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• Sebastian Aguilar Escalante

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TOEFL Word List 1600 (1) By examword.com The 1600 TOEFL words are extremely important for TOEFL test takers. A quick review of them helps very much to get a good score. examword.com offers explanations for each of them, as well as in local languages for ESL (English as Secord Language) students.

abandon: lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm abate: subside; decrease; become less in amount or intensity abbreviation: shortening something by omitting parts of it abduct: carry off by force; kidnap abhor: fill with horror and loathing; horrify; hate abject: being of the most miserable kind; wretched; lacking pride; brought low in condition or status abolish: cancel; put an end to; destroy completely abort: stop; terminate before completion; terminate a pregnancy abrupt: broken off; very steep; having sudden transitions from one subject to another absolve: let off hook; relieve of requirement or obligation abstain: refrain; hold oneself back voluntarily from an action or practice abstruse: obscure; profound; difficult to understand. absurd: preposterous; ridiculously incongruous or unreasonable; foolish abundant: plentiful; possessing riches or resources abyss: enormous chasm; vast bottomless pit; any deep, immeasurable space; hell

accessible: easily approached or entered; obtainable; easy to talk to or get along with acclaim: applaud; announce with great approval accomplice: partner in crime; associate in wrongdoing accurate: capable of providing a correct reading or measurement; performing with care and precision accuse: blame; condemn acid: sour; water-soluble compounds having a sour taste; quality of being sarcastic, bitter, or scornful acquaint: inform about; cause to come to know personally; make familiar acquiesce: assent; agree without protesting acrid: unpleasantly sharp or bitter to taste or smell; bitterly pungent actuate: put into motion or action; activate acute: quickly perceptive; keen; having a sharp point or tip; extremely sharp or severe adamant: extremely hard; inflexible; stubbornly unyielding adapt: make fit for; change to suit a new purpose adept: expert at; very skilled; having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude adequate: sufficient; enough to meet a purpose adhere: stick fast; stick to firmly; be compatible or in accordance with adjacent: adjoining; neighboring; close to; lying near admonish: warn; counsel someone against something to be avoided adorn: enhance or decorate with or as if with ornaments advent: coming or arrival, especially of something extremely important

adverse: in opposing direction; harmful or unfavorable; acting or serving to oppose advocate: speak, plead, or argue in favour of; plead for; push for something affable: easily approachable; warmly friendly affect: have an emotional or cognitive impact upon affiliate: associate; incorporate affinity: natural attraction, liking, or feeling of kinship; relationship by marriage affliction: cause or condition of pain, suffering, or distress affluent: having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value aggravate: worsen; make worse or more troublesome aggregate: gather into a mass, sum, or whole; amount to agile: moving quickly and lightly; mentally quick agitate: cause to move with violence or sudden force; upset; disturb agrarian: pertaining to land or its cultivation; relating to agricultural or rural matters ailment: sickness; illness; affliction akin: of the same kin; related by blood allegiance: loyalty to a nation, sovereign, or cause; fidelity to any person or thing; devotion alleviate: provide physical relief, as from pain; make easier; remove in part allocate: assign; distribute according to plan allot: parcel out in parts or portions; distribute to each individual concerned; assign as a share or lot

allude: refer casually or indirectly, or by suggestion aloft: in or into a high place; high or higher up aloof: apart; remote in manner; distant physically or emotionally; reserved and remote alternative: one of two or more things, ideas or courses of action that may be used; option; choice amazing: awesome; astounding; surprising ambiguous: unclear or doubtful in meaning ambivalence: state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes, such as love and hate ambivalent: mixed; experiencing or expressing opposing or contradictory feelings amenable: responsive to advice or suggestion; responsible to higher authority; willing to comply with; agreeable amiable: good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly amicable: exhibiting friendliness or goodwill; not quarrelsome amnesia: partial or total loss of memory, usually resulting from shock or illness amnesty: general pardon granted by government, especially for political offenses amphitheater: oval building with tiers of seats from central open space or arena analogous: comparable; similar or alike anecdote: short account of amusing or interesting event; short narrative; secret story of history or biography annex: append or attach; take possession of; incorporate into an existing political unit annual: occurring or payable every year

anonymous: having no name; having unknown or unacknowledged name antagonism: active resistance; condition of being an opposing principle, force, or factor antagonist: one who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; opponent antedate: be earlier in time; go back further anticipate: act in advance of; deal with ahead of time; predict antique: any furniture old and valuable; out of fashion anxious: eager; keen; worried; uneasy and apprehensive about an uncertain event or matter apathy: lack of caring; indifference apparent: capable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to eye appealing: attractive; charming appease: bring peace, quiet, or calm to; satisfy or relieve applaud: acclaim; express approval, especially by clapping the hands appraise: estimate value of; evaluate, especially in official capacity apprise: inform; give notice to; make aware approbation: expression of warm approval; praise apt: likely; exactly suitable; appropriate; quick to learn or understand arable: fit for growing crops, as by plowing arduous: demanding great effort or labor; difficult arid: dry; lacking moisture, especially having insufficient rainfall to support trees or plants aroma: fragrance; scent; pleasant characteristic odor, as of a plant, spice, or

food arrogant: arising from feeling or assumption of one's superiority toward others articulate: expressing oneself easily in clear and effective language artificial: made by humans; produced rather than natural. ascertain: find out for certain; discover with certainty; make sure of assail: assault; attack with or as if with violent blows assault: attack; onslaught assert: declare or state with confidence; put oneself forward boldly assiduous: constant in application or attention; diligent; unceasing or persistent assimilate: incorporate and absorb into mind; make similar; cause to resemble astonishing: very wonderful; of a nature to excite astonishment; surprising greatly astute: wise or keen; shrewd; with sharp intelligence atone: make amends, as for sin or fault; pay for; turn away from sin atrocity: brutal deed; atrocious condition, quality, or behavior; monstrousness attain: achieve or accomplish; gain attribute: essential quality; reputation; honor audacious: fearlessly, often recklessly daring; bold auditory: pertaining to sense of hearing augment: make greater, as in size, extent, or quantity august: impressive; majestic; inspiring awe or admiration austere: strict or severe in discipline; severely simple and unornamented

authentic: not counterfeit or copied; valid; trustworthy authorize: empower; give permission for; sanction automaton: mechanism that imitates actions of humans autonomy: independence; self-government or the right of self-government; self-determination avalanche: great mass of falling snow and ice avarice: greediness for wealth; insatiable desire of gain aver: declare to be true; affirm aversion: firm dislike; turning away; avoidance of a thing, situation, or behavior because of dislike avert: prevent; turn or cause to turn off or away aviator: someone who operates an aircraft avid: greedy; eager for; marked by keen interest and enthusiasm avoid: shield away from; prevent awkward: difficult to handle or manage bacchanalian: drunken; relating to reveling and drunkenness bachelor: unmarried men; the first or lowest academic degree conferred by universities and colleges baffle: frustrate as by confusing or perplexing; impede force or movement of bald: hairless; lacking a natural or usual covering balmy: mild and pleasant; fragrant ban: official prohibition; decree that prohibits something bankrupt: penniless, without any money; financially ruined

bar: a counter where you can obtain food or drink; cafe; strip; stick bare: lacking the usual or appropriate covering or clothing barren: desolate; fruitless and unproductive; lacking barter: trade goods or services without the exchange of money bashful: abashed; daunted; very modest, or modest excess; constitutionally disposed to shrink from public notice bead: small piece of material, such as glass, plastic, or wood, that is pierced for stringing beam: ray of light; long piece of metal or wood; long piece fixed or movable in structure, machine, or tool bear: support; sustain; carry; have; yield; give birth; hold up or support beckon: signal or summon, as by nodding or waving; attract because of inviting or enticing appearance bellicose: warlike or hostile in manner or temperament; showing or having impulse to be combative belligerent: inclined or eager to fight; aggressive beneficial: helpful; tending to promote physical well-being beneficiary: person entitled to benefits or proceeds of an insurance policy or will benefit: advantage; something that aids or promotes well-being ; welfare; gain benevolent: generous in providing aid to others; charitable bequeath: leave to someone by a will; hand down besiege: surround with armed forces; harass with requests bestow: give as gift; present betray: be unfaithful; reveal unconsciously or unwillingly

beverage: liquids for drinking, usually excluding water; refreshment bias: preference or inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment; influence in unfair way bicker: engage in a petty, bad-tempered quarrel bilateral: two-sided; mutual biography: an account of the series of events making up a person's life; accounts of people's life bland: lacking stimulating or mild; agreeable blatant: flagrant; conspicuously obvious; loudly offensive blend: combination; mixture; forming uniform mixture blizzard: snowstorm; storm bloom: flower; blossom; best time of youth; period of greatest prosperity or productivity bluff: pretense of strength; mislead or deceive blunder: serious mistake typically caused by ignorance or confusion blunt: having a dull edge or end; not sharp; lacking in feeling; insensitive bold: brave; daring; intrepid; impudent bolster: support or prop up with or as if with a long narrow pillow or cushion bond: link; connection; uniting force or tie; binding agreement; duty boom: bonanza; prosperity; prosper; expand; flourish brace: something which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly, as bandage, cord, or rod; breakthrough: act of overcoming or penetrating an obstacle or restriction breathtaking: very surprising or shocking

breed: raise; produce offspring; give birth to or hatch; mate breeze: light current of air; gentle wind; progress swiftly and effortlessly brilliant: full of light; shining; bright; sharp and clear in tone brisk: marked by speed, liveliness, and vigor; energetic; swift; keen or sharp in speech or manner brittle: easily broken; having little elasticity broach: introduce; bring up for discussion or debate; announce brochure: pamphlet; small book usually having paper cover brutal: like a brute; savage; cruel; inhuman; merciless bulky: of large size for its weight burrow: tunnel; hole in the ground made by an animal for shelter; dig; move through by or as by digging buttress: support physically; prop up; support something or someone by supplying evidence cajole: influence or urge by gentle urging or flattering calamity: event that brings terrible loss, lasting distress, or severe affliction; disaster; misery calm: freedom from motion, agitation, or disturbance; tranquility; stillness; quiet; serenity camouflage: exploit natural surroundings to disguise something; conceal canvass: determine votes; examine carefully or discuss thoroughly; scrutinize capable: having the ability required for a specific task captivate: charm; enthrall; seize by force, as an enemy in war, or anything belonging to enemy caricature: representation that is deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic effect

carnage: destruction of life; savage and excessive killing of many people carve: cut; sculpt cast: assign the roles of; choose at random casual: informal; purposeless; occurring by chance cataclysm: an event resulting in great loss and misfortune; deluge or overflowing of water catastrophe: calamity; disaster; state of extreme ruin and misfortune caustic: capable of burning, corroding, dissolving, or eating away by chemical action cautious: conservative; careful cavity: hole; cavern; hollow area within the body celebrated: famous; well-known; having illustrious past censor: overseer of morals; official responsible for removal of objectionable or sensitive content censure: expression of strong disapproval or harsh criticism; blame census: official examination of the details of a country's population centennial: of hundredth anniversary; lasting or aged a hundred years chaos: disorder; condition or place of great disorder or confusion; disorderly mass chasm: deep opening in the earth surface cherish: harbor; treasure; treat with affection and tenderness; hold dear chicanery: mean or unfair artifice to obscure truth; deception by trickery or sophistry chide: scold mildly so as to correct or improve; express disapproval

chilly: cold chop: hew; cut by striking with a heavy sharp tool, such as an ax chubby: of a person, slightly overweight, somewhat fat and hence soft; rounded and plump cite: quote; adduce as an instance clandestine: secret; conducted with or marked by hidden aims or methods clash: make noise by striking against something; dash noisily together; meet in opposition classify: declare unavailable, as for security reasons; arrange or order by classes or categories cliche: obvious remark; overused expression or idea cling: hold fast or adhere to something; stick together and resist separation; remain emotionally clumsy: awkward; showing lack of skill or aptitude coalescence: union of diverse things into one body or form or group; growing together of parts coalition: partnership; league; state of being combined into one body coax: persuade or try to persuade by pleading or flattery; move to or adjust toward a desired end coherent: adhesive; cohesive; sticking together ; logical; sound; capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner coin: make pieces of money from metal; invent or fabricate collaborate: work together, especially in a joint intellectual effort colossal: of extraordinary size; huge; gigantic commence: have a beginning or origin; originate; start; begin commerce: trade; business; intellectual exchange or social interaction

commitment: pledge, undertaking; act of binding yourself to a course of action commodity: goods; article of trade; advantage; benefit. compact: closely and firmly united or packed together; briefly giving gist of something compel: force; coerce; necessitate or pressure by force competent: capable; adept compile: put together or compose from materials gathered from several sources complement: complete; consummate; make perfect compliment: praise; commendation; say something to someone that expresses praise comply: yield assent; accord; agree, or acquiesce; adapt one's self; fulfill; accomplish component: element; ingredient; abstract part of something comprehensible: understandable; readily comprehended or understood; intelligible comprehensive: thorough; including all or everything; broad in scope comprise: include; consist of; be composed of compulsory: mandatory; obligatory; required by rule concede: admit; yield; give up physical control of another concerted: planned or accomplished together; combined concise: brief and compact; expressing much in few words concoct: digest; convert into nourishment by the organs of nutrition. concord: agreement of opinions; harmonious state of things

