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Two Explorers

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Burlington Books

Marco Polo and Roald Amundsen Arthur Taylor

T E A C H E R ’ S M AT E R I A L

CONTENTS To the Teacher

3

Before Reading

5

After Reading: Extra Challenges

6

Final Test

7

Answers to Final Test

8

Answers to Activities in the Reader

9

Answers to Cross-Curricular Focus

11

Before using the following teacher’s material, we recommend that you visit the Teacher’s Zone at www.burlingtonbooks.es and consult the Burlington Activity Reader Series general information leaflet. The Final Test in this teacher’s material is also available in editable Word format from the website. The Student’s Zone on the site offers additional activities.

Two Explorers

to the teacher List of Main Chara cters

Marco Polo

Roald Amundsen

Marco Polo: an Italian explorer.

Roald Amundsen: a Norwegian explorer.

Niccolo Polo: Marco’s father.

Leon Amundsen: Roald’s brother.

Maffeo Polo: Marco’s uncle.

Adrien de Gerlache: captain of the Belgica Expedition.

Kublai Khan: Emperor of the Mongol Empire.

Frederick Cook: an American explorer and surgeon.

Princess Cocachin: Kublai Khan’s daughter.

King Haakon VII: the King of Norway.

Rustichello da Pisa: Marco’s cellmate in jail.

Captain Scott: explorer from the British Royal Navy.

Plot Su mmaries

Marco Polo Marco Polo was born in Venice, Italy. He lived with an aunt and uncle because his mother was dead and his father was an explorer. When Marco was 17, Niccolo and Maffeo returned to Venice and told him of their journey to China, where they met the great ruler, Kublai Khan. The Emperor gave them an assignment: to return home and to ask the Pope to send 100 intelligent Christian men and some holy oil to China. Marco convinced his father and uncle to let him join them on their return to China. The three men travelled to Jerusalem for the oil, and then they sent a letter to Pope Gregory X and asked him for the 100 intelligent men. But the Pope refused, and would only permit two friars to join them. They started their journey, following the Silk Road to China. In Armenia, the travellers heard rumours of war and the friars returned to the Pope. They crossed the Gobi Desert and finally arrived at Kublai Khan’s palace. The Emperor was happy to see them and soon made Marco Attendant of Honour in his court. For the next 17 years, the Polo explorers stayed in China and learned about many unusual things. When they finally asked to go home, Khan refused. Then Il Khan Arghun, the governor of Persia, wrote to Kublai Khan asking him to find him a bride. Marco became friends with the Persian noblemen and they asked Khan to allow the Polo explorers to guide them home. Khan agreed. The journey to Persia was very difficult and took more than two years. Many people died. In the meantime, Arghun died, so Cocachin married his son, Ghazan. A few days later, they heard that the Khan was dead. The Polo explorers finally returned to Venice. A short time later, Genoa and Venice went to war. Marco fought for Venice and later was put in prison, where he met Rustichello. Marco told him about his adventures and Rustichello wrote the book, Il Milione or The Travels of Marco Polo. This book later inspired Christopher Columbus to become an explorer. Roald Amundsen Roald Amundsen was born near Oslo, Norway. His father and brothers were all sailors and sea captains. But Amundsen was the youngest and because all his brothers were at sea, his mother wanted him to go to university and become a doctor. However, his mother died and he decided to leave university and become a sailor. Amundsen wanted adventure, so he and his brother Leon tried to cross Hardangervidda Plateau on skis. After that, Amundsen joined the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897. Conditions were very bad on the ship and the men became sick. The sea froze around the ship and they couldn’t move. When Adrien de Gerlache also became sick, he gave control to Amundsen and Frederick Cook. The crew blasted their way out of the sea and escaped. At 31, Amundsen bought his own vessel and headed for the dangerous Canadian Northwest Passage. He learned about Arctic survival from the Netsilik natives. He succeeded in sailing through the Northwest Passage, but another adventurer beat him to the North Pole. Now, Amundsen was determined to be the first to make it to the South Pole, but he kept it a secret because he knew that Captain Scott had launched a similar mission. He only told King Haakon VII and his brother Leon. When the ship was far enough south, he announced to his crew that they were heading all the way to the South Pole. Six men and 16 dogs climbed the final glacier and Amundsen planted the Norwegian flag at the South Pole. Roald Amundsen continued going on many dangerous missions including flying over the North Pole in an airship. He was the first man to see both the North Pole and the South Pole. In 1928, Roald flew north in an attempt to rescue some men returning from the North Pole. His plane disappeared and he was never seen again.



