

4.0

4

5

125

100

100

5.8 6

125

150

7

8

9

9.5

8.7

5.6

10

150

6

8 10

14

20

25 30 35 40

50

60

70

1

3

4

6

8

10

14

20

25

30

35

1

8

10 12 14 16 18 20

25

30

35

2

3

(4) An average bedroom is composed of 1 WC, 1 bidet, 1 washbasin, 1 bathtub with ∑DU = 4.3 l/s. The number of floors is indicative, in that, for very high buildings, waste stack segmentation is always recommended.

(3) An average apartment is composed of 1 WC, 1 bidet, 1 washbasin, 1 bathtub, 1 washing machine, 1 sink, 1 dishwasher with ∑DU = 6.7 l/s. The number of floors is indicative in that, for very high buildings, waste stack segmentation is always recommended.

(2) Valid diameters for waste stacks with right angle branches (single or double).

4

5

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

5 6

Number of floors for building such as hotel with 4 average bedrooms for floor

4

1

3

13

200

150

14

20

40

50

45

25

50

60

90 100 110 120

12

12.4 (4)

2

40

80

(4)

Number of floors for building such as hotel with 2 average bedrooms per floor

2

(3)

11

Number of floors for residential building with 2 average apartments per floor

2 3 4

NOTES (1) DN 100 is the minimum diameter to be guaranteed in the presence of a water closet.

1

Number of floors for residential building with 1 average apartment per floor(3)

2.0

80 90

90

3

60

Waste system with primary ventilation (1) (2)

80

2.6 2.7

Project flow [l/s] 0 2 1

70

60

0.5

Waste system with parallel or secondary ventilation (1) (2)

70

0.7 1.5

Waste system with ventilation branch

55

70

140

15

16.0 30

60

16

80

160

90

180

35

70

17

200

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

40

80

100

200

18

18.1

58

3.5

45

90

110

220

19

120

240

20

3

7.1 7.6

Project design of waste systems

21.0 50

100

260

21

3.3.5 Guideline in the choice of the waste system

To rapidly identify the diameter of the vertical waste stack in relation to the system chosen, it is possible to consult the diagram in Figure 3.29. Once the project flow has been determined or the number of storeys in the building is known as well as the building type, the waste stack diameter to be adopted in relation to the system is rapidly identified: primary ventilation, parallel or secondary ventilation, ventilation with ventilation fittings. Vice versa, once the ventilation system has been defined, it is possible to evaluate the maximum project flow or the maximum number of floors in the buildings in relation to the diameter of the vertical waste stack.

Example

Let’s suppose we have a project flow of 7.1 l/s. With a primary ventilation system the diameter of the stack must be 150 mm, with a primary or secondary ventilation system the diameter must be 125 mm, while with a system with a ventilation branch the diameter can be reduced to 100 mm.

Figure 3.29 Choice of the waste system.

3.4 Waste branches The waste branches are made up of mainly horizontal pipes that connect the sanitary fixtures to the waste stacks. When installing waste branches, several basic rules should be observed: ■■ The diameter and the length of the pipes must be such as to guarantee the absence of siphonage and self-siphonage problems. If there is a risk of such phenomena being generated then a ventilation network should be provided. ■■ The gradient of the branches must be in the direction of the waste flow. ■■ Changes in direction must be minimised and at any rate must be made with a wide radius to avoid slowing down the flow rate of the waste. ■■ Avoid using diameters that are smaller than the connection to the siphon. ■■ The meeting point of several waste pipes in a branch must be made without the use of 90° angles. ■■ The passage toward greater diameters must be made by employing eccentric reducers and keeping the upper part of the pipes straight. For greater detail on project requirements for waste branches refer to the chapter on waste system dimensioning.

3

Figure 3.30 Installation of branches. Gradients in direction of flow Connections with ancgles smaller than 90°

Project design of waste systems

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Eccentric reducer

Bends with ample radius

Waste stack

Figure 3.31 Examples of waste branches.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

59

3.5

Waste stacks

3.5.1 Division of waste stacks In previous chapters we noted in some cases the necessity of dividing the waste stack whether it is ventilated with a direct, indirect, parallel or secondary ventilation system. The division of the stack and its height depend on the total number of floors connected to the waste system and the position of the manifold.

Valsir suggests using the configurations indicated in the following tables, these are not the only solutions but are just some of the numerous project choices that can be adopted. In the tables, depending on the number of floors connected to the waste system, it is possible to verify if the stack needs to be divided and to determine the number of floors that can be connected to the main stack and those that need to be connected to the second stack. Furthermore, since in some cases even the second stack can reach elevated heights, another division will have to be made. Table 3.1 Configuration of the waste stack with manifold in the pavement of the underground floor.

PROjECT DESIGN OF WASTE SYSTEMS

3

60

Floors (incl. ground floor)

Stack division?

Number of floors connected to the main stack

Number of floors connected to the second stack

Further division of the second stack?

3

No

3

0

No

4

No

4

0

No

5

No

5

0

No

6

Yes

5

1

No

7

Yes

6

1

No

8

Yes

7

1

No

9

Yes

7

2

No

10

Yes

8

2

No

11

Yes

9

2

No

12

Yes

9

3

No

13

Yes

10

3

No

14

Yes

11

3

No

15

Yes

11

4

No

16

Yes

12

4

No

17

Yes

13

4

No

18

Yes

13

5

No

19

Yes

14

5

No

20

Yes

15

5

No

21

Yes

15

6

Yes

22

Yes

16

6

Yes

23

Yes

17

6

Yes

24

Yes

17

7

Yes

25

Yes

18

7

Yes

Table 3.2 Configuration of the waste stack with manifold on the ceiling of the underground floor.

Floors (incl. ground floor)

Stack division?

Number of floors connected to the main stack

Number of floors connected to the second stack

Further division of the second stack?

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 17

0 0 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8

No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

3

Figure 3.32 Example of system with 10 floors with direct parallel ventilation (manifold in pavement and on ceiling).

10

10

9

9

8

8

7

7

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

Underground floor

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Underground floor

61

Project design of waste systems

Some examples relative to waste systems with direct parallel ventilation are shown in the following figures. The same configurations are valid for systems with indirect parallel and secondary ventilation. An example made up of 10 floors connected to the waste system necessitates the division of the stack. If the manifold is laid in the pavement of the ground floor, the 8 highest floors are connected to the main waste stack while the last 2 floors are connected to the second stack. In this case, the intermediate connections to the vent stack can be made every 2-3 floors. If the manifold is attached to the ceiling of the underground floor, the number of floors connected to the second stack increases to 3, due to the increased risk of foam rising.

A building made up of 14 floors connected to the waste system also requires the main stack to be divided. If the manifold is laid in the pavement of the underground floor, the 11 highest floors are connected to the main stack while the last 3 are connected to the second stack. The intermediate connections to the vent stack can be made every 2-3 floors. If the manifold is on the ceiling of the underground floor then 10 floors must be connected to the main stack, while the remaining 4 floors must be connected to the second stack. Figura 3.33 Example of system with 14 floors with direct parallel ventilation (manifold in pavement and ceiling).

Project design of waste systems

3

14

14

13

13

12

12

11

11

10

10

9

9

8

8

7

7

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

Underground floor

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Underground floor

Finally, let us consider a building made up of 20 floors connected to the waste system. If the manifold is laid in the pavement of the underground floor then the last 14 floors must be connected to the main stack while the remaining 6 must be connected to the second stack. We have a different configuration if the manifold is on the ceiling of the underground floor, the main stack is connected to the last 14 floors while the remaining 6 must be connected to the secondary stack. It is necessary, however, to divide the stack by moving the first two floors to another independent stack. In this case, it is possible to create the intermediate connections to the ventilation every 4 floors.

62

Figure 3.34 Example of 20-storey building with direct parallel ventilation (manifold in pavement and ceiling).

20

19

19

18

18

17

17

16

16

15

15

14

14

13

13

12

12

11

11

10

10

9

9

8

8

7

7

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

Underground floor

3

Project design of waste systems

20

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Underground floor

63

3.5.2 Waste stack deviation Where, for reasons of space or building configuration, it is necessary to made deviations of the stack, these must respect some fundamental requirements: ■■ The deviation must be no greater than 1 m so that in the oblique piece the flow does not undergo accelerations that would create noise caused by the impact against the stack near the change in direction. ■■ The bends used to create the deviation must be no greater than 45°; the use of bends with bigger angles would increase the noise in proximity to the change in direction.

Figure 3.35 Deviation of the waste stack under 1 m.

DN

Ref. A Ref. A © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

≤ 1m

DN

45° 45°

Project design of waste systems

3

If the deviation of a stack with a diameter of DN1 requires changes in direction greater than 45° or horizontal pieces longer than 1 m, then the following restrictions will have to be observed: ■■ The horizontal section must be dimensioned like a waste manifold, keeping flow velocity no smaller than 0.6 m/s to avoid the separation of the solid substances in the flow. ■■ The stack lying below must have a diameter of DN2 at least equal to the waste manifold.

Figure 3.36 Deviations of the waste stack greater than 1 m and direction changes greater than 45°.

DN1 > 1m DN2 > 45°

DN2

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Stack deviations can also be used as systems for decelerating the waste flow in order to reduce the levels of noise in the system. In this case the deviation of the stack must be re-established in a short piece bringing the waste stack in axis. The pipe-work for decelerating must be carried out by using: ■■ 45°bends. ■■ A vertical section with a length equal to 2 times the nominal diameter of the stack.

Figure 3.37 Deceleration by means of stack deviation. Ref. A

2 x 45° 2 x 45° Ref. A

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

64

2 DN

3.5.3 Connections to the stacks The type of attachment chosen for connecting the branches to the stack not only influences the waste flow rates but also the noise level of the system. Connection to the stack can be made with a square branch or an angle branch and the choice must be made by keeping in mind the following considerations.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 3.38 Stack connection types.

3 Solution A

Solution B

Solution C

The square branch, characterised by connection angles between 87° and 88.5°, is the most recommended solution in that it facilitates the circulation of air, keeps the flow velocity down and allows low noise levels as compared with other solutions.

Solution B

The angle branch, characterised by smaller angles than the square branch (for example 45°), even though it enables higher flow rates (about 30% greater) is not recommended in that it limits the circulation of air and increases the level of noise. In fact the flow is accelerated and hits the vertical walls of the stack in the emission area. This solution, furthermore, is more expensive than the previous solution in that it requires the use of a 45° bend.

Solution C

If possible, reduced angle branches should be excluded since there is the risk of hydraulic closure in the emission zone with consequent aspiration of the siphons connected to the branching. Again in this case the flow is accelerated in the oblique section causing an increase in the noise level due the flow hitting against the walls of the stack.

65

PROjECT DESIGN OF WASTE SYSTEMS

Solution A

3.5.4 Configuration of the stack base The base of the stack is the point in which the waste flow undergoes a sudden change in direction passing from the stack to the manifold. At this point pressure overloads and elevated noise levels can be generated if it is not properly arranged. The base of the stack can be made in different ways, with a 90° bend or else with two 45° bends. It can be sunk in the concrete or else it can cross the floor without coming into contact with the concrete, in any case there are recommended solutions and solutions that, on the other hand, should be avoided. Figure 3.39 Different solutions for stack base not laid in concrete.

3

2 DN

Project design of waste systems

© 2009 Valsir S.p.A.

Solution A

Solution C

Solution B

Figure 3.40 Different solutions for stack base laid in concrete.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

2 DN

Solution D

Solution F

Solution E

Solution A This solution should be avoided in that the pressure generated and the level of noise reach the highest values. From a technical point of view, this is a very simply solution but there is also a high risk of siphonage. Solution B The deviation is made by means of two 45° bends installed consecutively, this solution allows the reduction of pressure overload and noise levels but it should be used only where there are problems of space. Solution C This is the most suitable configuration. It is made by placing a section of pipe with a length that is two times the nominal diameter of the stack, between the two 45° bends. This solution greatly reduces the pressure overloads and it is characterised by noise levels that are lower than solution A, by at least 30%. Solution D, E, F In these configurations the foot of the stack is completely embedded in the concrete. Obviously the pressure levels inside the stack do not change as compared to the cases already seen, whereas the noise level is significantly reduced thanks to the dampening effect of the concrete (elevated mass). The noise level of these configurations is reduced by about 70 to 80% as compared with the previous cases; solution F therefore reaches noise levels that are 80 to 90% lower as compared with those of solution A. 66

If it is necessary to connect sanitary fixtures beyond the base of the stack, then connections should be made at a distance of at least 10 times the nominal diameter of the pipe to avoid the negative effect of pressure fluctuations on the traps. Figure 3.41 Connection of fixtures beyond the stack base.

3

Project design of waste systems

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

10 DN

67

3.5.5 Configuration of the stack relief vent The vent stacks terminate above the roof by means of aeration terminals (aerators) that are arranged in such a way as to prevent rain water entering the stack and to facilitate the inlet of air. The aeration terminal must have a distance L from the roof of at least 30 cm, which in snowy areas must be suitably increased. If the stack exits onto a terrace then the distance L from the surface must be at least 200 cm. Figure 3.42 Ventilation terminal.

Figure 3.43 Installation of the terminal on the roof.

L L

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.



© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.



If it is not possible to exit onto the roof, then a particular aeration valve must be used that is equipped with a membrane that prevents foulsmelling gas to escape but also allows air to enter the system. Figure 3.44 Aeration valve.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Project design of waste systems

3

Figure 3.45 Installation of the aeration valve.