concrete: solid mass; covering with cement; hard, strong construction material consisting of sand, conglomerate , and gravel concurrent: simultaneous; coincident; occurring or operating at the same time condemn: blame; denounce; express strong disapproval of confer: bestow; present; have a conference in order to talk something over confidential: treated with confidence; trusted in; trustworthy; secret configuration: arrangement of parts or elements; outline confiscate: seize as forfeited to the public treasury; appropriate to the public use conflict: fight; struggle; incompatibility of dates or events conform: comply with; follow; fit; meet congenial: compatible congestion: act of gathering or heaping together or forming a mass conglomerate: corporation made up of different companies in diversified fields; composing of heterogeneous elements gathered into a mass congregate: assemble; convene; gather conjecture: believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds consecutive: following one after another without interruption; sequential consistent: being in agreement with itself; coherent; regular conspicuous: noticeable; prominent; easy to notice; obvious contaminate: make impure or unclean by contact or mixture; pollute; defile contemplate: look at attentively and thoughtfully; observe deep in thought contempt: state of being despised or dishonored; disgrace; disobedience to, or open disrespect of

contention: competing as for profit or prize contrive: form by an exercise of ingenuity; devise; invent; design controversial: controvertible; disputable controversy: contentious speech act; argument convenient: suited or favorable to one's comfort, purpose, or needs:; near; accessible convey: carry from one place to another; bear or transport conviction: judgment that someone is guilty of crime; strongly held belief copious: plentiful; containing plenty; affording ample supply cordial: gracious; showing warm and friendliness corporeal: bodily; of a material nature; tangible corpulent: very fat; large in body; overweight corroborate: establish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; support with evidence courteous: exhibiting courtesy and politeness; showing regard or thought for others covert: secretive, not openly shown cozy: comfortable; relaxing crave: ask with earnestness or importunity; ask with submission or humility; beg crease: line made by pressing, folding, or wrinkling crooked: having or marked by bends or angles; not straight or aligned; curved crouch: bend down; stoop low; lie close to the ground with the legs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey, or in fear

crucial: of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis; of the greatest importance crude: being in an unrefined or natural state; raw; lacking tact or taste; blunt or offensive cryptic: having hidden meaning; mystifying; using code or cipher cultivate: improve and prepare, as by plowing or fertilizing, for raising crops; promote the growth of cumbersome: heavy; difficult to handle because of weight or bulk cumulative: increasing by successive addition curb: bend or curve; guide and manage, or restrain curious: difficult to please or satisfy; careful or anxious to learn; eager for knowledge; given to research or inquiry curt: having been shortened; effectively cut short; rudely brief or abrupt, as in speech or manner curtail: cut short or reduce; cut off end or tail, or any part damp: humid; moist; slightly wet dangle: hang loosely, or with a swinging or jerking motion; swing, as something suspended loosely daring: bold; brave daunt: frighten; abate the courage of; discourage dazzling: bright; brilliant decadent: self-indulgent; moral decay decay: decompose; break sown; disintegration; rottenness; decline; worsen; decadence deceit: attempt or disposition to deceive or lead into error; any declaration, artifice, or practice, which misleads another, or causes him to believe what is false

deception: act of deceiving decipher: convert code into ordinary language; read with difficulty declare: state clearly; make known formally or officially declivity: downward slope, as of a hill decompose: decay decorate: adorn; embellish dedicate: set apart; devoted; consecrated deem: decide; judge; sentence; condemn defame: harm someone's reputation; degrade; bring into disrepute; make infamous defect: abandon or turn against; cease or change one's loyalty defective: having a defect; faulty; imperfect; incomplete; lacking defer: delay till later; put off; hold back to a later time deficient: inadequate; lacking an essential quality or element definitive: final; complete; precisely defined or explicit defraud: deprive of some right, interest, or property, by a deceitful device degenerate: become worse; decline; fall dehydrate: remove water from; dry out; lose water or bodily fluids deity: god; divinity; supernatural things dejected: being in low spirits; depressed deliberate: consider; think about carefully; weigh delicate: pleasing to the senses, especially in a subtle way; easily hurt; very subtle in difference

deluge: great flood; heavy downpour; any overflowing of water delusion: false belief; mistaken or unfounded opinion demise: end of existence or activity; termination demolish: raze; destroy; do away with completely; put an end to denote: indicate; signify directly; refer to specifically denounce: condemn openly; criticize; make known in formal manner dense: thick; crowded closely together; compact depress: lower in spirits; press down deprive: deny; take away derelict: left and abandoned; negligent in performing a duty deride: ridicule; make fun of; laugh at with contempt descry: catch sight of; discover by careful observation or scrutiny desecrate: violate with violence, especially to sacred place deserted: remote from civilization; left desolate or empty; abandoned desiccate: dry up thoroughly; make dry, dull, or lifeless; preserve foods by removing the moisture desist: cease to proceed or act; stop; forbear desolate: unpopulated; providing no shelter or sustenance; devoid of inhabitants desultory: aimless; haphazard; at random; not connected with subject detect: feel; discover the presence of; identify deteriorate: become worse; decline detrimental: causing damage or harm; injurious

deviate: turn away from a principle, norm; depart; diverge device: technique or means; instrument; machine used to perform one or more relatively simple tasks devise: form, plan, or arrange in the mind; transmit or give by will devoid: completely lacking; barren or empty dexterous: skillful in the use of the hands; having mental skill digress: turn aside, especially from main subject in writing or speaking diligent: assiduous; industrious; hard-working dilute: weaken; make thinner or less concentrated by adding a liquid such as water dim: emitting only a small amount of light; lacking in brightness dimension: measure of spatial extent, especially width, height, or length; size; aspect; element dingy: darkened with smoke and grime; dirty or discolored dip: insert into a fluid and withdraw again; immerse for baptism; wet, as if by immersing; moisten; appear to move downward discard: throw out something from one's hand; get rid of discern: detect; perceive discipline: trait of being well behaved ; act of punishing ; system of rules of conduct or method of practice disclose: unclose; open; remove a cover or envelope from; lay open or expose to view discord: conflict; lack of agreement among persons, groups, or things discrepancy: lack of consistency; difference disdain: view with scorn or contempt; feel with aversion

dismal: causing gloom or depression; dreary; somber; melancholy dismay: destroy courage or resolution by exciting dread; cause to lose enthusiasm disparity: difference; condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree disperse: move away from each other; cause to separate; cause to become widely known disposition: natural or acquired habit with tendency; act or means of getting rid of something dispute: argument; angry altercation; quarrel; verbal controversy; debate disseminate: distribute; spread; scatter like seeds dissolve: melt; liquefy; cause to pass into solution; cause to disappear or vanish distinct: definite; separate; different distinguished: prominent; celebrated, well-known or eminent because of past achievements distract: cause to turn away from original focus; pull in conflicting emotional directions; unsettle diverge: vary; go in different directions from the same point divulge: reveal; make known to public docile: obedient; ready and willing to be taught; easily managed or handled dodge: avoid a blow by moving or shifting quickly aside; shifty or ingenious trick dogged: determined; stubbornly persevering; unyielding doleful: sorrowful; filled with or expressing grief; mournful dominate: monopolize; command; rule; prevail; be prevalent in

donate: grant; present as a gift to a fund or cause; contribute dot: the shorter of two telegraphic signals used in Morse code; very small circular shape doze: slumber; sleep lightly; be in dull or stupefied condition, as if half asleep; be drowsy drain: draw out; flow out; waste drastic: radical; taking effect violently or rapidly drawback: disadvantage or inconvenience; shortcoming; refund or remittance, such as a discount on duties or taxes dreary: gloomy; dismal; dark, colorless, or cheerless drench: cause to drink, especially by force; put potion down throat of; steep in moisture; wet thoroughly drip: process of falling in drops; liquid or moisture that falls in drops; sound made by liquid falling in drops drought: dry period; aridity; long period of abnormally low rainfall drowsy: dull with sleepiness; showing lack of attention dubious: questionable; filled with doubt dull: lacking responsiveness or alertness; intellectually weak or obtuse dumbfound: fill with astonishment and perplexity; confound dunce: backward in book learning; child or other person dull or weak in intellect; dullard or dolt durable: lasting; long-lasting; enduring dwell: live as a resident; exist in a given place or state dwelling: residence; place to live in; abode dwindle: shrink; reduce in size; become less

dynamic: energetic; vigorously active eclipse: darken; exceed in importance; outweigh ecology: science of the relationships between organisms and their environments edible: eatable; substance that can be used as food edifice: building, especially one of imposing appearance or size; a structure that has a roof and walls eerie: suggestive of the supernatural; mysterious efface: rub or wipe out; make indistinct as if by rubbing elaborate: marked by complexity and richness of detail; done with care and in minute detail elasticity: tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed elderly: somewhat old; advanced beyond middle age elegant: refined and tasteful in appearance or behavior or style elevate: raise; give a promotion to or assign to a higher position elicit: draw out; bring forth or to light; generate or provoke as response or answer eligible: qualified; desirable and worthy of choice, especially for marriage elucidate: make clear or plain, especially by explanation; clarify elude: avoid cleverly; escape perception of emanate: come or send forth from a source, used chiefly of intangible thing, as light emancipate: free from bondage, oppression, or restraint; liberate embed: enclose; place in something; fix firmly in surrounding mass

emblem: symbol; sign; distinctive badge, design, or device emboss: mold or carve in relief; decorate with or as if with a raised design eminent: standing out above other things; high in rank, office, or worth emit: give off; send out; give out as sound emulate: be a match or counterpart for; eager to equal or excel enamored: totally in love; marked by foolish or unreasoning fondness enchant: charm by sorcery; get control of by magical words and rites enchanting: having the power to enchant; charming encomium: high praise; formal expression of praise; tribute encounter: face; confront; meet, especially unexpectedly; come upon endeavor: attempt by employing effort endorse: acknowledge by signing a bill, draft, or other instrument engender: cause; bring into existence; give rise to enhance: make better or more attractive; increase; improve enigma: puzzle; difficult problem enlist: enter on a list; enroll; register; engage for military or naval service enmity: ill will; hatred; quality or state of being hostile ennui: feeling of being bored by something tedious ensue: pursue; follow or come afterward; follow as a consequence enthrall: capture; attract and hold by charm, beauty, or excellence; hold in bondage or subjection entice: attract by arousing hope or desire

enumerate: list each one; mention one by one enunciate: speak distinctly; state or set forth precisely or systematically; pronounce; articulate envisage: look in the face of; apprehend; consider or regard in a certain way ephemeral: short-lived; enduring a very short time epitaph: inscription on tombstone in memory epithet: word or phrase characteristically used to describe a person or thing equitable: marked by or having equity; just and impartial equivocal: open to two or more interpretations and often intended to mislead eradicate: completely destroy; eliminate; exterminate erect: construct; stand; set up escalate: rise; increase in extent or intensity eschew: avoid; refuse to use or participate in; stand aloof from espouse: take in marriage; marry; give one's loyalty or support to; adopt essay: effort made for performance of anything; short literary composition on a single subject essential: necessary; critical; vital; constituting or being part of the essence of something estate: extensive landed property; everything you own; all of your assets esteem: regard with respect; favorable regard eulogy: expression of praise, often on the occasion of someone's death evacuate: make empty; empty out; remove contents of evade: get away from by artifice; avoid by dexterity; escape from cleverly evanescent: fleeting; vanishing or likely to vanish like vapor

evenhanded: impartial; fair; rightly balanced; equitable evolve: develop; grow exacerbate: increase severity, violence, or bitterness of; aggravate exacting: making severe demands; rigorous; requiring great care, effort, or attention exalt: raise in rank or dignity; praise excavate: unearth; dig out; make a hole in; hollow out exceed: go beyond; be or do something to a greater degree excerpt: passage or segment taken from a longer work, such as literary or musical composition excursion: trip; usually short journey made for pleasure execute: put into effect; carry out the legalities of exhaustive: treating all parts or aspects without omission; comprehensive exhilarating: invigorating and refreshing; cheering; making lively and joyful exhortation: act of practice of exhorting; act of inciting to laudable deeds; incitement to that which is good; language intended to incite and encourage expendable: not essential or mandatory in order to achieve a goal; not reusable; Suitable to be expended expire: come to an end; terminate; lose validity; breathe one's last breath; die explicit: precisely and clearly expressed; definite; outspoken exploit: make use of, sometimes unjustly explore: investigate systematically; examine; search expose: set forth; set out to public view expunge: cancel; remove; erase or strike out

extensive: widespread; far-reaching; wide extol: praise highly; glorify; celebrate extract: draw or pull out, usually with some force or effort; remove; get despite difficulties or obstacles extraneous: not essential; coming from outside extravagant: wandering beyond one's bounds; exceeding due bounds; wild; excessive; unrestrained facet: small, smooth, flat surface, as on a bone or tooth; side; a smooth surface facile: done or achieved with little effort or difficulty; ready or fluent facilitate: help bring about; make less difficult facility: service, space, and equipment provided for a particular purpose fade: disappear; die out; lose color; lose freshness faint: lacking strength or vigor ; weak fake: imitation; counterfeit; having a false or misleading appearance falter: be unsteady in purpose or action, as from loss of courage or confidence famine: shortage of food; starvation fancy: capricious notion; something many people believe that is false fare: food and drink; diet; transportation charge; a paying passenger fasten: attach; affix fatal: causing death fatigue: physical or mental weariness; exhaustion feasible: capable of being accomplished or brought about