Two Explorers background

MARCO POLO •T  he Church of the Holy Sepulchre: A church in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is said to be the place where Jesus was crucified and buried. The church has been an important destination for Christian pilgrimage since at least the 4th century. Emperor Constantine I of Rome appointed his mother, Helena, to locate relics of Christian tradition. She identified the places of Jesus’ birth and crucification and Constantine ordered churches to be built at those locations. •T  he Silk Road: A network of routes that linked China to the Roman Empire. They were about 7,200 kilometres long and many goods were traded on them. The routes became known as the Silk Road because the Chinese traded silk along them. The Chinese also traded spices and tea, while gold, silver and other precious items were traded by the Roman Empire. •T  he Mongol Empire: A massive kingdom in the 13th and 14th centuries, its territory extended from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan. It was founded by Genghis Khan. •T  artar: Another name for the Mongol peoples and their descendants. ROALD AMUNDSEN •N  orthwest Passage: A historical sea route that links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Canadian Arctic. It is less than 2,000 kilometres from the North Pole. The journey through the passage is dangerous because of the icebergs and masses of ice. Since the end of the 15th century, explorers tried to find a commercial sea route to the Far East. Amundsen was the first to succeed in 1906. •N  orway: After a short war in 1814, Norway and Sweden were united. Although Norway had its own parliament, the King of Sweden represented Norway in foreign affairs. The two countries had good relations and the king tried to act in the interests of both countries. However, over the years differences developed between the two countries. In 1905, Christian Michelsen, a Norwegian politician, formed a government to establish an independent Norway. After several months of tension, the government of Sweden recognised Norway’s independence and the King of Sweden renounced his claim to the throne of Norway and the country became an independent monarchy. Michelson invited Prince Carl of Denmark to become the first king of Norway and he took the name Haakon VII. •K  ing Haakon VII: Born Prince Carl of Denmark in 1872, he was married to Princess Maud, Queen Victoria’s granddaughter, in 1896. In 1905, he was offered the throne of Norway after the union between Norway and Sweden was dissolved. He refused to take the offer until a referendum showed that the majority of Norwegians wanted a monarchy. The referendum showed 79% of the people were in favour of a king. He took the name Haakon which is an old Norse name. He is remembered for his resistance to the Nazi invasion during World War II. He refused to appoint Vidkun Quisling, a Nazi sympathiser, as prime minister, saying he knew that the people of Norway were against it. The Norwegian royal family and the government escaped to a small town and from there, they escaped to the United Kingdom. A government in exile was formed. Haakon and his son Olav returned to Norway at the end of the war. Haakon became a symbol of resistance during the Nazi occupation and people wore jewellery made from coins with H7, Haakon’s monogram, sewn into their clothes. He is considered one of the most revered Norwegians of the 20th century. •B  ritish Royal Navy: The British Royal Navy is the oldest of Her Majesty’s Armed Forces. It can be traced back to the 9th century, but it was created as a national navy in 1660. The navy of England and the smaller force of Scotland were merged in 1707. •P  olar Ice Cap: The highest part of any planet or natural satellite, covered in ice.



Two Explorers

Before reading Ask the questions and elicit the answers from the whole class. Some possible answers are provided in italics. If you prefer, students can work in pairs or small groups. Suggestions for Lead-in Ac tivities

1. Why do people like exploring? (for adventure, to have fun, to learn, to see new places, to challenge themselves) 2. Travelling 500 hundred years ago was very hard. What do you think made it difficult? (There were no planes; There were no guide books; People didn’t know where they were going; It took a long time to get to different places.) 3. Are there any new places to explore today? (outer space – the planets; deep under the sea; inside the Earth) 4. What kind of person makes a good explorer? (someone brave, healthy, curious, interested in new places, energetic) 5. Imagine you are on an expedition and the leader tells you that you are going to a place nobody has ever been to before. What is your reaction? (I am excited; I am frightened; I don’t want to go.) Before R eading Ac tivities