Attic

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

68

Aeration valve

3.6 Waste manifolds The waste manifolds are made up of horizontal pipes that are surface-mounted inside the building (for example on the ceiling of the garage) or else in the ground to which the waste stacks are connected and possibly the sanitary fixtures on the ground floor. In designing the waste manifolds, besides observing the requirements set by UNI EN 12056 and dealt with in the chapter on waste system dimensioning, also the following aspects should not be overlooked: ■■ The lay-out of the waste manifold must be chosen in relation to the building structure and keeping in mind any obstacles of an architectural nature. ■■ If the conduits cross through structural parts of the building it is recommended to make a hole that is larger than the diameter of the conduit to avoid the natural movements of the ground caused by the weight of the building having a negative effect on or damaging the conduits. Pipes made of plastic are, in fact, ideal in these conditions due to their excellent elasticity. ■■ The pipes that make up the manifold must be as straight as possible and the bends must be made with a wide radius and avoiding 90° angles. ■■ The flow must guarantee a speed (minimum 0.6 m/s) that will prevent the formation of deposits and therefore the gradient values must always be adopted while keeping these aspects in mind. ■■ The gradient values must be between 1% and 5%; 2% is considered the ideal gradient. ■■ The diameter of the manifold must be no smaller than the diameter of the biggest section of the stack that leads into it.

3

Figure 3.46 Waste manifold.

Project design of waste systems

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

69

3.7 General rules for connections Some general rules should be observed when creating connections within waste systems, for example, when connecting branch pipes to waste stacks or waste stacks to waste collector pipes. A fixture can be connected directly to a waste stack with a tract gradient of 45°, or 60°, as long as the distance between the fixture and the waste stack does not exceed 1 m and after the connection there are no other joints for at least 0.5 m. Figure 3.47 Direct connection of sloping branch to waste stack.

12 m, the joint-free zones are 2 m above and below the stack base and 0.5 m below return into the stack. Figure 3.50 Connection near stack offsets greater than 1 m in stacks that drain over 5 floors (h > 12 m) – Case 1.

h > 12 m >1m

≥2m

3 Joint-free zone

Joint-free zone

≥2m

Project design of waste systems

0.5 m © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 3.51 Connection near stack offset greater than 1 m in stacks that drain over 5 floors (h > 12 m) – Case 2.

h > 12 m >1m

≥2m © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Joint-free zone Joint-free zone

≥2m 0.5 m

72

3.8 Access fittings In order to flush and clean the waste network, it is necessary to provide suitable access fittings positioned in areas that are easily accessible. The opening of the access fitting must be suitably sized and in any case, must be no smaller than the waste pipe diameter and the space surrounding the fitting must guarantee ease of use of the instruments necessary in cleaning operations. Figure 3.52 Access fittings.

Figure 3.53 Access trap (Firenze trap).

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

The access fittings must be installed in the following positions: ■■ At each change in direction with angles greater than 45° (Figure 3.55). ■■ At the base of every stack (Figure 3.54 e Figure 3.55). ■■ At every confluence of conduits (Figure 3.55). ■■ On linear conduits, every 15 m for pipes up to DN 100 and every 30 m for pipes over DN 100. ■■ At the end of the internal waste system by means of an access trap (Figure 3.60 e 3.62).

3

Project design of waste systems

Figure 3.54 Access types for stack bases.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 3.55 Positioning of the access fittings.

Stack base access pipe

Confluance access pipe

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

90° bend access pipe Accessible trap

73

3.9 Brackets 3.9.1 Preliminary considerations All materials are subject to expansion or contraction caused by an increase or decrease in temperature. Plastic materials are characterised by the most elevated variations in length as compared with other materials such as steel or cast iron but on the other hand they react better if such variations are restricted, such as with pipes that are laid in concrete. Figure 3.56 Waste manifold. L

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

L - ΔL

3

Project design of waste systems

−ΔT

L

+ΔT L + ΔL

The variation in length ΔL of a pipe of length L due to a variation in temperature ΔT between the installation temperature of the pipe and the current temperature is given by: L=

L

T

[3.1]

where α is the linear heat expansion coefficient of the material. If such a variation in length were obstructed, then a tensile stress would be generated in the material (with ΔT < 0) or else compression (with ΔT > 0) given by: = E

T

[3.2]

where E is the elasticity modulus of the material. In calculating the expansion/contraction of the material it is necessary to consider the difference between the installation temperature of the pipe and the maximum/minimum temperature expected when the system is in operation. Table 3.3 Characteristic of different materials.

Linear heat expansion coefficient α [mm/m⋅°C]

Elasticity modulus E [MPa]

E⋅α [MPa/°C]

Cast iron

0.010

105000

1.05

Steel

0.012

206000

2.47

Silere

0.080

2800

0.22

Polypropylene PP

0.08

1500

0.12

Polyethylene PE

0.110

1300

0.14

Polyethylene HDPE

0.200

1000

0.20

Pipe

74

Plastic pipes (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, Silere) have elevated thermal expansion coefficients and therefore, undergo elevated variations in length but the stress that is generated in the wall of the pipe, preventing it from expanding or contracting, is very low. The plastic pipes can, therefore, be completely covered with concrete without them being damaged by stress that is generated within their structure when they are subject to temperature fluctuations. The effects of thermal expansion and contraction of plastic materials influences the installation methods of waste systems that require different rules depending on the type of anchoring to be used: ■■ Free  anchoring. This installation is adopted for surface-mounted pipes that are either suspended from the ceiling or anchored to the walls. This type of anchoring can be carried out by means of expansion sleeves or else by means of compensation systems with flexible clips. ■■ Rigid anchoring. This installation is adopted for pipes laid in concrete or else for pipes installed with fixed point pipe clips. Figure 3.57 Heat expansion/contraction of pipes. Temperature difference

ΔT [°C]

(positive/negative)

80

yle

pyl

ne

ene

3

eth Po ly

Siler

90

Pol ypr o

e-T riplu

s

100

Project design of waste systems

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Pipe lenght [m]

8

9

10

0

40

80

120

160

200

Expansion/contraction Δ L [mm]

Example 1 Calculate the linear thermal expansion for a 6 m long polyethylene pipe laid at a temperature of 15°C and subjected to a maximum working temperature of 55°C. By using the equation shown previously, we have: L=

L

T = 0.2 6 (55 15) = 48 mm

[3.3]

The same result can be obtained from the diagram in Figure 3.57. If it were a Silere pipe then expansion would be reduced by half: L=

L

T = 0.08 6 (55 15) = 19 mm

[3.4]

Example 2 If the same pipe in the previous example were subjected to a working temperature of -10°C,what would the maximum contraction be? L=

L

T = 0.2 6 ( 10 15) = 30 mm

[3.5]

and for Silere we would have: L=

L

T = 0.08 6 ( 10 15) = 12 mm

[3.6] 75

3.9.2 Free anchoring 3.9.2.1 Anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets For systems made with electro-fusion polyethylene pipes, installation requires the use of suitable expansion sleeves; for push-fit systems such as polypropylene, Triplus and Silere, the function of the expansion sleeve is taken on by the sockets of the pipes and fittings themselves. This type of anchoring requires the use of fixed point clips and guide clips. The fixed point clips guide the pipe’s variations in length in the direction of the expansion sleeve (or the socket) while the guide clips allow the pipe to move but prevent if from flexing. Both fixed point and guide clips must be dimensioned in order to resist the weight of the pipe when full with water. Figure 3.58 Expansion sleeve (polyethylene).

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

20° 0° © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

In the following tables the distances to be observed both for fixed point and guide clips are suggested, in any case the distances of the clips are characterised by the following rules: ■■ Sections of pipe or branches that are laid in concrete act as fixed points. ■■ For horizontal conduits (manifolds) the distance between the clips must be 10 times the external diameter of the pipe with a maximum of 2 m. ■■ For vertical conduits (stacks) the distance between the clips must be 15 times the external diameter of the pipe with a maximum of 3 m and in any case at least one guide clip for each floor.

To allow for soundproofing levels of the Triplus and Silere waste systems, the use of Valsir soundproofing clips is required. Figure 3.60 Standard pipe and anti-vibration clip.

.p. A.

PROjECT DESIGN OF WASTE SYSTEMS

3

Figure 3.59 Sockets of push-fit systems (polypropylene, Silere, Triplus).

10 © 20

76

si Val

rS

Dil Pf Ps LPf LPs

Expansion sleeve. Fixed point. Guide point. Distance between two consecutive fixed points. Distance between two consecutive guide points.

Figure 3.61 Ceiling anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets.

Ps

Pf

Ps

Ps

Pf

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Dil

LPs

LPs

LPf

3 Table 3.4 Distances for clips for anchoring to ceiling by means of expansion sleeves or sockets.

LPs [m]

50

0.8

63

0.8

75

0.8

90

0.9

110

1.1

125

1.3

160

1.6

200

2.0

250

2.0

315

2.0

LPf [m]

A fixed point is made at every expansion sleeve or every socket. For electro-fusion polyethylene systems the maximum distance is 6 meters whereas for push-fit systems it is 3 meters.

77

Project design of waste systems

Diameter De [mm]

Pf

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 3.62 Wall anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets.

LPs

Ps

LPs

LPf

Ps

3

Project design of waste systems

Dil Pf

Ps

Table 3.5 Distances of clips for wall anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets.

78

Diameter De [mm]

LPs [m]

50

1.0

63

1.0

75

1.1

90

1.4

110

1.7

125

1.9

160

2.4

200

3.0

250

3.0

315

3.0

LPf [m]

A fixed point is made at every expansion sleeve or every socket. For electro-fusion polyethylene systems the maximum distance is 6 meters whereas for push-fit systems it is 3 meters.

3.9.2.2 Pipe support by means of a flexible arm Pipe support by means of a flexible arm takes advantage of the flexing capacity of the pipe to absorb the variations in length, thus avoiding the employment of expansion sleeves; it is, therefore, a suitable method for polyethylene waste systems, for which the connections must be welded. Anchoring with a flexible arm enables compensation of the variation in length ΔL [mm] of a pipe length L by means of flexing a section of the perpendicular conduit of length LBf. The length of the flexible arm LBf is given by the following equation: L Bf =

L De 100

[3.7]

with ΔL and De expressed in [mm] and LBf expressed in [m]. As the flexible arm is itself subject to variations in length, the section of pipework L must be capable of absorbing them. The section of pipework L that is free of brackets and acts as a compensator must have a length of HBf calculated by using the same equation but considering the length to be compensated as LBf. HBf =

L3Bf L

3

[3.8] Project design of waste systems

with LBf, L and HBf expressed in [m]. The brackets must observe the distances seen previously and employed for the anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets. Figure 3.63 Anchoring by means of flexible arm.

Pf

LBf

Pf

Ps

Ps

Ps

ΔLBf

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

L Ps

LPs

LPs L

HBf

ΔL

79

Figure 3.64 Length of flexible arm. Pipe lenght L [m]

Pipe diameter De [mm] 2.5

10

9

8

7

315

6 5

250

4 2.0

200

3

Lenght of flexible arm LBf [m]

160

2

135 125

1.5

110 90 78 63

1.0

50

1 75 58

40 32

3

0.5

Project design of waste systems

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

0

20

60

100 Expansione/contraction

140

ΔL

180

[mm]

0

0.5

1.0 Lenght of flexible arm HBf

1.5

[m]

Example 3 Calculate the length of the flexible arm of a polyethylene pipe De 110 mm, 6 m in length, subject to a variation in temperature of +50°C. With a variation in temperature of +50°C the expansion of the pipe is: L=

L

T = 0.2 6 50 = 60 mm

[3.9]

from which the flexible arms are easily calculated:

L Bf =

60 110 = 0.81 m 100

[3.10]

Bf = H

0,813 = 0.29 m 6

[3.11]

The same results are obtained by the diagram in Figure 3.64.

80

3.9.3 Rigid anchoring 3.9.3.1 Anchoring by means of fixed point pipe clips Rigid anchoring by means of fixed point pipe clips is employed in waste systems made of polyethylene where the connections are welded together. This takes advantage of the flexing capacity of the pipe to absorb the positive variations in length (expansion) and the elasticity of the material to absorb the compression stress caused by negative variations in length (contractions). This system is recommended for brief sections (5-7 m) and for restricted temperature variations (20-30°C). For this type of anchoring, clips should be used that are capable of resisting the elevated force that is unloaded, through the anchor screws, onto the building structure. For this reason this type of method should be adopted for pipes with a diameter De smaller than 200 mm. The maximum distances of the clips to be adopted in rigid anchoring are indicated in the following table. Table 3.6 Distances of the clips for rigid anchoring.

Diameter De [mm]

LPf [m]

50

0.8

63

0.8

75

0.8

90

0.9

110

1.1

125

1.3

160

1.6

200

2.0

250

2.0

315

2.0

3

Project design of waste systems

Figure 3.65 Rigid anchoring by means of fixed point clips.

Pf

LPf

Pf

LPf

Pf

Pf

Pf

Pf

Pf

Pf

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

LPf

LPf

LPf

LPf

LPf

81

3.9.3.2 Installation in concrete The pipework can be laid directly in the concrete and a typical situation is that of the waste branches, for example inside the bathroom. Unlike metal conduits, the elevated elasticity of the plastic material allows the complete absorption of the stress that is generated in the pipe due to fluctuations in temperature. When laying pipes directly in concrete work, several simple suggestions should be kept in consideration: ■■ The sockets should be covered with paper or plastic film to avoid, for example, concrete entering the pipe during installation. ■■ Small diameter deviations (for example reduced branches) should be covered with paper or insulated in such a way as to absorb the dimensional variations; the forces that are generated could be of an elevated entity and could unload onto the deviation itself. ■■ The discharge network should be anchored, if possible, to avoid movement of the same and hence loosening of the pipes or fittings from the sockets when the cement is being poured. ■■ The pipework that crosses through outer walls can be subjected to elevated levels of stress due to movements and settling of the ground; in these cases, it is recommended to cover the section with insulation. Figure 3.66 Insulation of the socket laid in concrete. Socket

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

3

Project design of waste systems

Insulation

Figure 3.67 Insulation of a reduced branch laid in concrete.