feat: achievement; accomplishment fee: give a tip beyond the agreed-on compensation feeble: lacking vigor, force, or effectiveness; faint; frail feign: make false appearance of; disguise; conceal; invent or imagine felicity: great happiness; pleasing and appropriate manner or style ferocious: fierce; savage; wild; indicating cruelty fertile: rich; fruitful; inventive; creative; intellectually productive fervent: extremely hot; sincerely or intensely felt fickle: not fixed or firm; liable to change; unstable; of a changeable mind fidelity: faithfulness to obligations, duties, or observances finance: management of money and credit and banking and investments; subsidizing; fund finite: having a limit; limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded fitting: small accessory to a larger system; small detachable part for a machine or apparatus; act of trying on clothes flagrant: obvious and offensive, blatant, scandalous; flaming into notice flaw: crack or breach; gap or fissure; defect; fault; sudden burst of noise and disorder flee: run away, as from danger or evil; avoid in alarmed or cowardly manner flexible: pliant; elastic; capable of being bent or flexed; pliable flimsy: weak; feeble; limp; slight; vain; without strength or solidity flip: go mad, go crazy; turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse; toss with a sharp movement florid: reddish; elaborately or excessively ornamented

fluctuate: rise and fall in or as if in waves; shift; vary irregularly foggy: obscured by fog; indistinct or hazy in outline fold: make something double; bend or lay so that one part covers the other forego: precede; go ahead of; go forward; go on foremost: leading; main; primary; first in time or place forestall: prevent by taking action in advance forlorn: sad and lonely; wretched; abandoned or left behind formative: developing; forming; capable of forming or molding foul: act that violates of the rules of a sport fragile: easy to destroy, delicate, not strong fragment: small part broken off or detached; fraction fragrant: pleasant-smelling; odorous frail: physically weak; easily broken framework: fundamental structure, as for a written work; skeleton fraud: getting money by lying or cheating; something intended to deceive fraudulent: cheating; deceitful; planning or using fraud; given to practice of fraud frenetic: excessively agitated; transported with rage or other violent emotion frustrate: make null; bring to nothing; prevent from taking effect or attaining fulfillment fugitive: lasting only a short time; fleeting; elusive fundamental: relating to foundation or base; elementary; primary; essential fuse: combine; blend; become plastic or fluid or liquefied from heat

fusion: union; act of melting together by heat futile: useless; having no useful result; vain gainsay: speak against; contradict; oppose in words; deny or declare not to be true gale: very strong wind; gust of wind; emotional outburst as laughter or tears gap: opening through mountains; pass; conspicuous difference or imbalance garrulous: talking much and repetition of unimportant or trivial details gaudy: very showy or ornamented, especially when excessive, or in a tasteless or vulgar manner genial: friendly; cordial; having a pleasant or friendly disposition or manner gentle: well-born; of a good family or respectable birth; mild; meek; bland; amiable; tender genuine: authentic; real; true germane: related to the topic being discussed or considered; appropriate or fitting; relevant germinate: cause to sprout or grow; come into existence ghastly: horrible; inspiring shock; extremely unpleasant or bad glisten: sparkle or shine, especially shine with a mild, subdued, and fitful luster; emit a soft, scintillating light; gleam glitter: bright, sparkling light; brilliant and showy luster; brilliancy glorify: cause to seem more splendid; beautify glossy: smooth and shining; reflecting luster from smooth or polished surface; plausible goad: urge with a long pointed stick; give heart or courage to gorgeous: dazzlingly beautiful; magnificent

grab: take or grasp suddenly; snatch; capture grace: elegance and beauty of movement or expression; short prayer of thanks before a meal graphic: represented by graph; described in vivid detail; clearly outlined grasp: grip; take hold of or seize firmly with or as if with the hand gratuitous: given freely; unwarranted; granted without recompense; unearned grave: place for the burial; death or extinction gravity: seriousness; solemn and dignified feeling; natural force between two massive bodies graze: scrape gently; feed on growing grasses and herbage gregarious: sociable; seeking and enjoying the company of others grim: unrelenting; rigid; dismal and gloomy; cold and forbidding grip: hold fast or firmly; seize as in a wrestling match gross: of huge size; excessively large; coarse; rough; not fine or delicate grueling: by effort to the point of exhaustion, especially physical effort grumble: utter or emit low dull rumbling sounds guile: skillful deceit; disposition to deceive or cheat; disguise cunningly gullible: easily deceived or cheated; easily tricked because of being too trusting gusto: vigorous enjoyment; enthusiasm haggle: argue about prices; bargain, as over the price of something hamper: put at disadvantage; prevent progress or free movement of handy: convenient; close haphazard: not thorough, constant or consistent; by chance

harangue: noisy speech; speech or piece of writing with strong feeling or expression harass: irritate or torment persistently; wear out; exhaust harmony: compatibility in opinion and action; an agreeable sound property harness: stable gear consisting of an arrangement to an animal so that it can be attached to and pull a cart harsh: rough; coarse; severe; unpleasantly stern hasty: easily angered; irritable; made too quickly to be accurate or wise haul: draw slowly or heavily; pull or drag forcibly; shift direction havoc: wide and general destruction; devastation; waste hazardous: dangerous; reckless; daring; inclined to run risks hector: behave like a bully; swagger; intimidate or dominate in a blustering way hedonist: one who believes that pleasure is the sole aim in life heed: pay attention to; listen to and consider heighten: enhance; hoist; raise or increase the quantity or degree of; intensify herald: proclaim; announces important news; messenger heretic: one who holds to a heresy; one who believes some doctrine contrary to the established faith or prevailing religion heterogeneous: consisting of dissimilar elements or parts; completely different hilarious: by or causing great merriment or happiness; gay or merry hinder: put at a disadvantage; tie up; hamper; prevent the progress hoax: act intended to deceive or trick; practical joke

hoist: raise; lift; elevate holocaust: great destruction resulting in the extensive loss of life, especially by fire; massive slaughter homogeneous: of the same or similar nature or kind hospitable: disposed to treat guests with warmth and generosity; receptive hospitality: act or practice of one who is hospitable; reception and entertainment of strangers or guests without reward hostage: prisoner who is held by one party to insure that another party will meet specified terms hostile: unfriendly; showing the disposition of an enemy hub: core port; nucleus; heart; center hue: color; appearance; particular gradation of color humiliate: cause to feel shame; hurt the pride of hurl: throw with great force; cast; toss hyperbole: figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis; overstatement hypocrite: one who puts on a false appearance of virtue; one who pretends to hold beliefs ideal: existing in idea or thought; conception; intellectual; mental; imaginary standard of excellence; fit for a model; faultless idiosyncrasy: behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual idle: useless; vain; trifling; unprofitable; thoughtless; given rest and ease; avoiding work or employment; lazy illiterate: uncultured; uneducated; not able to read or write illusion: misleading vision; being deceived by a false perception or belief

illustrate: represent; demonstrate; depict; clarify, as by use of examples or comparisons imaginary: having existence only in the imagination; fanciful; visionary imbibe: drink in; absorb or take in as if by drinking immense: enormous; boundless; so great as to be beyond measurement imminent: near at hand; close in time; about to occur immortal: not mortal; exempt from liability to die; undying; imperishable; lasting forever immune: resistant to; free or exempt from; not subject to immutable: unable to be changed without exception; not mutable impair: injure or hurt; become worse; affect negatively impartial: not biased; fair; showing lack of favoritism impecunious: without money; poor; penniless impediment: any structure that makes progress difficult; stumbling-block impel: drive or force onward; drive forward; urge to action through moral pressure impending: close in time; about to occur; approaching imperceptible: impossible or difficult to perceive by the mind or senses implement: put into effect; supply with tools impose: demand; force; compel to behave in a certain way impromptu: without previous preparation improvise: compose, perform, or do something with little or no preparation impute: lay responsibility or blame for, often unjustly incandescent: strikingly bright; shining with intense heat; emitting light as

result of being heated incense: enrage; infuriate; cause to be extremely angry incentive: something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward incessant: uninterrupted; unceasing; continuing without interruption incipient: beginning to exist or appear; in an early stage incise: cut; carve incognito: with one's identity disguised or concealed; in disguise; in an assumed character, or under an assumed title incompatible: inharmonious; impossible to coexist; not easy to combine harmoniously incongruous: not fitting; lacking in harmony or compatibility increment: process of increasing in number, size, quantity, or extent incriminate: accuse of a crime or other wrongful act; suggest that someone is guilty incumbent: imposed as an obligation or duty; currently holding an office indict: charge; accuse formally of a crime indifferent: having no particular interest or concern; being neither good nor bad indigenous: native; originating where it is found indigent: poor; experiencing want or need; impoverished indignant: affected with indignation; wrathful; passionate; irate; feeling wrath by unworthy or unjust treatment indiscriminate: choosing at random; not marked by fine distinctions indispensable: essential; requisite; impossible to be omitted or remitted

induce: persuade; bring about; reason or establish by induction inept: lacking of judgment, sense, or reason; unsuited; inappropriate; foolish inevitable: unavoidable; incapable of being avoided or prevented infamous: notoriously bad; having exceedingly bad reputation infinite: unlimited or boundless, in time or space; without limit in power, capacity, knowledge, or excellence infinitesimal: very small; immeasurably or incalculably minute infringe: act contrary to, as a law, right, or obligation; annul or hinder infuriate: enrage; make furious or mad with anger ingenious: clever; having inventive or cunning mind ingenuous: naive and trusting; young; unsophisticated ingredient: element in a mixture or compound inhabit: live in; occupy; reside in inherent: firmly established by nature or habit inhibit: restrain; prevent or forbid; hold back inimical: unfriendly; hostile; harmful; detrimental initial: early; preliminary; occurring at the beginning injurious: harmful; tending to injure or impair; abusive; insulting innate: possessed at birth; inborn innocuous: having no adverse effect; harmless innovative: marked by or given to innovations; introducing a change inopportune: untimely; poorly chosen; inappropriate or ill-timed inordinate: exceeding reasonable limits; excessive; not regulated; disorderly

inroad: entrance of an enemy into a country with purposes of hostility; sudden or desultory incursion or invasion; raid; encroachment insinuate: hint; suggest; introduce by subtle and artful means insipid: lacking flavor or zest; not tasty; dull insolent: strange; unusual; haughty or brutal in behavior or language; grossly rude or disrespectful insolvent: bankrupt; unable to repay one's debts inspire: encourage; inspirit; fire the imagination of instantaneous: instant; immediate; occurring with no delay instigate: goad or urge forward; provoke; incite insult: offend; affront; treat, mention, or speak to rudely insurrection: rebellion; uprising; rising against civil or political authority intact: undamaged in any way; integrated; whole integral: essential or necessary for completeness; entire intelligible: understandable; clear to the mind intense: extreme; acute; in an extreme degree interim: time between one event, process; interval of time interminable: being or seeming to be without an end; endless; tedious; continual intervene: get involved; come, appear, or lie between two things intimate: give to understand; imply as a possibility; make known subtly and indirectly intimidate: frighten; make timid; fill with fear intractable: difficult to manage or govern; stubborn; unyielding

intrepid: fearless; indicating or springing from courage intricate: complex; elaborate; having many complexly arranged elements intrigue: captivate; cause to be interested or curious; plot for: scheme for intrude: trespass; enter as an uninvited person invaluable: valuable under estimation; inestimable; priceless inventory: check list; a collection of resources inveterate: deep-rooted; firmly and long established; habitual invincible: incapable of being overcome or defeated; unconquerable inviting: attractive; tempting involuntary: acting or done without or against one's will irate: feeling or showing extreme anger; enraged irreversible: impossible to reverse or be reversed irrevocable: unalterable; irreversible; impossible to retract or revoke irritable: easily annoyed; abnormally sensitive to a stimulus itinerant: wandering; traveling place to place, especially to perform work or duty jagged: unevenly cut; having the texture of something so cut; having a rough quality jeopardy: exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; risk of loss or injury jolly: be joyous, merry, and mirthful; excite mirth and gayety; keep amused or diverted jolt: sudden jerking, as from a heavy blow; sudden, strong feeling of surprise or disappointment jovial: good-natured; marked by good cheer; cheerful and good-humored

judicious: exhibiting good judgment or sound thinking; prudent juncture: point in time, especially a critical point; joining point juvenile: youth; adolescent; not fully grown or developed keen: acute; incisive; sharp ; express grief verbally knack: clever, expedient way of doing something; specific talent, especially one difficult to explain or teach lag: delay; drag; the act of slowing down or falling behind laggard: slow; sluggish; wasting time landscape: scenery; expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view landslide: slide of a large mass of dirt and rock down a mountain or cliff; overwhelming electoral victory languid: lacking energy or vitality; weak; sluggish; lacking spirit or liveliness lapse: gliding, slipping, or gradual falling; unobserved or imperceptible progress; slip or error; failing in duty lassitude: state or feeling of weariness, diminished energy, or listlessness latent: present or potential but not evident or active; dormant; hidden laud: give praise to; glorify; celebrate or honor lavish: liberal; wasteful; excessive spending lax: loose and not easily controlled; lacking in rigor or strictness leaflet: small leaf; leaf like organ or part legendary: mythical; fabled; extremely well known; famous or renowned legitimate: accordant with law; lawful; based on logical reasoning; reasonable lenient: relaxing; emollient; softening