1. On page 9, paragraph 3, Marco Polo said he was interested in every subject, and he wanted to know everything. Why do you think this helped him as an explorer? (He could learn many languages; he could learn map reading and follow a route; he could learn about different kinds of people and their customs, so he would know more about the world and be open to new ideas.) 2. Read the first paragraph on page 12. What did Kublai Khan give Marco’s father? (a letter for the Pope and a gold tablet) How did the gold tablet help him? (He didn’t need to pay for things on the journey.) 3. Look at the picture of the Kashgar Market on page 19. What do you expect to find in an old marketplace like this? (spices, food, handmade clothes, animals, etc.) 4. On page 27, look at the letter from the Governor of Persia to the Emperor Kublai Khan. What does the governor want? (He wants a bride from the Khan family.) 5. Read the last paragraph on page 42. What does Roald Amundsen learn from the natives? (how to survive; where to find food; how to make a fire; how to travel) 6. On page 47, Roald Amundsen wrote to his brother and said, “We must prepare for a very long, dangerous voyage. But don’t tell anybody!” Why would he want to keep it a secret? (He didn’t want other people to beat them to their destination; He wanted to surprise someone; He wanted to be the first to get somewhere.) 7. Look at the picture on page 55. They are Dornier Do Js which are both boats and planes. How do you think it is possible to use them as boats? (The bottom is like a boat.)



Two Explorers

After reading: Extra challenges Make Your Students Think

Here are some points that more advanced students can be asked to consider after reading the book: 1. Why did the Polo explorers’ journey to meet the ruler of the Mongol Empire become such a famous story? 2. Why do you think Kublai Khan refused to allow the Polos to leave? 3. Do you think Marco Polo’s stories are true? Explain why. 4. Do you think it was a good idea that Amundsen kept his trip to the South Pole a secret? Why? / Why not? 5. What qualities did Roald Amundsen have that made him succeed? 6. How do you think Captain Scott felt when he arrived at the South Pole and saw Amundsen’s message? Drama Activities and projec t suggestions

You may want to present some of these activities in the students’ own language. 1. Draw a map of a route from your country to a place you want to visit. 2. Work in pairs. Imagine you are going to travel to a new place. Make a list of the things you will need on your journey. 3. Write a letter from Niccolo Polo to the Pope, requesting 100 intelligent Christians and holy oil from Jerusalem. 4. Imagine you are Marco Polo. Write diary entries for a week about your life at Kublai Khan’s palace. 5. Work with a partner. One of you is Marco Polo and the other is Kublai Khan. Marco is trying to convince Kublai Khan to allow him, his father and his uncle to go home. Khan wants them to stay in China. 6. Imagine you are Rustichello. Write a letter to your wife about your new friend in prison, Marco Polo. 7. Work with a partner. One of you is Roald Amundsen and the other is King Haakon VII. Roald needs to convince the King to help him with a secret mission to the South Pole. 8. Write a letter from Captain Scott to Roald Amundsen, congratulating him on getting to the South Pole first. 9. You are the captain of the submarine searching for Amundsen’s plane. Write a report of your search. 10. Search the Internet or use an encyclopedia or other reference books to find out about Captain Scott’s expedition to the South Pole. Write a paragraph about the expedition.



Two Explorers

FINAL TEST A Choose the correct answer. 1.

Kublai Khan asked for a. gold tablets and 100 intelligent Christians. b. 100 intelligent Christians and holy oil. c. holy oil and 100 yards of silk.

4.

Roald Amundsen agreed a. to become a sea captain.” b. to study to be a doctor.” c. to rescue the Netsilik natives.”



2. The two friars did not want to travel with the Polos because a. they were afraid of Kublai Khan. b. the Pope told them to return. c. there were rumours of war.

5. King Haakon VII agreed to a. pay for Roald’s boat. b. stop Captain Scott from sailing to the South Pole. c. keep Roald’s trip to the South Pole a secret.



6.

3. Princess Cocachin did not want to marry Il-Khan Arghun because a. Arghun was too old. b. Arghun was Governor of Persia. c. she secretly loved Marco.