Reduced branch

Insulation

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

82

4

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4.1 Introduction The standard that regulates the dimensioning of gravity waste systems inside buildings is the European Standard UNI EN 12056 composed of five parts. This standard is applied to systems for discharge of waste water operating by gravity inside buildings for residential, industrial, commercial, institutional and industrial use. The standard describes the main systems but does not deal with them in detail due to the complexity and vast nature of the system configurations in existence today. Part 2 of the standard, that will be dealt with in this chapter, establishes the principles to follow for project design and calculation. The standard classifies the system into four types, which are in turn divided by the type of ventilation adopted. The type suggested by Valsir and adopted by the greater part of European countries among which, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, is the “waste system with single waste stack and partially full waste branches”. In this case the sanitary fixtures are connected to the waste branches that are dimensioned for a filling degree equal to 0.5 (50%). The dimensioning process of a waste system can be divided up into the following phrases: ■■ Calculation of the flow rates in relation to the drainage units of the sanitary fixtures connected. ■■ Determination of the diameters of branches that connect the sanitary fixtures to the waste stacks. ■■ Determination of the diameters of the waste stacks. ■■ Determination of the diameters of the waste manifolds. In the following paragraphs the waste flows will be based on the nominal diameters of the pipework; the European Standard UNI EN 12056 establishes a correlation between the nominal diameters and the minimum internal diameters, this enables us to define a corresponding table for the various product lines manufactured by Valsir:

4

Table 4.1 Correspondence between nominal diameters and external diameters of the waste pipe for different product lines.

di, min

Polyethylene

30

26

32

32

40

34

40

40

40

50

44

50

50

50

58

56

49

56

60

56

63

70

68

75

75

75

78

80

75

90

79

90

90

90

90

100

96

110

110

110

110

125

113

125

125

125

135

150

146

160

160

160

160

200

184

200

225

207

250

230

250

300

290

315

Triplus

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

De [mm] Polypropylene

DN

Silere

4.2 Calculation of the flow rates The dimensioning of a waste system is bases on the total flow rates Qtot that circulate in the various sections deriving from the sanitary fixtures; the continuous flow fixtures (for example the waste water of cooling systems) and any waste waster pumps. Q tot = Q ww +Qc + Qp where: Qww Q c Q p

[4.1]

is the flow rate of the waste waters caused by sanitary fixtures [l/s], is the continuous flow rate [l/s]], is the pumping flow rate [l/s]. 83

If the system does not have continuous flow rates or waste water pumps, then the total flow rate for each section of the waste system is given exclusively by the flow rate of the sanitary fixtures and therefore the previous equation becomes: Q tot = Q ww

[4.2]

The waste flow of the waste waters Qww in a section of the system is not the algebraic sum of the flows of all of the sanitary fixtures that lead into that section, but it is obtained by means of a simple formula that takes account of the factor of contemporary use of the fixtures. In a building it is reasonable to assume that not all of the sanitary fixtures will be discharged contemporarily, therefore, the flows that are flushed into the waste system are less than the algebraic sum of the flows of the single fixtures. The levels of simultaneous use obviously depend on the type of building: a household has a usage frequency of the sanitary fixtures that is lower than that of hospitals or restaurants. The formula for calculating the flow rate of the waste waters in relation to the type of building is the following: Q ww = K where: K ∑DU

DU

[4.3]

is the factor of contemporary use (or frequency factor) defined in the table that follows. is the sum of the drainage units of the sanitary fixtures that flow in that section of the system.

The drainage unit DU (Drainage Unit) is the average flow rate of a sanitary fixture expressed in litres per second [l/s]. It is important to remember that the value Qww must correspond, minimum, to the flow rate of the sanitary fixtures with the biggest drainage unit.

4

Table 4.2 Coefficient of contemporary use as a function of use and type of building.

Building type

Coefficient K

Intermittent

Homes and offices

0.5

Frequent

Hospitals, schools, restaurants, hotels

0.7

Very frequent

Public bathrooms and showers

1.0

Special

Laboratories

1.2

With the following diagram or table it is possible to identify the flow rate of the waste waters as a function of the coefficient of contemporary use and the sum of the drainage units of the sanitary fixtures that flow in the section of the system. Figure 4.1 Flow rate of waste waters in relation to the coefficient of contemporary use and the sum of the drainage units. 10

25

K=1.2 9 K=1.2

8

Flow rate of waste waters Qww [l/s]

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

Use

K=1.0

7

20

K=1.0

6

15

K=0.7 5

K=0.7

4

K=0.5

10

K=0.5 3 2

5

1 © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

0 0

10

20

30

40

50

100

Sum of the drainage units ∑ DU [l/s]

84

200

300

400

0

Table 4.3 Flow rate of waste waters in relation to the coefficient of contemporary use and the sum of the drainage units.

∑ DU [l/s]

K = 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9

K = 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.4

K=1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.7

K = 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.4 6.0 6.6 7.1 7.6 8.0 8.5 8.9 9.3

∑ DU [l/s] 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

Qww [l/s] K = 0.5 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.7 8.1 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.7 10.0

K = 0.7 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.9 10.4 10.8 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.9 13.3 13.6 14.0

K=1 8.1 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.7 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.6 13.0 13.4 13.8 14.1 14.8 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.4 19.0 19.5 20.0

K = 1.2 9.7 10.0 10.4 10.7 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.6 13.1 13.7 14.2 14.7 15.2 15.6 16.1 16.5 17.0 17.8 18.6 19.3 20.1 20.8 21.5 22.1 22.8 23.4 24.0

The Standard proposes the values for the drainage units DU for various types of sanitary fixtures for domestic use; these values must be considered if there is no information on hand regarding the products that will actually be installed. Table 4.4 Typical flow rates for various types of sanitary fixtures (domestic).

Sanitary fixture Washbasin Bidet Shower without plug Shower with plug Urinal with cistern Urinal with flush valve Wall urinal Bathtub Kitchen sink Dishwasher (domestic) Washing machine, max. load 6 kg Washing machine, max. load 12 kg WC with 6 l cistern WC with 7.5 l cistern WC with 9 l cistern Floor drain DN 50 Floor drain DN 70 Floor drain DN 100

DU [l/s] 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 0.8 1.5 2.0 85

4

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Qww [l/s]

4.3 Dimensioning of waste branches The dimensioning of the waste branches depends on whether there is a ventilation system for the branch itself. The Standard establishes not just the nominal diameters in relation to the waste flow but also the restrictions on the geometry of the branches. Figure 4.2 Branch and characteristic dimensions.

Fitting bend

H

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

L

4

4.3.1 Dimensioning of branches without vent The restrictions on the geometry and characteristics of the branches indicated in Figure 4.2 are specified in the following table.

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

Table 4.5 Geometrical restrictions on branch without vent.

Characteristic

Restriction

Branch length (between the trap attachment and the waste stack)

L≤4m

Difference in height (between the trap attachment and the horizontal section)

H≤1m

Minimum gradient of the horizontal section

1%

Maximum number of 90° bends (excluding the trap bend attachment)

3

The maximum flow rates allowed in relation to the nominal diameters are indicated in the following table. Table 4.6 Maximum flow rates and nominal diameters of the branches without vents.

Branch DN

Maximum flow rate Qmax [l/s]

Typical sanitary fixture

40

0.50

Washbasin, bidet, urinal without cistern

50

0.80

Shower, bathtub, sink, dishwasher, washing machine max. load 6 kg

60

1.00

70

1.50

80

2.00

90*

2.25

WC with cistern up to 7.5 l

100

2.50

WC with 9 l cistern

Washing machine max. load 12 kg

* In the presence of a WC the minimum diameter allowed is DN 90 as long as there are no more than two WCs on the same branch and the total change in direction is no greater than 90°, if this is not the case then diameter DN 100 should be used.

86

4.3.2 Dimensioning of ventilated braches In the case of ventilated branches the geometrical restrictions and the characteristics specified in Figure 4.2 are reduced to the values indicated in the table. Table 4.7 Geometrical restrictions on ventilated branches.

Characteristic

Restriction

Branch length (between the trap attachment and the waste stack)

L ≤ 10 m

Difference in height (between the trap attachment and the horizontal section)

H≤3m

Minimum gradient of the horizontal section

0.5%

Maximum number of 90° bends (excluding the trap bend attachment)

No restriction

The following table indicates the maximum flow rate allowed in relation to the nominal diameters and the minimum diameters required for the vent pipe of the branch. Table 4.8 Maximum flows and nominal diameters of the branches and vent pipes.

Branch DN

Max flow rate Qmax [l/s]

Vent DN

Typical sanitary fixture

50

0.75

40

Washbasin, bidet, urinal without cistern

60

1.50

40

Shower, bathtub, sink, dishwasher, washing machine

70

2.25

50

80

3.00

50

90*

3.40

60

100

3.75

60

4

WC

87

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

* In the presence of a WC the minimum diameter allowed is DN 90 as long as there are no more than two WCs on the same branch and the total change in direction is no greater than 90°, if this is not the case then diameter DN 100 should be used.

4.4 Dimensioning of the waste stack The diameter of the waste stack is chosen as a function of the type of vent adopted (primary, parallel, secondary) and the type of fitting used for attachment to the stack (square branch or angle branch).

4.4.1 Dimensioning of stacks with primary ventilation The diameter of the stack depends on the flow to be discharged and the type of fitting used for attachment of the branch to the stack. Table 4.9 Flow rates of the waste stack with primary ventilation.

Square branch

Angle branch

60

0.5

0.7

70

1.5

2.0

80

2.0

2.6

90

2.7

3.5

100**

4.0

5.2

125

5.8

7.6

150

9.5

12.4

200

16.0

21.0

* Waste stack relief vent is the extension of the waste stack above the highest branch attachment. The extension must have the same diameter as the waste stack. ** Minimum dimension allowed if waste water from at least one WC flows through the branch.

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4

Max. flow rate Qmax [l/s]

Waste stack and relief vent* DN

88

4.4.2 Dimensioning of stacks with parallel or secondary ventilation The diameter of the waste and vent stack depends on the flow to be discharged and the type of fitting used for attachment of the branch to the stack. Table 4.10 Flow rate of the waste stack with parallel or secondary ventilation.

Max. flow rate Qmax [l/s] Waste stack DN

Vent stack DN

60

Square branch

Angle branch

50

0.7

0.9

70

50

2.0

2.6

80

50

2.6

3.4

90

50

3.5

4.6

100*

50

5.6

7.3

125

70

7.6

10.0

150

80

12.4

18.3

200

100

21.0

27.3

* Minimum dimension allowed if waste water from at least one WC flows through the branch.

The dimensions of the vent stack must be increased if the length of the conduits or the number of bends is elevated; in this case Valsir suggests increasing the diameters indicated by the UNI EN 12056 Standard by adopting the dimensions indicated in the following table.

Waste stack DN

Vent stack DN

60

50

70

56

80

60

90

60

100

70

125

80

150

100

200

150

4.4.3 Dimensioning of stacks with ventilation branches The dimensioning of waste systems with ventilation branches is more or less the same as the calculations adopted for traditional waste systems as described in the European Standard UNI EN 12056, The only difference regards the calculation of the waste stacks that, being of a defined dimension (DN 100 or else DN 150), require exclusively the verification of the waste flow rates. The dimensioning process therefore, involves the following phases: ■■ Calculation of the flow rates in relation to the drainage units of the sanitary fixtures attached. ■■ Determination of the diameters of the branches connecting the sanitary fixtures to the waste stacks. ■■ Verification of flow rates that can be discharged and, if necessary, the division of the system into more than one waste stack. ■■ Determination of the diameters of the waste manifolds. The verification phase of the waste stacks involves comparing the maximum flow rates that can be discharged by the system (8.7 l/s for stack diameters DN 100 and 18.1 l/s for stack diameters DN 150) with those required. Furthermore, the restrictions on geometry and flow rates as defined in the chapter dedicated to project design, must be kept in consideration.

89

DIMENSIONING OF WASTE SYSTEMS IN COMPLIANCE WITH UNI EN 12056

Tabella 4.11 Diameters (increased) of the vent stacks.

4

4.5 Dimensioning of waste manifolds The waste manifolds are dimensioned in relation to the flow to be discharged, the gradient of the conduit and the filling degree to be achieved. The formula that can be applied for the calculation are quite a lot, in the diagrams and in the following tables the Chézy-Bazin formula was used with a roughness coefficient of about 0.16 m1/2 (corresponding to an equivalent roughness of 1 mm as suggested by the European Standard UNI EN 12056)*. For the choice of diameter it is possible to use: a) the tables created with specific filling degrees, b) the diagram of the flow rates together with the corrective factors of flow and velocity for the different filling degrees. To use the tables and the diagram take a look at the examples at the end of this chapter. Table 4.12 Velocity and flow of the waste pipes in relation to the gradient and for a filling degree h/Di=0.5 (50%).

DN = 80

DN = 90

DN = 100

DN = 125

DN = 150

DN = 200

DN = 225

DN = 250

DN = 300

i

[cm/m]

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4

v

Q

[m/s]

[l/s]

0.5

0.4

0.8

1.0

0.5

1.2

v

[m/s]

Q

v

[l/s]

[m/s]

0.4

1.0

0.6

1.4

Q

v

Q

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

0.5

1.7

0.5

0.7

2.4

0.7

v

Q

v

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

2.6

0.6

5.3

3.7

0.9

7.5

Q

v

[l/s]

[m/s]

0.7

9.9

1.1

14.0

Q

v

Q

[l/s]

v

[m/s]

Q

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

0.8

13.6

0.9

18.2

1.0

33.9

1.1

19.3

1.2

25.7

1.5

48.0

1.5

0.7

1.5

0.7

1.7

0.8

2.9

0.9

4.5

1.1

9.1

1.3

17.2

1.4

23.6

1.5

31.4

1.8

58.8

2.0

0.8

1.7

0.8

1.9

0.9

3.3

1.0

5.2

1.3

10.6

1.5

19.8

1.6

27.3

1.7

36.3

2.1

67.8

2.5

0.9

1.9

0.9

2.2

1.0

3.7

1.2

5.9

1.4

11.8

1.7

22.2

1.8

30.5

2.0

40.6

2.3

75.8

3.0

0.9

2.1

1.0

2.4

1.1

4.1

1.3

6.4

1.5

12.9

1.8

24.3

2.0

33.4

2.1

44.5

2.5

83.1

3.5

1.0

2.2

1.1

2.6

1.2

4.4

1.4

6.9

1.7

14.0

2.0

26.2

2.1

36.1

2.3

48.0

2.7

89.7

4.0

1.1

2.4

1.1

2.8

1.3

4.7

1.5

7.4

1.8

14.9

2.1

28.0

2.3

38.6

2.5

51.3

2.9

95.9

4.5

1.1

2.5

1.2

2.9

1.4

5.0

1.6

7.8

1.9

15.8

2.2

29.7

2.4

40.9

2.6

54.5

3.1

101.8

5.0

1.2

2.7

1.3

3.1

1.5

5.3

1.6

8.3

2.0

16.7

2.4

31.4

2.6

43.2

2.8

57.4

3.2

107.3

Table 4.13 Velocity and flow of the waste pipes in relation to the gradient and for a filling degree h/Di=0.6 (60%).