lethal: deadly; causing or capable of causing death lethargic: drowsy; dull; indifferent or apathetic levity: lack of seriousness; lightness of manner or speech, especially when inappropriate lewd: lustful; indecent; suggestive of or tending to moral looseness liable: bound or obliged in law or equity liaison: close relationship, connection, or link; secret love affair licentious: amoral; unrestrained; lacking moral discipline or ignoring legal restraint linger: be slow in leaving; continue or persist; stay link: be or become joined or united; connect, fasten, or put together two or more pieces loathsome: highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust locate: find; monitor; settle; determine or specify the position or limits o locomotion: self-propelled movement; power or ability to move lofty: high, tall, having great height; idealistic, implying over-optimism loom: appear or take shape, usually in enlarged or distorted form lucid: easily understood; clear; intelligible lucrative: profitable; producing good profit lugubrious: mournful, dismal, or gloomy, especially to exaggerated degree lull: moment of calm; a period of calm weather; temporary quiet and rest lullaby: song to quiet babes or lull them to sleep lumber: move heavily or clumsily; cut down timber of luminous: shining; emitting light, especially emitting self-generated light

lunatic: insane; mad; wildly or giddily foolish lure: bait; charm; attract lurid: causing shock or horror; gruesome lurk: stealthily lie in waiting; exist unperceived luster: shine, polish or sparkle; soft reflected light lustrous: giving out or shedding light, as sun or fire; reflecting light; having brilliant surface luxurious: rich and superior in quality; lavish magnificent: grand or noble in thought or deed; outstanding of its kind magnify: intensify; increase; make greater in size; enlarge magnitude: extent; greatness of rank, size, or position makeup: composition; structure; the way in which someone or something is composed malady: disease, disorder, or ailment; unwholesome condition malediction: curse; evil speaking; utterance of curse or execration malice: enmity of heart; malevolence; ill will; spirit delighting in harm or misfortune to another malign: speak evil of; bad-mouth; defame malignant: injurious; tending to cause death; disposed to do evil mandatory: obligatory; required or commanded by authority manifest: clearly apparent to understanding; obvious mar: spoil or damage; impair the soundness, perfection, or integrity of maritime: relating to, or adjacent to the sea; nautical

marked: noticeable or pronounced; having one or more distinguishing marks massacre: killing of a considerable number of human beings under circumstances of atrocity or cruelty masterpiece: chief excellence or great talent; outstanding work of art or craft mature: develop and reach maturity; grow old or older maxim: proverb; formulation of fundamental principle or general truth meager: deficient in quantity, fullness, or extent; inadequate; feeble meddle: mix; mingle; interfere or busy one's self improperly with another's affairs, specifically, to handle or disturb another's property without permission mediate: resolve or settle differences by working with all conflicting parties meek: quiet and obedient; showing patience and humility memorable: unforgettable; worthy to be remembered; very important or remarkable menace: danger; a threat or the act of threatening; something that is a source of danger; threaten; intimidate mend: make repairs or restoration to; fix; improve mercurial: capricious; liable to sudden unpredictable change; quick and changeable in temperament merge: combine; unite mesmerize: hypnotize; attract strongly, as if with magnet; bring into a state of mesmeric sleep meteor: any of the small solid extraterrestrial bodies that hits the earth's atmosphere meticulous: excessively careful; marked by extreme care in treatment of details mingle: be all mixed up or jumbled together;

minuscule: very small; tiny; lowercase letter minute: extremely small; short note mirth: gladness and gaiety, especially when expressed by laughter misappropriate: appropriate wrongly; use for wrong purpose; embezzle misdemeanor: minor crime; ill behavior; evil conduct; misdeed misrepresent: give false or incorrect impression, often deliberately; serve unsatisfactorily as representative mock: treat with ridicule or contempt; mimic; frustrate hopes of moderate: temperate; gentle; mild; make less fast or intense ; preside over molest: trouble; disturb; render uneasy; interfere with; vex monitor: observe; watch; keep an eye on monotonous: boring; dull; tediously repetitious or lacking in variety monumental: massive; taking a great amount of time and effort to complete; in manner of a monument morale: confidence; mood or spirit of a group that makes the members wants the group to succeed morbid: caused by disease; pathological or diseased; unhealthy or unwholesome mortify: cause to experience shame or humiliation; embarrass mournful: feeling or expressing sorrow or grief; sad; gloomy mundane: belonging to this earth or world; not ideal or heavenly; concerned with commonplaces; ordinary murky: dark and gloomy; thick with fog; vague mute: refraining from producing speech or vocal sound; unable to speak; expressed without speech; unspoken

mysterious: beyond ordinary understanding mythical: legendary; fictitious; existing in myth nausea: feeling of sickness in stomach by an urge to vomit; strong aversion; disgust neglect: disregard; ignore; pay little or no attention to negligible: so small, trifling, or unimportant that it may be easily disregarded nibble: bite by little at a time; seize gently with the mouth; eat slowly or in small bits nimble: light and quick in motion; moving with ease and celerity; lively; swift nocturnal: of or relating to or occurring in the night; most active at night notable: worthy of note or notice; remarkable; important notify: make known; give notice to; inform by notice notion: general or universal conception; belief or opinion notorious: disreputable; known widely and usually unfavorably; infamous novel: previously unknown; strikingly new, unusual, or different; young novice: beginner; person new to a field or activity noxious: harmful to living things; injurious to health obese: extremely fat; grossly overweight obituary: death notice; list of dead objective: not influenced by emotions; having actual existence or reality oblique: having slanting or sloping direction, course, or position; inclined oblivious: inattentive or unmindful; lacking all memory; forgetful oblong: having greater length than breadth, especially when rectangular

obscene: offensive to accepted standards of decency or modesty; repulsive; disgusting obscure: darken; make dim or indistinct; conceal in obscurity obsequious: slavishly attentive; attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery obsolete: no longer useful; outmoded; antiquated obstinate: stubbornly adhering to an attitude or opinion; hard to control or treat obtrude: push oneself or one's ideas forward or intrude; stick out or extrude obvious: exposed; easily discovered; plain odd: not easily explained; beyond from the usual or expected; not divisible by two odor: scent; property or quality of a thing that affects, stimulates, or is perceived by the sense of smell offhand: without planning or thinking ahead; right away; immediately offspring: descendant omen: any indication or action regarded as a foreshowing; phenomenon supposed to portend good or evil ominous: threatening; foreshadowing evil or tragic developments ooze: be any thick messy substance; pass gradually; progress slowly but steadily opportune: timely; just in time; suited or right for a particular purpose orbit: path; circle; move in an orbit; encircle ordeal: severe trial; form of trial to determine guilt or innocence; difficult or painful experience ornamental: decorative; any plant grown for its beauty or ornamental value

ostracize: exclude from community or group; banish by popular vote outgoing: sociable; going out or away; departing outlet: an opening that permits escape or release; activity that releases creative energy or emotion outlook: prospect; view; belief about the future ; act of looking out outrage: act of extreme violence or viciousness; offense outskirt: part or region remote from a central district, as of a city or town; fringe; outer border outstanding: distinguished from others in excellence overall: general; comprehensive; from one end to the other; including everything overcast: covered or obscured, as with clouds or mist; gloomy; melancholy overcome: defeat another in competition or conflict; conquer; prevail over overdue: past due; not paid at the scheduled time; late; delayed overlook: ignore; disregard; fail to notice ; watch over override: ride over or across; ride upon; trample down. overrun: run or extend beyond normal or desired limit; overflow oversee: supervise; manage; watch over and direct; examine or inspect oversight: unintentional omission or mistake; watchful care or management; supervision overt: open to view; not secret or hidden overtake: come up with in a course, pursuit, progress, or motion; catch up with; come upon from behind; capture; overcome overwhelm: defeat; cover completely or make imperceptible; overcome by superior force ; charge someone with too many tasks

pace: single movement from one foot to the other in walking; slow gait; step pacifist: one opposed to force; antimilitarist pacify: ease anger or agitation of; make calm or quiet; end war or violence pact: written agreement between two states or sovereigns; treaty painstaking: extremely careful and diligent work or effort; taking of pains pale: not ruddy; dusky white; pallid; not bright or brilliant paltry: insignificant; lacking in importance or worth; worthless panacea: remedy for all diseases, evils, or difficulties; a cure-all panic: sudden mass fear and anxiety particle: a tiny piece of anything path: way; footway; course or track; route; passage patronage: sponsorship; support; state of being a sponsor peculiar: special; characteristic; unusual; odd; bizarre pedantic: marked by narrow focus on or display of learning, especially formal rules and trivial points; bookish penetrate: pierce; go through; permeate perceive: become aware of through the senses; detect perceptible: capable of being perceived; cognizable; discernible; perceivable perch: a place high up; an elevated place serving as a seat perennial: lasting indefinitely long time; suggesting self-renewal; remaining active throughout all the time perforate: pierce, punch, or bore hole or holes in; penetrate peril: danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy; exposure of person or property to injury, loss, or destruction

perilous: full of, attended with, or involving, peril; dangerous; hazardous periodic: repeated; recurring at intervals of time permeate: spread or flow throughout; pervade pernicious: very destructive; tending to cause death or serious injury; deadly perpetual: everlasting; continuing without interruption perplexing: puzzling; lacking clarity of meaning; complicated persecute: pursue in a manner to injure, grieve, or afflict; beset with cruelty or malignity; harass; annoy pertain: belong; have connection with, or dependence on pertinent: having precise or logical relevance; pertaining or relating pervade: pass or flow through, as an aperture; permeate; pass or spread through the whole extent of petulant: easily irritated or annoyed; unreasonably irritable or ill-tempered pierce: penetrate; make a hole into pillage: rob of goods by force, especially in time of war; plunder; take as spoils placate: appease or pacify; bring peace to placid: peaceful; tranquil; calm or quiet plague: epidemic disease with a high death rate; annoyance plausible: likely but not certain to be or become true or real plead: appeal or request earnestly; enter a plea; offer as an excuse plethora: excess; overfullness in any respect; superabundance poise: be balanced or held in suspension; hover; carry or hold in equilibrium; balance

poky: confined; cramped. ponder: weigh; weigh in the mind; view with deliberation; examine carefully; consider attentively portion: section or quantity within a larger thing; a part of a whole portray: depict; describe; draw posthumous: after death, as of child born after father's death or book published after author's death postpone: hold back to a later time; delay; defer potent: powerful; having power to influence or convince; having great control or authority pounce: attacks suddenly; seize something swiftly and eagerly; leap into the air intending to seize someone or something preach: advocate; speak, plead; argue in favor of precarious: uncertain; risky; dangerously lacking in security or stability precept: rule or principle prescribing particular action or conduct; authorized direction or order precious: of high worth or cost precipitation: unexpected acceleration or hastening; the quantity of water falling to earth precise: exact; clearly expressed; accurate or correct predicament: tricky or dangerous situation; dilemma; troublesome preface: something spoken as introductory to a discourse, or written as introductory to a book or essay prerogative: privilege; unquestionable right; exclusive power to command presage: foretell or predict; indicate or warn of in advance prescribe: dictate; guide; advise the use of; assert a right; claim

presumptuous: overconfident; going beyond what is right or proper; excessively forward pretense: act of giving a false appearance; imaginative intellectual play pretext: excuse; something serving to conceal plans; fictitious reason prevail: induce; be greater in strength or influence; triumph; win out prevalent: widespread; widely or commonly occurring, existing, accepted prior: preceding in the order of time; former; previous probe: explore with tools; investigate; search proclaim: declare; announce procure: bring into possession; cause to accrue to, or to come into possession of; cause to come; bring prodigal: wasteful; reckless with money prodigious: impressively great in size, force, or extent; enormous profane: violate; put to improper, unworthy, or degrading use; abuse profound: deep; not superficial; far-reaching profuse: in great quantity or abundance; bountiful; exceedingly liberal proliferate: grow rapidly; propagate; reproduce prolific: producing offspring or fruit in great abundance; fertile prolong: make longer; draw out; lengthen prominent: conspicuous; immediately noticeable; sticking out; widely known promiscuous: having casual sexual relations frequently with different partners; irregular, casual and unrestrained in sexual behavior prompt: move to act; incite; give rise to; assist with a reminder

pronounced: clear; distinct; strongly marked; easily noticeable; spoken; voiced propriety: fitness; correct conduct; quality of being proper; appropriateness proscribe: command against; banish; outlaw prosper: flourish; thrive; gain in wealth; grow stronger protagonist: principal character in a work of fiction; main character in a drama; leader of a cause; champion provenance: place of origin; source; provenience provisional: temporary; provided for present need only provoke: stir to anger; give rise to; stir to action or feeling prudent: cautious; careful in regard to one's own interests pseudonym: pen name; fictitious name used when someone performs a particular social role pulverize: pound, crush, or grind to powder or dust pungent: stinging; sharp in taste or smell; caustic pursue: follow in; go in search of or hunt for puzzling: lacking clarity of meaning; confusing quaint: odd; old-fashioned; picturesque; unfamiliar or unusual in character quandary: dilemma; state of uncertainty or perplexity quench: put out a fire; extinguish; put an end to; destroy query: inquiry; doubt in the mind; mental reservation quest: act of searching for something quote: cite or repeat a passage from; repeat or copy the words of another radiant: brilliant; delighted

