A comprehensive analysis of a number of different elements in SANAA's Toledo Glass Pavilion ranging from heat distr
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GLASS PAVILION ARCHITECT:
SANAA: Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa Toshi Oki, Takayuki Hasegawa, Keiko Uchiyama, Mizuki Imamura, Tetsuo Kondo, Junya Ishigami
LOCATION:
TOLEDO, OHIO
COMPETITION:
2000
COMPLETION:
2006
CLIENT:
TOLEDO MUSEUM OF ART
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PROJECT TEAM:
. ve A od o ttw o Sc d oo W . ve fA ruf
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: SAPS/ Sasaki and Partners Guy Nordenson and Associates
Monroe St. Loading Dock
STATISTICAL INFORMATION FLOOR AREA:
76,000 sq ft
SITE AREA:
215,000 sq ft
HEIGHT:
35 ft
OVERALL DIMENSIONS:
205 ft x 190 ft
GLASS AREA
32,000 sq ft
COST:
30 million
e. v dA o o w k r Pa
Scale: 1:500
DESIGN INTENTIONS ART ART HOLDING HOLDING
PRIMARY PRIMARY EXHIBITION EXHIBITION 11
Designed to house over 5000 pieces of the Toledo Museum of Art’s extensive glass collection, SANAA faced numerous contextual constraints in the design of the Glass Pavilion. Sitting in a small park across from the main neoclassical museum building, the new space needed to address this structure, Frank Gehry’s 1992 addition, and a surrounding neighborhood of established Victorian and Edwardian Homes.
FOOD FOOD HOLDING HOLDING
MULTI MULTI PURPOSE PURPOSE ROOM ROOM
COURTYARD 2
REST PRIMARY PRIMARY EXHIBITION EXHIBITION 22 PRIMARY PRIMARY EXHIBITION EXHIBITION 33
FOYER FOYER 11
FOYER 2
COURTYARD COURTYARD 11
Ultimately, the decision was made to address these disparate neighbors by utilizing simple forms and materials and limiting the building’s height to a single story. To maximize the light brought into the structure, SANAA carved out a series of inner courtyards that bring light inside and also help to reduce glare by balancing the light entering from the building’s perimeter. To protect artworks from UV radiation, two galleries with opaque walls are included in the Pavilion as well as translucent silver curtains which can be drawn when necessary. In order to address the display issues connected with a pure glass structure, the architects developed glass vitrines on rectangular bases and incorporated ceiling mounts in the space to allow the art to be displayed without the need for walls. BUILDING STRUCTURE
RESTROOM RESTROOM HALL 1
COAT ROOM
The architects worked to reduce each element to its bare minimum in order to maximize the transparency of the space and to provide a powerful showcase for the art collection. The building’s exterior skin is composed of glass panels just 8 ft wide and 1 in thick. The interior glass partitions are set 2.5 ft behind the exterior skin, creating a thermal buffer that reduces energy consumption and helps to eliminate condensation. The roof is supported by 35 rolled steel columns, each of which are only 4 inches thick, as well as a 3/4 in thick curved steel wall around the Hot Shop and cross bracing hidden within three sheetrock walls. A basement hides the space necessary for museum offices, studios, a loading dock, and the mechanical systems of the building while also providing 15,000 ft of additional future gallery space.
RESTROOM RESTROOM
HOTSHOP HOTSHOP 11 OPEN OPEN STORAGE STORAGE 11 OPEN OPEN STORAGE STORAGE 22 HALL 2
COURTYARD 3
CAFE CAFE
LAMPWORK LAMPWORK
HOTSHOP HOTSHOP 22
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 0
10’
20’
40’
ROOF PLAN
The result is an ethereal environment where the structure is reduced almost nothing in order to allow the visitor to focus entirely upon the art. The galleries as well as the art they contain seem to float within the outer envelope of the building amid a series of transparent voids that serve to both separate and connect the individual galleries. An incredibly popular building with both its users and the architectural community, SANAA was awarded the 2010 Pritzker Prize for this extraordinary structure.
LL 1
ROOM
The architects worked to reduce each element to its bare minimum in order to maximize the transparency of the space and to provide a powerful showcase for the art collection. The building’s exterior skin is composed of glass panels just 8 ft wide and 1 in thick. The interior glass partitions are set 2.5 ft behind the exterior skin, creating a thermal buffer that reduces energy consumption and helps to eliminate condensation. The roof is supported by 35 rolled steel columns, each of which are only 4 inches thick, as well as a 3/4 in thick curved steel wall around the Hot Shop and cross bracing hidden within three sheetrock walls. A basement hides the space necessary for museum offices, studios, a loading dock, and the mechanical systems of the building while also providing 15,000 ft of additional future gallery space.
RESTROOM
HOTSHOP 1 OPEN STORAGE 1 OPEN STORAGE 2 HALL 2
COURTYARD 3
CAFE
LAMPWORK
HOTSHOP 2
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 0
10’
20’
ROOF PLAN
The result is an ethereal environment where the structure is reduced almost nothing in order to allow the visitor to focus entirely upon the art. The galleries as well as the art they contain seem to float within the outer envelope of the building amid a series of transparent voids that serve to both separate and connect the individual galleries. An incredibly popular building with both its users and the architectural community, SANAA was awarded the 2010 Pritzker Prize for this extraordinary structure.