DN = 80

DN = 90

DN = 100

DN = 125

DN = 150

DN = 200

DN = 225

DN = 250

DN = 300

i

[cm/m]

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

0.5

0.4

1.1

0.4

1.3

0.5

2.3

0.6

3.5

0.7

7.1

0.8

13.4

0.9

18.4

0.9

24.5

1.1

45.7

1.0

0.6

1.6

0.6

1.9

0.7

3.2

0.8

5.0

1.0

10.1

1.1

18.9

1.2

26.0

1.3

34.6

1.6

64.6

1.5

0.7

2.0

0.7

2.3

0.9

3.9

1.0

6.1

1.2

12.4

1.4

23.2

1.5

31.9

1.6

42.4

1.9

79.1

2.0

0.8

2.3

0.9

2.6

1.0

4.5

1.1

7.1

1.4

14.3

1.6

26.8

1.7

36.8

1.9

49.0

2.2

91.3

2.5

0.9

2.6

1.0

3.0

1.1

5.1

1.3

7.9

1.5

16.0

1.8

29.9

2.0

41.2

2.1

54.7

2.5

102.1

3.0

1.0

2.8

1.1

3.2

1.2

5.5

1.4

8.7

1.7

17.5

2.0

32.8

2.1

45.1

2.3

60.0

2.7

111.9

3.5

1.1

3.0

1.1

3.5

1.3

6.0

1.5

9.4

1.8

18.9

2.1

35.4

2.3

48.7

2.5

64.8

2.9

120.8

4.0

1.2

3.2

1.2

3.7

1.4

6.4

1.6

10.0

1.9

20.2

2.3

37.9

2.5

52.1

2.7

69.2

3.1

129.2

4.5

1.2

3.4

1.3

4.0

1.5

6.8

1.7

10.6

2.0

21.4

2.4

40.2

2.6

55.3

2.8

73.4

3.3

137.0

5.0

1.3

3.6

1.4

4.2

1.6

7.2

1.8

11.2

2.2

22.6

2.5

42.3

2.8

58.2

3.0

77.4

3.5

144.4

* Further details on the formula adopted are found in the appendix.

90

Table 4.14 Velocity and flow of the waste pipes in relation to the gradient and for a filling degree h/Di=0.7 (70%).

DN = 80

DN = 90

DN = 100

DN = 125

DN = 150

DN = 200

DN = 225

DN = 250

DN = 300

i

[cm/m]

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

0.5

0.4

1.4

0.5

1.7

0.5

2.8

0.6

4.4

0.7

8.9

0.8

16.7

0.9

23.0

1.0

30.6

1.2

57.0

1.0

0.6

2.0

0.6

2.3

0.7

4.0

0.8

6.3

1.0

12.6

1.2

23.7

1.3

32.5

1.4

43.2

1.6

80.6

1.5

0.8

2.5

0.8

2.9

0.9

4.9

1.0

7.7

1.2

15.5

1.5

29.0

1.6

39.8

1.7

52.9

2.0

98.7

2.0

0.9

2.9

0.9

3.3

1.0

5.7

1.2

8.9

1.4

17.9

1.7

33.5

1.8

46.0

2.0

61.1

2.3

113.9

2.5

1.0

3.2

1.0

3.7

1.2

6.3

1.3

9.9

1.6

20.0

1.9

37.4

2.0

51.4

2.2

68.3

2.6

127.4

3.0

1.1

3.5

1.1

4.1

1.3

7.0

1.4

10.9

1.7

21.9

2.1

41.0

2.2

56.3

2.4

74.9

2.8

139.6

3.5

1.2

3.8

1.2

4.4

1.4

7.5

1.6

11.7

1.9

23.6

2.2

44.3

2.4

60.9

2.6

80.9

3.1

150.7

4.0

1.2

4.1

1.3

4.7

1.5

8.0

1.7

12.6

2.0

25.3

2.4

47.3

2.6

65.1

2.8

86.4

3.3

161.1

4.5

1.3

4.3

1.4

5.0

1.6

8.5

1.8

13.3

2.1

26.8

2.5

50.2

2.7

69.0

3.0

91.7

3.5

170.9

5.0

1.4

4.5

1.4

5.2

1.7

9.0

1.9

14.0

2.3

28.2

2.7

52.9

2.9

72.7

3.1

96.6

3.6

180.2

Table 4.15 Velocity and flow of the waste pipes in relation to the gradient and for a filling degree h/Di=0.8 (80%).

DN = 80

DN = 90

DN = 100

DN = 125

DN = 150

DN = 200

DN = 225

DN = 250

DN = 300

i

[cm/m]

v

[m/s]

Q

v

[l/s]

[m/s]

Q

[l/s]

v

Q

[m/s]

[l/s]

v

Q

v

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

Q

v

Q

v

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

Q

v

[l/s]

[m/s]

Q

v

Q

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

0.5

0.4

1.7

0.5

1.9

0.5

3.3

0.6

5.2

0.7

10.4

0.9

19.6

0.9

26.9

1.0

35.7

1.2

66.5

1.0

0.6

2.4

0.7

2.7

0.8

4.7

0.9

7.3

1.0

14.8

1.2

27.7

1.3

38.0

1.4

50.5

1.7

94.1

0.8

2.9

0.8

3.4

0.9

5.8

1.0

9.0

1.3

18.1

1.5

33.9

1.6

46.6

1.7

61.8

2.0

115.2

0.9

3.4

0.9

3.9

1.1

6.6

1.2

10.4

1.5

20.9

1.7

39.1

1.9

53.8

2.0

71.4

2.3

133.1

2.5

1.0

3.8

1.0

4.3

1.2

7.4

1.3

11.6

1.6

23.3

1.9

43.7

2.1

60.1

2.2

79.8

2.6

148.8

3.0

1.1

4.1

1.1

4.8

1.3

8.1

1.5

12.7

1.8

25.6

2.1

47.9

2.3

65.8

2.5

87.5

2.9

163

3.5

1.2

4.5

1.2

5.1

1.4

8.8

1.6

13.7

1.9

27.6

2.3

51.7

2.5

71.1

2.7

94.5

3.1

176

4.0

1.3

4.8

1.3

5.5

1.5

9.4

1.7

14.7

2.1

29.5

2.4

55.3

2.6

76.0

2.8

101

3.3

188.2

4.5

1.3

5.0

1.4

5.8

1.6

10.0

1.8

15.6

2.2

31.3

2.6

58.7

2.8

80.6

3.0

107.1

3.5

199.6

5.0

1.4

5.3

1.5

6.1

1.7

10.5

1.9

16.4

2.3

33.0

2.7

61.8

2.9

85.0

3.2

112.9

3.7

210.4

Table 4.16 Velocity and flow of the waste pipes in relation to the gradient and for a filling degree h/Di=0.9 (90%).

DN = 80

DN = 90

DN = 100

DN = 125

DN = 150

DN = 200

DN = 225

DN = 250

DN = 300

i

[cm/m]

v

[m/s]

Q

v

[l/s]

[m/s]

Q

v

Q

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

v

[m/s]

Q

v

[l/s]

[m/s]

Q

v

Q

v

Q

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

v

Q

v

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

Q

[l/s]

0.5

0.4

1.8

0.5

2.1

0.5

3.6

0.6

5.7

0.7

11.4

0.8

21.3

0.9

29.3

1.0

38.9

1.2

72.5

1.0

0.6

2.6

0.6

3.0

0.7

5.1

0.8

8.0

1.0

16.1

1.2

30.1

1.3

41.4

1.4

55.0

1.6

102.6

1.5

0.8

3.2

0.8

3.7

0.9

6.3

1.0

9.8

1.2

19.7

1.5

36.9

1.6

50.7

1.7

67.4

2.0

125.6

2.0

0.9

3.7

0.9

4.2

1.1

7.2

1.2

11.3

1.4

22.7

1.7

42.6

1.8

58.6

2.0

77.8

2.3

145.1

2.5

1.0

4.1

1.0

4.7

1.2

8.1

1.3

12.6

1.6

25.4

1.9

47.6

2.1

65.5

2.2

87.0

2.6

162.2

3.0

1.1

4.5

1.1

5.2

1.3

8.9

1.5

13.8

1.8

27.9

2.1

52.2

2.2

71.7

2.4

95.3

2.8

177.7

3.5

1.2

4.8

1.2

5.6

1.4

9.6

1.6

15.0

1.9

30.1

2.2

56.4

2.4

77.5

2.6

103.0

3.1

191.9

4.0

1.2

5.2

1.3

6.0

1.5

10.2

1.7

16.0

2.0

32.2

2.4

60.3

2.6

82.8

2.8

110.1

3.3

205.2

4.5

1.3

5.5

1.4

6.3

1.6

10.8

1.8

17.0

2.1

34.1

2.5

63.9

2.8

87.9

3.0

116.7

3.5

217.6

5.0

1.4

5.8

1.4

6.7

1.7

11.4

1.9

17.9

2.3

36.0

2.7

67.4

2.9

92.6

3.1

123.1

3.7

229.4

91

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

1.5 2.0

4

Table 4.17 Velocity and flow of the waste pipes in relation to the gradient and for a filling degree h/Di=1.0 (100%).

DN = 80

DN = 90

DN = 100

DN = 125

DN = 150

DN = 200

DN = 225

DN = 250

DN = 300

i

[cm/m]

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

v

Q

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

[m/s]

[l/s]

0.5

0.4

1.7

0.4

1.9

0.5

3.3

0.5

5.2

0.6

10.6

0.7

19.8

0.8

27.3

0.9

36.3

1.0

67.8

1.0

0.5

2.4

0.6

2.8

0.7

4.7

0.7

7.4

0.9

14.9

1.1

28.0

1.1

38.6

1.2

51.3

1.5

95.9

1.5

0.7

2.9

0.7

3.4

0.8

5.8

0.9

9.1

1.1

18.3

1.3

34.3

1.4

47.3

1.5

62.9

1.8

117.5

2.0

0.8

3.4

0.8

3.9

0.9

6.7

1.0

10.5

1.3

21.1

1.5

39.7

1.6

54.6

1.7

72.6

2.1

135.7

2.5

0.9

3.8

0.9

4.4

1.0

7.5

1.2

11.7

1.4

23.6

1.7

44.3

1.8

61.0

2.0

81.2

2.3

151.7

3.0

0.9

4.1

1.0

4.8

1.1

8.2

1.3

12.8

1.5

25.9

1.8

48.6

2.0

66.9

2.1

88.9

2.5

166.2

3.5

1.0

4.5

1.1

5.2

1.2

8.8

1.4

13.8

1.7

27.9

2.0

52.5

2.1

72.2

2.3

96.1

2.7

179.5

4.0

1.1

4.8

1.1

5.5

1.3

9.4

1.5

14.8

1.8

29.9

2.1

56.1

2.3

77.2

2.5

102.7

2.9

191.9

4.5

1.1

5.1

1.2

5.8

1.4

10.0

1.6

15.7

1.9

31.7

2.2

59.5

2.4

81.9

2.6

108.9

3.1

203.5

5.0

1.2

5.3

1.3

6.2

1.5

10.6

1.6

16.5

2.0

33.4

2.4

62.7

2.6

86.3

2.8

114.8

3.2

214.5

Table 4.18 Corrective multiplying factors of flow and velocity for the values in Figure 4.3.

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4

92

h/Di

KQ

Kv

1.0

2.00

1.00

0.9

2.07

1.09

0.8

1.89

1.10

0.7

1.63

1.09

0.6

1.32

1.05

0.5

1.00

1.00

0.4

0.69

0.93

0.3

0.42

0.83

0.2

0.20

0.69

0.1

0.05

0.50

Figure 4.3 Diagram of flows and velocity as a function of gradient for filling degree h/Di=0.5 (50%). Gradient [cm/m]

Water temperature 10° Filling h/Di = 0,5

C

0.6

0.7

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

70 DN

100 80 60

40

0.5

20

0

DN

100

22

5

DN

0

25

DN

0

30

0.8

DN

20

10 8 6

4

1

2

0.8

DN

90

Velocity [m/s]

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.9

200

0.6

6

8 Water flow [l/s]

80

0

DN

15

60

12

5 DN

0 DN

10

20

0.4

1

4 60 DN

4

56 DN

50 DN

2

80 DN

10

0.2

0.1 0.4

0.6

0.8

40

93

4.6 Dimensioning examples Example 1 System with primary ventilation Consider the waste system shown in Figure 4.4 The waste stack and manifold need to be dimensioned. The building, which is residential, is composed of 12 apartments laid out over 3 floors and the underground floor is used as a washroom. The waste system is composed of 2 waste stacks equipped with a primary vent, to which the branches are connected by means of square branches. The waste manifold has a gradient of 1% and must be dimensioned for a filling degree of 50%.

Figure 4.4 Waste system layout.

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

A

Each apartment has the following fixtures: ■■ 2 WCs with 7.5 litre cisterns. ■■ 1 shower. ■■ 1 bathtub. ■■ 3 washbasins. ■■ 1 sink. ■■ 1 dishwash. The washroom is equipped with: ■■ 2 washing machines 6 kg. ■■ 2 sinks.

94

B

C

D

Calculation of flow rates By using the Table 4.4 it is possible to calculate the total flow rate coming from each apartment and from the washroom. Table 4.19 Bathroom.