radical: drastic; extreme; arising from or going to a root or source; basic ragged: torn; worn; having an irregular surface or edge; uneven or jagged in outline raid: search without warning; surprise attack by a small armed force random: without definite purpose, plan, or aim; having no specific pattern range: limits within which something can be effective; variety of different things or activities ration: allotment; allowance; portion; allot; distribute in rations raw: in the natural unprocessed condition; cruel and unfair; uncooked; untrained and inexperienced raze: destroy completely; scrape or shave off rebellion: organized opposition to authority recede: move back; retreat; withdraw a claim or pretension reception: act of receiving; manner in which something is greeted recess: withdrawing or retiring; moving back; retreat; state of being withdrawn; seclusion reciprocal: concerning each of two or more persons or things; exchangeable; interacting reckless: headstrong; rash; indifferent to or disregardful of consequences reclaim: bring into or return to a suitable condition for use; claim back; make useful again reconcile: correct inconsistencies; become friendly after a quarrel; become compatible or consistent recount: narrate or tell; count over again recrimination: countercharge; counter or mutual accusation

recruit: enlist; register formally as a participant; engage for military service recurring: repeated; Returning again; repetitious redeem: purchase back; regain possession of by payment; ransom or rescue from captivity; pay penalty; make amends for redoubtable: formidable; arousing fear or awe; worthy of respect or honor refine: purify; make more precise; improve refute: disprove; prove to be false or incorrect rehabilitate: restore to proper condition; help to re-adapt, as to former state of health or good repute rehearse: practice; drill; engage in preparation for a public performance reign: sovereignty; rule; dominance or widespread influence reimburse: pay back for some expense incurred reiterate: say, state, or perform again or repeatedly rejoice: feel joy; experience gladness in a high degree; have pleasurable satisfaction; be delighted; enjoy rejoicing: of rejoice; feeling and expression of joy and gladness; procedure expressive of joy; festivity release: give off; liberate; grant freedom to; make something available relegate: assign to obscure place, position, or condition; delegate; assign reliable: worthy of being depended on; trustworthy relinquish: give up something with reluctance; retire from; give up or abandon relish: take keen or zestful pleasure in; enjoy the flavor of; give spice or flavor to remedy: a medicine or therapy; ; cure; fix; repair; provide relief for reminisce: recollect and tell of past experiences or events; talk or write about

memories of the past, especially pleasant memories remit: send back; give up; surrender; resign; restore; transmit or send, especially as money in payment of a demand remnant: remainder; small part or portion that remains after the main part no longer exists render: deliver;give or make available; provide; represent in a drawing or painting renounce: abandon; disown; turn away from; give up renowned: famous; celebrated for great achievements, for distinguished qualities repeal: revoke or annul, especially by official or formal act repel: force or drive back; disgust; offer resistance to; fight against repercussion: often indirect effect or result that is produced by an event or action; reflection, especially of sound replenish: fill or make complete again; add a new stock or supply to reproach: express disapproval or disappointment; bring shame upon; disgrace reprobate: person hardened in sin; person without moral scruples reproduce: have offspring or young; duplicate; make a copy reprove: voice or convey disapproval of; rebuke; find fault with repugnance: extreme dislike or aversion; opposition; conflict; resistance, in a physical sense repute: ascribe a particular fact or characteristic to; consider; suppose rescind: cancel; make void; repeal or annul resent: feel bitter; consider as injury or affront; be in angry reserved: held in reserve; kept back or set aside; marked by self-restraint and reticence

residual: remaining as a residue; surplus resolute: firm, unyielding, or determined; having decided purpose restless: never resting; unquiet; uneasy; continually moving; eager for change; discontented resume: give a summary; return to a previous location or condition resurrection: rising again; resumption of vigor; act of rising from the dead or returning to life retaliate: do something harmful or negative to get revenge for some harm; fight back or respond in kind to an injury or affront reticent: inclined to keep silent; reserved; uncommunicative. retract: withdraw; take back; draw back or in retreat: receding; pull back or move away or backward; withdrawal of troops to a more favorable position retrieve: recover; find and bring in; get back reveal: make known; disclose or show revere: worship; regard with feelings of respect or honor revoke: void or annul by recalling, withdrawing, or reversing; cancel; retract riddle: pierce with numerous holes; perforate; permeate or spread throughout rigid: stiff and unyielding; strict; hard and unbending; not flexible rigor: strictness or severity, as in temperament, action, or judgment; something hard to endure rip: tear or be torn violently; criticize or abuse strongly and violently ripe: ready; fully developed; mature risky: involving risk or danger; hazardous

roam: wander; ramble; stroll rotundity: roundness; rounded fullness; integral entireness rough: not perfected; having or caused by an irregular surface route: way for travel or transportation rudimentary: relating to basic facts or principles; being in the earliest stages of development; incipient rugged: uneven; rough; very difficult rummage: make an energetic, usually hasty search rural: country; relating to rural areas ruthless: pitiless; cruel; having no compassion or pity; merciless salvage: save from loss or destruction; rescue of a ship; save for further use sanction: give authorization or approval to something; penalize a state, especially for violating international law sanctuary: place of refuge or asylum; shrine; holy place, such as a church, temple, or mosque sanguine: cheerfully confident; optimistic; of healthy reddish color; ruddy saturate: soak, fill, or load to capacity; cause to unite with the greatest possible amount of another substance scale: climb up or over; alter according to a standard; estimate or measure; remove in layers scan: make a wide, sweeping search of; examine scant: scarcely sufficient; less than is wanted for the purpose; not enough scarce: hard to find; absent or rare; limited scatter: sprinkle; disseminate; cause to separate and go in different directions scent: distinctive odor that is pleasant; fragrance; perfume

scholarly: academic; scientific; characteristic of scholars or scholarship scope: range of one's perceptions, thoughts, or actions; extent; bound scorch: burn superficially; parch, or shrivel, the surface of, by heat; affect painfully with heat; burn scorn: extreme and lofty contempt; haughty disregard scrap: small piece or bit; fragment; fragment; leftover bits of food; remnant scribble: write or draw carelessly and in a hurry; doodle; meaningless marks and lines scrupulous: exactly and carefully conducted; by extreme care and great effort; cautious scrutinize: examine closely and critically seasoned: experienced, especially in terms of a profession or a hobby; aged or processed secluded: removed or remote from others; solitary; hidden or isolated sedition: resistance to authority; insubordination or rebellion seemly: proper; appropriate; of pleasing appearance; handsome sensational: arousing or intended to arouse strong curiosity, interest, or reaction sentinel: one that keeps guard; soldier stationed as a guard sequester: isolate; retire from public life; segregate; seclude serene: completely clear and fine sever: cut off from a whole; set or keep apart; divide or separate severe: serious in feeling or manner; not light, lively, or cheerful shabby: torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged

shatter: destroy; break up; break into many pieces sheer: very thin or transparent; very steep; absolute or pure shimmer: shine with a weak or fitful light; glimmer intermittently shiver: shake with or as if with cold; tremble; break into fragments or splinters shred: a small amount; a long, narrow piece cut or torn off; long irregular strip that is cut or torn off shrewd: clever; characterized by keen awareness, sharp intelligence shrill: acute; sharp; piercing; having or emitting a sharp, piercing tone or sound shrink: become smaller or draw together; compress shun: avoid deliberately; keep away from shy: timid; bashful; easily startled; distrustful significant: fairly large; important in effect or meaning signify: denote; mean; indicate simulate: make a pretence of; reproduce someone's behavior or looks simultaneous: existing, happening, or done at the same time singular: unique; extraordinary; being only one sip: drink or imbibe in small quantities; take in with lips in small quantities, as liquid; draw into the mouth; suck up skeptical: marked by or given to doubt; questioning sketch: draw or describe briefly; give the main points; summary of sketchy: containing only an outline or rough form; being in the manner of a sketch; incomplete slack: area of still water; lack of tension; cord, rope, or cable that is hanging loosely; unused capacity; casual trousers

slander: defamation; false and malicious statement or report about someone slender: having little width in proportion to height or length; long and thin slim: small in quantity; being of delicate or slender build sluggish: lazy; with little movement; very slow smolder: burn without flame; be liable to break out at any moment snare: trap; gin; anything by which one is entangled and brought into trouble soak: cause or suffer to lie in a fluid; absorb; drain; drink intemperately or gluttonously sojourn: temporary stay; brief period of residence; place of temporary stay solace: comfort or relieve in sorrow, misfortune, or distress solicit: request earnestly; seek to obtain by persuasion or formal application somber: gloomy; depressing or grave; dull or dark in color sophisticated: wide-ranging knowledge; complex; intellectually appealing sophistry: argument for exercise merely; plausible but misleading argument; art or process of reasoning; logic sort: kind or species; a class of; sound: sensation perceived by the ear; distinctive noise; long narrow inlet sovereign: having supreme rank or power; self governing; excellent; independent span: duration; distance; cover; extent or measure of space between two points spartan: avoiding luxury and comfort; sternly disciplined spawn: lay eggs; produce offspring in large numbers specific: stated explicitly or in detail; definite

specimen: model; sample; an example regarded as typical of its class spectacular: impressive or sensational; lavishly produced performance; grand spell: name or write in order the letters constituting; add up to; signify spin: turn round rapidly; move round rapidly; move swiftly splash: cause fluid to scatter in flying masses; strike and dash about, as water, mud splendid: shining; very bright; magnificent; brilliant splice: fasten together; join at the ends; join by interweaving strands spoil: go bad; rot; decay; become unfit for consumption or use sporadic: occurring at irregular intervals; having no pattern or order in time spot: location; place; site; pinpoint; mark to allow easy recognition spouse: man or woman engaged or joined in wedlock; married person, husband or wife sprout: have new growth of a plant such as a new branch or a bud; shoot up spur: urge a horse; incite or stimulate; ride quickly by spurring a horse; proceed in haste spurious: false; counterfeit; forged; illogical squander: spend wastefully; fail to take advantage of; lose a chance for stable: not easily moved or disturbed stagnant: not moving or flowing; lacking vitality or briskness; stale; dull stain: soiled or discolored; symbol of disgrace or infamy; natural spot of a color different from the gound stale: having lost freshness; lacking originality or spontaneity stall: small area set off by walls for special use; booth

stately: majestic; impressive, as in size or proportions stationary: fixed; immobile; static; not capable of being moved steep: soak; make thoroughly wet stern: hard, harsh, or severe in manner or character; firm or unyielding stoic: one who is seemingly indifferent to or unaffected by joy, grief, pleasure, or pain stout: dependable; stocky; euphemisms for fat strenuous: arduous; intense; performed with much energy or force; stretch: extend; pull in opposite directions; lie down comfortably strife: act of striving; earnest endeavor; exertion or contention for superiority; contest of emulation, either by intellectual or physical efforts strive: endeavor; struggle or fight forcefully; exert much effort or energy stubborn: unreasonably, often perversely unyielding; persistent; difficult to treat stumble: miss a step and fall or nearly fall; walk unsteadily stun: surprise greatly; amaze; make senseless or dizzy by or as if by a blow stupendous: astonishing; wonderful; amazing, especially, astonishing in magnitude or elevation sturdy: robust; strong; substantially made or constructed sublime: of high spiritual, moral, or intellectual worth; characterized by nobility; majestic submerge: sink; immerse; put under water subsequent: following in time or order; succeeding; later subside: settle down; sink to a lower level or form depression; wear off or die down

subsidiary: subordinate; secondary; serving to assist or supplement substantial: fairly large; in essentials; material; true or real; not imaginary; solidly built subterranean: hidden; secret; situated or operating beneath the earth's surface; underground subtle: slight; be difficult to detect or grasp by the mind succumb: submit to an overpowering force; yield to an overwhelming desire; give up or give in sullen: lonely; solitary; desolate; gloomy; dismal; affected with ill humor summit: utmost height; highest point of a mountain sundry: various; miscellaneous; separate; distinct; diverse superb: of unusually high quality; excellent; wonderful superficial: trivial; of little substance; involving a surface only supplant: replace; usurp; displace and substitute for another supple: flexible; moving and bending with ease supplicate: ask for humbly or earnestly, as by praying; make humble, earnest petition; beg surfeit: eat until excessively full; be more than full; feed someone to excess surge: outburst; roll or be tossed about on waves, as a boat surly: rude; sullenly ill humored; gloomy; threatening, as of weather conditions surmise: guess; infer something without sufficiently conclusive evidence surpass: be or go beyond, as in degree or quality; exceed susceptible: easily influenced; having little resistance, as to a disease; receptive to

suspend: hang freely; postpone; delay sway: swing; move back and forth or sideways; win approval or support for; convince sweeping: extensive; having wide-ranging influence or effect: swift: quick; moving or capable of moving with great speed synthesize: integrate; compose; combine so as to form a new, complex product taciturn: silent or reserved in speech; saying little; not inclined to speak or converse tact: sense of touch; feeling; stroke in beating time; sensitive mental touch; peculiar skill or faculty tactic: plan for attaining a particular goal; action calculated to achieve some end taint: contaminate; cause to lose purity; affect with or as if with a disease; corrupt morally tame: domesticated; very restrained or quiet; make less strong or intense; soften tamper: interfere in a harmful manner; alter improperly tangle: uniting or knitting together confusedly; knot of threads, or other thing, united confusedly, or so interwoven as not to be easily disengaged tantalize: tease; torture with disappointment; bait someone by showing something desirable but leaving them unsatisfied tantamount: equivalent in effect or value tardy: late; delayed; moving slowly tarnish: make dirty or spotty; stain; dull the luster of; discolor, especially by exposure to air or dirt tart: a species of small open pie, or piece of pastry, containing jelly or conserve; a sort of fruit pie

