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XXIII.-THE MAJOR AND THEIR RELATIVE MINOR SCALES IN ALL THE KEYS.

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XXVII.-THE SAUTILLE

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XXVIII.-THE STACCATO. The Staccato consists of short and detached notes in one bow. It must be practised slowly, with a loose wrist and steady arm. It is generally played with the up-bow near the point, but it can also be performed with the down-bow near the nut, which is, however, the more difficult way.

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5I XXX.-DOUBLE-STOPS. The bow must remain with equal pressure on both strings, and the points of the fingers should be carefully placed on the stopped notes, in order to avoid touching the next strings. DOUBLE-STOPS WITH ONE OPEN STRING AND ONE NOTE STOPPED : -

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57 XXXII.-PIZZICATO. Instead of using the bow, the string is pulled with the first finger of the right hand, the thumb being placed against the fingerboard for support. Care must be taken not to touch the string with the finger nail. EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

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APPENDIX. XXXIII.--THE HIGHER POSITIONS. IN all the foregoing Exercises the highest note used has been The Viola has, however, a compass of notes still higher than this E. F

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XXXV.-FOURTH POSITION. The hand must now be raised a little more than before over the edge of the belly, to enable the fingers to reach the fourth string. Allegro.

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A SHORT

VOCABU-LARY OF

TECHNICAL TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS. The following abbreviations are used: Fr. (French), Ger. (German), It. (Italian), Lat. (Latin).

A capriccio {It.) At will; according to individual fancy. Accelerando (It.) Gradually increasing the speed of the movement. Adagio (It.) Slower than Andante. A slow movement. Adagio assai) _ _ molto j (It.) Very slow. Ad libitum (Lat.) At will; not in strict time. Affettuoso (It.) Lovingly. Agitato (It.) With agitation. Alla breve (It.) A direction that there should be two beats in a bar, one to each minim; it is indicated by the

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time-signature or ~ - - marcia (It.) In the style of a march. - - polacca (It.) In the style of a polonaise. - - tedesca (It.) In the style of a German waltz. Allegretto (It.) Lively, but slower than Allegro. Allegro (It.) Joyfully, quick, lively. Allegro con brio. (It.) Quick and brilliant. - - - con fuoco (It.) Quick, with fire. - - - con spirito (It.) Quick, with spirit. - - rna non troppo (It.) Lively, but not too fast. - - - moderato. (It.) Moderately quick. - - molto (It.) Very quick. - - vivace (It.) Quick and lively. Allemande (Fr.) A German dance movement in quadruple rhythm. Al segno (It.) To the sign, :S: Andante (It.) A slow, peaceful, but not dragging movement. - - - cantabile (It.) Slow, in a singing style. - - - grazioso (It.) Slow and graceful. --~- maestoso (It.) Slow, with majesty. - - - rna non troppo (It.) Slow, but not too much so. Andantino (It.) Somewhat quicker than Andante. Animato (It.) With animation. A piacere (It.) At pleasure. Appassionato (It.) With passion and intense expression. Arco (It.) The bow; coll'arco, with the bow. Arpeggio (It.) The notes of a chord sounded consecutively, not simultaneously. (See page 53-) Assai (It.) Very. (See Adagio assai.) A tempo (It.) In time. Generally used after Ritardando or Accelerando. Attacca (It.) } Commence the succeeding movement at once, Attacca subito (It.) without any pause. Bourree (Fr.) A French dance in common time, beginning at the fourth beat of the bar. Brillante (It., Fr.) In a brilliant manner. Brio, con (It.) With spirit and vigour.

Cadenza (It.) A brilliant passage introduced towards the close of a movement. Calando (It.) Gradually softer and slo~er. Calmato (It.) With a calm, tranquil expression. Cantabile (It.) In a singing style. Cantilena (It.) A melody. Capriccio (It.) A composition irregular in form. Cavatina (It.) A melody in simple form. Chaconne (Fr.) A slow dance movement in triple rhythm, generally combined with variations. Chevalet (Fr.) The bridge. Coda (It.) In the nature of a peroration. Colla parte (It.) Following the principal part. Colophane (Fr.) } . Colophonium (Lat.) Resm. Comodo (It.) Easy, without haste. Concertina (It.) A short concerto. Concerto (It.) A composition in which a solo instrument takes a prominent part, generally with orchestral accompaniment. Courante (Fr.) An old dance movement in triple rhythm. Crescendo (It.) Incre;:tsing the force of tone. Da capo (It.) Repeat from the beginning. - - - al fine (It.) Repeat from the beginning to the sign Fine. - - - al segno (It.) Repeat from the sign :S: Decrescendo (It.) Decreasing in tone. Deciso (It.) With decision. Delicatezza, con (It.) With delicacy. Diminuendo (It.) Diminishing in tone. Dolce (It.) Softly, sweetly. Dolcezza, con (It.) With softness and sweetness. Dolore, con (It.) In a plaintive, sorrowful style. Doloroso (It.) Sadly. Double (Fr.) An old term for a variation. Duet. A composition for two voices or instruments. Eleganza, con (It.) With elegance of style. Elegie (Fr.) A composition of a mournful character. Energico (It.) With energy. Espressione, con (It. )1 . • Espressivo (It.) J W1th expresswn. Facilite (Fr.) An easy version of a difficult passage. Fermata (It.) A pause. Fermo (It.) With firmness. Fieramente (It.) Boldly, fiercely. Finale (It.) The last movement of a composition. Fine (It.) The end.