Sanitary fixture WC with 7.5 litre cistern Shower Bathtub Washbasin Sink Dishwasher Total

Quantity

DU

∑ DU

2 1 1 3 1 1

2.0 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8

4.0 0.6 0.8 1.5 0.8 0.8 8.5

Quantity

DU

∑ DU

2 2

0.8 0.5

1.6 1.0 2.6

Table 4.20 Washroom.

Sanitary fixture 6 kg washing machine Sink Total

It is not possible to dimension the waste branches in that there is no drawing available with the horizontal distribution of the fixtures, we proceed, therefore, with the calculation of the waste stacks.

4

Dimensioning of the waste stacks

The total flow is:

DU = 6 8.5 = 51.0 l/s

[4.4]

and, therefore, the project flow, given by the equation [4.3], is:

Q ww = K

DU = 0.5

51.0 = 3.6 l/s

[4.5]

considering that the building is residential and the contemporary use degree is K=0.5. From tha table 4.9 we find that the diameter of the two stacks (equipped with square branch) must be DN 100, this is the diameter that, in fact, ensures a flow rate no smaller than 3.6 l/s. DN 100 is also the minimum diameter allowed when waste water is being drained from WCs.

Dimensioning of the waste manifolds Before dimensioning the waste manifold, it is necessary to first calculate the flow rates discharged in the various sections: Table 4.21 Distribution of flow in the waste manifold.

Section

Users served

∑ DU [l/s]

Qww [l/s]

AB

6 apartments

51.0

0.5

51.0 = 3.6

BC

6 apartments + washroom

51.0 + 2.6

0.5

53.6 = 3.7

CD

12 apartments + washroom

51.0 + 2.6 + 51.0

0.5

104.6 = 5.1

95

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

In theory, each section of the stack can be dimensioned in relation to the flow that is conveyed from all the apartments in question and therefore, the upper part of the stack, in which the flows are discharged from two apartments, could have a smaller diameter than the lower part of the stack, into which the flows of 6 apartments are discharged. In reality, the European Standard UNI EN 12056 requires that the relief vent stack (extension of the waste stack with the end terminating in the open air) has the same diameter as the waste stack. As each waste stack represents, due to the lower branches, a relief vent stack, it is necessary to dimension the diameter for the maximum flow and, therefore, for the 6 apartments.

The choice of diameter of the various sections can be made by following the tables. For a specific case, for a filling degree of 50% use table 4.12 from which the minimum diameter must be identified, for the gradient of 1%, that ensures a flow no smaller than the one calculated. For the sections AB and BC diameter DN 125 is necessary, that ensures required flows of 3.6 and 3.7 l/s, whereas for the section CD a diameter of DN 150 is necessary, that ensures a flow rate of 7.5 l/s > 5.1 l/s. The same result can be obtained by means of figure 4.3 as indicated.

DN

DN

15

12

0

5

Figure 4.5 Choice of diameters of waste stacks.

2

1 0.8

Gradient [cm/m]

0.6

0.2

8

6

4

2

1

0.8

0.6

3.7

5.1

10

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

0.1 0.4

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4

0.4

Water flow [l/s]

The final layout of the system is shown in the following figure. Figure 4.6 Dimensions of waste system.

DN 100

DN 100

DN 100

DN 100

DN 100

DN 100

DN 100

DN 100

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

A

96

DN 125

B

DN 125

C

DN 150

D

Example 2 Waste branch The waste branch needs to be dimensioned (intermittent use K=0.5) for connection of the fixtures indicated in Figure 4.7 made up of 8 WCs (with 9 l cisterns) and 10 washbasins.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 4.7 Arrangement of the sanitary fixtures.

4

Table 4.22 Series of WCs.

N.

Sanitary fixture

DU [l/s]

∑DU [l/s]

QWW [l/s]

Branch DN

1

WC (9 litre cistern)

2.5

2.5

2.5

100

2

WC (9 litre cistern)

2.5

5.0

0.5

5.0 = 1.11 assumed flow 2.5*

100

3

WC (9 litre cistern)

2.5

7.5

0.5

7.5 = 1.37 assumed flow 2.5*

100

4

WC (9 litre cistern)

2.5

10.0

0.5

10 = 1.58 assumed flow2.5*

100

5

WC (9 litre cistern)

2.5

12.5

0.5

12.5 = 1.76 assumed flow 2.5*

100

6

WC (9 litre cistern)

2.5

15.0

0.5

15.0 = 1.93 assumed flow 2.5*

100

7

WC (9 litre cistern)

2.5

17.5

0.5

17.5 = 2.09 assumed flow 2.5*

100

8

WC (9 litre cistern)

2.5

20.0

0.5

5.0 = 2.23 assumed flow 2.5*

100

* Remember that, if the project flow is smaller that the flow of one of the sanitary fixtures served, then the latter value is used as the project flow rate. In the specific case, the project flow of 2.3 l/s is less than the drainage units of the WC (with cistern capacity of 9 l) and, therefore, the value must be equal to the flow of the WC itself, that is 2.5 l/s.

97

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

In order to calculate the diameters of the branches it is necessary to define the flows deriving from each sanitary fixture through Table 4.4. For the series of WCs, which in sequence are united inside the branch, the diameters are indicated in the table. Keeping in mind that the project flow can be no less that the sanitary fixture with the greatest drainage unit, a branch with one diameter DN 100 is obtained.

For the series of washbasins the diameters are indicated in the following table. In this case, the branch is characterised by a variable diameter that goes from DN 40 to DN 60 where it leads into the stack. Remember, that if the length of the branch exceeds 4 m it is necessary to vent it (indirect parallel or secondary ventilation). Table 4.23 Series of washbasins.

Sanitary fixture

DU [l/s]

∑ DU [l/s]

QWW [l/s]

Branch DN

1

Washbasin

0.5

0.5

0.5

40

2

Washbasin

0.5

1.0

0.5

1.0 = 0.5

40

3

Washbasin

0.5

1.5

0.5

1.5 = 0.61

50

4

Washbasin

0.5

2.0

0.5

2.0 = 0.71

50

5

Washbasin

0.5

2.5

0.5

2.5 = 0.79

50

6

Washbasin

0.5

3.0

0.5

3.0 = 0.87

60

7

Washbasin

0.5

3.5

0.5

3.5 = 0.94

60

8

Washbasin

0.5

4.0

0.5

4.0 = 1.00

60

Figura 4.8 Definition of the diameters of the branches.

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4

N.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN 100

DN 60

DN 60

98

DN 50

DN 40

Example 3 System with direct parallel ventilation Here the task is to dimension the waste system of a residential building made up of 5 equally designed floors and shown on the plan in Figure 4.9. In the figure the technical areas are indicated (red blocks) available for the installation of the waste stacks. The manifold is laid in the pavement of the underground floor (garage) with a gradient of 1.5% and must be dimensioned for a filling degree of 50%. The waste system is made with direct parallel ventilation for the black water stacks and primary ventilation of the grey waters. Connection of the branches (which are not ventilated) is made with square branches. In the figure the technical areas are numbered and the rooms have been classified in relation to the type of sanitary fixtures installed: Bathroom – type B1 ■■ 1 WC with 9 litre flushing cistern. ■■ 1 bidet. ■■ 1 shower. ■■ 1 washbasin. ■■ 1 sink. ■■ 1 washing machine 6 kg. Bathroom – type B2 ■■ 1 WC with 9 litre flushing cistern. ■■ 1 bidet. ■■ 1 washbasin. ■■ 1 bathtub.

4

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

Kitchen – type C1 ■ 1 sink. ■ 1 dishwasher. Figure 4.9 Representative plan of building floors.

4

5

B1 C1

B2

B2

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

3

7

2

6

B1

B1

C1

1

C1

8

99

Calculation of flow rates With the use of Table 4.4 it is possible to calculate the total flow coming from each sanitary fixture and for the three room types identified in the project. Table 4.24 Bathroom - type B1.

Sanitary fixture

Quantity

DU [l/s]

∑ DU [l/s]

WC with 9 litre flushing cistern

1

2.5

2.5

Bidet

1

0.5

0.5

Shower

1

0.6

0.6

Washbasin

1

0.5

0.5

Sink

1

0.8

0.8

Washing machine 6 kg

1

0.8

0.8

Total

5.7

Table 4.25 Bathroom - tipo B2.

4

Sanitary fixture

Quantity

DU [l/s]

∑ DU [l/s]

WC with 9 litre flushing cistern

1

2.5

2.5

Bidet

1

0.5

0.5

Washbasin

1

0.5

0.5

Bathtub

1

0.8

0.8

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

Total

4.3

Table 4.26 Kitchen - tipo C1.

Quantity

DU [l/s]

∑ DU [l/s]

Washbasin

1

0.5

0.5

Dishwasher

1

0.8

0.8

Sanitary fixture

Total

1.3

Dimensioning of the waste branches The choice of the waste branch diameters is made through Table 4.6 by simply comparing the flows of the sanitary fixtures with the maximum flow allowed for each diameter. Table 4.27 Choice of diameters of the branches.

DU [l/s]

Branch DN

WC with 9 litre cistern

2.5

100

Shower

0.6

50

Sink

0.8

50

Bathtub

0.8

50

Washing machine 6 kg

0.8

50

Dishwasher

0.8

50

Bidet

0.5

40

Washbasin

0.5

40

Sanitary fixture

After choosing the diameters it is possible to trace the routes on the drawing, paying attention that the restrictions imposed are observed Table 4.5 and, where possible, connecting the pipes to branches with angles below 90°.

100

Figure 4.10 Branches of room types B1 and B2. DN 50

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN 40

DN 50

DN 40

DN 110

DN 110 DN 50

DN 50

DN 40

4

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

DN 50

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Figure 4.11 Branches of room type C1.

DN 50

DN 50

101

Dimensioning of waste stacks With the use of the drawing we find that there are 8 waste stacks numbered with the same numbering as the technical areas and there are three types; the stacks for the black waste waters (bathrooms) which we will identify with the abbreviation T1 and T2 in relation to the type of bathroom served and those that transport the grey waste waters (kitchens) that we will label T3. Table 4.28 Identification of the types of stacks.

Stack type

Room served

Stacks

T1

Bathroom type B1

2; 4; 7

T2

Bathroom type B2

3; 6

T3

Kitchen type C3

1; 5; 8

For each stack the maximum waste flows must be calculated by summing the flows of the rooms served. Table 4.29 Waste flows of the stacks

∑ DU [l/s]

Stack type

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4

Qww [l/s]

T1

DU = 5 5.7 = 28.5

T2

DU = 5 4.3 = 21.5

T3

DU = 5 1.3 = 6.5

0.5 0.5

28.5 = 2.7

21.5 = 2.3 assumed flow 2.5* 0.5

6.5 = 1.3

* Remember that, if the project flow is smaller that the flow of one of the sanitary fixtures served, then the latter value is used as the project flow rate. In the specific case, the project flow of 2.3 l/s is less than the drainage units of the WC (with cistern capacity of 9 l) and, therefore, the value must be equal to the flow of the WC itself, that is 2.5 l/s.

From Table 4.10 we find that the stack types T1 and T2 must be made with pipe diameters DN 100 in that, despite the project flow rates being relatively low, there are WCs connected to them and the standard requires a minimum diameter of DN 100. The diameter for the direct parallel vent stack is, on the other hand, DN 70 (see Table 4.11). From table 4.9 we see that the stack types T3 must be made with pipe diameters DN 70 with extension of the relief vent stack to the roof to guarantee the primary ventilation. Figure 4.12 Dimensioning of waste stacks. Stack types T3

Stack type T1 e T2

DN 70

DN 100

DN 70

DN 100

DN 70

DN 100

DN 70

DN 100

DN 70

Fifth floor DN 70 Fourth floor DN 70 Thirt floor DN 70 Second floor

DN 70 First floor

Underground floor

102

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN 100

DN 70

Dimensioning of the waste manifolds Once the configuration of the waste manifold has been defined on the plan, we proceed with the calculation of the diameters of the various sections. The layout of the waste manifold and the identification of the various sections is shown in Figure 4.13. Figure 4.13 Configuration of the waste manifold. T1

T2

T3

T1

T3

T1

T2

7

6

T3 4

5 M

L 3

2 A

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

B

C

1

D

E

F

G

8 H

N

The waste flow deriving for the stacks is calculated for the single sections.

4

Table 4.30 Distribution of the flows in the waste manifold.

Stacks served

∑ DU [l/s]

AB

T1 + T2

50.0

HB

T3

6.5

BC

T1 + T2 + T3

LC

Qww [l/s]

0.5

50.0 = 3.5

0.5

6.5 = 1.3

56.5

0.5

56.5 = 3.8

T1

28.5

0.5

28.5 = 2.7

CD

T1 + T2 + T3 + T1

85.0

0.5

85 = 4.6

MD

T3

6.5

0.5

6.5 = 1.3

DE

T1 + T2 + T3 + T1 + T3

91.5

0.5

91.5 = 4.8

NE

T3

6.5

0.5

6.5 = 1.3

EF

T1 + T2 + T3 + T1 + T3 + T3

98.0

0.5

98.0 = 4.9

FG

T1 + T2 + T3 + T1 + T3 + T3 + T1 +T2

148.0

0.5

148.0 = 6.1

Comparing the flows with those indicated in Table 4.12 for a gradient of 1.5% the diameters necessary for each section are determined as indicated in Table 4.31 and in Figure 4.14. Table 4.31 Dimensions of the sections of the waste manifold.

Section

Diameter DN

AB HB BC LC CD MD DE NE EF FG

125 80 125 100 150 80 150 80 150 150 103

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

Section

Figure 4.14 Dimensions of the waste manifold. 4

5

L

M

DN 100

3 2

DN 125

DN 125

A

B

DN 80

DN 150 C

DN 150

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

D

DN 80

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4

104

7 6

E

F

DN 80

H 1

DN 150

8

N

DN 150 G

Example 4 System with direct parallel ventilation and stack division We need to configure and dimension the waste stack, with direct parallel ventilation, of a residential building, composed of 13 equally designed floors. Each floor drains a total of 10 l/s (WCs included) into the stack through a square branch. The waste manifold is laid in the pavement of the underground floor.