taunt: reproach in a mocking, insulting, or contemptuous manner; make fun of , often in an aggressive manner tautology: unnecessary repetition, especially for same sense in different words ; redundancy tawdry: cheap in nature or appearance; tastelessly showy; shameful or indecent tease: tear into pieces; raise the fibers of tedious: tiresome by reason of length, slowness, or dullness; progressing very slowly temperate: restrained; self-controlled; moderate in degree or quality tempting: attractive; appealing tender: offer formally; extend; propose a payment tenor: general, usual, or prevailing course or direction; settled or prevailing or habitual course of a person's life tentative: hesitant; not fully worked out or developed; experimental; not definite or positive tepid: moderately warm; lacking in emotional warmth or enthusiasm; halfhearted tether: tie with rope; fasten or restrict with rope or chain thaw: melt, such as snow and ice; defrost; warm weather following a freeze thermal: relating to or caused by heat; designed to help retain heat thorough: accurate or careful; complete thrifty: careful about money; economical thrive: make steady progress; prosper; flourish thwart: hinder or prevent of ; frustrate

tilt: slight but noticeable partiality; line or surface that departs from the vertical timid: shy; craven; lacking self-confidence; shy tint: color; dye with a color toil: exhausting labor or effort; any thread, web, or string spread for taking prey tolerant: showing respect for the rights of others; open-minded; showing capacity for endurance torpid: having lost motion, or the power of exertion and feeling; numb; benumbed torrent: rushing stream; flood; heavy downpour torture: extreme pain; anguish of body or mind toupee: partial wig or hairpiece worn to cover a bald spot tow: draw or pull behind by a chain or line towering: high; outstanding; very great or intense toxic: poisonous; caused by a toxin or other poison trait: quality; attribute; distinguishing feature; slight degree or amount trajectory: path of other moving body through space; chosen or taken course tranquility: a state of peace and quiet transmute: change from one form, nature, substance, or state into another; transform transparent: easily detected; permitting light to pass through freely transpose: substitute one for the other of; reverse or transfer order or place of; interchange traverse: go through or across, often under difficult conditions

treacherous: dangerous; dangerously unstable and unpredictable; disloyal; tending to betray tremendous: huge; capable of making one tremble; terrible tremor: shaking or vibrating movement; slight quiver trepidation: state of alarm or dread; nervous apprehension; involuntary trembling or quivering tribunal: seat of a judge; bench on which a judge and his associates sit for administering justice; court or forum trickle: flow in drops; run or flow slowly; drip trigger: cause something happen; set off triumph: victory; win; expressing great joy trivial: unimportant; of little significance or value; ordinary; commonplace tug: pull or draw with great effort; draw along with continued exertion; haul along; tow tumble: fall down, as if collapsing turbulent: characterized by unrest or disorder turmoil: state of extreme confusion or agitation; commotion or tumult twinkle: open and shut the eye rapidly; blink; wink tyro: beginner in learning something; novice ultimate: final; being the last or concluding; fundamental; elemental; extreme unbearable: unendurable; so unpleasant, distasteful, or painful as to be intolerable uncanny: strange; mysterious; peculiarly unsettling, as if of supernatural origin or nature uncouth: lacking refinement or cultivation or taste

undergo: experience; suffer; pass through underlying: lying under or beneath something; basic; implicit; taking precedence; prior underscore: draw a mark or line under; emphasize; stress undertake: take on; embark on; assume ungainly: awkward; lacking grace in movement or posture uniform: consistent; standardized; clothing of a particular group unilateral: being on one side only; affecting but one side; one-sided. unique: without an equal; being the only one of its kind universal: affecting all; general; present everywhere; relating to the entire world or all within the world; worldwide unruly: difficult or impossible to discipline, control, or rule; not according to rule; irregularly unscathed: not injured or unharmed upheaval: violent disturbance; sudden, violent disruption or upset uphold: support; preserve; hold aloft; raise upkeep: act of keeping up, or maintaining; maintenance uptight: being in a tense state; excessively concerned with rules and order urge: force in an indicated direction; stimulate; excite urgent: pressing; compelling immediate action or attention usurp: seize and hold power or rights of another by force or without legal authority utensil: instrument, implement, or container for practical use, especially in kitchen or laboratory utter: speak; express; send forth with the voice

vacant: void of thought or knowledge; without an occupant or incumbent vacuous: empty; showing lack of thought or intelligence; vacant vague: imprecise; indistinct; not clearly expressed; inexplicit vain: having no real substance, value, or importance; empty; void; worthless; unsatisfying valedictory: of speech given in farewell, especially one delivered by an outstanding member of graduating class valiant: vigorous in body; strong; powerful; performed with valor or bravery; heroic valid: logically convincing; sound; legally acceptable; well grounded vanguard: advance forces; leading units at front of army or fleet; persons at forefront of any group or movement vanish: disappear; pass out of sight, especially quickly; die out vanity: quality or state of being vain; emptiness; feelings of excessive pride; conceit variable: factor; something that is likely to vary; changeable; inconstant variation: act of changing or altering vast: large; broad; extensive; very great in size, number, amount, or quantity vein: blood vessel that carries blood venerate: treat with great respect and deference; consider hallowed or be in awe of venomous: poisonous; secreting and transmitting venom; marked by deep ill will; deliberately harmful venturesome: willing to try new things and take risks; bold venue: scene of any event or action; locality where a crime is committed or a cause of action occurs

verbose: wordy; using or containing a great and usually an excessive number of words verge: extreme edge or margin; border; enclosing boundary; space enclosed by such a boundary verify: confirm; prove the truth of by presentation of evidence or testimony versatile: having many talents; capable of working in many fields vessel: craft; ship; container for liquids vex: annoy; disturb, especially by minor irritations; be a mystery or bewildering to viable: practical or workable; capable of maintaining life; capable of continuing effectiveness vicinity: state of being near in space or relationship; proximity vie: strive for victory or superiority; contend; compete vigilance: watchfulness; wakefulness; process of paying close and continuous attention vigorous: robust; strong; energetic, and active in mind or body vindicate: clear from blame; exonerate; maintain, uphold, or defend visceral: felt in one's inner organs; obtained through intuition rather than from reasoning or observation vital: full of life; animated; necessary to continued existence; living or breathing vivid: bright; lively; graphic; having striking color vogue: popular fashion; current state or style of general acceptance and use volatile: tending to vary often or widely, as in price; inconstant or fickle; tending to violence voluptuous: giving pleasure or satisfaction of the senses; having strong

sexual appeal vomit: throw up; eject from stomach through mouth; disgorge vow: solemn promise made to God; promise of fidelity; pledge of love or affection vulnerable: susceptible to wounds; capable of being wounded or hurt wade: paddle; walk through relatively shallow water wag: move one way and the other with quick turns; shake to and fro; move in vibrating; cause to vibrate wage: hazard on the event of a contest; stake; engage in, as a contest; adventure, or lay out, for hire or reward; hire; employ wail: grieve or protest loudly and bitterly; express sorrow by a mournful vocal sound; moan; cry walkout: strike; act of leaving or quitting a meeting, company, or organization, especially as a sign of protest wan: having a pale or sickly color; unnaturally pale, as from physical or emotional distress wander: move about without a definite destination or purpose; range about; stroll; go away; depart wane: decrease in size or strength; draw gradually to an end ward: guard; defender; protector; state under guard; division of a county; division of a hospital ware: articles of merchandise; style or class of manufactures; especially, in the plural, goods; commodities; merchandise warp: rope used in hauling or moving a vessel, usually with one end attached to an anchor, a post, or other fixed object; towing line; state of being twisted or bent out of shape wary: very cautious; on guard; watchful waxy: paleness; smooth and lustrous; consisting of, abounding in, or covered

with wax weary: tired; exhausted; physically or mentally fatigued wholesome: conducive to sound health or well-being; beneficial wicked: evil in principle or practice; contrary to moral or divine law; addicted to vice or sin widespread: spread or scattered over a considerable extent; occurring or accepted widely wile: trick or stratagem practiced for deception; wily: cunning; full of tricks; skill in deception winsome: agreeable; gracious; charming, often in childlike or naive way withdraw: remove from; pull back; break from gathering; retreat; depart wither: shrivel; decay; lose freshness, vigor, or vitality; loss of moisture withhold: refuse to give; refrain from giving, granting, or permitting; deduct from employee's salary withstand: stand up against; successfully resist; oppose with force or resolution woe: deep, inconsolable grief; affliction; suffering; deep distress or misery, as from grief wrinkle: a minor difficulty; a slight depression in the smoothness of a surface yearn: pain; grieve; vex; be pained or distressed; feel deep pity, sympathy, or tenderness yield: give in; surrender; give forth a natural product; be productive zealous: enthusiastic; filled with or motivated by zeal zenith: point directly overhead in sky; summit zone: region; portion of the surface of a sphere;

Top 100 words for TOEFL By examword.com This is a must-have words list for TOEFL test takers. We suggest everyone check these words just before your TOEFL exam. If you haven't enough time to prepare or practice, scan this list save you much of time. abyss: enormous chasm; vast bottomless pit; any deep, immeasurable space; hell acquiesce: assent; agree without protesting affable: easily approachable; warmly friendly affliction: cause or condition of pain, suffering, or distress affluent: having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value agitate: cause to move with violence or sudden force; upset; disturb

ambiguous: unclear or doubtful in meaning annex: append or attach; take possession of; incorporate into an existing political unit aqueous: of or like water arduous: demanding great effort or labor; difficult aroma: fragrance; scent; pleasant characteristic odor, as of a plant, spice, or food atone: make amends, as for sin or fault; pay for; turn away from sin avarice: greediness for wealth; insatiable desire of gain bellicose: warlike or hostile in manner or temperament; showing or having impulse to be combative calisthenics: exercises to develop strong bodies captor: person who takes smb captive concoct: digest; convert into nourishment by the organs of nutrition. dangle: hang loosely, or with a swinging or jerking motion; swing, as something suspended loosely deprive: deny; take away diligent: assiduous; industrious; hard-working disrobe: undress docile: obedient; ready and willing to be taught; easily managed or handled doleful: sorrowful; filled with or expressing grief; mournful drought: dry period; aridity; long period of abnormally low rainfall dubious: questionable; filled with doubt dumbfound: fill with astonishment and perplexity; confound efface: rub or wipe out; make indistinct as if by rubbing elucidate: make clear or plain, especially by explanation; clarify enchant: charm by sorcery; get control of by magical words and rites endeavor: attempt by employing effort endorse: acknowledge by signing a bill, draft, or other instrument

enthral: take the whole attention, enslave exploit: make use of, sometimes unjustly extensive: widespread; far-reaching; wide extol: praise highly; glorify; celebrate flimsy: weak; feeble; limp; slight; vain; without strength or solidity fraud: getting money by lying or cheating; something intended to deceive gaudy: very showy or ornamented, especially when excessive, or in a tasteless or vulgar manner ghastly: horrible; inspiring shock; extremely unpleasant or bad grumble: utter or emit low dull rumbling sounds harass: irritate or torment persistently; wear out; exhaust heretic: one who holds to a heresy; one who believes some doctrine contrary to the established faith or prevailing religion impediment: any structure that makes progress difficult; stumbling-block indigenous: native; originating where it is found insatiate: never satisfied intrepid: fearless; indicating or springing from courage irate: feeling or showing extreme anger; enraged jeopardy: exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; risk of loss or injury leash: control loafer: an idle, lazy person lucrative: profitable; producing good profit lustrous: giving out or shedding light, as sun or fire; reflecting light; having brilliant surface malign: speak evil of; bad-mouth; defame meddle: mix; mingle; interfere or busy one's self improperly with another's affairs, specifically, to handle or disturb another's property without permission mend: make repairs or restoration to; fix; improve mirth: gladness and gaiety, especially when expressed by laughter

nausea: feeling of sickness in stomach by an urge to vomit; strong aversion; disgust neglect: disregard; ignore; pay little or no attention to nocturnal: of or relating to or occurring in the night; most active at night obese: extremely fat; grossly overweight obsolete: no longer useful; outmoded; antiquated perch: a place high up; an elevated place serving as a seat pervade: pass or flow through, as an aperture; permeate; pass or spread through the whole extent of petulant: easily irritated or annoyed; unreasonably irritable or ill-tempered pillage: rob of goods by force, especially in time of war; plunder; take as spoils presumptuous: overconfident; going beyond what is right or proper; excessively forward quashed: annuled quenching: satisfy, put an end to, put out refurbished: make clean, as if like new rejoicing: of rejoice; feeling and expression of joy and gladness; procedure expressive of joy; festivity reticent: inclined to keep silent; reserved; uncommunicative. reverberate: be sent back, again and again rigor: strictness or severity, as in temperament, action, or judgment; something hard to endure rotundity: roundness; rounded fullness; integral entireness salvage: save from loss or destruction; rescue of a ship; save for further use scattered: not situated together shatter: destroy; break up; break into many pieces shunned: avoided, kept away from sketchy: containing only an outline or rough form; being in the manner of a sketch; incomplete sporadic: occurring at irregular intervals; having no pattern or order in time

stifled: suppressed, kept back strive: endeavor; struggle or fight forcefully; exert much effort or energy subsequent: following in time or order; succeeding; later succumb: submit to an overpowering force; yield to an overwhelming desire; give up or give in taciturn: silent or reserved in speech; saying little; not inclined to speak or converse tantalize: tease; torture with disappointment; bait someone by showing something desirable but leaving them unsatisfied tentative: hesitant; not fully worked out or developed; experimental; not definite or positive torpid: having lost motion, or the power of exertion and feeling; numb; benumbed treacherous: dangerous; dangerously unstable and unpredictable; disloyal; tending to betray tremor: shaking or vibrating movement; slight quiver tyro: beginner in learning something; novice uproar: noise and excitement vanity: quality or state of being vain; emptiness; feelings of excessive pride; conceit vehemence: forcefulness; intensity; conviction vigilance: watchfulness; wakefulness; process of paying close and continuous attention vindicate: clear from blame; exonerate; maintain, uphold, or defend voluptuous: giving pleasure or satisfaction of the senses; having strong sexual appeal wan: having a pale or sickly color; unnaturally pale, as from physical or emotional distress wile: trick or stratagem practiced for deception; wrinkle: a minor difficulty; a slight depression in the smoothness of a surface