68 Forza, con (It.) With force. Forzando, Sforzando (It.) {Abbreviation, sf or jz.) Strongly marked or accented. Frosch (Ger.) The nut of the bow; Am Frosch, near the nut. Fuoco, con (It.) With fire and spirit. Furioso (It) With fury. Gavotte (Fr.) A dance movement in common time, beginning at the half bar. Geige (Ger.) A violin. Giga {It.) l A jig; a lively dance movement in compound duple Gigue (Fr.)) rhythm. Grandiose ill.) With grandeur. Grave (It.) Slow and solemn. Grazioso (It.) With grace and elegance. Imitando (It.) Imitating. (Imitando la voce, imitating the voice part.) lmpetuoso (It.) Impetuously. lndeciso (It.) In an undecided manner. Lamentando (It.) Mournfully, plaintively. Langsam (Ger.) Slowly. Larghetto (It.) At a slow pace, but not so slow as Largo. Largo (It.) Very slow, and broadly. Lebhaft (Ger.) With vivacity. Legato (It.) Connected; bound together. (See page 43.) Leggieramento (It.) Lightly, gracefully. Leggiero (It.) Light, easy. Lentando (It.) Becoming slower by degrees. Lento (It.) Slow. Lunga pausa (It.) A long pause.

Quart~tt (Ger.. )} A composition · · f or four voices · · t or ms rumen ts. Q uatuor (Fr. ) Quintett (Ger.)} · · for fi ve vmces · · t ruments. or ms . (Fr. ) A compos1t1on Q umtuor Rallentando (It.) Getting gradually slower. Rapidamente (It.) With rapidity. Recitando (It.) In the manner of a Recitative. Religioso (It.) In a religious devotional manner. Ripieno (It.) A part in an orchestral composition which is only occasionally required for the purpose of adding to the force of a Tutti. Risoluto (It.) With resolution. Ritardando} (It.) Gradually diminishing the speed of a move· Ritenuto ment. Sarabanda (It.) A slow and dignified old dance movement in triple rhythm. Sautille (Fr.) Springing bow. (Sec page 46.) Scherzando } Scherzo (It.) In a playful humorous manner. Schnell (Ger.) Quick. Sec (Fr.) Dry; indicates a short quick bow. Segue (It.) Follows ; comes after. Semplice (It.) In a simple unaffected manner. Sempre (It.) Always. Senza (It.) Without; as, Senza Sordini, without mutes. Septetto (It.) } . . f · · t t Septuor (Fr. ) A compos1t10n or seven vo1ces or ms rumen s Sextett (Ger.)} .. f · · · t t Sextuor (Fr.) A composition or s1x voices or ms rumen s.

Simile (It.) In the same manner. Maestoso (It.) With majesty, dignity. Smorzando (It.) Dying away. Maggiore (It.)} . Solo (It.) Alone. . (F r. ) The maJor key. M aJeUr Sonore (Fr.) Sonorous, with full and rich tone. Marcato (It.) Marked. Sordini, con (It.) With mutes. Martele (Fr.) Hammered (See page 45.) Sostenuto (It.) Sustained. Meno (It.) Less; as, meno mosso, less quick. Staccato (It.) Detached; taken off. (See page 48.) Mineur (Fr.)} The mmor . k ey. Stringendo (It.) An acceleration of speed. Minore (It.) Minuetto (It.) A graceful dance movement in triple rhythm. (See page 52.) Tacet (Lat.) Silence. Moderato (It.) At a moderate speed. , Tastiera (It.) Sulla tastiera-over the finger-board. Molto (It.) Much, very; as, malta allegro, very quick; malta Teneramente (It.) } T d I d I' t I Tenerezza, con (It.) en er y, e Ica e y. sostenuto, much sustained. Morendo (It.) Dying away, diminishing in speed and tone. Tenuta or Ten. (It.) Sustained, held. Mosso (It.) Moved; as, pili mosso, faster. Tire (Fr.) Down-bow. Moto, con (It.) Rather fast and spirited. Tranquillo (It.) Tranquilly, calmly. Tremolo (It.) A note bowed with great rapidity in order to Passionate } . . produce a quivering effect. (See page 49·) . (It.) In an 1mpass10ned manner. P ass1one, con Trille (Fr.) } Pastorale (It.) In a pastoral style. Trillo (It.) The Shake. Pausa (It.) A rest, a pause. Trio (It.) A composition for three voices or instruments. Pausa generate (It.) Also G.P. A pause for all the performers. Tutta forza, con (It.) With the greatest force. Perdendosi (It.) Decreasing in speed and tone. Tutti (It.) All. Every performer to take part. Pesante (It.) Impressively, heavily. Piacevole (It.) In a playful style. Una corda (It.) On one string. Pizzicato (It.) (See page 57.) Poco (It.) A little; poco animato, rather animated. Variazioni (It.) Variations. Poco a poco (It.) Little by little. Vigoroso (It.) Vigorously, boldly. Ponticello (It.) Sul ponticello, near the bridge. Vivace (It.) Lively, quickly. Pousse (Fr.) Up-bow. Vivo (It.) Animated, brisk. Preludio (It.) } d . d t' (L a. -t ) A pre1u e, or mtro uc 10n. . Volti subito, or V.S. (It.) Turn over the page quickly. Prelu d mm Prestissimo (It.) Very fast. Presto (It.) Fast. Wolf. Some particular :note, of which the intonation is not Prima vista (It.) At first sight. true

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