Configuration of the waste stack In the table shown in the section dedicated to the project design of waste systems, and, in particular, in the chapter concerning the configuration of stacks with parallel and secondary ventilation, we obtain the following information: ■■ The stack must be divided. ■■ The top 10 floors are connected to the main stack. ■■ The last 3 floors are connected to the secondary stack. ■■ Further division of the secondary stack is not necessary. ■■ The intermediate connecting sections between the waste stack and the ventilation stack can be made every 2-3 floors. Figure 4.15 Configuration of the waste stack.

13

4 12

11

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

10

9

8

7

6

5

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

4

3

2

1

Underground floor

105

Dimensioning of the waste stack The secondary stack must have the same diameter as the main stack to ensure a good ventilation (vent loop), therefore, the choice of the diameter is based on the flows drained into the main stack. The flow in the main stack is:

DU = 10 10 = 100 l/s



[4.6]

since there are 10 floors draining into it. The project flow, given by the equation [4.3], is then:

Q ww = K

DU = 0.5 100 = 5 l/s

[4.7]

considering that the building is residential with a degree of contemporary use of K=0.5. From Table 4.10 we find that the diameter of the main stack and of the secondary stack is DN 100. This diameter ensures a flow of at least 5.6 l/s and it is therefore the minimum diameter that can be applied in the presence of WCs.

Dimensioning of the vent stack Since the ventilation is the same for both stacks, primary and secondary, its diameter depends on the total flow that would be created if there were only one waste stack. Since we presume that all 13 floors are drained into it, the total flow is:

DU = 13 10 = 130 l/s



[4.8]

the project flow is: ww = K Q

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

4

DU = 0.5

130 = 5.7 l/s

[4.9]

In this case, from Table 4.10 the diameter that ensures a flow of 5.7 l/s is DN 125 that requires a vent stack of diameter DN 90 (see Table 4.11). The dimensions of the system are indicated in the layout shown in the following figure. Figure 4.16 Dimensions of the waste system. DN 100

13

DN 90 DN 100

12 11 10

DN 90 DN 100

9 8 7

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN 90 DN 100

6 5 4

DN 100 DN 90

3 2 1 Underground floor

106

DN 100 DN 100

Example 5 System with direct parallel ventilation divided between two waste stacks Imagine a residential building characterised by two waste stacks (with square branch) having in common one direct parallel vent stack. The sum of the drainage units ∑DU of the stacks is 117 l/s and 196 l/s respectively. Calculate the diameters of the two waste stacks, of the vent stack and of the relief vent stack.

Figure 4.17 System layout. D

Relief vent stack

C

A

B

Waste stack

Waste stack

Shared vent stack

4

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

107

Dimensioning of the waste stack The project flow of the two waste stacks is given by:

Q ww,1 = K

DU = 0.5

117 = 5.41 l/s

[4.10]

Q ww, 2 = K

DU= 0.5 196 = 7.00 l/s

[4.11]

considering that the building is residential with a degree of contemporary use of K=0.5. From Table 4.10 we find that the diameter of the stacks are DN 100 and DN 125 respectively.

Dimensioning of the vent stack Since the ventilation is shared by both stacks, its diameter depends on the total flow that would result if there were just one single stack. The hypothetical total flow transported in one single stack is:

DU = 117 + 196 = 313 l/s



[4.12]

and the project flow is:

Q ww = K

4

DU = 0.5

313 = 8.85 l/s

[4.13]

From Table 4.10 we find that the waste stack should have a diameter of DN 150 that requires a vent stack diameter of DN 100 (see Table 4.11). As the diameter of the relief vent must be same as the diameter of the waste stack and, since in this case there is just one, (both waste stacks lead into it), it must be made with a diameter of DN 150. Figure 4.18 Dimensions of the waste system.

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

D

DN 150

DN 100 DN 125

C

A

B

DN 100

DN 125

DN 100

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

108

Example 6 Primary ventilation system with vent manifold Consider a residential building made up of 3 waste manifolds equipped with a primary ventilation but connected to each other before the outlet onto the roof, by means of a ventilation manifold. In each stack, the waste flow is 30 l/s and the gradient of the vent manifold is 2%; dimension the stacks and the vent manifold.

Figure 4.19 System layout. D

C

Ventilation manifold

B

A

4

Underground floor

Dimensioning of the waste stack The flow in each stack is:

DU = 30.0 l/s

[4.14]

and the project flow is:

Q ww = K

DU = 0.5

30.0 = 2.74 l/s

[4.15]

considering the building is residential with a degree of contemporary use of K=0.5. From Table 4.9 we find that the diameter to be employed is DN 100 both for the waste stack and for the ventilation section that connects the stack to the vent manifold.

109

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Dimensioning of the vent manifold To dimension the vent manifold we adopt the dimensioning principles for waste manifolds with a filling degree of 50% guaranteeing a sufficient flow of air to the horizontal section. To determine the diameters we suppose that the waste flows flow into the vent manifold. Table 4.32 Hypothetical distribution of the flows in the vent manifold.

Section

Users served

∑ DU [l/s]

Qww [l/s]

AB

1 stack

Users served

0.5

30 = 2.74

BC

2 stacks

60

0.5

60 = 3.87

CD

3 stacks

90

0.5

90 = 4.74

The choice of the diameters of the various sections can be made by using the graphs or the tables. Specifically, for a filling degree of 50% we use the Table 4.12 from which we must identify, for a gradient of 2%, the minimum diameter that ensures a flow no smaller that the one calculated. Table 4.33 Determination of the vent manifold diameters.

4

Section

Users served

Qww [l/s]

Manifold diameter DN

AB

1 stack

2.74

100

BC

2 stacks

3.87

125

CD

3 stacks

4.74

125

Figure 4.20 Dimensions of waste system.

Dimensioning of waste systems in compliance with uni en 12056

DN 125

DN 125

D

C

B DN 100

DN 100

A DN 100

DN 100

DN 100 DN 100 DN 100

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Underground floor

110

5

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

5.1 Characteristics of ventilation fittings The particular internal geometrical configuration of the ventilation fitting guarantees the functionality of the entire waste system and ensures an excellent distribution of ventilation air in the waste stack. The aspects that distinguish this fitting are as follows: ■■ Reduces the velocity of the waste flow. ■■ Ensures an excellent ventilation both of the stack and the waste branches thus limiting pressure fluctuations (both positive and negative pressure). ■■ Avoids the formation of hydraulic plugs keeping a stable and regular flow from the branches to the vertical waste stack. ■■ Prevents the inlet of foam or the formation of return flows from the stack to the waste branches. ■■ The ventilation fitting must be acoustically insulated if the installation generates noise levels greater than those allowed by the legislations in force. Figure 5.1 Functioning of ventilation fittings. Deviation chamber Air recycle partition

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

As mentioned in the chapter on design, waste systems that are created with ventilation fittings do not require the use of parallel or secondary ventilation, thus allowing elevated flows to be discharged in relatively reduced diameters. These advantages are due to the particular geometrical characteristics of the ventilation fittings, as shown below.

Internal deflector

5

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

111

Figure 5.2 Ventilation fitting connections.

5

DN 150 (De 160)

DN 100 (De 110)

DN 100 (De 110)

DN 70 (De 75)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN 70 (De 75)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

DN 100 (De 110)

The ventilation fitting (produced in two diameters) incorporates a diameter DN 100 (De 110 mm) or DN 150 (De 160 mm) connection to the waste stack, and 6 horizontal branch connections: ■■ The fitting has 3 DN 100 (De 110 mm) upper connections for sanitary fixtures such as urinals, WCs, washbasins, bidets, showers, bathtubs, sinks or any other sanitary fixture with a drainage unit DU of 2.5 l/s and 3 DN 70 (De 75 mm) lower connections for any sanitary fixture with a drainage unit DU of 1.5 l/s (WCs are therefore excluded). ■■ A maximum of WCs can be connected to each ventilation branch. ■■ The maximum capacity of the ventilation fitting is DU 25 l/s with a maximum capacity of the DN 100 connections equal to DU of 15 l/s and of the DN 70 connections equal to DU of 6 l/s (see Figure 5.3). ■■ Connections with horizontal branches that have diameters greater than the diameter of the ventilation fitting connections are not allowed. ■■ Branches with diameters that are smaller than the connections can be connected with the use of reducers. ■■ The connections of the ventilation fitting can all be used simultaneously with the exception of the configurations indicated in Figure 5.4, where the contemporary use of the lateral opposite connections DN 100 and DN 70 is not allowed unless a misalignment of at least 10 cm can be ensured on the DN 70 connections. Figure 5.3 Maximum capacity of the connections and of the entire ventilation fitting.

Σ DU ≤ 25

Σ DU ≤ 15

Σ DU ≤ 15 Σ DU ≤ 15

Σ DU ≤ 6

Σ DU ≤ 6 Σ DU ≤ 6

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

112

Figure 5.4 Connections not allowed. No

Si

Si

>10 cm © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

5.2 Design and sizing of waste systems with ventilation fittings While sizing of the branches and collector pipes is carried out using the calculation methods established by the standards and the local regulations (e.g. UNI EN 12056-2), calculation of vertical waste stacks equipped wit ventilation fittings requires the application of special rules that are defined as follows. Sizing is very simple and involves the comparison of the project flow of the vertical waste stack with the maximum project flow indicated in the following table. Table 5.1 Maximum waste flows of the waste stacks with ventilation fittings.

Diameter of the stack DN

DE

Maximum permissible capacity of the stack ∑ DU

Maximum project flow of stack Qww, max

[mm]

[mm]

[l/s]

[l/s]

Maximum number of “standard type apartments”* to be connected to the stack

100

110

303

8.7

45

150

160

1310

18.1

195

* An “average apartment” is composed of a kitchen with sink and dishwasher (max. capacity 6 kg) and a bathroom with basin, bathtub, washing machine, bidet and water closet (with 9 l flush cistern) for a total flow of 6.7 l/s. The calculation takes into account a simultaneity coefficient of K=0.5.

Figure 5.5 Sizing rules.

Sizing based on standards and local regulations (e.g. UNI EN 12056-2).

Valsir sizing for stacks with ventilation fittings

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Waste systems with ventilation fittings have far greater flow capacities than any other type of waste system described in previous chapters. European Standard UNI EN 12056-2 indicates the maximum flow rate that a waste stack can discharge in relation to the ventilation system adopted; comparisons with systems using ventilation fittings are therefore straightforward.

113

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

>10 cm

No

5

Table 5.2 Comparison between different waste systems, DN 100 (De 110) waste stack.

Max. flow rate Qww, max [l/s] DN 100 (De 110)

DN 150 (De 160)

Primary ventilation with right-angle branch

4.0

9.5

Parallel or secondary ventilation with right-angle branch

5.6

12.4

Ventilation fitting

8.7

18.1

If the project flow rate exceeds the limits indicated in the table, segmentation is required and the total load must be distributed to different stacks or, if possible, increase then stack pipe from diameter DN 100 to diameter DN 150. Figure 5.6 Maximum project flow rates are exceeded. Stack

Stack 1

Stack 2

Stack DN 100

Stack DN 150

Qww > Qww, max

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Qww > Qww, max

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

Waste system

5

114

5.2.1 Rules for the foot of the stack in waste systems with ventilation fittings ■■

A t the base of the waste stack with ventilation fittings, creation of a pressure relief loop is obligatory. This consists of the creation of a secondary circuit with a vent loop, connected to the primary circuit at no less than 2 m both above and below the base of the stack with a diameter of DN 100. The sanitary fixtures on the floor of the pressure relief loop must be connected using a simple branch to the horizontal collector at a distance of no less than 10 times the diameter of the pipe from the stack base. Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

Figure 5.7 Pressure relief loop.

DN 100 (De 110) or DN 150 (De 160)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN 100 (De 110) 2m

10 DN 2m

5 ■■

T he fixtures in conjunction with the pressure relief loop can be connected both to the horizontal or vertical part of the pressure relief loop by means of a normal branch.

Figure 5.8 Connection of sanitary fixtures to the horizontal section of the pressure relief loop.

DN 100 (De 110) or DN 150 (De 160)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN 100 (De 110)

2m

2m

115

■■

If a pressure relief loop with a horizontal pipe of at least 2 m cannot be created due to a horizontal to vertical transition of the primary circuit, it will be necessary to extend the pressure relief loop vertically, by at least 1 m.

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

Figure 5.9 Pressure relief loop configurations.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

2m

2m

1m

© 2010

■■

Valsir

5

S.p.A.

S anitary fixtures can be connected below the pressure relief loop only if the connection is made in accordance with the configuration as indicated in the figure and observing a minimum distance of 1 m.

Figure 5.12 Possible connection zone downstream of the pressure relief loop.

Sizing of stack with ventilation fitting according to Valsir regulations

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Connections possible at 1 m of the "pressure relief loop" Sizing according to standards and local regulations (e.g. UNI EN 12056-2)

117

■■

The waste stack cannot be connected directly to the collector pipe without constructing a pressure relief loop.

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

Figure 5.13 Connection configuration not allowed.

Valsir sizing for stacks with ventilation branches

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

CONFIGURATION NOT ALLOWED

5

118

5.2.2 Rules governing waste stacks with ventilation fittings ■■

 aste stacks must be constructed using the same diameter; DN 100 branches can therefore not be used together with DN 150 branches W within the same waste stack. Every stack has to be ventilated through the roof with the same diameter. Aerators with membranes are not allowed as in this case they would not ensure the required flow of air for ventilation. Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

Figure 5.14 Unauthorized configuration of waste stack with ventilation fittings.

DN 100 (De 110) CONFIGURATION NOT ALLOWED

5

DN 150 (De 160)

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

■■

T he maximum distance between two ventilation fittings must not exceed 6 m. If this is not possible then a double offset must be placed in the downpipe, i.e. a transition is constructed using two 45° bends followed by a vertical pipe with a length equal to twice the stack diameter (therefore, for DN 100 stacks, the length is 200 mm, for DN 150 stacks it is 300 mm), followed once more by two 45° bends. This offset works as a speed breaker thus guaranteeing the correct functioning of the waste system. No sanitary fixtures can be connected to the vertical pipe between the 45° bends unless the length is increased to 3 times the diameter of the stack (for DN 100 stacks it is 300 mm, for DN 150 it is 450 mm).