500 Basic TOEFL Words (1) By examword.com This is a middle size TOEFL vocabulary. Lots of websites and books use them as source of flash cards. examword.com collects them here and revises some with new definitions of Pacific Lava School. All words are divided into three groups to easy access and review. Welcome to visit this popular TOEFL preparation resource. accolade: award of merit; expression of approval; praise adamant: extremely hard; inflexible; stubbornly unyielding admonition: gentle or friendly reproof; counseling against fault or oversight; warning affable: easily approachable; warmly friendly affinity: natural attraction, liking, or feeling of kinship; relationship by marriage

aftermath: outcome; consequence, especially of a disaster or misfortune ailing: somewhat ill or prone to illness aisles: spaces for walking between row of seats amenable: responsive to advice or suggestion; responsible to higher authority; willing to comply with; agreeable amidst: amid; in the middle of; among among: in, into, or through the midst of more than two points,objects, etc. apocryphal: untrue; of questionable authorship or authenticity; erroneous; fictitious appall: depress or discourage with fear; grow faint or become weak arousal: act of awaking from sleep; arousing from what is like sleep assuage: ease or lessen pain; satisfy or appease awash: covered with water bared: uncovered; exposed; revealed barely: just; only; hardly; scarcely bear: support; sustain; carry; have; yield; give birth; hold up or support beef: meat from an adult domestic bovine beg: call upon in supplication bend: strain or move out of a straight line; curve; turn toward some certain point beneath: lower in place, with something directly over or on; under; underneath; below bequest: inheritance; legacy; act of giving, leaving by will, or passing on to another besiege: surround with armed forces; harass with requests bet: stake or pledge upon the event of a contingent issue; amount or object risked in a wager bind: tie, or confine with a cord, band, or chain; make fast; contract; cohere or stick together binge: short period of excessive consumption; rapid and excessive consumption of food, especially of excessive alcohol consumption blade: flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants; cutting part of an instrument

blasphemy: act of claiming for oneself the attributes and rights of God; utterance or writing concerning God or a sacred entity blast: explode; burst; gale; very strong gust of wind or air blazing: light up by or as by fire or flame; of tremendous intensity or fervor blister: (pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid blow: forceful exhalation through the nose or mouth blunt: having a dull edge or end; not sharp; lacking in feeling; insensitive boast: show off oneself; speak of with excessive pride bobbing: moving up and down bolster: support or prop up with or as if with a long narrow pillow or cushion bout: contest between antagonists; contest or fight; a period of time spent in a particular way, as in illness brag: an instance of boastful talk brash: presumptuously daring breed: raise; produce offspring; give birth to or hatch; mate brevity: quality or state of being brief in duration; concise expression bribe: something serving to influence or persuade; reward or gift with a view to prevent judgment brusque: abrupt and curt in manner or speech; rudely abrupt, unfriendly burden: problem, trouble, an onerous or difficult concern burglary: breaking and entering for the purpose of committing a crime burst: the act of exploding or bursting something cacophony: loud confusing disagreeable sounds calf: young of domestic cattle callus: thickened layer of skin captivity: prison; confinement; state of being a prisoner cartons: a box made of cardboard catering: providing food and services

cattle: domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age cease: stop; terminate; put an end to; discontinue censure: expression of strong disapproval or harsh criticism; blame chimera: monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having lion head, goat body, and dragon tail chuckle: call, as a hen to her chickens; fondle; cocker; laugh in a suppressed or broken manner churning: moving with or producing or produced by vigorous agitation clam: be moist or glutinous; stick or adhere; produce or cause to clang clamor: noise; loud outcry; expression of discontent or protest clash: make noise by striking against something; dash noisily together; meet in opposition clemency: mildness, as of the weather clever: showing inventiveness and skill clumsy: awkward; showing lack of skill or aptitude clutch: grasp and hold tightly; attempt to grasp or seize coalesce: combine; fuse; grow together; come together so as to form one whole; unite cock: adult male chicken coeds: a female student at a school for males and females. cognizant: aware; conscious come: about happen commiserate: feel or express pity or sympathy for complaisant: trying to please; showing cheerful willingness to do favors for others comprised: included; consisted of concealed: put out of sight; hidden concern: interest in any person or thing; regard; solicitude; anxiety contract: constrict; make smaller; compress or concentrate

convey: carry from one place to another; bear or transport convict: find or declare guilty copious: plentiful; containing plenty; affording ample supply copper: a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element couch: sofa; arrange or dispose as in a bed crap: obscene terms for feces craze: fine crack in a surface or glaze; short-lived popular fashion; inordinate desire or longing; passion crop: the top, end, or highest part of anything, especially of plant or tree; grain or other product of field while standing; anything cut off or gathered crotch: the angle formed by the inner sides of the legs where they join the human trunk culprit: one guilty of a crime cumbersome: heavy; difficult to handle because of weight or bulk curl: form into coiled or spiral shape; twist into ringlets or coils; move in curve or spiral dainty: delicately beautiful or charming; exquisite; gratification or pleasure taken in anything dairy: place where milk is produced, kept, or converted into butter or cheese dare: a challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy dart: move suddenly and rapidly dawn: time each morning at which daylight first begins; beginning; start dazzling: bright; brilliant deaf: unable to perceive sounds; hard of hearing; unwilling to hear or listen; regardless; not to be persuaded dean: dignitary or presiding officer; head in the faculty of some colleges or universities dearth: scarcity; shortage of food; famine from failure or loss of crops decadence: process, condition, or period of deterioration or decline; falling off or away; decay decay: decompose; break sown; disintegration; rottenness; decline; worsen;

decadence deceive: fool; cause to believe what is not true; mislead deed: something that is carried out; act or action; feat or exploit defy: renounce or dissolve all bonds of affiance, faith, or obligation with; provoke to combat or strife demise: end of existence or activity; termination denim: a coarse durable twill-weave cotton fabric dentures: artificial teeth depleted: emptied; drained; used up deputy: one appointed as the substitute of another, and empowered to act for him; substitute in office desultory: aimless; haphazard; at random; not connected with subject deter: keep from; stop; prevent or discourage from acting devise: form, plan, or arrange in the mind; transmit or give by will diatribe: bitter verbal attack dimple: slight natural depression or indentation on the surface of some part of the body; slight indentation on any surface dire: causing fear or dread or terror disgruntled: unhappy; dissatisfied; frustrated dispassionate: calm; impartial; unaffected by strong emotion or prejudice distress: discomfort; cause strain, anxiety, or suffering to donor: giver; one that contributes something, such as money, to a cause or fund downwind: towards the side away from the wind doze: slumber; sleep lightly; be in dull or stupefied condition, as if half asleep; be drowsy draped: covered with or as if with clothes or a wrap or cloak dreary: gloomy; dismal; dark, colorless, or cheerless drizzling: (of rain) falling lightly in very small drops drowziness: state of being in torpor, sleepy

dull: lacking responsiveness or alertness; intellectually weak or obtuse dumb: mute; lacking the power of speech duplicity: double-dealing; deliberate deceptiveness in behavior or speech; acting in bad faith. duty: work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons dye: substance used to color materials ease: satisfaction; pleasure; entertainment; freedom from care edge: brink; perimeter; margin edifice: building, especially one of imposing appearance or size; a structure that has a roof and walls eerie: suggestive of the supernatural; mysterious effervescent: bubbly, lively eloquent: vividly or movingly expressive; persuasive endowed: given from birth endure: tolerate; carry on through, despite hardships enmity: ill will; hatred; quality or state of being hostile equivocal: open to two or more interpretations and often intended to mislead erroneous: containing or derived from error; mistaken exemplary: serving as model; outstanding; typical expedient: suitable; appropriate to a purpose; serving to promote your interest exuberance: overflowing abundance; joyful enthusiasm; flamboyance; lavishness

fad: fashion that is taken up with great enthusiasm for a brief period of time; craze faint: lacking strength or vigor ; weak fair: a traveling show fancy: capricious notion; something many people believe that is false fast: abstaining from food feat: achievement; accomplishment

feather: the light horny waterproof structure forming the external covering of birds fetter: restrain with U-shaped bar for ankles or feet; impede; hamper fidget: move uneasily one way and the other; behave or move nervously or restlessly fizz: an effervescent beverage (usually alcoholic), make a hissling noise flair: natural talent or aptitude flare: sudden outburst of emotion; glare; shine; shine with sudden light flaw: crack or breach; gap or fissure; defect; fault; sudden burst of noise and disorder fledgling: young and inexperienced; having just acquired its flight feathers flood: a large flow flunk: fail, especially in a course or an examination; give a failing grade to folly: foolishness; lack of good sense, understanding, or foresight footstool: a low stool to rest the feet of a seated person frantic: highly excited with strong emotion; disordered or nervous activity fright: cause fear in fringe: margin; periphery; decorative border of hanging threads, cords, or strips, often attached to a separate band frivolous: lacking in seriousness; not serious; relatively unimportant fulfill: accomplish, satisfy, meet, suit garbled: mixed up; difficult to understand because it has been distorted garments: an article of clothing garner: gather; store up; amass; acquire gauntlet: a glove with long sleeve gerbil: a small rodent that is often kept as a pet giggle: laugh with short catches of the breath or voice; laugh in light, affected, or silly manner glazed: having a shiny surface or coating; lacking liveliness, used of eyes; fitted or covered with glass gloomy: imperfectly illuminated; dusky; dim; clouded gorgeous: dazzlingly beautiful; magnificent

grated: to reduce something to small shreds by rubbing it on a grater. gravel: small stones, or fragments of stone; very small pebbles, often intermixed with particles of sand gravity: seriousness; solemn and dignified feeling; natural force between two massive bodies greedy: wanting to get more than one can reasonably get grief: pain of mind; mental suffering arising from any cause, as misfortune, loss of friends; sorrow; sadness grim: unrelenting; rigid; dismal and gloomy; cold and forbidding grip: hold fast or firmly; seize as in a wrestling match groan: give forth a low, moaning sound in breathing groovy: (british informal) very chic groping: acting with uncertainty or hesitance or lack of confidence ground: solid surface of the earth; bottom; lowest part grudge: be unwilling or reluctant to give or admit; be envious; show discontent gut: the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus hackneyed: repeated too often; over familiar through overuse haggle: argue about prices; bargain, as over the price of something hail: call for; salute; greet; praise vociferously haphazard: not thorough, constant or consistent; by chance harm: any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc. harsh: rough; coarse; severe; unpleasantly stern harvest: gather; yield from plants in a single growing season hassle: argument or fight; trouble; bother hasty: easily angered; irritable; made too quickly to be accurate or wise hatch: breed; emerge from the egg haunt: be a regular or frequent visitor to a certain place; bother; disturb haze: fog; mist; partially opaque covering; vague or confused state of mind

heal: cure; make or get healthy again hedge: thicket of bushes, usually thorn bushes heel: back part of the human foot; lower end of a ship's mast heist: commit a burglary hen: female chicken herd: flock; crowd; group of cattle or other domestic animals heretic: one who holds to a heresy; one who believes some doctrine contrary to the established faith or prevailing religion hermit: person who retires from society and lives in solitude; recluse; anchoret, especially, one who so lives from religious motives hindrance: something that holds back or causes problems with something else; obstacle hindsight: understanding the nature of an event after it has actually happened hobbling: walking awkwardly hold: keep from departing; take and maintain control over; stop dealing with hollow: sound as if echoing in a empty space; void; vain; not solid; having a space or gap or cavity hue: color; appearance; particular gradation of color hurtle: crash; move with or as if with great speed and rushing noise impart: reveal or tell; grant a share of; bestow incessant: uninterrupted; unceasing; continuing without interruption incidental: happening, as occasional event, without regularity; coming without design incite: arouse to action; motivate; induce to exist indefatigable: tireless; showing sustained enthusiastic action indelible: impossible to remove, erase, or wash away; permanent infraction: violation of rule or regulation; breach; minor offence or petty crime inmate: a person serving a sentence in a jail or prison insolvent: bankrupt; unable to repay one's debts intricate: complex; elaborate; having many complexly arranged elements