40’
LOUNGE
EXHIBITION 1
EXHIBITION 2
COURTYARD
MULTIPURPOSE SPACE
OFFICES AND STORAGE
Longitudinal Section
PAVILION SIGHTLINES Ultratransparent glass walls allow visitor sightlines to pass through the building. The few opaque volumes create varying outlines based on the visitor’s angle of approach.
Design Elements: Transparency The Materials of the Glass Pavilion allow three very different lighting conditions to exist within the space. The glass itself provides a transparent condition, allowing light to flow freely from one space into the next but distorting the light when passing through multiple panes of glass.. Some of the gallery spaces with artifacts sensitive to UV radiation require the protection of two opaque galleries which interrupt the flow of light within the Glass Pavilion. Additionally, translucent grey curtains surround some of the transparent spaces, providing a measure of privacy when desired and also allowing for a third, translucent, lighting condition. A space with all of these conditions present is represented above with a solid wall at right, translucent curtains in the center, and a transparent glass envelope surrounding them both.
FROM SOUTHWEST ENTRANCE
Layers of Transparency
One Pane: Transparent
PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS Early Schemes for the Glass Pavilion depicted it as a cluster of small structures separating the disparate uses of the Hot Shops from those of the Gallery Spaces. However, the Museum wanted to bring both facilities under a single roof, resulting in the creation of separate spaces enclosed by a single glass envelope.
Glass Blowing/Hot Shop Space Gallery/Exhibition Space Building Envelope FROM SOUTHEAST ENTRANCE
Two Panes: Distorted
Curtains: Translucent
Drywall: Opaque
THE CONCEPT OF MA When talking about space from a Japanese perspective, time is an integral part of the experience of space. Ma is the combination and integration of space and time. Ma deals with intervals of space. This points out a fundamental difference in the mindset of the general American public and that of Japan. To the American mind, this is the best explanation. The one word ma has two meanings: an interval of time and an interval of space. In traditional Japanese architecture, there is a great emphasis on horizontal planes and the minimization of the appearance of height. Because of the concept of ma, and space and time being interconnected, thick walls were always unfavorable because they divide space as opposed to allowing it to be manipulated and changed. Instead, planes, light, and lines could be moved with semi-permanent paper screens, sliding doors, and tatami mats. Although it utilizes more modern materials, the Glass Pavilion displays many of these same concepts in its utilization of space. Ma also lends itself to the explanation of the interstitial and visible but ultimately unreachable spaces which exist within the Glass Pavilion. These interstitial voids between the galleries as well as the two unreachable courtyards are a very physical manifestation of the gap in space that Ma describes. They are visible, but remain tantalizingly separated from the viewer by nothing more than a thin plane of glass.
The thin sliding screens and translucent paper on exterior walls which allow the diffusion of light into the space in a traditional Japanese home are akin to...
...the moveable translucent curtains and thin glass walls which diffuse light into the interior of the glass pavilion.
Roof Girder Metal Facia
Rolled Steel Support Column
Roof Support Joist
Sheetrock Bracing Wall
The Essence of Ma A very visible but inaccessible interior courtyard brings light to the interior of the Glass Pavilion but also serves as a gap in space inaccessible to the general public.
STRUCTURAL AXONOMETRIC DIAGRAM Scale 3/16” = 1 ft
SOUTHEAST ELEVATION
0
5’
10’
SOUTHWEST ELEVATION 20’
2’-8”
0
5’
10’
SOUTHWEST ELEVATION 20’
2’-0”
2’-8”
radiant heating panels
15’-0”
G.W.B.
3/8”+3/8” low iron laminated glass
13’-0”
1/2”+1/2” low iron laminated glass
CAVITY
radiant heating 3” topping concrete concrete slab
3”
zone 1
2’-0”
zone 3 FEED DUCT
zone 2 c o o l a i r re c ov e r ed
for
p ho ts ho
KEY ELEMENTS OF SUSTAINABILITY
main level
The pavilion is divided into three energy zones based on the zones’ unique climatic requirements.
r
p am
Zone 1 consists of the interstitial space between the exterior glass envelope and the interior of the building. Radiant heating panels in the floor and ceiling equalize the temperatures of the inner and outer lites of the glass envelope to prevent condensation.
heat re cove red for loa din g
Zone 2 is the hot glass production areas. Heat is recovered via a hydronic floor slab and used to heat the exterior loading ramp that cuts into the building
basement level
Zone 3 includes the gallery spaces which contain precious works of art which have specific humidity and temperature requirements. Cool air is recovered from the galleries and used to cool zone 2.
Verosol curtains containing aluminum envelope each glass volume and are use to minimize solar heat gain while facilitating diffuse interior lighting. The dense fabric which comprises the majority of the curtains reflects sunlight and diminishes the amount of solar energy that is transmitted into the building by about 30%, decreasing the Solar Factor from 0.77 to 0.50. At the top and bottom of the curtains, the fabric has a looser weave and provides for the ventilation of solar gain captured between the curtain and glass.
loading ramp
The curtains also minimize heat loss during the winter by decreasing the heat transfer rate (U-value) of the double 3/8” glass from 2,9 W/(m2)K to 2,4 W/(m2)K.
ADVANCED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, ARCH 427 WINTER 2011 DAVID MOON ANASTASIA KOSTROMINOVA, BRYAN PANSING TAUBMAN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 02.02.2011