Roald Amundsen had adventures a. on boats and seal-hunting ships. b. on airships and flying boats. c. both a and b.



30 points (5 points each)

B Choose the correct answer. Marco Polo travelled on (1. horseback / waterfall) with his father and uncle. They rode to Jerusalem, where they found the holy (2. oil / sea). The Polos took the oil to the Khan in his giant (3. tent / cave), made of cane. The Khan had a lot of (4. wealthy / wealth). He gave the Polos jobs, food and a place to live because he was (5. jealous / generous). Marco asked the Khan questions about paper money, fireworks and coal. The Khan always answered (6. honest / honestly). Many years later, in Venice, Marco was in (7. throne / prison). He couldn’t (8. escaping / escape), so he told stories to pass the time. Roald Amundsen promised to become a doctor, but he really wanted to be a (9. sailor / crew). He loved the fresh air and the (10. bridges / adventure). On his first journey, his boat got stuck in the ice. On his next journey, his boat almost (11. circled / flew) the globe. Later, he got lost in the (12. blanket / fog). Amundsen wasn’t afraid. He wanted to (13. win / won) the race to the South Pole. The newspapers didn’t take him seriously. It was a difficult, (14. comfortable / painful) journey, but Amundsen’s crew (15. was arriving / arrived) at the South Pole first.

45 points (3 points each)

C Choose one topic and write a paragraph. Your paragraph should be at least 30 words long.



1. What was the Silk Road, and what did Marco Polo find there?



2. How did Marco Polo and his father and uncle finally get out of China?



3. How did Roald Amundsen and his crew beat Captain Scott to the South Pole?



25 points



Two Explorers

answers to final test A 1. b

2. c

3. a

4. b

5. c

6. c

B 1. horseback

4. wealth

7. prison

10. adventure

13. win



2. oil

5. generous

8. escape

11. circled

14. painful



3. tent

6. honestly

9. sailor

12. fog

15. arrived

C Accept all logical and grammatically correct answers.

Possible points for inclusion:



1. The Silk Road is the route connecting the east to the west. Marco Polo saw different people with strange traditions. He tasted new food like coconuts, he saw a sheep with giant curly horns, monkeys, tribes sleeping in tents, people worshipping cows and others eating dogs, rats or horses.



2. Il-Khan Arghun wrote to Kublai Khan and asked him to send a bride to Persia. Marco became friends with the Persian noblemen and they asked Kublai Khan to allow the Polo explorers to help them on their journey. The Khan agreed.



3. Amundsen didn’t tell anyone about his plan. When he was sure he was ahead, his brother sent a telegram to Captain Scott. It said, “The Fram is moving”. Scott didn’t know where they were and it seemed they were at the beginning of their journey to the Antarctic.



Two Explorers

answers to activities in the reader Marco Polo

3 1. C

PRE-READING ACTIVITIES (page 7)

4 1. They decided to walk to China on the Silk Road.

1 1. horseback



2. He saw large sheep with giant curly horns, monkeys, tribes in tents and people worshipping cows. He also saw coconuts and met different people.



3. They killed 20,000 people to accompany him to the afterlife.



4. He was short and fat with a long untidy beard.



5. A Mongol man could have many wives. If he died, his eldest son married all his wives except for his mother.



6. It had canals.



2. bridge



3. quickly

4. journey 5. adventure

2 1. A

3. G

5. F

7. C



4. E

6. D

8. B

2. H

CHAPTERS 1-2 ACTIVITIES (pages 16-17) 1 1. battle

4. journey



2. jewels

5. honestly



3. letter

6. holy

2

1 3

4

q

u

w

2

a

b

r

r

m

i

c

k

l

6

v

a

3 1. b

s

g

o

l

d

1 1. f

y

3. c

4. B

2. They went to Constantinople.



3. Kublai Khan had never met anyone from Europe before.



4. He wanted 100 intelligent Christian men and some holy oil. The Pope sent two friars and a present of crystal vases.



5. He saw crowds of people, some praying, some playing music, others selling things. He saw the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

4. d

5. D

5. bride



3. throne

6. publish

2. prisoner

5. b

6. c

4. prison

2. protect





3. e



3 1. wedding

4. b

4 1. He was interested in every subject: languages, commerce, religion, animals, architecture and more.