119

Figure 5.15 Maximum distance between ventilation fittings.

Ref. A

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

DN*

2 x 45°

2 DN DN* = DN 100 (De 110) or DN 150 (De 160)

2 x 45°

≤6m

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN*

Ref. A

2 x 45° Ref. A

>6m 3 DN

2 x 45°

5

120

■■

If a stack offset needs to be made with a length of less than 1 m, two 45° bends shall be used as illustrated in the figure.

Figure 5.16 Stack offset shorter than 1 m.

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

DN* = DN 100 (De 110) or DN 150 (De 160)

DN*

45° 45° ≤1 m

5

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN*

If offsets greater than 1 m need to be constructed, then they must be provided with a pressure relief loop in the vertical to horizontal transition area and the geometrical and hydraulic criteria indicated in the following tables must be observed. ■■ Important: the base of the stack must not be considered an offset if there is no further vertical pipe equipped with waste connections. ■■

Table 5.3 Geometrical sizing criteria for stack offsets longer than L > 1 m.

Characteristics of the horizontal section of the offset

Length K of the joint-free zone

Allowed gradient on horizontal section

Further ventilation of horizontal section

L < 10m

0.5 m

0.5% ÷ 5%

No

L ≥ 10 m

2m

1% ÷ 5%

Yes

121

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

Table 5.4 Hydraulic sizing criteria for stack offsets longer than L > 1 m.

Characteristics of the stack

Maximum number of WCs for each ventilation fitting (1)

Hydraulic test (2)

L < 10m

8

No other hydraulic test besides the one required for a system without deviation In the stack before the direction change and in the horizontal tract, it must be:

L ≥ 10 m

6

Qww, max ≤ 6.0 l/s (∑ DU ≤ 144 l/s) for stack De 110 Qww, max ≤ 12.2 l/s (∑ DU ≤ 595 l/s) for stack De 160

(1) For the entire waste stack including the horizontal deviation. (2) In any case, the hydraulic testing rules required for stacks without deviations are to be applied.

Figure 5.17 Stack offsets longer than 1 m.

DN* = DN 100 (De 110) or DN 150 (De 160)

DN*

5

H

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

DN 100 (De 110) DN* k

2m

k

2m L

DN*

122

■■

In conjunction with the pressure relief loop, at least every 5 storeys, the installation of an access fitting.

Figure 5.18 Position of access fittings.

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

Access

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

5

Access

■

Should it be necessary to deflect the stack in the ventilation zone by more than 6 m, it will be necessary to increase the diameter of the horizontal pipe including the roof vent according to the rules indicated in the following table.

Table 5.5. Diameter increase of ventilation stack in case of transition.

Diameter of waste stack DN (De) [mm] 100 (110) 150 (160)

Transition [m]

Diameter of horizontal tract and roof terminal DN1 (De1) [mm]

1 m

DN 100 Floor 6

DN 40 Access 2 x 45°

Floor 5

L = 300 mm

5

2 x 45°

Floor 4

Floor 3

45°

45° DN 100 Floor 2

DN 100

DN 100 Access Floor 1

DN 100 DN 100

DN 100 >1 m

>1 m

DN 100 DN 100 Floor 0

136

Example 4 Waste system with ventilation fitting and configuration of stack base A waste system with ventilation fittings is to be constructed for a 9 storey building as shown in the illustration. The ventilation fittings are housed in the cavity wall where the pressure relief loop must also be created. Illustrate the geometry of the circuit.

Layout of floors

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

Figure 5.30 Building structure. Layout of bathrooms

Floor 9 © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Floor 8

Floor ...

Floor ...

5 Floor 1

Floor 0

Definition of floor waste collectors In relation to the position of the sanitary fixtures the ventilation fitting connections are chosen. For floors from 1 through to 9 the lateral DN 100 connections are used. Figure 5.31 Layout of branch pipes for floors 1 to 9. Floor 1 to 9

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

A pressure relief loop must be created on the ground floor and connection to the floors is made with simple branches to the horizontal tract. 137

Figure 5.32 Layout of the branch pipes for ground floor.

Sizing of waste and soil systems with ventilation fittings

Floor 0

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

The final geometrical configuration of the waste system is illustrated in the following figure. Figure 5.33 Layout of the waste system.

Washbasin

Washbasin WC

Bathbut Floor 9

Bathtub WC

Washbasin

5

© 2010

WC

Washbasin

Valsir S.

p.A.

Bathtub Floor 1

Bathtub WC

Washbasin

WC

Bathtub

Washbasin Bathtub WC Floor 0

138

6

Sizing of rainwater drainage systems

6.1 Introduction The standard that regulates sizing of systems destined for the drainage of rainwater, and on which this chapter is based, is European Standard EN 12056-3. These systems can be divided into two categories: ■■ Syphonic drainage systems that are designed to work under negative pressures and at full bore. ■■ Non-syphonic drainage systems that work with both water and air in the pipe section. The calculation techniques shown in this chapter are applied to the sizing of downpipes and collector pipes in non-syphonic systems. The sizing process of a rainwater system can be divided into the following steps: - Calculation of the flow collected on the roof. - Calculation of the diameters of the rainwater downpipes. - Calculation of the diameters of the rainwater collector pipes.

6.2 Calculation of rainwater flow rate Q = r ⋅ A ⋅ c1 ⋅ c2

[6.1]

where: “r” is rainfall intensity expressed in litres per second per square metre of roof covering [l/(s·m2)]. This value will vary between differing locations, in any case, if precise values are not available, use a rainfall intensity of 0.04 l/(s·m2). At times, rainfall height is used, measured in mm/h instead of rainfall intensity; to convert to rainfall height multiply by 3600, that is, 0.04 l/(s·m2) is equal to 144 mm/h. A is the surface area of the roof covering [m2]. c1 is the flow coefficient the value of which is 1.0 barring other indications given by local or national regulations. This parameter is lower the greater the roughness and the absorbing power of the exposed surface; roofs covered with plastic material have a lower roughness and absorbing power than roofs that are covered with gravel or roof gardens. c2 is the coefficient of risk, given by the following table.

6

Table 6.1 Coefficient of risk c2.

Situation

Sizing of rainwater drainage systems

Sizing of the rainwater drainage system is based on the total flow that must be drained from the roof covering; this flow rate can be calculated with the following formula:

Coefficient c2

Eaves-gutter

1.0

Eaves-gutters situated in points where the overflow of water would be particularly inconvenient, for example, over the entrance to a public building.

1.5

Internal gutters or in the case of particularly intense rainfall that could cause the obstruction of rainwater drains and the consequent infiltration of water inside the building.

2.0

Gutters inside buildings where an exceptional degree of protection is required, such as hospitals, theatres, telecommunication systems, depots for storage of chemical substances that are dangerous when wet, museums, etc.

3.0

139

6.2.1 Calculation of roof surface Calculation of the roof surface requires particular attention when the effect of the wind or the existence of adjacent buildings could influence by increasing the effective rainwater collection surface. If local or national regulations do not require the effect of the wind to be taken into consideration (and therefore to consider a perpendicular rainfall) the surface is calculated as a horizontal projection Ah of the roof areaa. Figure 6.1 Effective roof surface in the absence of wind effect.

©

0 201

.

.p.A

ir S

Vals

Sizing of rainwater drainage systems

Ah

On the other hand, if it is necessary to take account of the effect of the wind (with maximum rain inclination of 26°) the surface is calculated as the sum of the horizontal projection Ah of the roof area and 50% of the vertical projections Av of the roof area. Figure 6.2 Effective roof surface in the presence of the wind effect.

Av ©

.

.p.A

ir S

als 0V

201

Ah

6

The following is an analysis of some common configurations: a) for a flat roof, the collection surface of rainwater is the same as the surface of the roof itself. A

= Ah

[6.2]

Figura 6.3 Flat roof.

© 2009 Valsir S.p.A.

Ah

b) For a flat roof with an adjacent vertical wall, the rainwater collection surface is equal to: A

= A h +1 2 ⋅ A v

140

[6.3]

Figure 6.4 Flat roof with adjacent vertical wall.

Av © 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

Ah

c) For a single pitched roof the rainwater collection area is equal to: A

= A h +1 2 ⋅ A v

[6.4]

Figure 6.5 Single pitched roof.

.p.A.

lsir S

10 Va

© 20

Ah

d) For a single pitched roof with adjacent vertical wall the rainwater collection surface is equal to:

A = A h +1 2 ⋅ A v 2 −1 2 ⋅ A v1

[6.5]

Figure 6.6 Single pitched roof with adjacent vertical wall.

© 2010 Va

A v2

lsir S.p.A.

6

A v1

Ah

e) For a double pitched converging roof the rainwater collection area is equal to: A

= A h1 + A h 2 +1 2 ⋅ A v 2 −1 2 ⋅ A v1

[6.6]

Figure 6.7 Double pitched converging roof.

010

©2

ir Vals

.

S.p.A

A v2 A v1

A h1

A h2

f) For a pitched roof with several adjacent vertical walls the rainwater collection surface is equal to: A

= A h + −1 2 ⋅ A v1 −1 2 ⋅ A v 2 +1 2 ⋅ A v 3 +1 2 ⋅ A v 4

Sizing of rainwater drainage systems

Av

[6.7] 141

Figure 6.8 Pitched roof with several adjacent vertical walls (illustration of the horizontal surface and the vertical surfaces).

A v2

A v1

Ah

A v3

A v4

sir S.p.A.

sir S.p.A.

© 2010 Val

© 2010 Val

Sizing of rainwater drainage systems

6.3 Sizing of rainwater downpipes All pipes in a rainwater drainage system with a gradient greater than 10° relative to a horizontal line are to be sized as rainwater downpipes. The diameter of a rainwater downpipe has to be chosen based on the expected flow rate and assumed filling factor; the filling degree f used, is equal to 0.33 (33%), as required by European Standard EN 12056-3; different values can be used if specified by local or national regulations. Table 6.2 can be used for the sizing of rainwater downpipes. This table indicates the maximum flow Qmax for each diameter De for each type of pipe chosen. Figure 7.10 can also be used, which supplies the maximum flow in relation to the internal diameter Di. If it is necessary to calculate the maximum flow Qmax for a rainwater downpipe of internal diameter Di with a filling factor f (other than 0.33) the following formula can be used:

Q max =

3.15 ⋅ Di 2.667 ⋅ f 1.667 1000

[6.8]

Figure 6.9 Definition of rainwater downpipe.

6 ©

20

10

Va ls

ir

≥10°

142

S.

p.A

.

Table 6.2 Maximum flows for rainwater downpipes with filling degree f =0.33 (33%).

Maximum flow Qmax [l/s]

De [mm]

Polypropylene

Triplus

Silere

32

0.3

0.4

-

-

40

0.6

0.7

0.7

-

50

1.2

1.4

1.4

1.1

56

1.7

-

-

-

63

2.4

-

-

-

75

4.0

4.3

4.1

3.5

90

6.5

7.1

6.7

6.1

110

11.2

12.1

11.7

10.5

125

15.7

17.0

16.4

15.1

160

30.3

32.8

31.7

30.9

200

57.4

-

-

-

250

104.1

-

-

-

315

192.8

-

-

-

45

200

40

180

35

160

30

140

25

120

20

100

15

80

10

60

5

40

0

© 2010 Valsir S.p.A.

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

Maximum flow in rainwater downpipe Qmax [l/s]

Maximum flow in rainwater downpipe Qmax [l/s]

Figure 6.10 Maximum flows for rainwater downpipes with filling factor f =0.33 (33%).

20

300

Internal diameter of rainwater downpipe Di [mm]

143

Sizing of rainwater drainage systems

Polyethylene

6

6.4 Sizing of rainwater collector pipes All pipes in a rainwater drainage system with a gradient lower than 10° relative to a horizontal line are to be sized as rainwater collector pipes. The diameter of a rainwater collector pipe has to be chosen based on the expected flow rate and assumed filling degree; the filling degree used must not exceed 0.7 (70%), as required by European Standard EN 12056-3, different values can be used if specified by local or national regulations. Sizing of rainwater collector pipes can be done with the aid of the following tables that show the drainage velocity and flow rate in relation to the filling degree f, the gradient of the collector pipe i and the external pipe diameter De. The minimum pipe diameter allowed for rainwater collector pipes is De 110 mm. Figure 6.11 Definition of rainwater collector pipe.

© 2010 Valsir S.p.

Sizing of rainwater drainage systems

A.

85%

Chloroacetic acid (mono) Nitric acid

5%

Nitric acid Nitric acid

20%

Nitric acid Nitric acid

25%

Nitric acid Nitric acid

30%

Nitric acid

Propionic acid S

50%

T HDPE PP [°C] 20

S

60

S

20

S

Propionic acid

> 50%

20

60

S

Propionic acid

Tg-l

20

S

20

S

S

Propionic acid

60

L

60

S

S

Salicylic acid

20

S

20

S

S

Salicylic acid

60

S

60

S

S

Hydrogen sulphide

20

S

S

20

S

S

Hydrogen sulphide

60

S

S

60

S

S

Sulphuric acid

20

S

S

20

S

S

Sulphuric acid

60

S

S

60

S

S

Sulphuric acid

100

20

S

Sulphuric acid

60

S

Sulphuric acid

S

Sulphuric acid

Sat.sol.