irascible: irritable; easily angered; excited by or arising from anger irresolute: uncertain how to act or proceed; undecided; lacking in resolution jargon: language used by a special group; technical terminology; nonsensical or meaningless talk jeopardy: exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; risk of loss or injury jiggle: a slight irregular shaking motion keen: acute; incisive; sharp ; express grief verbally kindle: build or fuel a fire; cause to glow; light up; inspire knack: clever, expedient way of doing something; specific talent, especially one difficult to explain or teach knob: hard protuberance; hard swelling or rising; bunch; lump ladder: steps consisting of two parallel members connected by rungs lagging: hang back or fall behind in movement, progress, development lame: moving with pain or difficulty because of injury; disabled so that movement is difficult or impossible lampoon: ridicule; subject to abusive ridicule expressed in work of art languish: lose animation; be or become weak or feeble; lose strength or vigor lavish: liberal; wasteful; excessive spending lead: a soft heavy toxic malleable metallic element lean: bend or slant away from the vertical; rely for assistance or support lease: rent; charter; engage for service under a term of contract leather: an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanning leery: suspicious or distrustful; wary; cautious leniency: mildness; quality of mercy or forgiveness, especially in the assignment of punishment as in a court case levity: lack of seriousness; lightness of manner or speech, especially when inappropriate likely: has a good chance of being the case or of coming about limb: arm; leg; any of the main branches arising from the trunk or a bough of a tree limp: walk lamely, especially with irregularity, as if favoring one leg; move or proceed haltingly

or unsteadily loaf: any thick lump, mass, or cake, especially, a large regularly shaped or molded mass, as of bread loony: informal or slang terms for mentally irregular, lunatic, insane loosely: without regard to specific details or exceptions loquacious: talkative; given to continual talking; chattering lousy: infested with lice ludicrous: laughable; completely devoid of wisdom or good sense lump: a small mass of matter of irregular shape; irregular or shapeless mass; small cube of sugar lurches: makes and uncontrolled series of movements maize: tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears meander: follow a winding and turning course; move aimlessly and idly without fixed direction mend: make repairs or restoration to; fix; improve mere: being nothing more than what is specified; considered apart from anything else; small; slight messy: dirty; unorganized; disorderly; unpleasantly difficult to settle or resolve miff: bad-tempered mood mild: moderate in type or degree or effect or force misanthrope: one who hates or mistrusts mankind mischievous: causing mischief; harmful; hurtful; troublesome; irritating misleading: deceptive mock: treat with ridicule or contempt; mimic; frustrate hopes of mold: model; fit tightly, follow the contours of ; frame; make something for a specific shape; become moldy mole: a small congenital pigmented spot on the skin mood: a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling morose: ill humored; sullen; depressingly dark; gloomy; persistent moss: tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants

muck: moist sticky mixture, especially of mud and filth; earth, rocks, or clay excavated in mining mug: rob at gunpoint or with the threat of violence mull: reflect deeply on a subject nave: the central area of a church neat: clean or orderly negligent: careless; inattentive nonchalance: indifference; lack of concern; composure obey: be obedient to obtuse: lacking in insight or discernment; stupid odorless: having no odor; devoid of odor or fragrance offspring: descendant onset: beginning or early stages; offensive against enemy opaque: impenetrable by light; not transparent; not reflecting light; having no luster opulence: extreme wealth; luxuriousness; abundance orchard: garden; area of land devoted to the cultivation of fruit or nut trees outnumber: be larger in number outward: toward the outside overwhelming: overpowering in effect or strength; very great or intense; extreme parsimonious: excessively unwilling to spend; excessively sparing or frugal partake: to take part; participate. share. paucity: scarcity; smallness of number; fewness paw: a clawed foot of an animal especially a quadruped peak: summit; apex; maximum; prime peel: come off in flakes or thin small pieces; strip the skin off; get undressed peripheral: located in outer boundary; unimportant; auxiliary peruse: read or examine, typically with great care

pinch: clutch; squeeze between the thumb and a finger, the jaws of a tool, or other edges plea: request for help; excuse or pretext pledge: promise solemnly and formally; binding commitment to do something poised: marked by balance or equilibrium and readiness for action popsicle: ice cream or water ice on a small wooden stick porch: covered and enclosed entrance to building; covered passage poultry: domestic fowls reared for eating, or for their eggs or feathers, such as cocks and hens, capons, turkeys, ducks, and geese pouring: flowing profusely praise: an expression of approval and commendation prank: acting like a clown; dress up showily; practical joke preach: advocate; speak, plead; argue in favor of prodigal: wasteful; reckless with money profane: violate; put to improper, unworthy, or degrading use; abuse progeny: one derived from another; offspring or descendant; result of creative effort, as product proximity: state of being proximate; nearness in place, time, or relation prudish: exaggeratedly proper puddle: something resembling a pool of liquid; a small body of standing water puffy: breathing heavily pulled: attracted pun: a humorous play on words pursuit: follow after; follow with a view to obtain; endeavor to attain quarrel: an angry dispute querulous: habitually complaining; expressing complaint or grievance rage: something that is desired intensely; state of extreme anger rash: hasty, incautious, reckless

rave: speak wildly, irrationally; speak or write with wild enthusiasm rebuke: scold harshly; criticize severely recapitulate: summarize; repeat in concise form recluse: one who lives in solitude; withdrawn from the world; reclusive regret: sadness associated with some wrong done or some disappointment rehearse: practice; drill; engage in preparation for a public performance rekindle: arouse again relieve: free from a burden; alleviate; save from ruin rely: rest with confidence; have confidence; depend remain: continue in a place, position, or situation renounce: abandon; disown; turn away from; give up repent: cause to feel remorse or regret; feel regret or self-reproach for reproach: express disapproval or disappointment; bring shame upon; disgrace rescind: cancel; make void; repeal or annul resemble: be similar to; take after; look like respite: usually short interval of rest or relief; delay in punishment retreat: receding; pull back or move away or backward; withdrawal of troops to a more favorable position ribbing: the act of harassing someone playfully or maliciously (especially by ridicule) riddle: pierce with numerous holes; perforate; permeate or spread throughout ridge: long, narrow upper section or crest; chain of hills or mountains rinds: the chewy or crunchy outside layers on fruit. cheese, or meat ripe: ready; fully developed; mature roaring: a very loud utterance (like the sound of an animal) roll: a list of names rot: become decomposed by a natural process; perish slowly; become corrupt rough: not perfected; having or caused by an irregular surface

rouse: pull or haul strongly and all together, as upon a rope, without the assistance of mechanical appliances rug: floor covering consisting of a piece of thick heavy fabric (usually with nap or pile) ruminate: chew over and over mentally, or like cows physically; mull over; ponder ruse: trick; use of artifice or trickery; deceptive maneuver, especially to avoid capture rust: become destroyed by water, air, or an etching chemical such as an acid sagacious: perceptive; shrewd; having insight sage: one celebrated for wisdom, experience, and judgment; various plants of the genus Salvia sate: satisfy appetite fully; satisfy to excess savants: individuals with mental retardation who are extremely talented in one domain scrawl: write carelessly screech: a high-pitched noise resembling a human cry screw: cause to penetrate with a circular motion; fastener with shank and slotted head scrutinize: examine closely and critically seal: middle size aquatic mammal; stamp used for authentication or security seam: line of junction formed by sewing together two pieces; line across a surface, as a crack; scar seizing: the act of gripping something firmly with the hands sentient: aware; conscious; able to perceive settle: take up residence; form a community; come to rest; bring to an end; fix firmly sew: create (clothes) with cloth shackle: chain; fetter; restraint that confines or restricts freedom shed: get rid of ; cast off; cause to pour forth shelter: structure that provides privacy and protection from danger shingles: viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin shiv: a knife used as a weapon shoplift: steal in a store

shore: support by placing against something solid or rigid shriking: making a annoying noise shrink: become smaller or draw together; compress silk: a fabric made from the fine threads produced by certain insect larvae silly: exhibiting a lack of wisdom or good sense; foolish; stupid skewer: a long pin for holding meat in position while it is being roasted slash: cut; reduce largely slaughter: act of killing; extensive, violent, bloody, or wanton destruction of life; carnage slippers: low footwear that can be slipped on and off easily slope: be at an angle; incline; gradient slug: any of various terrestrial gastropods having an elongated slimy body and no external shell slum: a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions slump: sudden falling off or decline, as in activity, prices, or business; gross amount; mass sly: stealthy, insidious, or secret; mischievous; foxy smear: overspread with anything adhesive; soil in any way; pollute snail: freshwater or marine or terrestrial gastropod mollusk usually having an external enclosing spiral shell snap: make a sharp sound; break suddenly as under tension; utter in angry or sharp tone snub: ignore, to treat with disdain or contempt soaked: drenched with water, or other liquid; very drunk sober: not extreme; marked by seriousness or gravity; not affected by use of drugs; selfrestraint somber: gloomy; depressing or grave; dull or dark in color soothed: calmed or comforted sovereignty: autonomy; independence sparkle: be brilliant in performance; give off or reflect flashes of light; glitter spotter: a person employed to watch for something to happen

spouting: propelled violently in a usually narrow stream spree: a lively or wild outburst of activity spurious: false; counterfeit; forged; illogical squalid: sordid; wretched and dirty as from neglect; morally degraded squeeze: force something into or through a restricted space; compress with violence squirm: to move in a twisting or contorted motion, (especially when struggling) stage: any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something stagnant: not moving or flowing; lacking vitality or briskness; stale; dull stale: having lost freshness; lacking originality or spontaneity stare: a fixed look with eyes open wide stark: bare; complete or extreme steady: securely in position; not shaky; not easily excited steep: soak; make thoroughly wet stem: stop flow of a liquid; make headway against stickler: one who insists on something unyieldingly; something puzzling or difficult sticky: glutinous; adhesive; covered with an adhesive agent; humid; stiff stiff: not moving or operating freely; lacking ease in bending; resistant stingy: stinging; able to sting stir: to mix gently with a spoon in a rotary motion stoic: one who is seemingly indifferent to or unaffected by joy, grief, pleasure, or pain stony: showing unfeeling resistance to tender feelings strain: group of organisms within a species; tension; pressure stretch: extend; pull in opposite directions; lie down comfortably stride: step; pace; significant progress stripes: rayas, lines stroll: wander on foot; ramble idly or leisurely struck: (used in combination) affected by something overwhelming

stubborn: unreasonably, often perversely unyielding; persistent; difficult to treat stun: surprise greatly; amaze; make senseless or dizzy by or as if by a blow stunt: difficult or unusual or dangerous feat usually done to gain attention substantiate: establish by evidence; make firm or solid; support sulky: silently resentful; disposed to keep aloof from society, or to repel the friendly advances of others supplant: replace; usurp; displace and substitute for another surreptitious: secret; done or made by stealth, or without proper authority; made or introduced fraudulently swallow: take back what one has said ; enclose or envelop completely swamp: low land that is seasonally flooded; low land region saturated with water swath: a path or strip; the space created by the swing of a scythe or the cut of a mowing machine sway: swing; move back and forth or sideways; win approval or support for; convince sweepings: the act of cleaning with a broom thick: not thin thigh: part of the leg between the hip and the knee thorn: something that causes irritation; a sharp-pointed tip on a stem or leaf thrifty: careful about money; economical throw: up eject the contents of the stomach through the mouth tickle: touch (the body) lightly so as to cause laughter; please tide: periodic rise and fall of the sea level torpor: state of mental or physical inactivity or insensibility; sluggishness; dormancy touchy: tending to take offense with slight cause; oversensitive; requiring special tact or skill in handling trite: repeated too often; over familiar through overuse; worn out by use trousers: (usually in the plural) a garment extending from the waist to the knee or ankle, covering each leg separately trustworthy: dependable; reliable

tuckered: tired, exhausted turd: obscene terms for feces udder: mammary gland of bovids (cows and sheep and goats) unassailable: impossible to assail; without flaws or loopholes uncanny: strange; mysterious; peculiarly unsettling, as if of supernatural origin or nature undergo: experience; suffer; pass through underneath: under or below an object or a surface; lower down on the page uniform: consistent; standardized; clothing of a particular group unobstrusive: acting in a manner that does not attract attention unpleasant: desagradable unscathed: not injured or unharmed untenable: indefensible; not able to be maintained upbeat: pleasantly (even unrealistically) optimistic upsetting: causing an emotional disturbance vacillate: sway unsteadily from one side to the other; oscillate vanish: disappear; pass out of sight, especially quickly; die out veal: flesh of a calf when killed and used for food vex: annoy; disturb, especially by minor irritations; be a mystery or bewildering to vilify: debase; degrade; spread negative information about vogue: popular fashion; current state or style of general acceptance and use voluminous: large in volume or bulk; large in number or quantity, especially of discourse voracious: ravenous; excessively greedy and grasping; devouring or craving food in great quantities waist: narrowing of the body between the ribs and hips wart: (pathology) a firm abnormal elevated blemish on the skin wax: increase gradually in size, number, strength, or intensity; show a progressively larger illuminated area

weave: pattern or structure by weaving ; knit; interlace wedge: a piece of metal, or other hard material, thick at one end, and tapering to a thin edge at the other, used in splitting wood, rocks weeds: any plant that grows where yhou dont want it to weird: queer; of a strikingly odd or unusual character; strange welfare: benefit; something that aids health or happiness whalebone: a horny material from the upper jaws of certain whales whinning: crying like a child whipping: beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment wholly: completely. widen: extend in scope or range or area wilted: to become limp from lack of water or too much heat wisdom: quality of being wise; knowledge ; results of wise judgments wise: having or prompted by wisdom or discernment wool: dense, soft, often curly hair forming the coat of sheep and certain other mammals worthy: having high moral qualities wreck: destruction; destroy; smash or break forcefully wriggle: to twist to and from; to squirm writhe: move in twisting or contorted motion; contort in pain