2. a

2 1. unusual

e

2. a

3. E

CHAPTERS 5-6 & EPILOGUE ACTIVITIES (pages 34-35)

r

d 5

2. A

3. half 4. escape

4 1. Marco, Niccolo and Maffeo asked Khan for permission to leave China.

2. Many passengers got sick on the journey.



3. Rustichello wrote down Marco’s tales.



4. Princess Cocachin didn’t want to marry an old man.



5. Khan was angry because the Polos wanted to leave.



6. Arghun was looking for a new wife.



The correct order is: 1, 5, 6, 4, 2, 3

5 1. He asked for a new bride from the Khan family.

6. They heard rumours of war.



2. She found out Il-Khan Arghun was dead.

CHAPTERS 3-4 ACTIVITIES (pages 24-25)



3. They had a dinner party.

1 1. Y



4. He thought they were good stories, but he didn’t know if they were true.



5. Marco Polo inspired Christopher Columbus.

2. N

2 1. land

3. Y

4. N

5. N

4. bones



2. wind

5. silk



3. skin

6. paper money



Two Explorers

Answers to Activities in the Reader continued Roald Amundsen

CHAPTERS 3-4 ACTIVITIES (pages 52-53)

PRE-READING ACTIVITIES (page 37)

1

1 1. sailors

4. ice



2. challenges



3. fog

1 2

c

o

m

f

o

r

2. e

a

5. freezing 4

2 1. c

t

3

3. f

4. a

5. b

a

h

e

b

l

d e

r

c

e

k

a

6. d

d

t h 5

CHAPTERS 1-2 ACTIVITIES (pages 44-45) 1 1. sailor

4. cave



2. surgeon



3. blanket b r c k s r b g w

a s i l u w l n o

w a t e r f a l l

q i a l g a n f u

2 1. sink

2. hunt



3. lay

3 1. e

2 1. seriously

5. waterfall

t l u f e h k e j

r o p h o z e g u

e r d i n s t d o

m a c a v e y l k



2. win



3. valley

3 1. c A 4

4. a

i

e

t

l

y

4. laughter 5. painful

2. d B 2

3. a C 3

4. b D 1



2. At the Royal Danish Naval Academy.



3. He sent a telegram to Captain Scott.



4. He wrote, “The Fram is a joke.”



5. They built a one-man sauna and sat in it.



6. They took 97 dogs with them, but only 16 arrived at the South Pole.

5. circled

3. f

u

4 1. Because they were too slow.

4. crew

2. b

q

5. d

6. c

4 1. He was the first man to cross Greenland, in the Arctic Circle.

2. Because penguin meat has got vitamin C in it and it saved them from scurvy.



3. The men laid dynamite on the ice and blasted their way out.



4. He learned how to survive in the Arctic.



CHAPTERS 5-6 & EPILOGUE ACTIVITIES (pages 60-61) 1 1. missing

2. meal



3. underwater

4. coast 5. crashed

The Royal Norwegian Navy went to search for Amundsen’s plane. 2 1. T

2. T

3. F

4. F

5. Because Amundsen sent him a telegram.

3 1. a

2. b

3. a

4. a

6. Frederick Cook and Robert Peary both claimed to be the first at the North Pole.

4 1. Because it was a boat that could fly like a plane. It had a Rolls-Royce engine and it was very strong.

10

5. b



2. Because one plane was damaged.



3. He wanted to fly to the North Pole in an airship.



4. Like a giant white dot.



5. He flew to rescue some men returning from the North Pole and then disappeared.



6. Nobody knows what happened to Amundsen because nobody found him or the plane.

Two Explorers

answers to cross-curricular focus The Mongol Empire (page 69)

The Inuits (page 71)

1

3 1. They live in the Arctic regions of Canada, Denmark, Russia and Alaska.

1

2 3

5

w

g

i

2 1. T

r

f

G f e 4 a n d s o n t o g h l h e d i r i s e r

2. F

3. F

4. T



2. Because there aren’t many plants in the Arctic.



3. They use dogs called huskies.



4. They use hard blocks of snow to make igloos.



5. They wear clothes made from animal skins: trousers, boots, socks and a parka.

5. T

11