Tg-g

Up to 10%

15%

10% to 30%

S

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

20

S

60

S

20

S

S

Sulphuric acid

60

S

NS

Sulphuric acid

60

S

20

S

S

Sulphuric acid

20

S

S

60

S

NS

Sulphuric acid

60

S

L

20

S

Sulphuric acid

100

60

NS

Sulphuric acid

NS

Sulphuric acid

Sulphuric acid

60

Nitric acid

50%

20

L

L

Sulphuric acid

60

NS

NS

Sulphuric acid

20

NS

NS

Sulphuric acid

Nitric acid

60

NS

NS

Fuming nitric acid

20

NS

Fuming nitric acid

60

10% to 50%

50% to 75%

Up to 30%

20

S

60

S

20

S

60

S

S

S

Sulphuric acid

100

NS

NS

Sulphuric acid

60

L

NS

NS

Sulphuric acid

100

NS

20

S

S

Sulphuric acid

60

S

L

20

S

Oxalix acid

60

S

Oxalix acid

100

tg-l

Oleic acid Oxalix acid

Oxalix acid

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

Oxalix acid Perchloric acid Picric acid 180

20

S

L

Sulphuric acid

60

NS

NS

S

Sulphuric acid

100

L

Sulphuric acid

NS

Sulphuric acid

20

S

S

Tannic acid

60

S

S

Tannic acid

S

Tannic acid

S

Tartaric acid

(2N) 20%

20

Sat.sol.

20

S

96%

L

20

Oleic acid

>50%

Concentration

Propionic acid

35%

Nitric acid APPENDIX

Compound

Nitric acid

Nitric acid

8

T HDPE PP [°C]

98%

Fuming

Sol.

Sol.

NS

20

NS

L

60

NS

NS

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

Compound Tartaric acid

Concentration Sat.sol.

T HDPE PP [°C]

Compound

20

S

S

Methanol

60

S

S

Methanol

20

S

Methanol

Chloroacetic acid (tri)

60

S

Amyl alcohol

Water

20

S

S

Water

60

S

Water

100

Tartaric acid Chloroacetic acid (tri)

Chlorine water

Up to 50%

S

20

S

S

Amyl alcohol

60

L

L

S

Amyl alcohol

60

S

S

S

Amyl alcohol

100

S

20

S

60

S

Isopropyl alcohol

Chlorine water

60

NS

L

Isopropyl alcohol

Distilled water

20

S

S

Aluminium Chloride

Distilled water

60

S

S

Aluminium Chloride

Distilled water

100

S

Aluminium Chloride

Fresh water

20

S

S

Aluminium Chloride

Fresh water

60

S

S

Aluminium hydroxide

Fresh water

100

S

Aluminium hydroxide

Sea water

20

S

S

Aluminium hydroxide

Sea water

60

S

S

Aluminium hydroxide

Sea water

100

S

Aluminium nitrate

20

S

S

Aluminium nitrate

Mineral water

60

S

S

Aluminium nitrate

Mineral water

100

S

Aluminium nitrate

10%

S

S

Aluminium Chloroxide

60

S

S

Aluminium Chloroxide

20

S

S

Aluminium Chloroxide

60

S

L

Aluminium Chloroxide

20

S

NS

Aluminium potassium sulphate

60

NS

NS

20

S

S

Aluminium potassium sulphate

Potable water

60

S

S

Potable water

100

Brackish water

20

Brackish water

60

Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide

30%

Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide

90%

Hydrogen peroxide Potable water

Oper.sol.

Brackish water

Aluminium potassium sulphate

S

Aluminium potassium sulphate

S

S

Aluminium Sulphate

S

S

Aluminium Sulphate

100

S

Aluminium Sulphate

Acrylonitrile

Tg-l

20

S

Aluminium Sulphate

Acrylonitrile

Tg-l

20

S

Amyl acetate

Benzilic acid

Tg-l

20

S

Amyl acetate

60

L

Ammonia

20

S

Ammonia

Benzilic acid Methanol

5%

Tg-l

Tg-l

Sosp.

Sosp.

Sosp

Sosp

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

Sosp.

Sosp.

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

Tg-l

Sat.sol.

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

L

60

S

l

20

S

S

60

S

S 181

APPENDIX

20

Tg-l

L

60

S

Hydrogen peroxide

60 S

L

Oper.sol.

T HDPE PP [°C]

20

20

Mineral water

Sat.sol.

Concentration

8

Compound Ammonia

Concentration Sat.sol.

Ammonia Ammonia gas

Tg-g

Ammonia gas

20

S

S

Potassium bicarbonate

60

S

S

20

S

60

Concentration Sat.sol.

T HDPE PP [°C] 20

S

S

Potassium bicarbonate

60

S

S

S

Potassium bicarbonate

100

S

S

Sodium bicarbonate

20

S

S

60

S

S

Sodium bicarbonate

60

S

S

S

Sodium bicarbonate

100

20

S

Potassium dichromate

60

S

20

Ammonium acetate

60

Ammonium Sulphide

60

Tg-g

Ammonium acetate

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

S S

Ammonia gas

S

S

Potassium dichromate

60

S

S

S

Potassium dichromate

100

S

Potassium dichromate

S

S

Potassium dichromate

20

S

S

Sodium dichromate

60

L

20

Sulphuric anhydride

Ammonium acetate

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

S

20

Ammonium acetate

S

60

S

20

S

S

Sodium dichromate

60

S

S

NS

Sodium dichromate

100

60

NS

Carbon dioxide, dry

Sulphur dioxide dry

20

S

Sulphur dioxide dry

60

S

Sulphur dioxide damp

20

Tg-l

Acetic anhydride Sulphuric anhydride

Sodium antimonate

Tg-l

Sat.sol.

Sodium antimonate Air

Tg-g

Air Air

Tg-g

Air Sodium arsenate

Sat.sol.

Sodium arsenate Benzaldehyde

Tg-l

Benzaldehyde Benzene

Tg-l

Benzene Petrol

Oper.sol.

Petrol Sodium benzoate

Sat.sol.

Sodium benzoate Sodium benzoate

35%

Sodium benzoate Ammonium bicarbonate Ammonium bicarbonate 182

Sat.sol.

40%

S

20

Acetic anhydride

APPENDIX

Compound

20

Ammonia gas

8

T HDPE PP [°C]

Sat.sol.

20

S

S

Carbon dioxide, dry

60

S

S

Beer

20

S

S

S

Beer

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

NS

L

60

NS

NS

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

60

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

NS

NS

NS

NS

S

20

S

S

Misenite

60

S

S

Misenite

20

S

S

Sodium hydrogen sulphate

60

S

S

Sodium hydrogen sulphate

20

S

S

Carbon disulfide

60

S

S

Carbon disulfide

20

S

S

Borax

60

S

S

Borax

20

S

Borax

60

L

Borax

20

NS

L

Potassium borate

60

NS

L

Potassium borate

20

S

NS

Potassium bromate

60

L

NS

Potassium bromate

20

S

Potassium bromate

60

S

Potassium bromate

Tg-g

S

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

Tg-l

Sol.

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

Up to 10%

20

S

Bromine gas

60

L

Bromine gas

60 100

20

S

S

Bromine gas

60

S

S

Bromine liquid

Tg-g

Tg-l

20

NS NS

NS

Compound

Concentration

T HDPE PP [°C]

Bromine liquid

60

Bromine liquid

100

Potassium bromide

Sat.sol.

Potassium bromide Sodium bromide

Sat.sol.

Sodium bromide Butane gas

Tg-g

Butane gas Butyl-phthalate

Tg-l

NS

Compound

NS

Potassium cyanide

NS

Potassium cyanide

20

S

S

Sodium cyanide

60

S

S

Sodium cyanide

20

S

S

Cyclohexanol

60

S

S

Cyclohexanol

20

S

S

Cyclohexanone

60

S

Concentration Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

tg-s

Tg-l

Cyclohexanone

T HDPE PP [°C] 20

S

S

60

S

20

S

60

S

20

S

S

60

S

L

20

S

L

60

L

NS

S

20

S

Cyclohexanone

Tg-l

20

S

Butyl-phthalate

60

L

Ethyl chlorate

Tg-g

20

NS

Butyl-phthalate

100

L

Calcium chlorate

Sat.sol.

20

S

S

S

S

Butyl glycol

Tg-l

20

S

Calcium chlorate

60

Butylphenol

Sat.sol.

20

S

Ethyl chlorate

60

Ammonium carbonate

Sat.sol.

20

S

S

Magnesium chlorate

60

S

S

Magnesium chlorate

20

S

S

Sodium chlorate

60

S

S

Sodium chlorate

20

S

S

Iron chlorate

60

S

S

Iron chlorate

20

S

S

Sodium chloride

60

S

S

Sodium chloride

60

L

20

S

S

Sodium chloride

100

NS

60

S

S

Sodium chloride

20

S

20

S

S

Sodium chloride

60

L

60

S

S

Sodium chloride

100

NS

20

S

S

Chlorine gas dry

20

NS

60

S

S

Chlorine gas dry

60

NS

20

S

S

Chlorine gas wet

Sodium carbonate

60

S

S

Sodium carbonate

100

Ammonium carbonate Bismuth carbonate

Sat.sol.

Bismuth carbonate Calcium carbonate

Sosp.

Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate

Sosp.

Magnesium carbonate Potassium carbonate

Sat.sol.

Potassium carbonate Sodium carbonate

Sat.sol.

Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate

25%

Sodium carbonate

Zinc carbonate

Up to 50%

Sosp.

Zinc carbonate Mercury cyanide

Sat.sol.

Mercury cyanide Silver cyanide

Sat.sol.

Silver cyanide Potassium cyanide Potassium cyanide

Sol.

Sat.sol.

Sat.sol.

2%

20%

Tg-g

Tg-g

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

20

S

S

20

L

NS

Chlorine gas wet

60

NS

NS

L

Chlorine gas wet

100

NS S

20

S

S

Chlor-ethanol

Tg-l

20

60

S

S

Chloroform

Tg-l

20

NS

NS

20

S

S

Chloroform

60

NS

NS

60

S

S

Chlor-methane

Tg-g

20

L

20

S

S

Ammonium chloride

Sat.sol.

20

S

S

60

S

S

Ammonium chloride

60

S

S

20

S

S

Calcium chloride

20

S

S

60

S

60

S

S

Calcium chloride

Sat.sol.

183

APPENDIX

Sodium carbonate

Sat.sol.

NS

8

Compound

Concentration

Calcium chloride Methylene chloride

Tg-l

Methylene chloride Nickel chloride

Sat.sol.

100

S

Dextrin

20

L

Dextrose

60

NS

Dextrose

Concentration

Sol.

T HDPE PP [°C] 60

S

S

20

S

S

60

S

S

S

S

Dichloroethylene

Tg-l

20

L

60

S

S

Dichloroethylene

Tg-l

20

L

20

S

S

Dichloroethylene

60

L

60

S

S

Dimethylammine

tg-g

20

S

20

S

S

Dimetholformammide

Tg-l

20

S

60

S

S

Dimetholformammide

60

S

20

S

S

Dioxane

60

S

S

Dioxane

20

S

S

Diottyl-phthalate

Sodium chloride

60

S

S

Diottyl-phthalate

Sodium chloride

100

S

Heptane

Potassium chloride

Sat.sol.

Potassium chloride Copper chloride

Sat.sol.

Copper chloride Sodium chloride

Sat.sol.

Sodium chloride Sodium chloride

Tin chloride (II)

10%

Sat.sol.

Tin chloride (II) Tin chloride (IV)

Sol.

Tin chloride (IV) Thionyl chloride

Tg-l

Thionyl chloride Zinc chloride

Sat.sol.

Zinc chloride Zinc chloride

58%

Zinc chloride Mercury chloride

Sat.sol.

Mercury chloride APPENDIX

Compound

20

Nickel chloride

Cresylic acid Potassium chromate

Heptane

60

S

S

Hexane

20

S

S

Hexane

60

S

S

Turpentine essence

20

NS

60

NS

20

S

S

Ethanolammine

60

S

S

Ethanol

20

S

S

Ethanol

60

S

S

Ethanol

20

S

S

Ethanol

60

S

S

Ethyl ether

S

Ethyl ether

Tg-l

L

60

S

L

20

S

L

60

L

L

20

S

L

60

NS

NS

20

S

60

L

20

NS

Turpentine essence

60

NS

Turpentine essence

100

NS

Tg-l

20

S

40%

20

S

60

L

Tg-l

95%

Tg-l

20

S

60

S

20

L

S

60

L

L

20

S

S

Isopropyl ether

Tg-l

20

L

60

S

S

Petroleum ether

Oper.sol.

20

L

20

S

S

Petroleum ether

60

L

60

S

S

Ethyl methyl ketone

Tg-l

20

S

20

S

S

Phenol

Sol.

20

S

60

S

S

Phenol

60

S

20

S

S

Phenol

60

S

S

Phenol

20

S

NS

Phenol

60

L

NS

Potassium ferrocyanide

20

S

S

Potassium ferrocyanide

40%

Dil.sol.

Chromo-potassium sulphate Chromo-potassium sulphate

Sol.

Decaline

Tg-l

Decaline

184

S

Tg-l

S

Sat.sol.

Sodium chromate

Dextrin

S

Tg-l

20

20

Potassium chromate Sodium chromate

20

Tg-l

Tg-l

Potassium chromate Potassium chromate

8

T HDPE PP [°C]

Sol.

5%

20

S

60

S

90%

20

S

Sat.sol.

20

S

S

60

S

S

Compound Potassium ferrocyanide

Concentration Sat.sol.

T HDPE PP [°C]

Compound

20

S

S

Gelatine

60

S

S

Glycerine

20

S

S

Glycerine

60

S

S

Ethylene glycol

20

S

S

Ethylene glycol

60

S

S

Ethylene glycol

20

S

S

Ethylene glycol

60

S

S

Glucose

20

S

S

Glucose

Potassium fluoride

60

S

S

Hydroquinone

Copper fluoride

20

S

Hydroquinone

Copper fluoride

60

S

Hydrogen

20

S

S

Hydrogen

60

S

S

Calcium hydroxide

20

S

S

Calcium hydroxide

60

S

S

Magnesium hydroxide

20

NS

NS

Magnesium hydroxide

60

NS

NS

Potassium hydroxide

20

NS

Potassium hydroxide

60

NS

Potassium hydroxide

20

S

60

S

20

S

S

Potassium hydroxide

60

S

S

Potassium ferrocyanide Sodium ferrocyanide

Sat.sol.

Sodium ferrocyanide Sodium ferrocyanide

Sat.sol.

Sodium ferrocyanide Ammonium fluoride